1.
Breda
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Breda is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. The name Breda derived from brede Aa and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark, as a fortified city, the city was of strategic military and political significance. Breda had a population of 180,420 in 2014, the area had a population of 324,812. In the 11th century, Breda was a fief of the Holy Roman Emperor. The city of Breda obtained a charter in 1252. After that Breda had the rights to build fortifications, the city constructed brick walls and Roman-style gates. In 1327 Adelheid of Gaveren Breda sold Breda to Duke Johannes III of Brabant, in 1350, the fief was resold to Johannes II of Wassenaar. In 1403 the heiress of his line, Johanna of Polanen, thus, the baron of Breda was also count of Nassau, Germany, prince of Orange and stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. Breda remained part of the barony Breda until it was taken by French revolutionary forces in 1795, the acquisition of the city by the House of Orange-Nassau marked its emergence as a residentiestad. The presence of the Orange-Nassau family attracted other nobles, who built palatial residences in the old quarters of the city. The most impressive one, built by the Italian architect Thomas Vincidor de Bologna for the first Dutch prince, was the first renaissance-style palace built north of the Alps, in the 15th century the citys physical, economic and strategic importance expanded rapidly. A great church was built in Brabantine Gothic style with a gallant 97-metre-high tower, in 1534 Henry III of Nassau-Breda rebuilt the modest medieval fortifications in impressive style. In 1534 a fire destroyed over 90 percent of the city, close to 1300 houses, churches and chapels, only 150 houses and the main church remained. In July 1581, during the Eighty Years War, Breda was captured by surprise by Spanish troops then under the command of Claudius van Barlaymont, although the city had surrendered upon the condition that it would not be plundered, the troops vented their fury upon the inhabitants. In the resulting mayhem, known as Haultpennes Fury, over 500 citizens were killed, the so-called Spaniards Hole marks the spot where the peat-boat allegedly lay, although this has not been historically proven. After a ten-month siege in 1624–25, the city surrendered to the Spaniards under Spinola, in 1637 Breda was recaptured by Frederick Henry of Orange after a four-month siege, and in 1648 it was finally ceded to the Dutch Republic by the Treaty of Westphalia. The Treaty of Breda was signed in the city, July 31,1667, during World War II the city was under German occupation. It was liberated following a successful outflanking manoeuvre planned and performed by forces of 1st Polish Armoured Division of Gen. Maczek on October 29,1944
2.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
3.
Christian Democratic Appeal
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The Christian Democratic Appeal is a Christian-democratic political party in the Netherlands. Sybrand van Haersma Buma has been the party leader since 18 May 2012, the party suffered severe losses in the 2010 general election, losing half of its seats and falling to fourth place in the House of Representatives. Subsequently, the CDA again lost a number of seats in the 2012 general election. Since 1880 the sizeable Catholic and Protestant parties had worked together in the so-called Coalitie and they shared a common interest in public funding of religious schools. In 1888 they formed the first Christian-democratic government, led by the Anti-Revolutionary Æneas Baron Mackay, the cooperation was not without problems and in 1894 the more anti-papist and aristocratic conservatives left the Protestant Anti Revolutionary Party, to found the Christian Historical Union. The main issues dividing Protestants and Catholics was the position of the Dutch Representation at the Holy See, the General League evolved into the Roman Catholic State Party by 1926, and the Catholic Peoples Party in 1945. From 1918 to 1967, the three Christian Democratic parties had a majority in both houses of the States General, and at least two of them were included in every cabinet, the KVP and its antecedents had been in government without interruption since 1918. In the sixties, the Dutch society became more secularized and the pillars faded, in 1963 general election the three parties held 51% of the vote, whilst in 1972 general election they held only 32%. This decline forced the three parties to work closer together, in 1967 the Group of Eighteen was formed, it was a think-tank of six prominent politicians per party that planned the future cooperation of the three parties. In 1968 the three leaders of the parties (Norbert Schmelzer, Barend Biesheuvel and Jur Mellema made a public appearance. This caused progressive forces within the three parties, especially the ARP and KVP, to regret their political affiliation, in 1968 they founded the Political Party of Radicals, a left-wing party that sought cooperation with the Labour Party. Locally and provincially however the three parties had long cooperated well, in areas they formed one Christian-democratic parliamentary party. In the 1971 general election, the three presented a common political program, which lay the foundation for the first Biesheuvel cabinet. After the disastrous elections of 1972 the cooperation was given new momentum, in 1973 this federation was officially formed, with Steenkamp as chairperson. The cooperation was frustrated by the formation of the Den Uyl cabinet, established by the leader of the social-democratic PvdA, Den Uyl refused to allow members of the CHU in the cabinet that he would lead. This led to a situation where the CHU, ARP and KVP sat as a faction in both houses of parliament, but only the KVP and ARP supplied ministers and junior ministers. The cabinet Den Uyl was riddled with political and personal conflicts, another issue that split the three parties was the place that the Bible would take in the new party. In 1976, the three announced that they would field a single list at the 1977 general election under the name Christian Democratic Appeal
4.
International Monetary Fund
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The International Monetary Fund is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D. C. It now plays a role in the management of balance of payments difficulties. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had SDR477 billion, the rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets. The IMF provides alternate sources of financing and this assistance was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises. The IMF was also intended to help mend the pieces of the economy after the Great Depression. As well, to provide investments for economic growth and projects such as infrastructure. The IMFs role was altered by the floating exchange rates post-1971. It shifted to examining the economic policies of countries with IMF loan agreements to determine if a shortage of capital was due to economic fluctuations or economic policy, the IMF also researched what types of government policy would ensure economic recovery. Rather than maintaining a position of oversight of only exchange rates and their role became a lot more active because the IMF now manages economic policy rather than just exchange rates. In addition, the IMF negotiates conditions on lending and loans under their policy of conditionality, nonconcessional loans, which include interest rates, are provided mainly through Stand-By Arrangements, the Flexible Credit Line, the Precautionary and Liquidity Line, and the Extended Fund Facility. The IMF provides emergency assistance via the Rapid Financing Instrument to members facing urgent balance-of-payments needs, the IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system and monitor the economic and financial policies of its member countries. This activity is known as surveillance and facilitates international cooperation, the responsibilities changed from those of guardian to those of overseer of members’ policies. In 1995 the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public. The executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997 respectively, the system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country. It is also part of the World Bank Millennium Development Goals, some countries initially used the GDDS, but later upgraded to SDDS. The IMF does require collateral from countries for loans but also requires the government seeking assistance to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reform, if the conditions are not met, the funds are withheld. The concept of conditionality was introduced in a 1952 Executive Board decision, conditionality is associated with economic theory as well as an enforcement mechanism for repayment
5.
Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)
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The Ministry of Finance is the Dutch Ministry responsible for Finance, Taxation, Financial economic policy and supervision of the Financial markets. The Ministry was created in 1798 as the Department of Finance, the Ministry is headed by the Minister of Finance, currently Jeroen Dijsselbloem. The ministry was founded in 1798, in the early history of the ministry, the Prime Minister often served as Minister of Finance. Pieter Philip van Bosse served as Minister of Finance five times, since 1965 a State Secretary has been appointed each formation with responsibility for taxation. The most recent Prime Minister to serve as his own Minister of Finance was Jelle Zijlstra, the ministry has the duty to guard the treasury and aim for a financially sound and prosperous state of the Netherlands. It is responsible for the income and expenditure of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and it collects the taxes and develops fiscal legislation. It seeks to expend the budget of the government responsibly, efficiently and effectively and it is also responsible for financial-economic policy. It supervises the financial markets, banks and financial transfers, the ministry is currently headed by one minister and one State Secretary. The ministrys main office is located in the centre of The Hague at the Korte Voorhout and it employs almost 1,500 civil servants
6.
Gerrit Schimmelpenninck
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Gerrit, Count Schimmelpenninck was a Dutch businessman and statesman, whose views ranged from liberal to conservative. He was the son of Grand Pensionary Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck and a member of the Dutch Reformed Church, after other functions, among which chief of the Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij, he became head of secretary in Saint-Petersburg and later in London. The primary reason of William II to get him to the Netherlands and have him be appointed as Prime Minister of the Netherlands was to keep Thorbecke out of the Council of Ministers. In March 1848 he became Chairman of the Council of Ministers, holding the offices of Minister of Foreign Affairs. His proposal to design a Constitution following British model, which would imply that the Senate could not be dissolved by the King, was rejected by the other ministers and he tendered his resignation on 14 May 1848
7.
Pieter Philip van Bosse
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Mr. Pieter Philip van Bosse was a Dutch liberal politician. Serving as minister of Finance in six cabinets throughout the middle of the 19th century and he led a cabinet himself as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 June 1868 to 4 January 1871. Pieter Philip van Bosse was born in Amsterdam, to an insurance broker, three of his siblings died at a young age, and his father died when he was eleven years old, after which his mother successfully took over the brokerage firm. He attended the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam, and studied Roman, after his graduation, Van Bosse settled in Weesp as a manufacturer before returning to Amsterdam to work as a lawyer. In 1845, he was appointed referendary of the import and export rights department of the Ministry of Finance, on 3 June 1848, Van Bosse was appointed Minister of Finance. At the time, most of the revenue came from excises, and Van Bosses attempts to introduce a limited income tax. Under the premiership of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Van Bosse introduced reforms that liberalised the economy, a strong supporter of free trade, he procured the right of transit and discontinued levy on shipping rights on the Rhine and the IJssel. He reformed the coinage by introducing the standard and a simpler system of nickels, dimes, quarters. Moreover, he reformed the system, establishing a government monopoly of postal service. Van Bosses first ministership came to an end in 1853 with the fall of Thorbeckes cabinet, Van Bosse was elected to the House of Representatives for the constituency of Rotterdam on 14 June 1853, and was re-elected in 1856. In his five years in opposition, he insisted on tax reform. Moreover, Van Bosse won a seat in the council of The Hague in 1857. He served another term as minister of Finance from 12 March 1858 to 22 February 1860 and this term was marked by the introduction of inheritance tax. In 1860, Van Bosse returned to the House of Representatives for Zutphen, on 3 June 1868, Van Bosse started another term as minister of Finance in a cabinet formed by Thorbecke as formateur. However, Thorbecke did not proceed to lead the cabinet, and Van Bosse himself headed the cabinet as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, as Prime Minister, Van Bosse executed a policy based on financial solidity. The cabinet was responsible for the abolition of the death penalty, when several ministers in the cabinet resigned for different reasons in late 1870, Van Bosse was forced to resign as Prime Minister. On 4 January 1871, he was succeeded by Thorbecke, Van Bosse was given the honorary title of Minister of State in 1872. However, to his surprise, Van Bosse was appointed Minister of Colonial Affairs at the age of 68 and he ceased to be minister in 1872, but served another term as minister of Colonial Affairs from 1877
8.
Floris Adriaan van Hall
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Floris Adriaan van Hall, Baron of Hall was a prominent Dutch nobleman and statesman in the 19th century. He played an important role as representative of the Amsterdam trade and banking sector and he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1853 to 1856, and again from 1860 to 1861. Van Hall was born in Amsterdam, on 15 May 1791 and his father was Maurits Cornelis van Hall, who seated in the First Chamber of the States General, and his wife Elisabeth Christina. Van Hall received primary education from a Walloon preacher in Voorburg, from 1808 to 1811, Van Hall attended the Athenaeum Illustre, and, like his father, studied Roman and Contemporary Law at the Leiden University from 7 November 1811 to 22 January 1812. After he had graduated, he became a lawyer in his fathers firm in Amsterdam, on 3 July 1832, he succeeded his father in the States of Holland for Meerkerk. After the provinces split in 1840, he seated the States of North Holland for Amsterdam, on 1 April 1842, King William II appointed him as the successor to Cornelis Felix van Maanen as Minister of Justice, and on 7 March 1877 as Minister of Finance. From 13 February 1849, he seated in the Second Chamber of the States General for the district of Amsterdam, in 1860 he became chairman of the Council of Ministers once again. He rejected an offer for the appointment to Governor-General of the Dutch East-Indies and he died in The Hague, on 29 March 1866. His mother was Elisabeth Christina Klinkhamer, Van Hall was the oldest of six children. After the death of his mother, his father had ten children with her niece Christina Maria. Van Hall married Alida Paulina Bondt in Amsterdam on 7 July 1815, on 30 July 1853, at the age of 62, Van Hall entered a second marriage with Henriëtte Marie Jeanne, Baroness Schimmelpenninck van der Oye. Gleichman, Mr. F. A. van Hall als minister,1904, jurriaanse, De Nederlandse ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken 1813-1900
9.
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg
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Constantijn Theodoor Tellen van Lynden van Sandenburg, was a Dutch politician. Lynden van Sandenburg served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1879 and 1883, Lynden van Sandenburg was born in Utrecht in 1826. He trained as a lawyer before entering politics, an orthodox conservative Protestant, Lynden van Sandenburg sided with the anti-revolutionaries. In 1866 he served in the Dutch House of Representatives, later, he went on to take the position of Minister of Justice between 1874 and 1877 in the Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg cabinet. Lynden van Sandenburg took office as leading minister on 20 August 1879 with his own cabinet and this cabinet was known for its liberal conservatism. Member of an ancient Dutch noble family, Lynden van Sandenburg was a baron throughout his life and he died in Langbroek in 1885. Van Lynden, Nederlands Adelsboek 87, 547-649, there 567, parlement & Politiek, entry Mr. C. Th. graaf van Lynden van Sandenburg, retrieved 2008-08-14
10.
Nicolaas Pierson
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Nicolaas Gerard Pierson was a Dutch economist and Liberal statesman who served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands from 1897 until 1901. Pierson was an economics and statistics at the University of Amsterdam and director and presiding director of the De Nederlandsche Bank. He was minister of Finance in the Cabinet Van Tienhoven, during his term of office he introduced an important tax revision. After serving as chairman of the Council of Ministers for four years he took a seat in the House of Representatives for the constituency of Gorinchem from 1905 to 1909, Pierson received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge. Nicolaas Gerard Pierson was born in Amsterdam on 7 February 1839, to Jan Lodewijk Gregory Pierson, the youngest of six children, Pierson had two brothers and three sisters. Two of his brothers, Allard and Hendrik Pierson, would become famous pastors and his father was a merchant, while his mother was a Réveil writer. Pierson attended a French school in Amsterdam from 1845 to 1853 and he went to an English school in Brussels in 1853, but switched to a trade school in Amsterdam a year later. On 2 June 1864, Pierson graduated as a teacher in political economy, Pierson started his career as a merchant. He worked in his fathers glass shop from 1860 to 1861, shortly before his graduation, on 1 April 1864, he became chief executive of De Surinaamsche Bank, and director of De Nederlandsche Bank on 1 June 1868. On 15 January 1885, he was appointed as President of De Nederlandsche Bank by Royal Decree and he took office 1 February the same year, and kept his position until 21 Augustus 1891. Piersons main two economist texts were Grondbeginselen der Staathuiskunde and Leerboek der Staathuiskunde, the latter being translated into English, in 1883 Pierson became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Pierson served as minister of Finance from 21 August 1891 to 9 May 1894, during his second his second term as minister, he was also the chairman of the Council of Ministers, a positional that would later be dubbed Prime Minister of the Netherlands. During his time as minister, he reformed the corporate and capital tax systems, and was instrumental in the establishment of Statistics Netherlands, on 26 July 1905, Pierson was elected into the House of Representatives for the constituency of Gorinchem. He did not seek election in 1909, giving up his seat on 1 August, Pierson is credited with an important role in the Socialist Calculation Debate, when he criticised Karl Kautsky, who had delivered a speech in Delft in 1902. On 30 October 1862, Pierson married Catharina Rutgera Waller in Amsterdam and she died shortly after their marriage, and the couple remained childless. Pierson died on 24 December 1909, in Heemstede, media related to Nicolaas Pierson at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Jan Harte van Tecklenburg
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Jan Harte van Tecklenburg or Joannes Josephus Ignatius Harte was a Dutch politician. Van Tecklenburg was born in Utrecht and he was a staunch Roman Catholic and was initially a member of the conservative wing of the Catholic party. He acquired wealth by marrying the daughter of a wealthy margarine manufacturer, with that help he was elected to the Dutch House of Representatives from the Grave Constituency. In parliament he became a follower of Herman Schaepman who was concerned with reforms particularly in the area of social services and he served as his partys treasurer, and in 1901 he became the Minister of Finance in the ARPs Kuyper cabinet. However the only significant legislation that he proposed was a protectionist Tariff Act, and that came so late in his tenure, list of Dutch politicians Beekelaar, G. A. M. Harte, Joannes Josephus Ignatius
12.
Theo de Meester
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Theodoor Herman Theo de Meester was a Dutch Liberal politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of Finance from 1905 to 1908. De Meester was the son of Gerrit Abraham de Meester, who had been a member of the Dutch parliament for the Zwolle constituency from 1862 to 1864, a former administrator in the Dutch East Indies, De Meesters cabinet was inaugurated on 17 August 1905. It consisted of five Liberal, two Free-minded Democratic, and two non-partisan ministers and it had no majority in either of the two Dutch chambers, and earned the nickname Porcelain Cabinet. His government first resigned in December 1906, when the budget for 1907 wasnt approved by the Dutch senate. That resignation was refused by Queen Wilhelmina, but the government fell in December 1907, the government remained as a demissionair until 12 February 1908
13.
Dirk Jan de Geer
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Jonkheer Dirk Jan de Geer was a Dutch nobleman, lawyer, conservative statesman and prime minister of the Netherlands. He was disgraced for advocating a settlement between the Kingdom and Nazi Germany in 1940. Born in Groningen, he was a descendant of the De Geer family painted by Rembrandt, after receiving his doctorate in law in 1895, De Geer worked as a journalist and acted as town councillor of Rotterdam. He served from 1907 as a Christian Historical) member of Parliament, De Geer was a stable and respected politician before the war. From 1920 to 1921 de Geer served as mayor of Arnhem, between 1921 and 1923 de Geer served as Minister of Finance. He resigned in 1923 because of his disagreement with the Naval Law of 1924, from 1925-1926 he served as minister of the interior and minister of agriculture. He was Prime Minister from 8 March 1926 to 10 August 1929 and he also served as Minister of Finances from 1926 to 1933. After the end of the cabinet of Colijn he was again asked to form a government in August 1939, concurrently holding the office of Minister of Finance. However, he was not suited for the role of minister of a nation at war as he knew himself. When the Germans attacked the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, the situation became very serious. Because of this the government decided to flee to London, when in London, De Geer advocated negotiating a separate peace between the Netherlands and the Third Reich. He damaged the Dutch government and the Dutch morale by openly stating that the war could never be won and he was finally removed from office on the instigation of the iron-willed Queen Wilhelmina, and replaced by Gerbrandy. Later on, he was sent with a package to the Dutch East Indies. He never arrived there, on a stop-over in Portugal he left and this greatly angered Queen Wilhelmina, who called him a traitor and deserter to the Dutch cause. He later wrote a controversial leaflet with instructions for the people on how to cooperate with the Germans, Wilhelmina warned him that if he went on to publish this, he would be put on trial after the liberation. Nonetheless, he went through with the publication, after the war he was duly accused and he was found guilty and stripped of all of his honorary titles. ”He died some 15 years later in Soest, embittered and still believing in his innocence. His grandson is ex-footballer Boudewijn de Geer, and his great-grandson is current footballer Mike de Geer
14.
Hendrikus Colijn
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Hendrikus Hendrik Colijn was a Dutch soldier, businessman and politician who was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1925 to 1926 and again from 1933 to 1939. He was the first of six children, all born in Haarlemmermeer, Colijn grew up in the Land of Altena. At the age of 16, he went to an academy in Kampen for officer training. In 1893, he married Helena Groenenberg and was sent to the Dutch East Indies, one of our bullets killed the mother as well as the child. From now on we couldnt give any mercy, it was over, I did give orders to gather a group of 9 women and 3 children who asked for mercy and they were shot all together. It was not a pleasant job, but something else was impossible and our soldiers tacked them with pleasure with their bayonets. After his return to the Netherlands in 1909, he was elected as an Anti Revolutionary Party Member of Parliament for the district Sneek, in 1911, he was appointed Minister of War and revised the Dutch Selective Service System. In May 1918 he acted as an intermediary between the British and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to arrange an armistice, resulting in the Kaiser getting refuge in The Netherlands. In 1910 the Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established with Hendrikus Colijn and his brother nl, from 1914 to 1922 he served as CEO for the Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij. In 1925, he also became CEO of Royal Dutch Shell, in 1922 he accepted the political leadership of the Anti Revolutionary Party from Dr. Abraham Kuyper. Between 1925-1926 and 1933-1939 he served five times as Prime Minister, during the 1930s his government faced the effects of the Great Depression, which took a heavy toll on the Netherlands. Colijns government responded to the crisis with a very strict fiscal policy. Colijns decision to adhere to the Gold Standard until 1937, long after most of the partners of the Netherlands had dropped it. In 1939, his latest cabinet, with Protestant and liberal ministers but without Catholic ministers, from 1927-1929, he also was head of the Dutch delegation to the League of Nations in Geneva. His view was influenced by the show of force the German blitzkrieg had shown. Soon thereafter, he tried to organize resistance but was arrested in June 1941. The Germans tried to have him confess that he had conspired with the British to invade the Netherlands to serve as an excuse for the German invasion, the very fact that the Gestapo allowed the visit suggests that Himmler was already making contingency plans in case of a German loss. In March 1943 Colijn was put under house arrest in a mountain hotel in Ilmenau
15.
Pieter Oud
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Pieter Jacobus Oud was a prominent liberal Dutch politician who served held numerous political offices, including member of the House of Representatives, Minister of Finance and Mayor of Rotterdam. He was a member of the Dutch Labour Party and the Peoples Party for Freedom. Before the war he was member of the left-liberal Freethinking Democratic League, Oud came from a middle-class family, his father traded in tobacco, wine and, later, stocks and served as alderman in Purmerend. Oud attended HBS in Amsterdam graduating in 1904 and he continued to study to become notary between 1904 and 1907. During this time he had become member of the board of the League of Freethinking Propaganda Associations and he took a private courses in registration in Gorinchem between 1907 and 1909. Between 1909 and 1911 he was civil servant within the ministry of Finance responsible for registration, in 1911 he became a tax collector on Texel. In 1912 he took his matriculation in order to study law at the University of Amsterdam and he combined his work as tax collector with his study of law. In the same year he married Johanna Cornelia Fischer, from this marriage they got one son, in 1914 he became tax collector in Ommen. Meanwhile, he was mobilized as Sergeant of the seventh regiment infantry, between 1915 and 1919 he was member of the national board of the VDB. He graduated in 1917 on basis of a disputation and he retained his legal position as tax collector, but was given a leave for undetermined time. He was even promoted to inspector of finances in 1921, while on leave, in 1918 Oud stood for elections again and was elected with 5,000 preference votes, mainly from the district of Den Helder. While MP, Oud also served as secretary of the VDB national board and editor of the De Vrijzinnige Democraat, in parliament Oud took a particular interest in military matters and education, and served as the partys finance spokesperson. As MP he served as member of the Committee on the Navy between 1923 and 1933 and the Committee on the Army since 1925 and he was chairman of the Association for the promotion of Public Education Peoples Education for many years. In 1933 Oud became Minister of Finance in the cabinet led by Colijn. As minister he was responsible for a large operation of budget cuts. Although his proposals lead to a crisis, they were nonetheless carried by parliament. In the same year, after Marchant left the VDB after a scandal, Oud led the VDB in the 1937 elections and returned to the House of Representatives as chair of the parliamentary party. He also served as chair for the Committee on government expenditure and he left the House of Representatives in 1938 to become mayor of Rotterdam
16.
Piet Lieftinck
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Pieter Lieftinck was a Dutch civil servant, chief executive, professor and politician. He became minister of Finance in the following administrations Schermerhorn/Drees, Beel-1, Drees/Van Schaik, in this function, he was largely responsible for the monetary recovery of the country and its currency. Lieftinck became professor at the Erasmus University Rotterdam at a relatively low age, before the second world war, he supported the left wing of the Protestant Christian Democrats. In 1945, he joined NVB, which failed in the elections of 1946, in 1946, he moved to the socialist party and in 1971 he joined the moderate leftist DS70 party. From May 1942, he was a prominent hostage in the Sint-Michielsgestel prison camp and he worked with other politicians on ideas of a new political constellation after the second world war in the breakthrough committee. In June 1945, Lieftinck became the first post war minister of Finance of the Netherlands and he inherited a deeply troubled economy. A third of the assets were destroyed. The infrastructure was damaged in war action. Rotterdam was destroyed, practically all the bridges were damaged. On top of that, the Allies demanded an expeditionary Royal Netherlands Army to fight in the Pacific, the disastrous situation in the economy was further threatened by a sick financial economy. The government in exile had taken the gold reserves to London and had, to a significant degree, in the Netherlands, exports of money, goods and services to nazi Germany were credited to a Reichsmark account in Berlin that was, of course, never paid. The government budget was in deficit, which was financed by printing money. The Dutch guilder was linked to the Reichsmark at the rate of 1.327. In this way, the value of the Dutch guilder was linked to that of the Reichsmark. The new minister of Finance started by withdrawing the 100 guilder note in July 1945 and those holding notes were given a blocked bank credit. This note had been the subject of distrust anyway and many were held by war profiteers, on 25 September 1945 it was announced that as of the next day all banknotes were withdrawn and all bank credits frozen. All paper cash handed in gave rise to a credit on a bank account. For one week, until 2 October 1945 there was no paper money in the country with a single exception
17.
Willem Drees
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Willem Drees, Sr. was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 7 August 1948 until 22 December 1958 and he served as Member of the House of Representatives from May 9,1933 until June 24,1945. He served again a short periode as a Member of the House of Representatives, after the Dutch general election of 1948, Drees became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinets Drees-Van Schaik, Drees I, Drees II and Drees III. After his premiership, Drees retired from active politics and he was already seventy-two and second oldest person who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands after Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, who died in office at the age of seventy-four. On December 22,1958 he was granted the title of Minister of State. He remained an active observer of Dutch politics, publishing a substantial number of books. Willem Drees died on May 14,1988 at the age of 101 years,314 days and he is praised by many as the most important Dutch politician after World War II for his important contributions and social reforms laws. Drees was chosen as the best Prime Minister of the Netherlands after World War II after an opinion polling conducted by the VPRO in 2006, Willem Drees was born in Amsterdam on July 5,1886. After completing his education in 1903 he worked until 1906 for the Twentsche Bank in Amsterdam. This was followed by a period as a stenographer with the Municipal Council of Amsterdam, in 1904 he joined the Social Democratic Workers Party, which later was absorbed into the Labour Party in 1946. From 1910 to 1931 he was chairman of The Hague branch of the Social Democratic Workers Party, during that period he was alderman for social affairs from 1919 to 1931 and for finance and public works through to 1933. For 22 years between 1919 and 1941 Drees also held a seat on the Provincial Council of South Holland and for 19 years between 1927 and 1946 one on the Social Democratic Workers Party executive. From August 7,1948 to December 22,1958 he was Prime Minister of the Netherlands in four successive cabinets Drees I, Drees II, Drees III and Drees IV. When his Cabinet broke up in December 1958, he was appointed to the position of Minister of State. Due to impaired hearing he stopped attending its meetings in 1966 and he strongly disagreed with New Left tendencies in the membership and strategies of the Dutch Labour Party. He eventually gave up membership of a party he had served for close to 67 years, a wide range of social reforms were carried out durings Drees tenure as prime minister. A law of August 1950 established equal rights for illegitimate children, in 1950, works councils were established, and in 1957 the dismissal of female civil servants upon marriage was abolished. In the field of housing, the Implementation for Rent Act fixed rents and rent increases, while the Regional, in addition, the Reconstruction Act of 1950 established housebuilding programmes, and legislation was passed on house building standards, the uniformity of buildings, and uniform building standards
18.
Jelle Zijlstra
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Jelle Zijlstra was a Dutch politician of the now defunct Anti-Revolutionary Party, which merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal in 1977. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 November 1966 until 5 April 1967, an economist by occupation, he became a professor of Economics at the Vrije Universiteit at the age of thirty in 1948. After a slow cabinet formation the third Drees cabinet was formed, the Drees III cabinet fell on 22 December 1958 and a caretaker cabinet was formed by former Prime Minister Louis Beel of the Catholic Peoples Party. Zijlstra remained as Minister of Economic Affairs and simultaneously served as Minister of Finance in the second Beel cabinet, after a quicker formation the new De Quay cabinet was formed on 19 May 1959. Zijlstra remained Minister of Finance under the new Prime Minister Jan de Quay of the Catholic Peoples Party, and served until 14 July 1963, Zijlstra became a Member of the Senate on 25 June 1963 and returned to the Vrije Universiteit as an associate professor of Public finances. The Dutch political landscape was fractured and Zijlstra was asked to form a cabinet of which the primary task was to write out an early general election in 1967. Zijlstra became Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs on 22 November 1966, Zijlstra simultaneously served as Minister of Finance, leading the Zijlstra cabinet until 5 April 1967 when the De Jong cabinet was installed. He had already appointed as President of the bank on 16 September 1966. Zijlstra also occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards in the business, Zijlstra was widely respected for his expertise and integrity, and was a godparent of King Willem-Alexander. On 30 April 1983 he was granted the title of Minister of State. After completing his education he studied at the Netherlands School of Economics. Even so, he completed his economics degree in October 1945 as a Master of Economics, immediately after graduating, Zijlstra became a research assistant at the Netherlands School of Economics and was promoted a year later to senior research assistant and in 1947 to lecturer. In 1948 he was awarded a doctorate as a Doctor of Philosophy with cum laude for his thesis on the rate of circulation of money and its bearing on the value of money, in the same year he was appointed professor of economics at the Vrije Universiteit. Following his ministerial career, Zijlstra returned to the Vrije Universiteit as professor of public finance, in 1973 Zijlstra became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. After the fall of the Cabinet Cals, Zijlstra headed a government as Prime Minister of the Netherlands. He has sat on boards in the public and private sectors. On 11 March 1946 Zijlstra married his childhood sweetheart Hetty Bloksma and they had three daughters and two sons, who were born between 1947 and 1961. The last months of life were dominated by his deteriorating health, jelle Zijlstra died in Wassenaar on 23 December 2001 at the age of eighty-three Zijlstra, and was buried at the cemetery of the local Reformed Church in Wassenaar
19.
Johan Witteveen
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Hendrikus Johannes Johan Witteveen is a retired Dutch politician of the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy. Witteveen, a economist by occupation, worked for the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis as a analyst from 1945 until 1948 and he was a member of the Senate and the House of Representatives for the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy. He was Minister of Finance and managing director of the International Monetary Fund and he also wrote books on Universal Sufism and economics. Witteveen was born on 12 June 1921 in Zeist in the Netherlands and he is the son of architect Willem Gerrit Witteveen and Anna Maria Wibaut and the grandson of social democratic politician Floor Wibaut. He went to the secondary school Gymnasium Erasmianum in Rotterdam. He studied economics at the Netherlands School of Economics from 1939 to 1946 and he received his PhD in 1947 with the dissertation Loonhoogte en werkgelegenheid. His advisor was Nobel Prize laureate Jan Tinbergen, Witteveen worked as an economist at the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis under Jan Tinbergen and Fred Polak from 1947 until 1963. He is a member of the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and he served as a Member of the Senate from 23 December 1958 until 5 June 1963 and as Member of the House of Representatives from 5 June 1963 until 24 July 1963. He then became Minister of Finance in the Cabinet Marijnen serving from 24 July 1963 until 14 April 1965 and he again returned to the Senate, serving from 8 June 1971 until 1 September 1973. Afterwards he became the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, from 1978 to 1985 he was the first chairman of the Washington-based economics body, the Group of Thirty. He has been member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts, Witteveen is married to Liesbeth de Vries Feijens. His son Willem Witteveen was also a politician, until he died on 17 July 2014 when Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over Ukraine, Order of Orange-Nassau Commander Order of the Netherlands Lion Commander Media related to Johan Witteveen at Wikimedia Commons Official website
20.
Anne Vondeling
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Anne Vondeling was a member and former chairman of the Dutch Labour Party. He was a minister in the fourth Drees cabinet and vice prime minister in the Cals cabinet, later he became President of the Dutch House of Representatives, in which capacity he put much emphasis on the usage of correct and clear words by the MPs. He later became a member of the European Parliament, after his death he was succeeded there by Phili Viehoff. The Anne Vondeling prize is given annually to journalists who write in a clear manner concerning political subjects, media related to Anne Vondeling at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Wim Duisenberg
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Willem Frederik Wim Duisenberg was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party. Duisenberg, an economist by occupation, worked for the International Monetary Fund, Duisenberg became a professor of Macroeconomics at the University of Amsterdam in 1970. After the Dutch general election of 1972 Duisenberg was asked by the Labour Party to become Minister of Finance in the Cabinet Den Uyl under Prime Minister Joop den Uyl, Duisenberg accepted and resigned as a professor the day the Cabinet Den Uyl was installed on 11 May 1973. Duisenberg remained Minister of Finance until the Cabinet Van Agt I was installed on 19 December 1977. He was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after Dutch general election of 1977, serving from 8 June 1977 until 8 September 1977, Duisenberg served as the first President of the European Central Bank from 1 July 1998 until 1 November 2003. He was instrumental in the introduction of the euro in the European Union in 2002, Duisenberg retired from active politics at the age of sixty-eight. Following the end of his political career, Duisenberg occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards in the business and industry world. Duisenberg was known for his distinct Frisian accent and his abilities as an acclaimed financier, willem Frederik Duisenberg was born on 9 July 1935 in the Frisian city of Heerenveen in the Netherlands. He was the son Lammert Duisenberg, who was a waterworks supervisor and he went to a public primary school in his hometown. He went to school, first one year of hogere burgerschool and then gymnasium with natural sciences. In 1954, Duisenberg moved to Haren and he studied at the University of Groningen in Groningen from 1954 to 1961, where he received his doctorandus degree cum laude in economics, majoring in international relations. He was a member of Groninger Studentencorps Vindicat atque Polit, in 1959, he became a member of the Labour Party. In 1960, he married Tine Stelling, in 1965, he obtained his doctor degree with his thesis De economische gevolgen van de ontwapening under the supervision of professor F. J. de Jong. He was then appointed a professor at the University of Amsterdam where he taught macroeconomics, two years later, he was appointed director of the Nederlandsche Bank, serving as its president from 1982 to 1997. His tenure at the Dutch central bank was marked by caution, under his direction, the Dutch guilder was linked to the German Deutsche Mark, and this benefited the Dutch economy, owing to the strength of the German currency. A compromise was agreed upon whereby Duisenberg would serve for at least four years, upon which the Frenchman Jean-Claude Trichet, director of the Banque de France, in 1999, Duisenberg received the Vision for Europe Award in recognition of his efforts toward the unification of Europe. During his tenure at the bank, Dr. Duisenberg was known for his cautious monetary policy and he sometimes frustrated investors and politicians by sticking to the banks inflation-fighting stance, keeping rates higher than some would have liked. I hear, but I dont listen to pleas, was one of his typically blunt responses
22.
Frans Andriessen
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Franciscus Henricus Johannes Joseph Andriessen is a senior Dutch politician. In 1967 he was first elected to the House of Representatives for the Katholieke Volkspartij, from 1971 to 1977 he was leader of the KVP. In 1977, the KVP merged with two protestant parties to form the Christen-Democratisch Appel, for the CDA, he served as Minister of Finance and European Commissioner for Competition, Agriculture, and External Relations and Trade. He is one of few politicians to serve three terms as an EU Commissioner
23.
Gijs van Aardenne
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Gijsbert Gijs Michiel Vredenrijk van Aardenne was a Dutch politician. Van Aardenne was the son of a surgeon and studied mathematics and physics at Leiden University, after his studies he was employed at a steel factory in Dordrecht, becoming its general manager from 1967 to 1971. He joined the Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie in 1964 and was a Member of Parliament between 1971 and 1977, and again in 1981 and he became minister of economic affairs in the first van Agt cabinet. Nuclear energy and problems in the industry were prominent issues during these years. He took the same post as well as vice-premier in the first Lubbers cabinet, for this reason he was omitted from the 1986 Lubbers cabinet. Van Aardenne remained politically active, amongst others acting in the formation of the first Kok cabinet in 1994, by then he had been diagnosed with ALS, which bound him to a wheel chair and of which he died in 1995
24.
Wim Kok
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Willem Wim Kok is a retired Dutch trade union leader and politician of the Labour Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002, Willem Kok was born on 29 September 1938, in Bergambacht in the Netherlands Province of South Holland, the son of Willem Kok a carpenter and Neeltje de Jager. He has one younger brother born in 1945, in 1982, the NVV merged with Nederlands Katholiek Vakverbond, the Catholic trade union, to form the Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, of which he served as chair until 1986. Then he left the union to enter politics, Kok was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 3 June 1986, after the Dutch general election of 1986. For the Dutch general election of 1994, Kok again as top candidate lost twelve seats and it was considered groundbreaking in Dutch politics this was the first Cabinet of the Netherlands since 1908 without a Christian democratic party. The main aim of the Cabinet Kok I was to create employment, the Dutch economy had been in a deep recession for years. The market was allowed more influence in the economy and this let to a policy of tax reduction, economizing, and trying to keep people out of the social care by supporting employment, large infrastructural projects were set in motion. Another aim was to make an end to the debt of the Dutch government. The Treaty of Amsterdam was signed during this cabinet, the Srebrenica massacre occurred under the responsibility of this government, which eventually would lead to the fall of the second Kok cabinet. Until today, this was the last Dutch cabinet in recent history to serve a full term, the second cabinet was the successor of the first cabinet was formed from the same coalition of PvdA, VVD and D66. It was also known as the second purple cabinet called such because it contained both the social-democratic PvdA and the liberal VVD. The aim of the cabinet was to continue the policy of cabinet Kok I, which was concerned with economizing, tax reduction, Wim Kok was the prime minister, Annemarie Jorritsma as the deputy prime minister for the VVD, and Els Borst for D66. The cabinet had both left-wing and right-wing political parties as a part of it, there was no strong opposition in the House of Representatives. This did not mean that Kok did not face any problems, in May 1999, D66 stepped out of the coalition when proposed legislation on referenda, entered by this party, was blocked, through negotiations the crisis was solved and the cabinet stayed together. Moreover, allegations of abuse were made against Minister of the Interior. On 13 March 2000 Peper resigned as minister, according to himself to no longer bring problems to the public government, on the other hand, during Koks second term is known for legalizing same-sex marriage and euthanasia. On 15 December 2001 Kok announced he would retire from politics after the elections of May 2002. He stood down as Leader of the Labour Party that same day, unfortunately, Melkert did not appeal to the voter
25.
Gerrit Zalm
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Gerrit Zalm is a Dutch banker and former politician of the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy. He served as Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister from 27 May 2003 until 22 February 2007 in the Cabinets Balkenende II and III and he served earlier as Minister of Finance in the Cabinets Kok I and II from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002. He served in this position for a year before becoming Minister of Finance. He was the longest serving Minister of Finance in the History of the Netherlands and has been responsible for reforms of the Economy of the Netherlands. Zalm retired from politics after the completion of the term of the Cabinet Balkenende III and he served as chief economist, then CFO, of DSB Bank in 2007–2008, and transferred to the newly nationalized ABN AMRO to become its CEO in February 2009. Following his graduation from school in Enkhuizen, Zalm began a study in economics at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In the same year he joined the Ministry of Finance, from 1983 he worked for the Ministry of Economic Affairs, where he eventually became a director. In 1988 he was appointed deputy director of the Centraal Planbureau, in 1989 he became director of this institute. In that capacity Zalm had, although not formally a politician, from 1990 he also gave lectures at the Vrije Universiteit. Between 22 August 1994 and 22 July 2002, Zalm, member of the liberal party Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy, was Minister of Finance in the first. On 27 May 2003 he started his term as Minister of Finance, in the second Balkenende administration. On 30 June 2006, he succeeded Laurens Jan Brinkhorst as Minister of Economic Affairs, ad interim, on 7 July 2006 Joop Wijn was appointed as the new Minister of Economic Affairs. On 26 November 2006, Zalm announced in the Sunday morning talk show Buitenhof that he would step down from politics and would probably seek employment in the private sector. He initially held the position of chief economist, but quickly became CFO of the bank after the Dutch central bank DNB had threatened to curtail DSBs financial autonomy. This new position came under scrutiny after Zalms previous employer DSB went bankrupt in 2009, Zalm is a fan of Pinball and during his second term as Minister of Finance he had a pinball machine in his department. He is a member of the Dutch Pinball Association. In 2004 he had a Cameo appearance in the movie Cool of Theo van Gogh, Netherlands Order of Oranje-Nassau Officer Commander Dr. G. Zalm
26.
Hans Hoogervorst
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Hans Hoogervorst is a Dutch political and business figure. He is chairman of the International Accounting Standards Board, Hoogervorst was the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport of the Netherlands between May 2003 and February 2007. His previous positions in the Dutch government include Minister of Finance and State Secretary of Social Affairs, after completing his secondary education, he studied history at the University of Amsterdam, graduating in 1981. He then went on to obtain a Master of Arts degree in international relations from Johns Hopkins University SAIS in Washington, D. C. in 1983. From 1988 to 1994 he was an assistant on finance to the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy parliamentary party in the House of Representatives. From 3 August 1998 Hoogervorst was State Secretary for Social Affairs, on 22 July 2002 he was appointed Minister of Finance in the first Balkenende government. From 16 October 2002 he was responsible for the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. On 27 May 2003 he was appointed Minister of Health, Welfare, in this position, Hoogervorst introduced a basic health insurance policy, mandatory for all registered inhabitants, but executed by private insurers. In 2007 Hoogervorst succeeded Arthur Docters van Leeuwen as director of AFM, on 1 July 2011 he became chairman of the IASB upon the retirement of Sir David Tweedie. Hoogervorst is faced many challenges as the new IASB chairman. For instance, countries such as the U. S. and Japan have not yet adopted IFRS
27.
Wouter Bos
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Wouter Jacob Bos (Dutch pronunciation, is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party. He returned to the House of Representatives on 23 May 2002, the Labour Party suffered a landslide defeat in the election losing 23 seats, then Party leader Ad Melkert was blamed for the defeat and resigned. Bos announced his candidacy for the Labour Party leadership election and won by a landslide with 60% of the votes, the Labour Party was the largest winner of the election, gaining 19 seats and became the second largest party in the House of Representatives. After a failed cabinet formation a new cabinet was formed without the Labour Party, Bos served as opposition leader during the parliamentary period of the Cabinets Balkenende II and III. For the Dutch general election of 2006 Bos again as lijsttrekker lost 9 seats, the following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement which formed the Cabinet Balkenende IV, comprising the Christian Democratic Appeal, Labour Party and the ChristianUnion. Bos became Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister, the cabinet took office on 22 February 2007, the cabinet fell on 20 February 2010 as the result of disagreement between CDA and Labour Party over the extension of ISAF mission in Afghanistan. Bos resigned his position as Party leader to spend time with his family. Since his retirement from politics, Bos became a partner at the services firm KPMG and is also a consultant for the financial sector. On 21 June 2013 Bos was appointed as chairman of the board of directors of VU University Medical Center, Bos was raised in a Doorbraak social-democratic family with a Protestant background in Vlaardingen. His father founded the development cooperation fund ICCO, which he also led for many years. Between 1969 and 1974 Bos attended the Protestant elementary school de Beurthonk in Odijk, from 1974 he attended the Protestant high school Christelijk Lyceum in Zeist. In 1980 he graduated specializing in sciences and classics, in 1980–81 he was a Voluntary Instructor at the YMCA National Centre in Curdridge in the United Kingdom. He became a member of the PvdA in 1981, in the same year Bos started studying Political Science at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In 1982 he also took up Economics, in 1988 he graduated cum laude in both subjects. From 1988 till 1998 he worked for Royal Dutch Shell in various positions, with a background in Shell, he differs from other Dutch leftwing politicians, who rarely have a background in a major multinational corporation. Bos began to work for Shell because he thought that the Dutch Left should not leave the world to the Dutch Right. Between 1988 and 1990 he worked at the Pernis Refinery as a management consultant, in 1992–93 he was stationed as general affairs manager for Shell Romania Exploration, where he was responsible for setting up the Romanian branch of Shell. In 1996 he returned to Europe, and worked as a consultant for new markets for Shell International Oil Products in London, focusing on acquisition in developing LPG markets in South America, in 1998 he left Shell to enter Dutch politics
28.
Jan Kees de Jager
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Jan Cornelis Jan Kees de Jager is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal. He served as State Secretary for Finance from 22 February 2007 until 23 February 2010 in the Cabinet Balkenende IV, De Jager became Minister of Finance following the resignation of Wouter Bos and served for the remaining parliamentary period of the Cabinet Balkenende IV. After the fall of the Cabinet Rutte I, De Jager was succeed as Minister of Finance on 5 November 2012, De Jager studied at the Nyenrode Business University where he received his Bachelor of Business Administration degree in 1990. Subsequently, he studied at the Erasmus University Rotterdam where he obtained a Master of Science degree in Economic sociology and he also obtained an Master of Laws degree at the same university in 1996. In 1992, while still at university, De Jager founded Information technology company Spectra Vision, all business activities were handed over to ISM eCompany in 1997, the company of which De Jager was CEO until his appointment to the cabinet on 22 February 2010. In 2008, Sana Commerce has become a subsidiary of ISM eCompany, besides his work as managing partner of the Rotterdam internet agency ISM eCompany and Sana Commerce from 2008, De Jager is socially involved in different activities. He was a member of the board of the Christian Democratic Appeal and organizations of various social. For his contribution to the success of the company he worked and his efforts in various ICT and innovative ancillary, De Jager was State Secretary for Finance in the Cabinet Balkenende IV from 22 February 2007 to 23 February 2010. De Jager took part in the 2008 G-20 Washington summit on financial crisis in Washington on 15 and 16 November 2008, De Jager would actually participate as acting Minister of Finance in the program of the Finance ministers. After consultation with the White House was decided that De Jager could participate in the summit as head of government, De Jager advocated by the Dutch contribution to the need to improve monitoring in a more prominent role of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. On 23 February 2010 following the resignation of Wouter Bos, and with him all the Labour Party members from the Cabinet Balkenende IV, De Jager became Minister of Finance. He worked on the 2011 budget and on 14 October 2010 De Jager remain as minister in the First Rutte cabinet, on 26 February 2012 former Minister of Finance Onno Ruding, told in the program Eva Jinek on Sunday to have regular contact with De Jager on specific topics. In 2011, De Jager said that he is in a relationship with a man, netherlands Order of Orange-Nassau Officer Mr. Drs
29.
Jeroen Dijsselbloem
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Jeroen René Victor Anton Dijsselbloem is a Dutch politician of the centre-left Labour Party. Dijsselbloem studied agricultural economics at Wageningen University and he served as member of the municipal council of Wageningen and as member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands. In 2007, he led an inquiry on education reform. Jeroen René Victor Anton Dijsselbloem was born on 29 March 1966 in Eindhoven and his parents both worked in education, his father as an English teacher and his mother as schoolteacher. He was raised as a Roman Catholic, Dijsselbloem went to a Roman Catholic primary school in Son en Breugel and the Roman Catholic secondary school Eckartcollege in Eindhoven. Dijsselbloem did research in economics at the University College Cork in Ireland. Dijsselbloem’s interest in politics began in 1983, spurred by the protests against US Pershing cruise missiles that drew hundreds of thousands of Dutch youth into leftwing movements. In 1985, he became a member of the Dutch Labour Party, from 1993 to 1996 he worked for the parliamentary group of the Labour Party. From 1994 to 1996 he was a member of the council of Wageningen. From 1996 to 2000 he worked at the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Fishery under Minister Jozias van Aartsen and State Secretary Geke Faber. From 2000 to 2012, Dijsselbloem was a member of parliament for the Labour Party, in 2007, he led a parliamentary inquiry on education reform. He focused on matters of youth care, special education and teachers, since 15 November 2012, Dijsselbloem is the Minister of Finance in the Cabinet Rutte II. From the start, Dijsselbloem emphasised his commitment to fiscal discipline, on 1 February 2013, he nationalized the financial institution SNS Reaal, preventing its bankruptcy. Shareholders and owners of subordinated debt are expropriated with no compensation and others banks of the country have to contribute to the takeover up to one billion euros. By December 2013, Dutch press named Dijsselbloem politician of the year 2013, describing him as “intelligent, balanced and good at finding compromises. ”In a response, he said that he was surprised about winning the prize because he not work on the forefront. ”In the Netherlands, he was later named as a possible European Commissioner following the 2014 European elections. Spain was the country not to back his candidacy, on fears that it is being dictated to by ‘triple A’ countries. Dijsselbloem struggled early in his 2-1/2 year term and faced criticism for his handling of the Cyprus bail-in, on 24 March 2013, the Financial Times and Reuters reported that Dijsselbloem saw the Cyprus bail-in as a template for resolution of a bankruptcy. However, it was the interviewer that had used the word template, on 26 March 2013, Dijsselbloem said explicitly that he did not consider the Cyprus case to be a template
30.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
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