1.
Michael Powell
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Michael Latham Powell was an English film director, celebrated for his partnership with Emeric Pressburger. His later controversial 1960 film Peeping Tom, while considered a classic, was so vilified on first release that his career was seriously damaged. Many film-makers such as Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola and George A. Romero have cited Powell as an influence, in 1981, he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award along with his partner Pressburger, the highest honour the British Film Academy can give a filmmaker. Powell was the son and youngest child of Thomas William Powell, a hop farmer. Powell was born in Bekesbourne, Kent, and educated at The Kings School, Canterbury and he started work at the National Provincial Bank in 1922 but quickly realised he was not cut out to be a banker. Powell entered the industry in 1925 through working with director Rex Ingram at the Victorine Studios in Nice, France. He first started out as a studio hand, the proverbial gofer, sweeping the floor, making coffee. Soon he progressed to work such as stills photography, writing titles and many other jobs including a few acting roles. Powell made his film début as a comic English tourist in The Magician, returning to England in 1928, Powell worked at a diverse series of jobs for various filmmakers including as a stills photographer on Alfred Hitchcocks silent film Champagne. He also signed on in a role on Hitchcocks first talkie. In his autobiography, Powell claims he suggested the ending in the British Museum which was the first of Hitchcocks monumental climaxes to his films, Powell and Hitchcock remained friends for the remainder of Hitchcocks life. After scriptwriting on two productions, Powell entered into a partnership with American producer Jerry Jackson in 1931 to make quota quickies, Powell then began to direct hour-long films needed to satisfy a legal requirement that British cinemas screen a certain quota of British films. During this period, he developed his skills, sometimes making up to seven films a year. Although he had taken on some directing responsibilities in other films and this thriller was considered a modest success at the box office despite its limited budget. From 1931 to 1936, Powell was the director of 23 films, including the critically received Red Ensign, in 1937 Powell completed his first truly personal project, The Edge of the World. Powell gathered together a cast and crew who were willing to part in an expedition to what was then a very isolated part of the UK. They had to stay there for quite a few months and finished up with a film not only told the story he wanted. By 1939, Powell had been hired as a director by Alexander Korda on the strength of The Edge of the World
2.
Emeric Pressburger
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Emeric Pressburger was a Hungarian British screenwriter, film director, and producer. Imre József Pressburger was born in Miskolc, in the Kingdom of Hungary and he was the only son of Kálmán Pressburger, estate manager, and his second wife, Kätherina. He attended a boarding-school in Temesvár, where he was a pupil, excelling at mathematics, literature. He then studied mathematics and engineering at the Universities of Prague, Pressburger began a career as a journalist. After working in Hungary and Germany he turned to screenwriting in the late 1920s, the rise of the Nazis forced him to flee to Paris, where he again worked as screenwriter, and then to London. He later said, worst things that happened to me were the consequences of events beyond my control. The best things were exactly the same, Pressburger entered Britain in 1935 on a stateless passport, once he decided to settle, he changed his name to Emeric in 1938. In England he found a community of Hungarian film-makers who had fled the Nazis, including the influential Alexander Korda, owner of London Films. There he met film director Michael Powell, and they worked together on The Spy in Black and their partnership would produce some of the finest British films of the period. On 24 June 1938, Pressburger married Ági Donáth, the daughter of Andor Donáth, a general merchant and his daughter Angelas two sons both became successful film-makers, Andrew Macdonald as a producer on films such as Trainspotting, and Kevin Macdonald as an Oscar-winning director. Kevin has written a biography of his grandfather, and a documentary about his life, Pressburger became a British citizen in 1946. He was made a Fellow of BAFTA in 1981, and a Fellow of the BFI in 1983, Pressburger was a diffident and private person who, at times, particularly later on in his life, could be hypersensitive and prone to bouts of melancholia. He loved French cuisine, enjoyed music, and possessed a sense of humour. In appearance he was short, wore glasses, and had a sagacious and he was a keen supporter of Arsenal F. C. a passion he developed soon after arriving in Britain. From 1970 he lived in Aspall, Suffolk and he died in a home in nearby Saxtead on 5 February 1988, due to the complications of old age. He is interred in the cemetery of Our Lady of Grace Church and his is the only grave in that Church of England graveyard with a Star of David. 1943, Oscar winner for 49th Parallel as Best Writing, Original Story 1943, Oscar nominated for 49th Parallel as Best Writing, shared with Rodney Ackland 1943, Oscar nominated for One of Our Aircraft Is Missing for Best Writing, Original Screenplay. Shared with Michael Powell 1948, Won Danish Bodil Award for A Matter of Life, shared with Michael Powell 1948, Nominated for The Red Shoes for Venice Film Festival Golden Lion
3.
Godfrey Tearle
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Sir Godfrey Seymour Tearle was a British actor who portrayed the quintessential British gentleman on stage and in both British and US films. His maternal grandmother was Sarah Crocker Conway, in 1893, he made his stage debut as young Prince Richard, Duke of York, in his fathers production of Richard III and in 1908 he appeared in his first film as Romeo in Romeo and Juliet. He became a Shakespearean actor of note, appearing on stage in the roles of Othello, Macbeth. His theatrical career was interrupted when he joined the Royal Artillery for a four-year stint beginning in 1915, Tearle made his Broadway theatre debut in Carnival in 1919. It is a spare and unsubstantial piece at best, and the role it offers him is distinctly secondary in importance, additional Broadway credits include The Fake, The Flashing Stream, and Antony and Cleopatra. Tearle was knighted in the 1951 Kings Birthday Honours for services to drama, sir Godfrey Tearle died on 9 June 1953, aged 68
4.
Eric Portman
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Eric Portman was an English stage and film actor. He is probably best remembered for his roles in films for Michael Powell. He started work in 1922 as a salesman in the department at Marshall and Snelgroves department store in Leeds. He made his stage debut in 1924 with Henry Bayntons company. In 1928, he starred as Romeo in the rebuilt Old Vic, in the 1930s, he began appearing in films. In 1935, he appeared in four films, including Maria Marten or Murder in the Red Barn, in 1945, exhibitors voted him the 10th most popular star at the British box office. He maintained that ranking the following year, in the semi-autobiographical play Dinner with Ribbentrop by screenwriter Norman Hudis, a former personal assistant to Portman, Hudis relates a claim made often by Portman. According to Portman, in 1937, before the start of the Second World War, Portman claimed that Ribbentrop had told him that when Germany wins the war, Portman would be installed as the greatest English star in the New Europe at a purpose-built film studio in Berlin. He played the bogus Major in Terence Rattigans play Separate Tables in 1957 on Broadway, for this performance, he was nominated for a Tony Award. Portman was probably homosexual, although newspapers never reported this during the mid-1950s when homosexuality was illegal in the UK, newspapers refrained from identifying his sexuality throughout the 1960s when it could still have damaged his career. Portman died at age 68 at his home in St Veep and our Eric, A Portrait of Eric Portman. ISBN 1-850-5898-1-X Eric Portman at the Internet Movie Database Eric Portman at the Internet Broadway Database Performances in Theatre Archive University of Bristol Photographs and literature
5.
Hugh Williams
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Hugh Anthony Glanmore Williams also known by his nickname Tam, was an English actor, playwright and dramatist of Welsh descent. Born in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex as Hugh Anthony Glanmor Williams, his nickname was Tam and he trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. He was a film and stage actor, who became a major film star in the British cinema of the 1930s. In 1930 he toured America in the cast of the R. C, sheriff play Journeys End and appeared in his first film Charleys Aunt during a spell in Hollywood. He then returned to Britain and became a mainstay of the British film industry and he made 57 film appearances as an actor between 1930 and 1967. He collaborated with his wife on several plays, such as The Grass is Greener. He died from cancer, aged 65, in London. N. as Lt. Insp. Shepperton Babylon, The Lost Worlds of British Cinema, Hugh Williams at the Internet Movie Database Hugh Williams at the Internet Broadway Database Hugh Williams at Find a Grave
6.
Bernard Miles
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Bernard James Miles, Baron Miles, CBE was an English character actor, writer and director. He opened the Mermaid Theatre in London in 1959, the first new theatre opened in the City of London since the 17th century. Miles was born in Uxbridge, Middlesex and attended Bishopshalt School in Hillingdon and his father and mother were, respectively, a farm labourer and a cook. Miles completed his education at Pembroke College, Oxford and then entered the theatre in the 1930s. He also soon began appearing in films and featured prominently in patriotic cinema during the Second World War, including such as In Which We Serve. He also had a role in The First of the Few. His typical persona as an actor was as a countryman, with an accent typical of the Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire counties. Actors in the theatrical productions included Spike Milligan as Ben Gunn. It was Miles who, impressed by the talent of John Antrobus and he had a pleasant rolling bass-baritone voice that worked well in theatre and film, as well as being much in demand for voice-overs. As a performer, he was most well known for a series of comic monologues and these were recorded and sold as record albums, which were quite popular. Some of his comic monologues are currently available on youtube. com. Miles was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1953, was knighted in 1969 and he was only the second British actor ever to be given a peerage. Miless written works include The British Theatre, Gods Brainwave and Favourite Tales from Shakespeare, in 1981, he co-authored the book Curtain Calls with J. C. Trewin. He died in Knaresborough, North Yorkshire on 14 June 1991 aged 83 and his daughters are the actress Sally Miles and the artist Bridget Miles. His son John Miles was a Grand Prix driver in the late 1960s, Bernard Miles at the Internet Movie Database Bernard Miles performances listed at The Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
7.
Googie Withers
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Georgette Lizette Googie Withers CBE, AO was a British entertainer who had a lengthy career in theatre, film, and television. She was a resident of Australia with her husband, the actor John McCallum. She was an actress during the war and post-war years. Withers was born in Karachi, in British India to Edgar Withers, a captain in the Royal Navy, and she acquired the name Googie at a young age from her ayah. As a child, she learned Urdu and her father left the Royal Navy to manage a foundry in Birmingham, England, and Googie was sent to a boarding school near Dover. She began acting at the age of twelve, a student at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, she was a dancer in a West End production when she was offered work as a film extra in Michael Powells The Girl in the Crowd. She arrived on the set to one of the major players in the production had been dismissed. During the 1930s, Withers was constantly in demand in lead roles in minor films and her best known work of the period was as one of Margaret Lockwoods friends in Alfred Hitchcocks The Lady Vanishes. She played Helen, a significant second lead in the Clive Book directed 1944 comedy On Approval and she played the devious Helen Nosseross in Night and the City, a British film noir directed by Jules Dassin. In 1948 British exhibitors voted her the 8th most popular British star in the country, while filming The Loves of Joanna Godden, Withers met her co-star, the Australian actor John McCallum. They were married on 24 January the following year, and remained married until McCallum died in 2010, Withers first toured Australia in the stage play Simon and Laura. When McCallum was offered the position running J. C. Williamson theatres, Withers starred in a number of stage plays, including Rattigans The Deep Blue Sea, Desire of the Moth, The First 400 Years, The Circle, A. R. Withers starred on Broadway with Michael Redgrave in The Complaisant Lover, during the 1970s, she appeared as Faye Boswell, the governor of a womens prison, in the television series Within These Walls. Withers starred in the BBC adaptation of Hotel du Lac, which was followed a year later by another BBC production of Northanger Abbey. In 1989 she appeared at Brighton in England in The Cocktail Hour alongside her husband John and her daughter, Joanna - the play a success from New York starring Nancy Marchand, in 1990, she appeared in ITVs adaptation of Ending Up. In 2002, aged 85, Withers appeared with Vanessa Redgrave in Oscar Wildes Lady Windermeres Fan in Londons West End, in October 2007, aged 90 and 89 respectively, Withers and McCallum appeared in an extended interview with Peter Thompson on ABC TVs Talking Heads programme. Withers died on 15 July 2011 at her Sydney home, aged 94 and her husband John McCallum predeceased her on 3 February 2010. Withers was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia for services to drama, in the 2001 Queens Birthday Honours List, she was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire
8.
Pamela Brown (actress)
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Pamela Mary Brown was an English stage and film actress. She was born in Hampstead, London to George Edward Brown, a journalist, brought up in the Roman Catholic faith, she attended St Marys School, Ascot. After attending the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, she made her debut in 1936 as Juliet in a Stratford-upon-Avon production of Romeo. She played a bitter spinster in Personal Affair, starring Gene Tierney, from the early 1950s, her arthritic condition, began to make playing on the stage difficult, her mobility was restricted and she was in great pain, which was kept at bay by drugs. Time magazine wrote, As the lady, Pamela Brown proves that Fry did not write the part for her in vain, no one has a more gloriously uppity charm, no voice can simultaneously so rasp and thrill, no one ever made standoffishness more come-hitherable. Her success in film continued as Jane Shore in Laurence Oliviers Richard III, highlights of her 1960s work include the epic Cleopatra, Becket and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. She played Lady Bessborough in Lady Caroline Lamb, in February 1953, she divorced her husband, Peter Copley, for infidelity. A devout Roman Catholic, she could not remarry while Copley was still alive so she lived with her partner Michael Powell and they remained together until her death from pancreatic cancer in 1975, aged 58, in Avening, Gloucestershire. She was buried in Holy Cross churchyard, Avening, Pamela Brown at the Internet Movie Database Pamela Brown biography and filmography at the British Film Institutes Screenonline
9.
Ronald Neame
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Ronald Elwin Neame CBE BSC was an English film cinematographer, producer, screenwriter and director. As cinematographer for the British war film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing, during a partnership with director David Lean, he produced Brief Encounter, Great Expectations, and Oliver Twist, receiving two Academy Award nominations for writing. Neames parents were the photographer Elwin Neame and the actress Ivy Close and he studied at University College School and Hurstpierpoint College. His father died in 1923, and Neame took a job with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company as an office boy, later, through his mothers contacts in the British film industry, Neame started at Elstree Studios as a messenger boy. He was fortunate enough to be hired as an assistant cameraman on Blackmail, Neames own career as a cinematographer began with the musical comedy Happy, and he continued to develop his skills in various quota quickies films for several years. His credits as cinematographer include Major Barbara, In Which We Serve, This Happy Breed and his camera work on One of Our Aircraft Is Missing got him an Academy Award nomination for Best Special Effects in 1943. Neame formed a company, Cineguild, with David Lean. During this partnership, he produced Brief Encounter, Great Expectations and he shared Academy Award nominations for Best Screenplay for Brief Encounter, in 1947, and Great Expectations, in 1948, with co-writers Lean and Havelock-Allan. Neame began a transition to the American film industry at the suggestion of Rank and he worked again with Alec Guinness, this time as director, in three films, The Card, The Horses Mouth, and Tunes of Glory. Neame has described Tunes of Glory as the film I am proudest of and he received two BAFTA Award nominations for Tunes of Glory. Neame and Guinness worked again in the 1970 musical Scrooge with Guinness playing the ghost of Jacob Marley to Albert Finneys Ebenezer Scrooge. Neame also directed I Could Go On Singing, Judy Garlands last film, co-starring Dirk Bogarde, and The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, Neame was recruited to direct The Poseidon Adventure after the contracted director left the production. He later characterised The Poseidon Adventure as my favourite film because it earned him enough to retire comfortably and he enjoyed a long friendship with Walter Matthau, whom he directed in two later films, Hopscotch and First Monday in October. Neames final feature-length film, Foreign Body, a comedy starring Victor Banerjee, was filmed in England, in 1996, Neame was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and awarded the BAFTA Fellowship for his contributions to the film industry. He had homes in Beverly Hills and Santa Barbara, California, in 2003, Neame published an autobiography, Straight from the Horses Mouth. Neame married Beryl Heanly in 1933 and they legally separated in 1971 and divorced in 1992. The couple had one son, Christopher, a writer/producer, sadly, Christopher died exactly one year after Ronalds death. Ronalds only grandson, Gareth Neame, is a television producer
10.
David Lean
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Sir David Lean, CBE was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor, responsible for large-scale epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia and Doctor Zhivago. He also directed adaptations of Dickens novels Great Expectations and Oliver Twist, Lean was born in Croydon, Surrey, to Francis William le Blount Lean and the former Helena Tangye. His parents were Quakers and he was a pupil at the Quaker-founded Leighton Park School in Reading and his younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean, founded the original Inklings literary club when a student at Oxford University. Lean was a schoolboy with a dreamy nature who was labeled a dud of a student, he left in his mid-teens. A more formative event for his career than his formal education was an uncles gift and you usually didnt give a boy a camera until he was 16 or 17 in those days. It was a compliment and I succeeded at it. Lean printed and developed his films, and it was his great hobby, at age 16, his father deserted the family when he ran off with another woman, and Lean would later follow a similar path after his own first marriage and child. He was taken on as a teaboy, promoted to clapperboy, by 1930 he was working as an editor on newsreels, including those of Gaumont Pictures and Movietone, while his move to feature films began with Freedom of the Seas and Escape Me Never. He edited Gabriel Pascals film productions of two George Bernard Shaw plays, Pygmalion and Major Barbara and he edited Powell & Pressburgers 49th Parallel and One of Our Aircraft Is Missing. After this last film, Lean began his career, after editing more than two dozen features by 1942. As Tony Sloman wrote in 1999, As the varied likes of David Lean, Robert Wise, Terence Fisher and Dorothy Arzner have proved, David Lean was given honorary membership of the Guild of British Film Editors in 1968. His first work as a director was in collaboration with Noël Coward on In Which We Serve and it has since become a classic, one of the most highly regarded British films. Two celebrated Charles Dickens adaptations followed – Great Expectations and Oliver Twist and these two films were the first directed by Lean to star Alec Guinness, whom Lean considered his good luck charm. The actors portrayal of Fagin was controversial at the time, the first screening in Berlin during February 1949 offended the surviving Jewish community and led to a riot. It caused problems too in New York, and after private screenings, was condemned by the Anti-Defamation League, to our surprise it was accused of being anti-Semitic, Lean wrote. We made Fagin an outsize and, we hoped, an amusing Jewish villain, the terms of the production code meant that the films release in the United States was delayed until July 1951 after cuts amounting to eight minutes. The Passionate Friends was the first of three films to feature the actress Ann Todd, who became his third wife, madeleine, set in Victorian-era Glasgow is about an 1857 cause célèbre with Todds lead character accused of murdering a former lover. The last of the films with Todd, The Sound Barrier, has a screenplay by the playwright Terence Rattigan and was the first of his three films for Sir Alexander Kordas London Films
11.
Anglo-Amalgamated
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Anglo-Amalgamated Productions was a British film production company, run by Nat Cohen and Stuart Levy, which operated from 1945 until roughly 1971. Low-budget and second features, often produced at Merton Park Studios and it was the UK distributor of many films by American International Pictures. Its film distribution subsidiary was Anglo Amalgamated Film Distributors Ltd, Anglo had a film production arm called Insignia Films. In 1962, Associated British Picture Corporation purchased 50% of the shares of Anglo Amalgamated, in 1967 they took over 74%. At its peak Anglo Amalgamated made £3 million a year and its library is now owned by StudioCanal
12.
War film
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War film is a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles, with combat scenes central to the drama. It has been associated with the 20th century. The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them, themes explored include combat, survival and escape, sacrifice, the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and the moral and human issues raised by war. War films are categorized by their milieu, such as the Korean War. The stories told may be fiction, historical drama, or biographical, critics have noted similarities between the Western and the war film. Subgenres, not necessarily distinct, include anti-war, comedy, animated, propaganda, the war film genre is not necessarily tightly defined, the American Film Institute, for example, speaks of films to grapple with the Great War without attempting to classify these. However, some directors and critics have offered at least tentative definitions, the director Sam Fuller defined the genre by saying that a war film’s objective, no matter how personal or emotional, is to make a viewer feel war. However, Neale notes, films set in the American Civil War or the American Indian Wars of the 19th century were called war films in the time before the First World War, the film scholar Kathryn Kane points out some similarities between the war film genre and the Western. Both genres use opposing concepts like war and peace, civilization, james Clarke notes the similarity between a Western like Sam Peckinpahs The Wild Bunch and war-movie escapades like The Dirty Dozen. They take place in the combat zones of World War II, against the established enemies, on the ground. They contain many repeated events, such as mail call, all presented visually with appropriate uniforms, equipment and she argues that the combat film is not a subgenre but the only genuine kind of war film. This in turn pushes combat scenes to the ends of war films. Not all critics agree, either, that war films must be about 20th century wars, the costliest war in U. S. history in terms of American life, this war has been the subject of, or the backdrop to, numerous films, documentaries and mini-series. One of the earliest films using the Civil War as its subject was D. W. Griffiths 1910 silent picture, The Fugitive. Some films such as Gettysburg focused on a battle during the war, or even on a single incident, like the French short film. Others like the 1993 miniseries North and South spanned the entire breadth of the war, some films deal with the human aspects of the war, such as The Red Badge of Courage, or Shenandoah, on the tragedy that the war inflicted on the civilian population. Ken Burnss The Civil War is the most watched documentary in the history of PBS, the first war films come from the Spanish–American War of 1898. Short actualities – documentary film-clips – included Burial of the Maine Victims, Blanket-Tossing of a New Recruit and these non-combat films were accompanied by reenactments of fighting, such as of Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders in action against the Spanish, staged in the United States
13.
Netherlands in World War II
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The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940. The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939, just as it had in World War I, on 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch forces surrendered. The Dutch government and the family escaped and went into exile in London. Following the defeat, the Netherlands was placed under German occupation, active resistance was carried out by a small minority, which grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported the majority of the countrys Jews to Nazi concentration camps, with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police, in fact, the Netherlands saw one of the highest levels of collaboration during the Holocaust of any occupied country. However, the city of Amsterdam organized the only action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas. Most of the south of the country was liberated in the half of 1944. The rest, especially the west and north of the still under occupation, suffered from a famine at the end of 1944. On 5 May 1945, the country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces. Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and center-right political parties, from 1933, the Netherlands were hit by the Great Depression, which had begun in 1929. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the gold standard, numerous fascist movements emerged in the Netherlands during the Great Depression era, inspired by Italian Fascism or German Nazism. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in the Netherlands, as did its calls to violence, during World War I, the Dutch government under Pieter Cort van der Linden had managed to preserve the Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict. In the inter-war period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its Independence Policy, the Dutch government believed it would be able to rely on its neutrality, or at least the informal support of foreign powers, to defend its interests in case of war. The government did, however, begin to work on plans for the defence of the country, in late 1939, with war already declared between the British Empire, France and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. Nevertheless, the Dutch military was mobilized from August 1939. Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands was invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940, without a declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into Belgium. The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the Ardennes and to lure British and French forces deeper into Belgium, the Luftwaffe also needed the Dutch airfields on the Dutch coast to launch air raids against the United Kingdom. The Dutch military, with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, was largely unprepared
14.
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. Many British actors have achieved fame and critical success, including Maggie Smith, Michael Caine, Sean Connery. Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the second, the identity of the British industry, and its relationship with the Cinema of the United States, has been the subject of debate. The history of production in Britain has often been affected by attempts to compete with the American industry. The career of the producer Alexander Korda was marked by this objective, the Rank Organisation attempted to do so in the 1940s, in 2009 British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7% globally and 17% in the United Kingdom. UK box-office takings totalled £1.1 billion in 2012, with 172.5 million admissions, the British Film Institute has produced a poll ranking what they consider to be the 100 greatest British films of all time, the BFI Top 100 British films. The annual BAFTA awards hosted by the British Academy of Film, the first people to build and run a working 35 mm camera in Britain were Robert W. Paul and Birt Acres. They made the first British film Incident at Clovelly Cottage in February 1895, soon several British film companies had opened to meet the demand for new films, such as Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn. Although the earliest British films were of everyday events, the early 20th century saw the appearance of shorts, mainly comedies. The early films were often melodramatic in tone, and there was a preference for story lines already known to the audience, in particular, adaptations of Shakespeare plays. The Lumière brothers first brought their show to London in 1896, in 1898 American producer Charles Urban expanded the London-based Warwick Trading Company to produce British films, mostly documentary and news. Also in 1898 Hepworth Studios was founded in Lambeth, South London by Cecil Hepworth, the Bamforths began producing films in Yorkshire, in 1902 Ealing Studios was founded by Will Barker, becoming the oldest continuously-operating film studio in the world. In 1902 the earliest color film in the world was made, like other films made at the time, in 2012 it was found by the National Media Museum in Bradford after lying forgotten in an old tin for 110 years. The previous title for earliest color film, using the Kinemacolour process, was thought to date from 1909 and was actually an inferior method, the re-discovered films were made by pioneer Edward Raymond Turner from London who patented his process on 22 March 1899. In 1903 Frank Mottershaw of Sheffield produced the film A Daring Daylight Robbery, in 1911 the Ideal Film Company was founded in Soho, London, distributing almost 400 films by 1934, and producing 80. In 1913 stage director Maurice Elvey began directing British films, becoming Britains most prolific film director, in 1914 Elstree Studios was founded, and acquired in 1928 by German-born Ludwig Blattner, who invented a magnetic steel tape recording system that was adopted by the BBC in 1930. In 1920 Gaumont opened Islington Studios, where Alfred Hitchcock got his start, also in 1920 Cricklewood Studios was founded by Sir Oswald Stoll, becoming Britains largest film studio, known for Fu Manchu and Sherlock Holmes film series. In 1920 the short-lived company Minerva Films was founded in London by the actor Leslie Howard and his friend, some of their early films include four written by A. A. Milne including The Bump, starring C
15.
Powell and Pressburger
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Their collaborations—24 films between 1939 and 1972—were mainly derived from original stories by Pressburger with the script written by both Pressburger & Powell. Powell did most of the directing while Pressburger did most of the work of the producer and also assisted with the editing, unusually, the pair shared a writer-director-producer credit for most of their films. The best known of these are The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp, A Canterbury Tale, A Matter of Life and Death, Black Narcissus and The Red Shoes. Emeric Pressburger, who had come from Hungary in 1935, already worked for Korda and this collaboration would be the first of nineteen, most over the next 18 years. After Powell had made two films for Korda, he was reunited with Pressburger in 1940 for Contraband, the first in a run of Powell. The second was 49th Parallel, which won Pressburger an Academy Award for Best Story, both are Hitchcock-like thrillers made as anti-Nazi propaganda. The pair adopted a joint writer-producer-director credit for their film, One of Our Aircraft Is Missing. In 1943 they incorporated their own company, Archers Film Productions. In a letter to Wendy Hiller in 1942, asking her to appear in Colonel Blimp, every single foot in our films is our own responsibility and nobody elses. We refuse to be guided or coerced by any influence but our own judgement, when we start work on a new idea we must be a year ahead, not only of our competitors, but also of the times. A real film, from idea to release, takes a year. And we secretly believe that no audience does and we have proved, at any rate, that they will pay to see the truth, for other reasons than her nakedness. At any time, and particularly at the present, the self-respect of all collaborators, from star to prop-man, is sustained, or diminished, by the theme and purpose of the film they are working on. They began to form a group of regular cast and crew members who were to work with them on many films over the twelve years. Hardly any of these people were ever under contract to The Archers and they were hired film by film. But Powell and Pressburger soon learnt who they could work well with, when Raymond Massey was offered the part of the Prosecuting Attorney in A Matter of Life and Death his cabled reply was For The Archers anytime, this world or the next. Twist to which both Powell and Pressburger contributed un-credited writing, both Sewell and Twist had worked with Powell & Pressburger previously on other films and were being given their first chance as directors. The remainder of the war saw them release a series of acclaimed films, The Life, a Matter of Life and Death Generally, Pressburger would create the original story and write the first draft of the script
16.
Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)
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The Ministry of Information, headed by the Minister of Information, was a United Kingdom government department created briefly at the end of the First World War and again during the Second World War. Located in Senate House at the University of London during the 1940s, it was the government department responsible for publicity. In the Great War, several different agencies had been responsible for propaganda, except for a period when there had been a Department of Information. The Ministry’s function was ‘To promote the case to the public at home and abroad in time of war’ by issuing ‘National Propaganda’ and controlling news. It was initially responsible for censorship, issuing official news, home publicity and overseas publicity in Allied and these functions were matched by a responsibility for monitoring public opinion through a network of Regional Information Offices. Responsibility for publicity in enemy territories was organized by Department EH, secret planning for a Ministry of Information had started in October 1935 under the auspices of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Draft proposals were accepted on 27 July 1936 and Sir Stephen Tallents was appointed as Director General Designate, Tallents drew together a small group of planners from existing government departments, public bodies and specialist outside organizations. The MOI’s planners sought to experience gained during the First World War with new communications technology. Their work reflected a concern that a future war would exert huge strain on the civilian population. The shadow Ministry of Information came into being briefly between 26 September-3 October 1938 after the Nazi annexation of the Sudetenland heightened international tensions, the seventy one officials who were assembled in temporary accommodation had responsibility for censoring press reports surrounding the Munich Agreement. The week-long experiment was not regarded as a success, instead it highlighted the extent to which questions over appointments, accommodation, links to the media and the relationship with other government departments had been left unresolved. The confusion had been made worse by tensions between the shadow MOI and the Foreign Office News Department and this tension spilled over into the Committee for Imperial Defence which considered proposals to abandon plans for the Ministry of Information. Tallents left his post as Director General Designate on 2 January 1939, planning efforts would increase again after Nazi troops moved into Prague on 15 March 1939. The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain publicly announced his government’s intentions for the MOI in a speech on 15 June 1939. Home Office officials were given until 31 December 1939 to complete their plans. The Ministry of Information was formed on 4 September 1939, the day after Britains declaration of war, the MOI’s headquarters were housed within the University of Londons Senate House and would remain in place until the end of the war. The MOI was initially organized in four groups, a ‘Press Relations’ group was responsible for both the issue of news and censorship. A ‘Publicity Users’ group was responsible for propaganda policy, a ‘Publicity Producers’ group was responsible for design and production
17.
49th Parallel (film)
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49th Parallel is a 1941 British war drama film, it was the third film made by the British writer-director team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. It was released in the United States as The Invaders, despite the title, no scene in the film is set at the 49th parallel, which forms much of the Canada–United States border. The only border scene is at Niagara Falls, which is further south, the British Ministry of Information approached Michael Powell to make a propaganda film for them, suggesting he make a film about mine-sweeping. Instead, Powell decided to make a different film to help sway opinion in the neutral United States, said Powell, I hoped it might scare the pants off the Americans. Screenwriter Emeric Pressburger remarked, Goebbels considered himself an expert on propaganda, after persuading the British and Canadian governments, Powell started location filming in 1940. The original choice to play the German officer, Lieutenant Hirth, was Archers stalwart Esmond Knight, anton Walbrook as Peter donated half his fee to the International Red Cross. Raymond Massey, Laurence Olivier and Leslie Howard all agreed to work at half their normal fee and this is the only time that Canadian-born Massey played a Canadian on screen. Early in the Second World War, U-37, a German U-boat, makes its way to Canadian waters, the U-boat evades RCN and RCAF patrols by moving north. A raiding party of six Nazi sailors are put ashore to obtain supplies but soon after, the six attempt to evade capture by travelling across Canada to reach the neutral United States and return to Germany. Led by Lieutenants Hirth and Kuhnecke, the band of sailors encounter. The band steadily diminishes as one by one they are killed or captured, initial victims of the Nazi sailors are the Eskimo Nick and a French-Canadian trapper. When a floatplane is dispatched to investigate to reports of their arrival at a Hudsons Bay Company trading post, they fire on the community gunning down the pilot. The Nazis steal the aircraft and take off to fly south but not before one of the sailors is shot, the floatplane crashes in a lake in Manitoba, killing the Nazi submarine engineering officer. The Nazis encounter a nearby Hutterite farming community, believing them to be sympathetic to the German cause. Lieutenant Hirths fanatical speech is rejected by Peter, the leader and even by one of their own, Vogel, who comes to the aid of Anna. Vogel, who would join the community and ply his trade of baker, is tried by Lieutenant Hirth. The dwindling band arrive in Winnipeg and sell equipment for food, hearing that the police are watching the nearby American border, they decided to make their way to Vancouver and catch a steamship for neutral Japan. Knocking out an innocent motorist for his car, Hirth, Lohrmann, with all of Canada searching for them and having killed eleven civilians along the way, Lohrmann is arrested by Canadian Mounties at a parade at Banff, Alberta
18.
Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
19.
Royal Air Force
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The Royal Air Force is the United Kingdoms aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. The RAF describe its mission statement as, an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission. The mission statement is supported by the RAFs definition of air power, Air power is defined as the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events. Today the Royal Air Force maintains a fleet of various types of aircraft. The majority of the RAFs rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces, most of the RAFs aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on operations or at long-established overseas bases. It was founded on 1 April 1918, with headquarters located in the former Hotel Cecil, during the First World War, by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps, at that time it was the largest air force in the world. The RAFs naval aviation branch, the Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924, the RAF developed the doctrine of strategic bombing which led to the construction of long-range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the Second World War. The RAF underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War, under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan of December 1939, the air forces of British Commonwealth countries trained and formed Article XV squadrons for service with RAF formations. Many individual personnel from countries, and exiles from occupied Europe. By the end of the war the Royal Canadian Air Force had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations, additionally, the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine percent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres. In the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe, the largest RAF effort during the war was the strategic bombing campaign against Germany by Bomber Command. Following victory in the Second World War, the RAF underwent significant re-organisation, during the early stages of the Cold War, one of the first major operations undertaken by the Royal Air Force was in 1948 and the Berlin Airlift, codenamed Operation Plainfire. Before Britain developed its own nuclear weapons the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under Project E and these were initially armed with nuclear gravity bombs, later being equipped with the Blue Steel missile. Following the development of the Royal Navys Polaris submarines, the nuclear deterrent passed to the navys submarines on 30 June 1969. With the introduction of Polaris, the RAFs strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one and this tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by Tornado GR1s. For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of Western Europe against potential attack by the Soviet Union, with many squadrons based in West Germany. With the decline of the British Empire, global operations were scaled back, despite this, the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period
20.
Vickers Wellington
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The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber. Other aircraft developed to the specification include the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley. During the development process, performance requirements such as for the tare weight changed substantially, the Wellington was widely used as a night bomber in the early years of the Second World War, performing as one of the principal bombers used by Bomber Command. During 1943, it started to be superseded as a bomber by the larger four-engined heavies such as the Avro Lancaster, the Wellington continued to serve throughout the war in other duties, particularly as an anti-submarine aircraft. It holds the distinction of being the only British bomber to be produced for the duration of the war, the Wellington remained as first-line equipment when the war ended, although it had been increasing relegated to secondary roles. The Wellington was one of two named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, the other being the Vickers Wellesley. A larger heavy bomber designed to Specification B. 1/35, the Vickers Warwick, was developed in parallel with the Wellington. Many elements of the Wellington were also reused in a civil derivative, in October 1932, the British Air Ministry invited Vickers to tender for the recently issued Specification B. 9/32, which sought a twin-engine medium daylight bomber. This strength allowed for the design to be further developed to reduce the size of individual members. The Pegasus was selected as the engine for air-cooled versions of the bomber, on 28 February 1933, two versions of the aircraft, one with each of the selected powerplants, were submitted to the tender. In September 1933, the Air Ministry issued a contract for the Goshawk-powered version. Other refinements of the design had also implemented and approved, such as the adoption of variable-pitch propellers. By December 1936, the specification had been revised to include front, rear, other specification changes included modified bomb undershields and the inclusion of spring-loaded bomb bay doors. Design studies were conducted on behalf of the Air Ministry into the adoption of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. F. Andrews stated to be a high figure for a medium bomber of those days. During the development phase of the aircraft, the political and military situations in Europe drastically transformed, with the rise of fascist dictatorships in Germany and Italy, the British government had become keen to reevaluate the capabilities of the nations armed forces, including the Royal Air Force. In early 1936, a prototype, K4049, which was originally designated as a Type 271, was assembled. It had provisions for a crew of four, along with a position for performing special duties
21.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
22.
Zuiderzee
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Its name means southern sea in Dutch, indicating that the name originates in Friesland, to the north of the Zuiderzee. In the 20th century the majority of the Zuiderzee was closed off from the North Sea by the construction of the Afsluitdijk and this land eventually became the province of Flevoland, with a population of nearly 400,000. In classical times there was already a body of water in this location and it was much smaller than its later forms and its connection to the main sea was much narrower, it may have been a complex of lakes and marshes and channels, rather than one lake. Over time these lakes gradually eroded their soft peat shores and spread, some part of this area of water was later called the Vlie, it probably flowed into the sea through what is now the Vliestroom channel between the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. The Marsdiep was once a river which may have been a distributary of the Vlie, during the early Middle Ages this began to change as rising sea levels and storms started to eat away at the coastal areas which consisted mainly of peatlands. The disaster marked the rise of Amsterdam on the end of the bay. The even more massive St. Lucias flood occurred 14 December 1287, the name Zuiderzee came into general usage around this period. For example, on 18 November 1421, a seawall at the Zuiderzee dike broke and this was the Second St. Elizabeths flood. The Netherlands was part of the First French Empire between 1810 and 1813, a département was formed in 1811 and named as Zuyderzée after the Zuiderzee, of which the territory roughly corresponded to the present provinces of North Holland and Utrecht. In 1928, the 6-meter and 8-meter sailing events for the Amsterdam Summer Olympics were held on the Zuiderzee. These towns traded at first with ports on the Baltic Sea, in England, and in the Hanseatic League, when that lucrative trade diminished, most of the towns fell back on fishing and some industry until the 20th century when tourism became the major source of income. Contained within the Zuiderzee were five islands, the remains of what were once larger islands, peninsulas connected to the mainland, or in the case of Pampus. These were Wieringen, Urk, Schokland, Pampus, and Marken, the inhabitants of these islands also subsisted mainly on fishing and related industries and still do in the case of Urk and Wieringen. All of these islands, except for Pampus, are now part of the mainland or connected to it, the construction in the early 20th century of a large enclosing dam tamed the Zuiderzee. The creation of this dam was a response to the flood of January 1916, plans for closing the Zuiderzee had been made over thirty years earlier but had not yet passed in parliament. With the completion of the Afsluitdijk in 1932, the Zuiderzee became the IJsselmeer and these areas, known as polders, were respectively the Wieringermeer, the Noordoostpolder, and Flevoland. This enormous project under the direction of Cornelis Lely, called the Zuiderzee Works, ran from 1919 to 1986, Zuiderzee Museum, dedicated to the history and culture of the former Zuiderzee Zuiderzee Cycle Route, long-distance cycle route around the former Zuiderzee Pathe newsreel of flooding,1916
23.
Stuttgart
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Stuttgart is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgart Cauldron an hour from the Swabian Jura. Stuttgarts urban area has a population of 623,738, making it the sixth largest city in Germany. 2.7 million people live in the administrative region and another 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area. Since the 6th millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive Castrum near Bad Cannstatt, Stuttgarts roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia as a stud farm for his warhorses. Overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320, the fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their County, Duchy, and Kingdom from the 15th Century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the forms of the Thirty Years War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city, however, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major economic, industrial, tourism and publishing center it is today. Stuttgart is also an important transport junction, and possesses the sixth largest airport in Germany. Such companies as Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Daimler AG, Dinkelacker, Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities. It is spread across a variety of hills, valleys and parks and this is often a source of surprise to visitors who associate the city with its reputation as the Cradle of the Automobile. The citys tourism slogan is Stuttgart offers more, under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure, the city unveiled a new logo and slogan in March 2008 describing itself as Das neue Herz Europas. For business, it describes itself as Where business meets the future, in July 2010, Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area. Stuttgart is a city of mostly immigrants, according to Dorling Kindersley Publishings Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner. 40% of Stuttgarts residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five are of immigrant background, the reason for this being that the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses. Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley as the rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt. As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby, when they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery. When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the 3rd Century by the Alamanni, in 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a Chan Stada in a document regarding property
24.
Burgemeester
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In the Netherlands and Belgium, the mayor is an appointed government position, whose main responsibility is chairing the executive and legislative councils of a municipality. The title is translated in English as burgomaster. In the Netherlands, mayors chair both the council of mayor and aldermen and the municipal council and they are members of the council of mayor and aldermen and have their own portfolios, always including safety and public order. They also have a role for the municipal government, both to its civilians and to other authorities on the local, regional and national level. A large majority of mayors are members of a political party and this can be the majority party in the municipal council, but there are many exceptions on this. However, the mayors are expected to exercise their office in a non-partisan way, the mayor is appointed by the national government for a renewable six-year term. In the past, mayors for important cities were chosen after negotiations between the national parties. This appointment procedure has been criticised because it was seen by some as undemocratic, especially the party D66 had a direct election of the mayor as one of the main objectives in its platform. In the early 2000s, proposals for change were discussed in the national parliament, however, opponents of the status quo were divided between two alternatives, direct election of the mayor by the people or appointment by the municipal council. A constitutional change to direct election gained a majority in both chambers but failed to pass the vote in the Senate in March 2005. In the meantime, although the law remained the same, the practice changed, nowadays, when a vacancy occurs, a special committee of the municipal council interviews candidates, which are pre-selected by the provincial governor. After advice by the committee, the council express its preferences to the Minister of the Interior, who almost always follows this recommendation
25.
Short Stirling
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The Short Stirling was a British four-engined heavy bomber of the Second World War. It has the distinction of being the first four-engined bomber to be introduced into service with the Royal Air Force, the Stirling was designed during the late 1930s by Short Brothers to conform with the requirements laid out in Air Ministry Specification B. 12/36. When the preferred Type 317 had to be abandoned, the S.29, during early 1941, the Stirling entered active squadron service. The Sterling had a brief operational career as a bomber before being relegated to second line duties from late 1943. A handful of ex-military Stirlings were rebuilt and saw continued use on the civil market, in the 1930s, the Royal Air Force was interested primarily in twin-engine bombers. These designs put limited demands on engine production and maintenance, both of which were stretched with the introduction of so many new types into service. Power limitations were so serious that the British invested heavily in the development of engines in the 2,000 horsepower class in order to improve performance. During the late 1930s, none of these were ready for production, accordingly, in 1936, the RAF also decided to investigate the feasibility of the four-engined bomber. Amongst the several requirements specified, the load was to be a maximum of 14,000 lb carried to a range of 2,000 miles or a lesser payload of 8,000 lb to 3,000 miles. It was to have a crew of six and was to have a normal weight of 48, 000lb, while a maximum overload weight of 65. The aircraft would have to be capable of cruising at speeds of 230 mph or greater while flying at 15,000 ft, while possessing three individual gun turrets for self-defence. Additionally, the aircraft should also be able to be used as a troop transport for 24 soldiers. The concept was that the aircraft would fly troops to far corners of the British Empire, to help with this task as well as ease production, it needed to be able to be broken down into parts, for transport by train. Various companies responded to B. 12/36, including Supermarine and Armstrong Whitworth, Shorts were producing several four-engined flying boat designs of the required size and created their S.29 proposal by removing the lower deck and boat hull of the S.25 Sunderland. As originally designed, the S.29 was considered to be capable of favourable high-altitude performance, in October 1936, the S.29 was low down on the short list of designs considered and the Supermarine Type 317 was ordered in prototype form in January 1937. However it was decided that a design to Supermarine was needed for insurance. Shorts accepted this large amount of redesign work, the project had added importance due to the death of Supermarines designer, Reginald Mitchell, which had generated doubt within the Air Ministry. The S.29 used the Sunderlands 114 ft wing and it had to be reduced to less than 100 ft, in order to get the needed lift from a shorter span and excess weight, the redesigned wing was thickened and reshaped
26.
Peter Ustinov
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He was a fixture on television talk shows and lecture circuits for much of his career. A respected intellectual and diplomat, he held academic posts and served as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. He displayed a unique cultural versatility that has earned him the accolade of a Renaissance man. Miklós Rózsa, composer of the music for Quo Vadis and of numerous concert works, Ustinov was born Peter Alexander von Ustinov in London, England. His father, Jona von Ustinov, was of Russian, Polish Jewish, German, peters paternal grandfather was Plato von Ustinov, a Russian nobleman, and his grandmother was Magdalena Hall, of mixed Ethiopian-German-Jewish origin. Peters paternal great-great-grandparents were the German painter Eduard Zander and the Ethiopian aristocrat Court-Lady Isette-Werq in Gondar, ustinovs mother, Nadezhda Leontievna Benois, known as Nadia, was a painter and ballet designer of French, German, Italian, and Russian descent. Her father, Leon Benois, was an Imperial Russian architect, leons brother Alexandre Benois was a stage designer who worked with Stravinsky and Diaghilev. Their paternal ancestor Jules-César Benois was a chef who had left France for St. Petersburg during the French Revolution, Jona worked as a press officer at the German Embassy in London in the 1930s, and was a reporter for a German news agency. He was the controller of Wolfgang Gans zu Putlitz, an MI5 spy in the German embassy in London who furnished information on Hitlers intentions before the Second World War, Ustinov was educated at Westminster School and had a difficult childhood because of his parents constant fighting. One of his schoolmates was Rudolf von Ribbentrop, the eldest son of the Nazi Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. While at school, Ustinov considered anglicising his name to Peter Austin, after training as an actor in his late teens, along with early attempts at playwriting, he made his stage début in 1938 at the Players Theatre, becoming quickly established. He later wrote, I was not irresistibly drawn to the drama and it was an escape road from the dismal rat race of school. In 1939, he appeared in White Cargo at the Aylesbury Rep, Ustinov served as a private in the British Army during World War II, including time spent as batman to David Niven while writing the Niven film The Way Ahead. He also appeared in films, debuting in One of Our Aircraft Is Missing, in which he was required to deliver lines in English, Latin. In 1944 under the auspices of ENSA, he presented and performed the role of Sir Anthony Absolute, in Sheridans The Rivals, with Dame Edith Evans, after the war, he began writing, his first major success was with the play The Love of Four Colonels. He starred with Humphrey Bogart and Aldo Ray in Were No Angels and his career as a dramatist continued, his best-known play being Romanoff and Juliet. His film roles include Roman emperor Nero in Quo Vadis, Lentulus Batiatus in Spartacus, Captain Vere in Billy Budd, Ustinov voiced the anthropomorphic lions Prince John and King Richard in the 1973 Disney animated film Robin Hood. He also worked on films as writer and occasionally director, including The Way Ahead, School for Secrets, Hot Millions
27.
Hay Petrie
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Hay Petrie was born in Dundee, Angus, Scotland, where he went to Harris Academy. He later attended St Andrew’s University, where he first discovered the stage, in 1915 he joined the Royal Scots as a Second Lieutenant. After the war he studied with Rosina Filippi joining the Old Vic Company appearing as Starveling in A Midsummer Night’s Dream in 1920. In 1924 Albert de Courville brought Hay Petrie into Vaudeville with The Looking Glass, in which he sang Oh Shakespeare you’re the best of all and his first film part was Many Waters in 1931. Hay Petrie struggled with alcoholism, but was loved by audiences. He was never more at home than when he was playing parts from the classical theatre and he died in London, aged 53. Hay Petrie at the Internet Movie Database
28.
Roland Culver
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Roland Joseph Culver, OBE was an English stage, film, and television actor. After Highgate School, he joined the Royal Air Force and served as a pilot from 1918 to 1919, after considering other careers, he turned to acting, graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In the 1960s, he branched out into television before retiring in 1982. In 1960 he appeared in Five Finger Exercise at the Music Box Theatre in New York City and he was nominated for the 1966 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for Ivanov. In 1974, he played the irascible Duke of Omnium and Gatherum in the popular BBC adaptation of The Pallisers and he lost half a lung to tuberculosis. He was married twice, first to actress, director, with his first wife, he had two children, actor Michael Culver and Robin Culver. Culver was awarded an OBE in the 1980 Queens Birthday Honours for services to drama, Culver wrote the play A River Breeze, and his autobiography is called Not Quite a Gentleman
29.
Robert Helpmann
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Sir Robert Helpmann CBE was an Australian dancer, actor, theatre director and choreographer. He was born Robert Murray Helpman in Mount Gambier, South Australia, Helpmann was educated at Prince Alfred College, Adelaide, but left school at 14. From childhood, Helpmann had a desire to be a dancer. This was an unusual ambition in provincial Australia of the 1920s, in a 1974 interview, Helpmann recalled that he was taught the moves and dances of a girl because his dance teacher had no prior experience teaching boys. In the Margot Fonteyn biography, Helpmann is described as being dark-haired, pale, in 1926 he joined the touring dance company of the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. The introduction came via his father, who was on a trip to Melbourne. Following the wartime return of the Sadlers Wells Ballet from the newly occupied Netherlands, Helpmann took a role in Ninette de Valois new ballet of 1940. The highpoint of Helpmanns career as a dancer was the Sadlers Wells Ballet tour of the United States in 1949, with Fonteyn and Helpmann dancing the leading roles in The Sleeping Beauty. The production caused a sensation, which made the names of both the Royal Ballet and its two principals, public and press referred to them affectionately as Bobby and Margot. Although Helpmann was past his best as a dancer, the tour opened doors for him in the United States as an actor and director, in the 1940s, as he passed his peak as a dancer, Helpmann turned to production and to acting. He produced his own ballets — Comus, Hamlet, The Birds, Miracle in the Gorbals, Caravan, Adam Zero and Elektra. Helpmann also appeared in films, including the two Powell and Pressburger ballet films The Red Shoes, for which he was the choreographer. In 1942 he played the Dutch Quisling in the Powell/Pressburger film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing, after his return to Australia as co-director of The Australian Ballet, he continued to appear in films. Notable productions included one of his most recognized screen roles, the evil and his performance in the film was later rated by Empire magazine as among the 100 most frightening ever filmed. Another family film he starred in was Alices Adventures in Wonderland, and for The Australian Ballet he co-directed with Rudolf Nureyev the ballet-film Don Quixote, in which he also played the title role. He also starred in the cult 1978 horror film Patrick, in which he broke his back in a scene where he lifted the title character, since he was gay and flamboyant, his arrival in what was at that time a very conservative country caused some consternation. Australians were proud of his fame, but not sure what to make of him personally. He did not endear himself with the comment, I dont despair about the scene in Australia because there isnt one here to despair about
30.
Riverside Studios
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It is planned to reopen in 2018. Under the ownership of Jack Buchanan, the company produced films as The Happiest Days of Your Life and Father Brown. In 1954, the studio was acquired by the British Broadcasting Corporation for its television service, the facility was in continuous use until the early 1970s, the rooftop camera position providing one of the highlights of the annual University Boat Race each Easter Saturday. An influential gallery area also flourished, under the direction of Milena Kalinovska who joined in 1982, Channel 4s opening night launch party was held at the Studios in 1982. During the 1980s, the Riverside was also home to Motley Theatre Design Course, following repeated financial crises, and the directorship of David Gothard, Riverside pulled in its horns. William Burdett-Coutts was appointed Artistic Director of Riverside Studios in 1993, Studios 1 and 3 were lucratively used once more in the 1990s for broadcasting, including the Chris Evans vehicle TFI Friday. CD, UK was broadcast from Riverside from 2003 until 2006, later projects included the BBCs Mighty Truck of Stuff and Channel 4s T4 and Popworld. In 2014 Riverside Studios started undergoing a new redevelopment, due for completion in 2018. London builder Mount Anvil, working in conjunction with A2 Dominion, demolished the old Riverside Studios, as part of the redevelopment a new riverside walkway will be created to connect the Thames Path to Hammersmith Bridge. It played regular host to the London Taiwanese, Italian, Polish, tom Robinson hosted live recording sessions for his BBC Radio 6 Music radio show, show Introducing. in Studio 3. Riverside Studios – official site Riverside TV Studios Ltd The Riverside Story Riverside Studios history
31.
Hammersmith
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Hammersmith is a district in west London, located in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It is bordered by Shepherds Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Chiswick to the west and it is linked by Hammersmith Bridge to Barnes in the southwest. The area is one of west Londons key commercial and employment centres and it is a major transport hub for west London, with two London Underground stations and a bus station at Hammersmith Broadway. In the early 1660s, Hammersmiths first parish church, which later became St Pauls, was built by Sir Nicholas Crispe who ran the brickworks in Hammersmith and it contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust of King Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur. In 1696 Sir Samuel Morland was buried there, the church was completely rebuilt in 1883, but the monument and bust were transferred to the new church. The Hammersmith Suspension Bridge, designed by William Tierney Clark, was built across the Thames in 1827, in 1984–1985 the bridge received structural support, and between 1997 and 2000 the bridge underwent major strengthening work. In 1745, two Scots, James Lee and Lewis Kennedy, established the Vineyard Nursery, over six acres devoted to landscaping plants, during the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, including fuchsia and the standard rose tree. Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green, during both World Wars, Waring & Gillows furniture factory, in Cambridge Grove, became the site of aircraft manufacture. Hammersmith is located at the confluence of a key arterial route out of central London with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the Thames. The focal point of the district is the centre located at this confluence, which houses a shopping centre, bus station, an Underground station. Stretching about 750m westwards from this centre is King Street, Hammersmiths main shopping street. Named after John King, Bishop of London, it contains a shopping centre, many small shops, the Town Hall, the Lyric Theatre, a cinema. King Street is supplemented by other shops along Shepherds Bush Road to the north, Hammersmiths office activity takes place mainly to the eastern side of its centre, along Hammersmith Road and in the Ark, an office complex to the south of the flyover which traverses the area. There are two NHS hospitals in Hammersmith - Charing Cross Hospital to the south on Fulham Palace Road, Charing Cross Hospital is a large multi-disciplinary hospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by the Imperial College School of Medicine. The Ark office building, designed by British architect Ralph Erskine, Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery was designed by Guy Greenfield. 22 St Peters Square the former Royal Chiswick Laundry and Island Records HQ converted to architects studios and it has a Hammersmith Society Conservation award plaque and has been included in tours in Architecture Week. Riverside Studios is a cinema, performance space, bar and cafe, riverside Studios was formerly BBC studios used for TV productions. The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre is just off King Street, Hammersmith Apollo concert hall and theatre is just south of the gyratory
32.
Boston, Lincolnshire
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Boston is a town and small port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England. It is the largest town of the wider Borough of Boston local government district, the borough had a total population of 66,900, at the ONS mid 2015 estimates, while the town itself had a population of 35,124 at the 2001 census. It is due north of Greenwich on the Prime Meridian, residents of Boston are known as Bostonians. Emigrants from Boston named several other settlements after the town, most notably Boston, Massachusetts, the name Boston is said to be a contraction of Saint Botolphs town, stone, or tun for a hamlet or farm, hence the Latin villa Sancti Botulfi St. Botulfs village). The towns link to the life is probably apocryphal. The town was held to have been a Roman settlement. The early medieval geography of The Fens was much more fluid than it is today and, at that time, Botolphs establishment is most likely to have been in Suffolk. However, he was a missionary and saint, to whom many churches between Yorkshire and Sussex are dedicated. The 1086 Domesday Book does not mention Boston by name, Skirbeck had two churches and one is likely to have been that dedicated to St Botolph, in what was consequently Botolphs town. Skirbeck is now considered part of Boston, but the remains, as a church parish. The order of importance was the way round, when the Boston quarter of Skirbeck developed at the head of the Haven. At that stage, The Haven was the part of the stream, now represented by the Stone Bridge Drain. The line of the road through Wide Bargate, to A52 and it led, as it does now, to the relatively high ground at Sibsey, and thence to Lindsey. The Sleaford route, into Kesteven, passed via Swineshead, thence following the old course of the River Slea, the Salters Way route into Kesteven, left Holland from Donington. This route was more thoroughly developed, in the later Medieval period. The River Witham seems to have joined The Haven after the flood of September 1014, the Town Bridge still maintains the pre-flood route, along the old Haven bank. After the Norman Conquest, Ralph the Stallers property was taken over by Count Alan and it subsequently came to be attached to the Earldom of Richmond, North Yorkshire, and known as the Richmond Fee. It lay on the bank of The Haven
33.
The Red Shoes (1948 film)
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The Red Shoes is a 1948 British drama film written, directed and produced by the team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, known collectively as The Archers. It has original music by Brian Easdale and cinematography by Jack Cardiff, at the 21st Academy Awards, The Red Shoes won awards for Best Original Score and Best Art Direction, as well as nominations for Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing. Today it is regarded as one of the best films of Powell and Pressburgers partnership, filmmakers such as Brian De Palma and Martin Scorsese have named it one of their all-time favourite films. Separately present is Victoria Vicky Page, a young, unknown dancer from a background, with her aunt. As Heart of Fire progresses, Julian recognises the music as one of his own compositions, during the performance, Boris Lermontov, the company impresario, receives an invitation to an after-ballet party at Lady Nestons residence. Lermontov initially declines, but Professor Palmer persuades Lermontov to attend, Julian leaves the performance in disillusionment at his professors plagiarism of his music, followed by Terry and Ike. Lady Neston has arranged the party as a surreptitious audition. Lermontov and Vicki meet, and he invites her to a rehearsal of the company, Julian has written to Lermontov to explain the circumstances behind Heart of Fire, but then tries to retrieve the letter. Lermontovs assistant Dimitri thwarts all attempts by Julian to gain entry to Lermontovs suite, Julian says that he wishes to retrieve his letter before Lermontov has seem it, except that Lermontov has already read the letter. Lermontov asks Julian to play one of his own works at the piano, after hearing Julian play, he hires Julian as a repetiteur for the company orchestra and assistant to the companys conductor, Livingstone Montague. Lermontov fully realises that Julian was the composer of Heart of Fire. Julian and Vicky arrive for work at the Ballet Lermontov on the same day, after Lermontov ignores Vickys good morning greeting, the companys production designer, Sergei Ratov, mollifies her disappointment. Later, Vicky dances in a performance of Swan Lake at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate. Lermontov is in attendance, which Vicky does not realise until the midst of her performance and he realises her potential and invites Vicky to go with the company to Paris and Monte Carlo, with Grisha Ljubov, the companys chief choreographer, to guide her. When his prima ballerina Irina Boronskaya announces that she is to be married, Lermontov strongly disapproves, Lermontov begins to see Vicky as a possible successor to Irina. Lermontov decides to create a role for her in a new ballet, The Red Shoes. When Julian plays selections from the score for the ballet, Ratov and Ljubov are impressed. As the premiere of the approaches, Vicky and Julian bicker artistically
34.
The Royal British Legion
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Service in the military is no longer a requirement of Legion membership. The Legion has a membership magazine, Legion, which is free to all Legion members as part of their annual subscription. According to Mark Garnett and Richard Weight, it was established and run by Britains upper class and they argue, It was a product of the First World War and the combination of altruism towards, and fear of, the working class. A Royal Charter was granted in 1925, accompanied by invaluable patronage from royalty circles, during the Second World War, it was active in civil defence, providing step the officers to the Home Guard. Its membership grew rapidly as the veterans of the Second World War were demobilised and it was granted another Royal Charter on 29 May 1971 to mark its fiftieth anniversary which gives the Legion the privilege of the prefix Royal. Earl Haig, British commander at the Battle of the Somme and Passchendaele was one of the founders of the Legion, the head office is based next to Borough tube station. The Legion support nearly 36,000 War Disablement Pension cases for war veterans and make around 300,000 welfare and friendship visits every year. The Poppy is the trademark of The Royal British Legion, RBL states The red poppy is our registered mark, the paper poppies are manufactured at the Poppy Factory in Richmond. Other products bearing the Poppy, the Trademark of The Royal British Legion are sold throughout the year as part of the ongoing fundraising, the Legion organises The Festival of Remembrance in Royal Albert Hall, London on the Saturday before Remembrance Sunday. Originally featuring composer John Fouldss World Requiem it now includes military displays by current members of the forces, choral works. The festival is awash with the finest of British pomp and pageantry, there is a release of poppy petals from the roof of the hall. On the day there are two performances, the matinee is open to any member of the public. In 2007, the half of the evening event was aired live on BBC Radio 2. BBC One showed the event an hour later, most parts of the Festival are of a formal, thought-provoking, and solemn nature. In recent years, the items have included more contemporary performers to attract a younger audience, honour the Covenant is a campaign launched by The Royal British Legion in September 2007, which calls on the UK Government to honour the Military Covenant. The campaign aims to seek support for the issues identified by the Legion. The campaign accuses the Government of failing to meet its commitments under the Covenant, the Legion highlighted the case of a 23-year-old paratrooper, injured in battle, who was awarded £152,150 despite injuries requiring care for the rest of his life. It also criticised the practice of treating soldiers in wards alongside civilian patients, in his conference speech that October, Conservative Party leader David Cameron referred to the Covenant and said Mr. Brown, I believe your government has broken it
35.
Dad's Army
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Dads Army is a BBC television sitcom about the British Home Guard during the Second World War. It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft and broadcast on the BBC from 1968 to 1977, the sitcom ran for 9 series and 80 episodes in total, plus a radio version based on the television scripts, a feature film and a stage show. The series regularly gained audiences of 18 million viewers and is still repeated worldwide, the Home Guard consisted of local volunteers otherwise ineligible for military service, either because of age or by being in professions exempt from conscription. Dads Army deals almost exclusively with over age men and featured older British actors, including Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Arnold Ridley, younger members in the cast included Ian Lavender, Clive Dunn, Frank Williams, James Beck, and Bill Pertwee. In 2004, Dads Army was voted fourth in a BBC poll to find Britains Best Sitcom and it had been placed 13th in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 and voted for by industry professionals. The series has influenced British popular culture, with the series catchphrases and it highlighted a forgotten aspect of defence during the Second World War, although it greatly distorted the true history and function of the Home Guard. The Radio Times magazine listed Captain Mainwarings You stupid boy, among the 25 greatest put-downs on TV. A new feature film of Dads Army with a different cast was released in 2016, originally intended to be called The Fighting Tigers, Dads Army was based partly on co-writer and creator Jimmy Perrys experiences in the Local Defence Volunteers. Perry was only 17 years old when he joined the 10th Hertfordshire Battalion and his mother did not like him being out at night and feared he might catch cold, he partly resembled the character of Private Pike. An elderly lance corporal in the often referred to fighting under Kitchener against the Fuzzy Wuzzies and was the model for Corporal Jones. Other influences included the work of such as Will Hay whose film Oh. Featured a pompous ass, an old man and a man which gave him Mainwaring, Godfrey. Another influence was the Lancastrian comedian Robb Wilton, who portrayed a work-shy husband who joined the Home Guard in numerous sketches during WW2. Croft was impressed and sent the script to Michael Mills, the BBCs Head of Comedy, in his book Dads Army, Graham McCann explained that the show owes much to Michael Mills. It was he who renamed the show Dads Army and he did not like Brightsea-on-Sea so the location was changed to Walmington-on-Sea. He also suggested adding a Scot, Jimmy Perry had produced the original idea but needed an experienced man to see it through. Mills suggested David Croft and so their partnership began, when an episode was shown to members of the public, to gauge audience reaction prior to broadcast of the first series, the majority of the audience thought it was very poor. The production team put the report containing the negative comments at the bottom of David Crofts in-tray and he only saw it several months later, after the series had been broadcast and had received great acclamation
36.
Headquarters
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Headquarters denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility for managing all business activities, in the UK, the term head office is most commonly used for the HQs of large corporations. The term is also used regarding military organizations, a headquarters is the entity at the top of a corporation that takes full responsibility for the overall success of the corporation, and ensures corporate governance. Many companies have an office at a different address to their corporate office. A headquarters normally includes the leader of business unit and his or her staff as well as all functions to manage the business unit, the head of the business unit is responsible for overall result of the business unit. Military headquarters take many forms depending on the size and nature of the unit or formation they command, typically, they are split into the forward, main and rear components, both within NATO nations, and those following the organization and doctrine of the former Soviet Union. The forward or tactical HQs is a group of staff. The main HQs is less mobile and is involved in both the planning and execution of operations, there are a number of staff assembled here from various staff branches to advise the commander, and to control the various aspects of planning and the conduct of discrete operations. A main HQ for a large formation will have a chief of staff who coordinates the staff effort, the rear or logistic HQs is some distance from the battle or front line in conventional operations. The headquarters of the Catholic Church is Vatican City, the headquarters of the Russian Orthodox Church is in Danilov Monastery, Moscow. The World Council of Churches, including Orthodox Churches, has its headquarters in Geneva, the headquarters of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is located in Istanbul, Turkey. The headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is located in Salt Lake City, Utah, the Anglican Communion Office is in London. In Japanese budō martial arts such as karate, judo, aikido, kendo, there is usually a headquarters for each organization or region. The Japanese word honbu is generally used for that, also outside Japan, sometimes they refer to this headquarters as honbu dojo in which dojo is a facility provided for practicing discipline, the training ground. Sometimes honbu is written as hombu, the way it is pronounced, but according to the Hepburn transcription, weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army Janes, London,516 pp. Wanner, Herbert Global and regional corporate headquarters in, Kählin, Christian, H. Switzerland Business & Investment Handbook, Orell Füssli and Wiley, Wanner, Herbert, LeClef, Xavier, & Shimizu, Hiroshi Global Headquarters on the Move, From Administrators to Facilitators Prims Second Semester 2004, Arthur D. Little
