1.
Ontario, New York
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Ontario is a town in the northwest corner of Wayne County, New York, United States. The population was 9,778 at the 2000 census, and 10,136 at the 2010 census, the town is named after the Great Lake on its northern border. The town has a hamlet, also called Ontario, government offices for the town are located there. The first settler was Freeman Hopkins who arrived in 1806 and he built a small log cabin that had to hold his nine children, wife and himself. Heavy timber and swamps made difficult for the first settlers. The town of Ontario was created in 1807 as the Town of Freetown from a part of the town of Williamson, soon after, the name was changed to Ontario. Part of Ontario was used to form the town of Walworth in 1829, in 1811, iron ore was discovered and a thriving smelting operation arose that lasted until past the end of the century. In 1874, the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad was opened, on June 1,1970, the Robert E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant started commercial operation on the shore of Lake Ontario within the town, just past the Monroe County line. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 32.3 square miles. The north town boundary is Lake Ontario, and the west town line is the border of Monroe County, the town is east of the City of Rochester. New York State Route 104 is an east-west highway that intersects north-south highway New York State Route 350 at Ontario Center, as of the census of 2010, there were 10,136 people,3,960 households, and 2,898 families residing in the town. The population density was 303.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 7% White,1. 2% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 1. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 6% of the population,20. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was out with 26. 0% under the age of 20,4. 7% from 20 to 24,24. 0% from 25 to 44,32. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.1 years, for every 100 females there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $65,472, and the median income for a family was $74,589
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Lake Ontario
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Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Ontario, Canadas most populous province, was named for the lake, in the Wyandot language, ontarío means “Lake of Shining Waters”. Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie, the last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area and it is the 14th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake has a shoreline that is 712 miles long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean elevation of the lakes at 243 feet above sea level,326 feet lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles and its width is 53 statute miles. The lakes average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot, with a depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet. The lakes primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, the drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles. As with all the Great Lakes, water levels both within the year and among years. These water level fluctuations are a part of lake ecology. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution. Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created a significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors, mostly near Prince Edward County, Ontario, perhaps the best-known example is Toronto Bay, chosen as the site of the Upper Canada capital for its strategic harbour. Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour, Irondequoit Bay, Presquile Bay, the bars themselves are the sites of long beaches, such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park. These sand bars are associated with large wetlands, which support large numbers of plant and animal species. Presquile, on the shore of Lake Ontario, is particularly significant in this regard. The lake basin was carved out of soft, weak Silurian-age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age, the action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as todays basin. As the ice sheet retreated toward the north, it still dammed the St. Lawrence valley outlet and this stage is known as Lake Iroquois
6.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
7.
Canandaigua (city), New York
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Canandaigua /ˌkænənˈdeɪɡwə/ is a city in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 10,545 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Ontario County although some administrative offices are located at the county complex in the adjacent town of Hopewell. The city lies within the Town of Canandaigua, the City of Canandaigua is located on the northern end of Canandaigua Lake,24 miles southeast of Rochester and 58 miles west of Syracuse. Parts of six neighboring towns also share the Canandaigua mailing address and 14424 ZIP code, after the Civil War, local industries included two brick works, the Lisk Manufacturing Company, several mills, and the regionally prominent McKechnie Brewery. The shire town of the county of western New York. Today, the town is a center for business, government, health care and it is also home to one of the largest Wegmans Food Markets and the New York Wine & Culinary Center. The region was visited by French explorers Robert de La Salle and they recorded seeing a burning spring known to the Seneca in what is now known as the nearby Town of Bristol. The water of the spring appears to burn as a flame, this is caused by escaping natural gas, the city was the historic site of Kanandaigua, a Seneca village. The village site was used for West Avenue Cemetery. The village was formed by residents of the Ganondagan Seneca village. The Kanandaigua Seneca village, consisting of 23 longhouses, was destroyed by the Sullivan Expedition on September 10,1779, in reprisal for an attack on settlements at Cherry Valley, Americans mounted this expedition. Their forces attacked Iroquois villages throughout western New York, destroying 40, the Iroquois fled to Fort Niagara as refugees, and many died that winter of starvation. After the war, pioneer settlers came from eastern New York and they founded the citys public high school, Canandaigua Academy, in 1791. It established two reservations for the Seneca and Oneida, who had been allies of the American rebels. What is now the City separated from the Town of Canandaigua to become the Village of Canandaigua in 1815, during this time he published 14 essays on the canal concept, which were influential. This area was a center of activism for womens suffrage and other progressive movements, in 1873, womens rights activist Susan B. Anthony was tried in the Ontario County Courthouse, located in the City of Canandaigua and she was found guilty and fined $100, which she did not pay. In 1945, Canandaigua Wine Company was founded by Marvin Sands, with a growing American market for wine in the late 20th century, the company expanded rapidly through acquisitions in the 1980s and 1990s
8.
Geneva, New York
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Geneva is a city in Ontario and Seneca counties in the U. S. state of New York. It is located at the end of Seneca Lake, all land portions of the city are within Ontario County. The population was 13,261 at the 2010 census, the city is supposedly named after the city and canton of Geneva in Switzerland. Others believe the name came from the word Seneca, the main settlement of the Seneca was spelled Zoneshio by early white settlers, and was described as being 2 miles north of Seneca Lake. The city lies within the Town of Geneva, the city identifies as the Lake Trout Capital of the World. The area was occupied by the Seneca tribe, who established a major village of Kanadaseaga here by 1687. The British helped fortify the village against the French of Canada during the Seven Years War, later they added defensive fortifications against the Americans during the Revolutionary War. During the latter warfare, the punitive Sullivan Expedition of 1779 mounted by rebel forces destroyed many of the dwellings, as well as the stores of the people. Following the war and cession of the land by the Seneca and they developed a town encouraged by the Pulteney Association, which owned the land and was selling plots. At the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, Lt. Col. Seth Reed, by trade with the Seneca, he bought a tract of land eighteen miles in extent. This occurred in 1787, while his wife Hannah stayed in Uxbridge, Seth Read moved, his wife Hannah and their family to Geneva, Ontario County, New York in the winter of 1790. The settlement at Geneva was not yet permanent, the Seneca continued to harass European Americans on the frontier, in 1795 Read and his family removed to Erie, Pennsylvania, where they became the earliest European-American settlers there. The Village of Geneva was incorporated in 1806,1812, and 1871, later the village became a city. Geneva, Nebraska, founded in 1871, is considered to have named after the one in New York. The town is at the two-mile wide northern outlet of Seneca Lake, Geneva is located in the Finger Lakes region, the largest wine-producing area in New York State. The Cayuga-Seneca Canal is part of the watershed of Keuka Lake, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.8 square miles. 4.3 square miles of it is land and 1.6 square miles of it is water, Geneva is connected via the east-west US20, concurrent with NY5. NY14 is a highway through the city
9.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
10.
New York's 23rd congressional district
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The 23rd Congressional District of New York is represented by Republican Tom Reed of Corning. The district extends along New Yorks border with Pennsylvania from the shores of Lake Erie in Chautauqua County to the suburbs of Binghamton in Tioga County and it includes three of the eleven Finger Lakes, Keuka Lake, Seneca Lake and Cayuga Lake. The district comprises eleven counties, Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tompkins and Yates county along with parts of Ontario, the largest cities in the predominantly rural district are Jamestown, Elmira, and Ithaca. Its largest individual employers are Corning Incorporated in Corning and Cornell University in Ithaca, congressman Tom Reed won reelection against Nate Shinagawa in 2012, after being redistricted into the 23rd District from the 29th District. Reed was challenged by Democrat John Plumb of Jamestown in the 2016 election, from 1833 to 1843, two seats were apportioned, elected on a general ticket. In New York, there are numerous parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties often endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. Scozzafava dropped out of the race just prior to the election, the results were not certified by the New York State Board of Elections until December 15,2009. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
11.
New York's 27th congressional district
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The 27th Congressional District of New York is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in Western New York. It includes all of Orleans, Genesee, Wyoming, and Livingston counties and parts of Erie, Monroe, Niagara, the district contains most of the eastern and southern suburbs of Buffalo, most of the southern suburbs of Rochester, as well rural areas to the east. Chris Collins has represented the district since 2013, in the 1980s this area was in the 33rd District. In the 1970s it was numbered the 37th District, although certain areas were in the 38th District. None of these included the Jamestown area, which had always been in the southern tier district in prior maps. The 27th District covered the now in the 26th District in the 1990s. It was the Southern Tier seat now numbered the 22nd in the 1970s, in the 1960s this district was in the lower Hudson Valley covering the area now in the 19th District. Note that in New York State electoral politics there are numerous parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes. List of United States congressional districts New Yorks congressional districts United States congressional delegations from New York Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
12.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
13.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
14.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
15.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
16.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
17.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
18.
Rochester, New York
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Rochester is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in the western portion of the U. S. state of New York, and the seat of Monroe County. The citys population was the third largest — after New York City. This area, which is part of the Western New York region, had a population of 1,079,671 at the time of the 2010 Census, a Census estimate of July 1,2012, raised that number to 1,082,284. Rochester was one of Americas first boomtowns, and rose to prominence as the site of many mills along the Genesee River. Several of the universities have renowned research programs. In addition, Rochester is the site of important inventions and innovations in consumer products. Until 2010, the Rochester metropolitan area was the second-largest regional economy in New York State, internal Revenue Service, after the New York City metropolitan area. Rochesters GMP has since ranked just below that of Buffalo, New York, the 25th edition of the Places Rated Almanac rated Rochester as the most livable city in 2007, among 379 U. S. metropolitan areas. In 2010 Forbes rated Rochester as the third-best place to raise a family, in 2012 Kiplinger rated Rochester as the fifth-best city for families, citing low cost of living, top public schools, and a low jobless rate. Of the 19 places in the United States named Rochester at least eight were named directly after Rochester, New York, having been founded or settled by former residents. These include Rochester, Indiana, Rochester, Texas, Rochester, Iowa, Rochester, Kentucky, Rochester, Michigan, Rochester, Minnesota, Rochester, Nevada, and Rochester, Ohio. The Seneca tribe of Native Americans lived in and around Rochester until they lost their claim to most of land in the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797. Settlement before the Seneca tribe is unknown, development of modern Rochester followed the American Revolution, and forced cession of their territory by the Iroquois after the defeat of Great Britain. Allied with the British, four major Iroquois tribes were forced from New York. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a land grant on the Grand River in Canada. Rochester was founded shortly after the American Revolution by a wave of English-Puritan descended immigrants from New England who were looking for new agricultural land and they would be the dominant cultural group in Rochester for over a century. They chose the site because its three cataracts on the Genesee offered great potential for water power, beginning in 1811, and with a population of 15, the three founders surveyed the land and laid out streets and tracts. In 1817, the Brown brothers and other landowners joined their lands with the Hundred Acre Tract to form the village of Rochesterville, by 1821, Rochesterville was the seat of Monroe County
19.
Rochester metropolitan area, New York
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As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 1,054,323. The racial makeup of the MSA was 83. 35% White,10. 73% African American,0. 27% Native American,1. 90% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 99% from other races, and 1. 73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 50% of the population, the median income for a household in the MSA was $42,733, and the median income for a family was $50,687. Males had an income of $36,777 versus $25,999 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $19,626, the Rochester NY MSA is the second largest economy & the second wealthiest region in all of NYS after the NYC MSA. The Rochester–Batavia–Seneca Falls combined statistical area is made up of seven counties in western New York, the combined statistical area includes one metropolitan area and two micropolitan areas. As of the 2010 Census, the CSA had a population of 1,149,653, in 2010, the metropolitan area was ranked the eighth-best in the United States by the American Institute for Economic Research. Education is one of Rochesters primary economic areas, bernards School of Theology and Ministry St. The University of Rochester, ranked as the 33rd best university in the nation by U. S. News & World Report and was deemed one of the new Ivies. The nursing school has received awards and honors and the Simon School of Business is also ranked in the top 30 in many categories. The University of Rochesters Laboratory for Laser Energetics is home to the highest power laser in the world, the university is also home to the Eastman School of Music, which in 2004 was ranked the number one music school in America. The Rochester Institute of Technology was founded in 1829 and is the tenth largest private university in the country in terms of full-time students. It is internationally known for its science, computer, engineering, and art programs, as well as for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, a leading deaf-education institution. MCC has four campuses, the Damon City Campus, the main Brighton Campus which houses the Mercer Gallery, the Applied Technologies Center, and the Public Safety Training Facility. Roberts Wesleyan was ranked the third-best value private college in the U. S. by the Princeton Review in 2007—the only school in New York State ranked in the top 10 and it is also Rochesters only college affiliated with the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. New York census statistical areas Sports in Rochester Rochester and Suburbs travel guide from Wikivoyage
20.
Seneca people
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The Seneca are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League in New York before the American Revolution, in the 21st century, more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States, which has three federally recognized Seneca tribes. Two are in New York, the Seneca Nation of New York, the Seneca-Cayuga Nation is located in Oklahoma, where their ancestors were relocated from Ohio during Indian Removal. Approximately 1,000 Seneca live in Canada, near Brantford, Ontario and they are descendants of Seneca who resettled there after the American Revolution, as they had been allies of the British and forced to cede much of their lands. The Seneca nations own name is Onöndowága, meaning Great Hill Place and it is identical to the endonym used by the Onondaga people. At the time of formation of the Haudenosaunee, they lived as the farthest west of the five nations within the league and they were referred to as the Keepers of the Western Door. Other nations called them Seneca after their village of Osininka. Since Osininka sounds like the Anishinaabe word Asinikaa, meaning Those at the Place Full of Stones, non-Haudenosaunee nations confused the Seneca nations name with that of the Oneida nations endonym Onyotaa, ka, meaning People of the Standing Stone. A legend of the Seneca tribe states that the tribe originated in a village called Nundawao, near the end of Canandaigua Lake. Close to South Hill stands the 865 foot -high Bare Hill, Bare Hill is part of the Bare Hill Unique Area, which began to be acquired by the state in 1989. Bare Hill had been the site of a Seneca or pre-Seneca indigenous fort and they indicate defenses raised by Indian hands, or more probably belong to the labors of a race that preceded the Indian occupation. The wall is now about tumbled down, the stones seem somewhat scattered, in the early 1920s, the material that made up the Bare Hill fort was used by the Town of Middlesex highway department for road fill. The Seneca traditionally lived in what is now New York state between the Genesee River and Canandaigua Lake, the dating of an oral tradition mentioning a solar eclipse yields 1142 AD as the year for the Seneca joining the Iroquois. The Seneca were by far the most populous of the Haudenosaunee nations, the villages were the homes and headquarters of the Seneca. While the Seneca maintained substantial permanent settlements and raised crops in the vicinity of their villages. The villages, where hunting and military campaigns were planned and executed, major Seneca villages were protected with wooden palisades. Ganondagan, with 150 longhouses, was the largest Seneca village of the 17th century, while Chenussio, the Seneca had two branches, the western and the eastern. Each branch distinct, they were incorporated and recognized by the Iroquois Confederacy Council
21.
Iroquois
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The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their cultures as a result of warfare, adoption of captives, the historic Erie, Susquehannock, Wyandot, and St. Lawrence Iroquoians, all independent peoples, spoke Iroquoian languages. In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, the most common name for the confederacy, Iroquois, is of somewhat obscure origin. The first time it appears in writing is in the account of Samuel de Champlain of his journey to Tadoussac in 1603, other spellings occurring in the earliest sources include Erocoise, Hiroquois, Hyroquoise, Irecoies, Iriquois, Iroquaes, Irroquois, and Yroquois. In the French spoken at the time, this would have been pronounced as or. In 1883, Horatio Hale wrote that the Charlevoix etymology was dubious, Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron, and was cognate with Mohawk ierokwa they who smoke or Cayuga iakwai a bear. Hewitt responded to Hales etymology in 1888 by expressing doubt that either of those words even exist in the respective languages, a more modern etymology is that advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968, who elaborates upon an earlier etymology given by Charles Arnaud in 1880. Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnokué, meaning terrible man, Day proposes a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwédač, meaning a man, an Iroquois, as the origin of this term. More recently, Peter Bakker has proposed a Basque origin for Iroquois. g and he proposes instead that the word derives from hilokoa, from the Basque roots hil to kill, ko, and a. He also argues that the /l/ was rendered as /r/ since the former is not attested in the inventory of any language in the region. Thus the word according to Bakker is translatable as the killer people, a different term, Haudenosaunee, is the designation more commonly used by the Iroquois to refer to themselves. It is also preferred by scholars of Native American history who consider the name Iroquois to be derogatory in origin. An alternate designation, Ganonsyoni, is encountered as well. More transparently, the Iroquois confederacy is also referred to simply as the Six Nations. The history of the Iroquois Confederacy goes back to its formation by the Peacemaker in 1142, each nation within the Iroquoian family had a distinct language, territory and function in the League. Iroquois influence extended into present-day Canada, westward along the Great Lakes, the League is governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of fifty chiefs or sachems, each representing one of the clans of one of the nations. The original Iroquois League or Five Nations, occupied areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River. The League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, in or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League, having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement
22.
Albany County, New York
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Albany County is a county in the state of New York, in the United States. Its northern border is formed by the Mohawk River, at its confluence with the Hudson River, as of the 2010 census, the population was 304,204. The county seat is Albany, the state capital, as originally established by the English government in the colonial era, Albany County had an indefinite amount of land, but has had an area of 530 square miles since March 3,1888. The county is named for the Duke of York and of Albany, Albany County constitutes the central core of the Capital District of New York State, which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. After England took control of New Netherland from the Dutch, Albany County was created on November 1,1683 by New York Governor Thomas Dongan, Livingston Manor was annexed to Albany County from Dutchess County in 1717. Albanys boundaries were defined more closely as various state statutes would add land to the county, Albany was established as a city in 1686 by Governor Dongan through the Dongan Charter after the English took over the colony. Schenectady to the west was given a patent with some rights in 1684. The Manor of Rensselaerswyck was created as a district within the county in 1772, the west district included all of what is now Albany County with the exception of what lands were in the city of Albany at that time. Though the Manor of Rensselaerswyck was the district in what is today Albany County. Pittstown in 1761, and Duanesburgh in 1764, were created as townships, but when districts were created in 1772, those townships were incorporated into new districts, Pittstown in Schaghticoke and Duanesburgh into the United Districts of Duanesburgh and Schoharie. Schenectady was made from a borough to a district in 1772 as well, other districts established in 1772 were Hoosick, Coxsackie, Cambridge, Saratoga, Halfmoon, Kinderhook, Kings, Claverack, Great Imboght, and the Manor of Livingston. In a census of 1697, there were 1,452 individuals living in Albany County, by the end of the war in 1698, the population had dropped to 1,482, but rebounded quickly and was at 2,273 by 1703. By 1723, it had increased to 6,501 and in 1731 to 8,573, in 1737, the inhabitants of Albany County would outnumber those of New York County by 17 people. In 1774, Albany County, with 42,706 people, was the largest county in colonial New York, according to the first Federal Census in 1790, Albany County reached 75,921 inhabitants and was still the largest county in the state. On March 7,1788, the state of New York divided the state into towns eliminating districts as administrative units by passing New York Laws of 1788. Albany County was one of the twelve counties created by the Province of New York on November 1,1683. At that time it included all of New York state north of Dutchess and Ulster counties, all of what is now Bennington County in Vermont, on May 27,1717, Albany County was adjusted to gain an indefinite amount of land from Dutchess County and other non-county lands. Lawrence watershed westward to the St. Lawrence River, implicitly setting the limit of Albany County
23.
Vermont
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, sights in Vermont Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
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Little Falls, New York
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Little Falls is a city in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 4,946 at the 2010 census, the name is derived from a small cataract near the city. The city is built on both sides of the Mohawk River, at a point at which rapids had impeded travel upriver, transportation through the valley was improved by construction of the Erie Canal, completed in 1825 and connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. The city of Little Falls is located at the corner of the Town of Little Falls and is east of Utica. Little Falls has a location on the slope of a narrow and rocky defile, flowing through which the river falls 45 feet in less than a mile. Little Falls was first settled by Europeans around 1723, when German Palatines were granted land under the Burnetsfield Patent and it was then the westernmost European settlement in the colony of New York. The need to portage around the falls promoted a trading location on the site of the future city and it was the first settlement in the town. The settlers were attacked during the French and Indian War, the small settlement here was destroyed by Iroquois Indians, mostly Mohawk, and Tories in June 1782. The village was not resettled until 1790, and it was known at times as Rockton, Little Falls was incorporated as a village in 1811, and reincorporated in 1827. The City of Little Falls was chartered in 1895, the Western Inland Canal was constructed in 1792 and helped the local economy. The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, passes through the city, lock 17 of the New York State Erie Canal replaced the three locks of the original 1825 Erie Canal and is 40.5 feet in height. With dairy farms located throughout the town, Little Falls was a center for the manufacturing of cheese in the third quarter of the 19th century. Its products were shipped to market in New York City and other major cities, in the 20th century it attracted immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, who worked in factories for textiles, gloves and other products. In 1900,10,381 people lived in Little Falls and it had its peak of population in 1920 with 13,029. Increasing urbanization of larger cities and the decline of manufacturing in the Mohawk Valley in mid-century have led to a decline in population, in 1903, a westbound New York Central special newspaper train derailed due to excessive speed on a sharp curve killing the engine crew. In 1940, a more serious crash at the same location of a fifteen car luxury passenger train killed 31. Benjamin T. Babbitt operated a shop in Little Falls early in his career. Francis Bellamy, author of the Pledge of Allegiance, lived in the city, natale H. Bellocchi, United States diplomat, was born in Little Falls David H. S
25.
Seth Read
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Seth Read was born in Uxbridge, Worcester County, Massachusetts, and died at Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania, as Seth Reed, at age 51. He was the son of Lieutenant John Read, and Lucy Read, John Read had received his military title through active service in the French and Indian war. Seth Reads brothers and sisters were, Sarah, born October 24,1729, Joseph, March 6,1732, Peter, November 13,1735, John, June 1743, Seth, March 6,1746, Josiah, July 23,1753. Lieutenant John Read died at Uxbridge, January 18,1771, Seth Reed grew up in the colonial, agricultural and recently incorporated frontier town of Uxbridge. He would become a landowner, a member and a farmer. One reference mentioned that he worked as a physician, Read married Hannah Harwood, in 1768. Their son, Charles John Read, was born on December 23,1771, Seth and Hannahs son Rufus was born in 1775. Seth and Hannah had seven children, James Manning, Charles John, Sophia, Rufus Seth, Sally Adams, Henry Joseph, George Washington, Seth Read also was the town clerk at Uxbridge from 1777 to 1778. Seth and his brother Joseph attended every meeting in the area having to do with preparing for the revolution and they are mentioned in the minutes of the town meeting as early as 1774 for Revolutionary War preparation and were active in the committee of correspondence. John Patterson on June 17,1775, General George Washington stopped at a tavern owned by Colonel Seth Read in June 1775, while on his way to assume command of the Continental Army at Boston. Two years later, Seth Reed is referred to as having received a vote by the Town of Uxbridge for particular duties related to public safety in the town. ”In other words, Colonel Read was commissioned to deal with traitors. Ironically, at least one source claims that Benedict Arnolds widow, Peggy Shippen, in the following year the Town of Uxbridge votes to send its troops and resources to the Continental Army. Worcester, Massachusetts Town Records indicate that Colonel Read was elected to the Massachusetts Senate in 1780, Read also served as a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1779. After the war we find references to Seth Read in the records of Worcester County. He remained active in the political life. Colonel Seth Read served in the Massachusetts General Court, or State Legislature from 1784 to 1786. In March 1786, Seth Reed petitioned the Massachusetts General Court, according to the U. S. Treasury Colonel Reed of Uxbridge, Massachusetts was said to be instrumental in having E Pluribus Unum placed on United States coins. The phrase is placed on all U. S. coins, the phrase E Pluribus unum, Out of Many, One, is now considered the traditional motto of the United States
26.
Battle of Bunker Hill
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The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17,1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts and it was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent Breeds Hill. In response,1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill, during the night, the colonists constructed a strong redoubt on Breeds Hill, as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula. By daybreak of June 17, the British became aware of the presence of forces on the Peninsula. Two assaults on the positions were repulsed with significant British casualties. The colonists retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill, leaving the British in control of the Peninsula, the battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle. Subsequently, the battle discouraged the British from any further attacks against well defended front lines. American casualties were much fewer, although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary. Their new approach to battle was actually giving the Americans greater opportunity to retreat if defeat was imminent, the costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army. Boston, situated on a peninsula, was protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it. In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the militia, a force of about 15,000 men had surrounded the town. Under the command of Artemas Ward, they controlled the land access to Boston itself. The British troops, a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage, occupied the city, in theory, they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely. However, the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills, if the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces, these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered. It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition, led by Henry Knox, the Charlestown Peninsula, lying to the north of Boston, started from a short, narrow isthmus at its northwest, extending about 1 mile southeastward into Boston Harbor. Bunker Hill, with an elevation of 110 feet, lay at the end of the peninsula. Breeds Hill, at a height of 62 feet, was more southerly, the town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula. At its closest approach, less than 1,000 feet separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula, throughout May, in response to orders from Gage requesting support, the British received reinforcements, until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men
27.
Geneva (town), New York
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Geneva is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 3,291 at the 2010 census, the actual source of the name is ambiguous. The Town of Geneva is in the part of the county. Geneva is known for being the home of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station run by Cornell University, the town is situated in the territory of the historic Seneca, who had an important village at Kanadaseaga, at the north end of Seneca Lake. This village was fortified during the Colonial Period as a defense against the French and was used as a British stronghold during the American Revolution. It was destroyed by the Sullivan Expedition, post revolution settlement began around 1878. The town was established from part of the Town of Seneca in 1872, seth Reed and his family settled here and owned an 18-mile tract of land in Ontario County between 1787 and 1795 before becoming the earliest settlers of Erie, PA. Colonel Reed had been involved in the Battle of Bunker Hill and his latter experiences in this region of New York may have attracted him to Ontario County and Geneva. In 1806, the village called Geneva began to set apart from the town and was incorporated as a village in 1812. A new charter making the Geneva a first class village was granted in 1871, the loss of this territory to the City of Geneva made the town the smallest in the county. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 19.1 square miles. The south town line is the border of Yates County and the east town line is the border of Seneca County, part of the town is on the northwest shore of Seneca Lake, one of the Finger Lakes. US20 is an east-west highway, and NY14 and 14A are north-south, NY245 is an east-west highway in the south part of the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,289 people,1,416 households, the population density was 172.2 people per square mile. There were 1,532 housing units at a density of 31.0 persons/km². The racial makeup of the town was 93. 65% White,2. 43% African American,0. 06% Native American,1. 73% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 52% from other races, and 1. 58% from two or more races. 1. 70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 2.95
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Phelps and Gorham Purchase
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Phelps and Gorham then negotiated with the Seneca nation and other Iroquois tribes to obtain clear title for the entire parcel. They acquired title only to the lands east of the Genesee River plus the 12 miles by 24 miles Mill Yard Tract along the northwestern bank. They were also forced to sell at a discount much of the land they had already bought title to but had not yet re-sold, the purchaser was Robert Morris of Philadelphia, financier, U. S. In some sources, the Phelps and Gorham Purchase refers only to the 2,250,000 acres on which Phelps, much of the land south of the St. The Mohawk were the easternmost Iroquois tribe, occupying much of the Mohawk Valley west of Albany, the Onondaga and Oneida tribes lived near the eastern edge of this region of land purchases, closer to their namesake lakes, Lake Oneida and Onondaga Lake. (Onondaga territory had extended up to Lake Ontario, the Cayuga and Seneca nations lived to the west in the Finger Lakes region, with the Seneca the westernmost tribe. Major Iroquois towns in the Finger Lakes region included the Seneca town of Gen-nis-he-yo, Kanadaseaga, Goiogouen, Chonodote, the Iroquois nations had earlier formed a decentralized political and diplomatic Iroquois Confederacy. During colonial times, some tribes moved into the Finger Lakes region. In about 1720, the Tuscarora tribe arrived, having migrated from the Carolinas after defeat by European colonists and they were also Iroquoian-speaking and were accepted as cousins, forming the Sixth Nation of the Confederacy. In 1753 remnants of several Virginia Siouan tribes, collectively called the Tutelo-Saponi and they lived there until 1779, when their village was destroyed during the Revolutionary War by allied rebel forces. The French colonized northern areas, moving in along the St. Lawrence River from early trading posts among Algonquian-speaking tribes on the Atlantic Coast, when Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River, he claimed the region French Canada as including Western New York. During the American Revolutionary War, four of the six Iroquois nations allied with the British, the Oneida and Onondaga became allies of the rebel Americans. Within each tribe, there were members on either side of the war. Led by Joseph Brant, a war leader of the Mohawk, numerous Iroquois warriors joined in British attacks against the rebels, particularly in the Mohawk and Schoharie valleys. They attacked and killed settlers, took women and children as captives, drove off their livestock. The Iroquois resisted colonists encroaching into their territory, which comprised the Allegheny, Genesee, Upper Susquehanna. The Iroquois nations also raided American settlements in Western New York, the colonists were angry and hungry for retaliation. In response, on July 31,1779, Gen. George Washington ordered Gen. James Clinton and Gen. John Sullivan to march from Pennsylvania, near present-day Wilkes-Barre, the campaign mobilized 6200 Colonial troops, about 25% of the entire rebel army
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Allegany County, New York
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Allegany County is a county in the southern tier of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,946 and its name derives from a Delaware Indian word, applied by European-American settlers of Western New York State, to a trail that followed the Allegheny River and then used for the county. The county is bisected by the Genesee River, flowing north to its mouth on Lake Ontario, during the mid-nineteenth century, the Genesee Valley Canal was built to link southern markets to the Great Lakes and Mohawk River. The county was served by railroads, which soon superseded the canals in their capacity for carrying freight. Part of the Oil Springs Reservation, controlled by the Seneca Nation, is located in the county and this was for centuries the territory of the Seneca people, the westernmost nation of the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian languages-speaking peoples. European-American permanent settlement did not take place until after the American Revolutionary War, New York State sold off the lands cheaply to attract new European-American settlers and agricultural development. Allegany County was created by the legislature on April 7,1806 when Genesee County. The first County Seat was established at Angelica, New York where it remained for half a century and it was later moved to Belmont, a village located along the Genesee River. On March 11,1808, the borders were adjusted so that 230 square miles of Steuben County passed to Allegany County and this established the current border between Genesee and Steuben counties, and reduced the size of Allegany County to 1,200 square miles. However, on April 13,1814, the half of Cattaraugus County was so attached and administered from Belmont. This attachment was ended on March 28,1817, with continued settlement through the mid-nineteenth century, the legislature periodically adjusted county borders as new counties were organized in western New York. On March 23,1857, Allegany County lost another 40 square miles to Livingston County, passing the Ossian, New York area to Livingston County, and establishing the current border between them. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,034 square miles. Allegany County is in the part of New York State. Allegany County does not lie along the Allegheny River, as its name would suggest, the highest point in the county is Alma Hill, with an elevation of 2,548 feet above sea level. This is the highest point in the state west of the Catskill Mountains, the highest point of Interstate 86 is located in the Town of West Almond with an elevation of 2,110 feet. This is also believed to be the highest point of any interstate in the New York, the southwestern part of the County flows into the Allegheny River that flows into the Ohio and then to the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico. In June 1972 the remnants of Hurricane Agnes stalled over the area, flooding took place in the valley communities of Wellsville, Belmont, Belfast and others in the county
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Cattaraugus County, New York
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Cattaraugus County is a county in the western part of the U. S. state of New York, with one side bordering Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 80,317, the county seat is Little Valley. The county was created in 1808 and later organized in 1817, Cattaraugus County comprises the Olean, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY Combined Statistical Area. Within its boundaries are the Allegany Indian Reservation of the Seneca Nation of New York, the Allegheny River runs through the county. The largely unsettled territory was the homeland of the now-extinct Wenrohronon Indians and later occupied by the Seneca people. When counties were established in the province of New York in 1683 and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. On March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County, one of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County is represented in the 21st century by 37 counties of New York, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled across the Niagara Frontier into modern day Ontario and this replaced the name of the hated British governor. In practice, however, these counties did not cover modern Cattaraugus County or Western New York, the newly independent United States sought to extinguish native reserves after the British ceded their territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes to the United States. This included Iroquois territory in New York, the four nations that had been allies of the British mostly relocated to Ontario, Ontario County was split from Montgomery County in 1789 as a result of the establishment of the Morris Reserve. In turn, Genesee County was split from Ontario County in 1802 as a result of the Holland Purchase and this period was the beginning of more significant European-American settlement of this western territory. Shortly afterward, Genesee County was reduced in 1806 by the creation of Allegany County, Cattaraugus County was formed in 1808, split off from Genesee County. At first there was no county government due to the sparse population, from 1812 to 1814, Cattaraugus County was incorporated in Allegany County, from 1814 to 1817, records of the county were divided between Belmont and Buffalo. The name Cattaraugus derives from a Seneca word for bad smelling banks, in 1817, a county government was established for Cattaraugus County in the southwestern corner of the town of Hebe, now Ellicottville. Numerous towns in the county are named after agents of the Holland Land Company, including Ellicottville, Franklinville, the first settlement in the county was in Olean. After 1860, the county seat was moved to Little Valley, south of Salamanca, New York, a small city located within the reservation, is Allegany State Park, which is contiguous with the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania
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Chautauqua County, New York
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Chautauqua County is the westernmost county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 134,905 and its county seat is Mayville, and its largest city is Jamestown. Its name is believed to be the surviving remnant of the Erie language, a tongue lost in the Beaver Wars, its meaning is unknown. The county was created in 1808 and organized in 1811, Chautauqua County comprises the Jamestown-Dunkirk-Fredonia, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located south of Lake Erie and includes a portion of the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca. Most of Chautauqua County was held by the Erie people prior to the Beaver Wars in the 1650s, french forces traversed the territory beginning in 1615. Chautauqua County was organized by the legislature during the development of western New York after the American Revolutionary War. It was officially separated from Genesee County on March 11,1808 and this partition was performed under the same terms that produced Cattaraugus and Niagara counties. The partition was done for political purposes, but the counties were not properly organized for self-government, on February 9,1811, Chautauqua was completely organized, and its separate government was launched. This established Chautauqua as a county of 1,100 square miles of land, Chautauqua has not been altered since. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,500 square miles. Chautauqua County, in the corner of New York State. Chautauqua Lake is located in the center of the county, part of the Eastern Continental Divide runs through Chautauqua County. This divide, known as the Chautauqua Ridge, can be used to mark the border between the Southern Tier and the Niagara Frontier. It is also a significant dividing point in the countys geopolitics, with the North County being centered on Dunkirk, the lowest point in the county is Lake Erie, at 571 feet, and the highest point is Gurnsey Benchmark at 2180 feet. The population density was 132 people per square mile, there were 64,900 housing units at an average density of 61 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 04% White,2. 18% Black or African American,0. 43% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 73% from other races, and 1. 23% from two or more races. 4. 22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race
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Erie County, New York
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Erie County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 919,040, the countys name comes from Lake Erie, which in turn comes from the Erie tribe of Native Americans who lived south and east of the lake before 1654. Erie County is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the countys southern part is known as the Southtowns. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, present-day Erie County was Indian territory, at this time, all of Western New York was part of Ontario County. In 1802, Genesee County was created out of Ontario County, in 1808, Niagara County was created out of Genesee County. In 1821, Erie County was created out of Niagara County, the first towns formed in present-day Erie County were the Town of Clarence and the Town of Willink. Clarence comprised the northern portion of Erie county, and Willink the southern part, Clarence is still a town, but Willink was quickly subdivided into other towns. When Erie County was established in 1821, it consisted of the towns of Amherst, Aurora, Boston, Clarence, Collins, Concord, Eden, Evans, Hamburg, Holland, Sardinia, and Wales. The county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, the Town Line Fire Department supports the slogan Last of the Rebels due to their Confederate ties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,227 square miles. Erie County is in the portion of upstate New York. It is the most populous county in upstate New York outside of the New York City metropolitan area, the county also lies on the international border between the United States and Canada, bordering the Province of Ontario. The northern border of the county is Tonawanda Creek, part of the southern border is Cattaraugus Creek. Other major streams include Buffalo Creek, Cayuga Creek, Cazenovia Creek, Scajaquada Creek, Eighteen Mile Creek, the countys northern half, including Buffalo and its suburbs, is relatively flat and rises gently up from the lake. The southern half, known as the Southtowns, is much hillier and is the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, the highest elevation in the county is a hill in the Town of Sardinia that tops out at around 1,940 feet above sea level. The lowest ground is about 560 feet, on Grand Island at the Niagara River, the Onondaga Escarpment runs through the northern part of Erie County. The population density was 910 people per square mile, there were 415,868 housing units at an average density of 398 per square mile. 3. 27% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 6% were of German,17. 2% Polish,14. 9% Italian,11. 7% Irish and 5. 0% English ancestry according to Census 2000
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Genesee County, New York
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Genesee County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 60,079 and its name is from the Seneca Indian word Gen-nis-hee-yo, meaning the Beautiful Valley. The county was created in 1802 and organized in 1803, Genesee County comprises the Batavia, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also in the Rochester-Batavia-Seneca Falls, NY Combined Statistical Area. It is in Western New York, ancient history of man goes back to the Ice Age 10,000 to 12,000 years ago at the Hiscock Site, in Byron, New York. Together with a jaw, tusks, and teeth, and assorted animal bones, researchers have found a variety of manmade tools, ceramics, metal. This site is among North America’s most important for artifacts from the Ice Age. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the area for thousands of years, beginning in 1639 and lasting for the rest of the century, the Seneca led an invasion of Western New York, driving out the existing tribes of Wenro, Erie and Neutrals. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Genesee County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. On March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County, one of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. In 1784 Tryon County was renamed as Montgomery County, around this time, the Pennsylvania Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony also claimed the territory as their own, but New York did not enforce its territorial claim. In 1789 Ontario County was split off from Montgomery as a result of the Phelps, again, the county theoretically extended west to the Pacific Ocean. By the 1820s, Freemasonry was prevalent in Genesee County, from 1821 to 1827, half of all county officials were Freemasons. In September 1826, William Morgan, a resident of Batavia, New York, Morgan had been rejected from the Masonic lodge in Batavia, and, as a result, threatened to publish a book which exposed the secret rituals of Freemasonry. His disappearance and presumed murder ignited a campaign against Freemasonry, the investigation into Morgans disappearance confronted major obstacles from government officials and the judiciary- positions that were largely occupied by Freemasons. The Morgan affair combined with existing suspicions and distrust of the secrecy of Freemasonry initiated mass meetings throughout the county to decide how the issue of Freemasonry should be handled, the Antimasonry crusades original goal was to oust Masons from political offices. The Antimasonic Party found strong support within Genesee County from 1827 to 1833, the party averaged 69 percent of the vote and won every county office. After continuous domination of Masonic politicians, citizens saw Antimasonry as a solution, the Baptist and Presbyterian churches favored Antimasonry and encouraged their members to renounce ties with the fraternity
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Livingston County, New York
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Livingston County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,393, the county is named after Robert R. Livingston, a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Livingston County is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Livingston County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It contained the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Wyoming, Livingston County was formed from Genesee and Ontario Counties in 1821. Livingston County is located in the Finger Lakes region, south of Rochester, letchworth State Park in partly in the western part of the county. The Genesee River flows northward through the county, the Rochester and Southern Railroad traverses the county from Greigsville south through Mount Morris to Dansville. The population density was 102 people per square mile, there were 24,023 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 04% White,3. 01% African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 76% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 85% from other races, and 1. 04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 27% of the population,22. 5% were of German,17. 7% Irish,14. 3% Italian,12. 8% English and 7. 0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 8% spoke English and 2. 0% Spanish as their first language,23. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.05. In the county, the population was out with 23. 40% under the age of 18,14. 20% from 18 to 24,28. 90% from 25 to 44,22. 10% from 45 to 64
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Monroe County, New York
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Monroe County is a county in the western portion of the state of New York, in the United States. The county is along Lake Ontarios southern shore, as of 2013, Monroe Countys population was 749,857. Its county seat is the city of Rochester, the county is named after James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States. Monroe County is part of the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683, the present Monroe County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It contained the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Wyoming, finally, Monroe County was formed from parts of Genesee and Ontario counties in 1821. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the total area is 1,367 square miles. Monroe County is in Western New York States northern tier, northeast of Buffalo, the northern county line is also the state line and the border of the United States, marked by Lake Ontario. Monroe County is north of the Finger Lakes, the countys executive branch is headed by the County Executive, Cheryl Dinolfo. The executives office is on the first floor of the County Office Building on West Main Street in Rochester, the county was exclusively governed by a Board of Supervisors for the first 114 years of its history. In 1935, the position of County Manager, appointed by the Board, was approved by popular referendum, in 1983, the position was replaced by a County Executive, directly elected by popular vote, with expanded powers. In 1993, the legislature enacted term limits for the office of 12 consecutive years to start in 1996. The countys legislative branch consists of a 29-member County Legislature which replaced the earlier 43-member Board of Supervisors on January 1,1967 and it meets in the Legislative Chambers on the fourth floor of the County Office Building
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Niagara County, New York
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Niagara County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 216,469, the county name is from the Iroquois word Onguiaahra, meaning the strait or thunder of waters. Niagara County is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, and it is the location of Niagara Falls and Fort Niagara, and has many parks and lake shore recreation communities. In the summer of 2008, Niagara County celebrated its 200th birthday with the first town of the county, when counties were established in the New York colony in 1683, the present Niagara County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. In turn, Genesee County was created from Ontario County in 1802, Niagara County was created from Genesee County in 1808. It was, however, larger than the present Niagara County even though it consisted of only the Town of Cambria, from 1814 to 1817, records of Cattaraugus County were divided between Belmont and Buffalo. In 1821, Erie County was created from Niagara County, the county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,140 square miles. Niagara County is in the western part of New York State, just north of Buffalo and adjacent to Lake Ontario on its northern border. The countys primary geographic feature is Niagara Falls, the riverbed of which has eroded seven miles south over the past 12,000 years since the last Ice Age. The Niagara River and Niagara Falls, are in effect, the ditch for four of the Great Lakes which constitute the worlds largest supply of fresh water. Today, tourists and visitors to the Falls see a flow of water over the Falls. Both the American and Canadian side of the Niagara River have massive electrical power plants, the spectacular Niagara Gorge is the path Niagara Falls has taken over thousands of years as it continues to erode
37.
Orleans County, New York
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Orleans County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,883, the name is in honor of the French Royal House of Orleans. Orleans County is part of the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Orleans County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. Before 1776, most of Tryon Countys Loyalists fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. In 1802, Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County, in 1806, Genesee County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Allegany County. In 1808, Genesee County was further reduced in size by the splitting off of Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Niagara County at that time also included the present Erie County. In 1821, Genesee County was reduced in size by the splitting off of portions which were combined with portions of Ontario County to create Livingston and Monroe Counties. By this time Genesee County had been reduced considerably in size from its area of 1802, still containing the present Orleans and Wyoming Counties in addition to its present area. In 1824, Orleans County was created from what was left of Genesee County, when the county was formed, a dispute arose about naming it after Andrew Jackson or John Adams, the conflict was ended by choosing the name Orleans. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 817 square miles. The high proportion of water is due to the extension of Orleans County north into Lake Ontario to the Canada–US border, Orleans County is in western New York State, northeast of Buffalo and west of Rochester, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. The Erie Canal passes through the middle of the county, in 1980, a seven-member legislature was established to replace the board of supervisors and is headed by a chairman. The population density was 113 people per square mile, there were 17,347 housing units at an average density of 44 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 12% White,7. 31% Black or African American,0. 46% Native American,0. 32% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 54% from other races, and 1. 21% from two or more races
38.
Steuben County, New York
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Steuben County /stuːˈbɛn/ is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 98,990 and its name is in honor of Baron von Steuben, a German general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War, though it is not pronounced the same. Steuben County comprises the Corning, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Elmira-Corning. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Steuben County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery County in 1789 to form an area much larger than the present Ontario County. Steuben County, much larger than today, was split off from Ontario County in 1796, in 1823 a portion of Steuben County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to form Yates County. Steuben County was further reduced in size in 1854 when a portion was combined with portions of Chemung and Tompkins counties to form Schuyler County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,404 square miles. Steuben County is in the part of New York State. The population of Steuben County according to the 2000 U. S. census was 98,726, the county is in the Southern Tier region of New York State. The population density was 71 people per square mile, there were 46,132 housing units at an average density of 33 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 43% White,1. 36% African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 90% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, and 0. 81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 81% of the population,18. 6% were of German,15. 2% English,14. 4% American,13. 6% Irish and 8. 3% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 96. 5% spoke English and 1. 3% Spanish as their first language,27. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Wyoming County, New York
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Wyoming County is a county in the U. S. state of New York in the states western area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,155, the name is from a modified Delaware Indian word meaning broad bottom lands. Wyoming County was formed from Genesee County in 1841, in regard to New Yorks claim, as of 1683 the present Wyoming County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery as part of the establishment of the Morris Reserve. Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802 to govern the land acquired in the Holland Purchase and this was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It was reduced in size in 1806 by creating Allegany County, again in 1808 by creating Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Niagara County at that time also included the present Erie County. In 1821, portions of Genesee County were combined with portions of Ontario County to create Livingston, Genesee County was further reduced in size in 1824 by creating Orleans County. Finally, in 1841, Wyoming County was created from the half of Genesee County, the northwest corner of Allegany County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 596 square miles. Wyoming County is in the part of New York State, east of Buffalo. The county is in the Holland Purchase Region, the county is largely rural, dotted with small towns. Even the county seat, Warsaw is quite small, the land surface is generally broken and hilly, and the soil fertile. Much of the area is wooded, used for timber, some that are predominantly maple are tapped each spring for the production of maple syrup. Apple orchards were once an agricultural endeavor, but only a few are left
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Yates County, New York
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Yates County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,348, the county seat is Penn Yan. The name is in honor of Joseph C, Yates, who as Governor of New York signed the act establishing the county. Yates County is included in the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Yates County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, on March 18,1796,1,800 square miles of Ontario County was partitioned to form Steuben County. On April 3,1801, Ontario County exchanged land with Cayuga County, in 1821, Ontario County was reduced in size by combining portions of Genesee and Ontario counties to create Livingston and Monroe counties. On February 5,1823, Yates County was formed from 310 square miles of Ontario County, including the area that included Vine Valley, Middlesex, Penn Yan, and Dresden, New York. On January 1,1826,60 square miles of Steuben County was partitioned and added to Yates, which included Starkey, Dundee, on April 15,1828,10 square miles was partitioned from Yates, and passed to Seneca and Tompkins counties, mostly in the forest. On March 17,1860, Ontario County was authorized to land from Yates. On April 18,1946, Yates gained 10 square miles from Schuyler and Senaca counties, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 376 square miles, of which 338 square miles is land and 38 square miles is water. Yates County is in the part of New York State, northwest of Ithaca. It is in the Finger Lakes Region, the population density was 73 people per square mile. There were 12,064 housing units at a density of 36 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 90% White,0. 56% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 36% from other races, and 0. 74% from two or more races
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Schuyler County, New York
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Schuyler County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,343, the county seat is Watkins Glen. The name is in honor of General Philip Schuyler, one of the four generals in the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Schuyler County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. Herkimer and Tioga counties were two of three counties split off from Montgomery County in 1791, in 1794, Onondaga County was formed by the splitting of Herkimer County. This county was larger than the present Onondaga County, however, including the present Cayuga, Seneca, in 1796, Steuben County was created, split off from Ontario County. It was larger than the present county, however, in 1798, Chemung County was formed from Tioga County, but the county at that time was rather larger than the present county, containing a portion of what would later become Schuyler County. In 1799, Cayuga County was formed by the splitting of Onondaga County and this county was, however, much larger than the present Cayuga County. It then included the present Seneca and Tompkins counties, as well as part of what would become Schuyler County, in 1804, Seneca County was formed by the splitting of Cayuga County. Then in 1817, in turn, a portion of Seneca County was combined with a piece of the remainder of Cayuga County to form Tompkins County. In 1823, Steuben County was reduced in size by the combination of a portion of the county with a portion of Ontario County to form Yates County, in 1854, portions of Steuben, Chemung and Tompkins counties were combined to form Schuyler County. All Schuyler County towns and villages are covered in the 2006 historic photo book Around Watkins Glen, by Charles R. Mitchell and Kirk W. House. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 342 square miles
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Wayne County, New York
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Wayne County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 93,772, the name honors General Anthony Wayne, an American Revolutionary War hero and American statesman. Wayne County is less than 50 miles west of, and is in the same Congressional District as and its location during the early westward expansion of the United States, on an international border and in a fertile farming region, has contributed to a rich cultural and economic history. Two world religions sprung from within its borders, and its inhabitants played important roles in abolitionism in the leading up to the American Civil War. Wayne County ranks as New Yorks top apple producing county, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the land Wayne County encompasses was originally part of the Iroquois Confederacy, which had existed from around August 31,1142. When counties were established in New York State on November 1,1683 and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State and all of the present State of Vermont, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. On April 11,1823, Wayne County was formed by combining portions of Seneca, the first settlers of European extraction came to the region located along the Ganargua River, just west of present-day Palmyra. In 1788 the area part of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. Sir William Pulteney, a British baronet and English land speculator, along with his partners in the Pulteney Association, purchased a 1,000,000 acres of the former Phelps and Gorham Purchase in 1790. The first westward road was one coming from near Utica to Geneva and this highway left the future Wayne County region somewhat isolated and settlers desiring to locate there came by way of streams and lakes lying to the north of the road. It was only a few years after that the new road came west, passing through the county, the first permanent settlement was started by John Swift and Col. John Jenkins in March 1789, about two miles from Palmyra. In 1792, he in turn sold approximately 1,200,000 acres to The Pulteney Association owned by Sir William Pulteney, after Pulteneys death in 1805 the land was known as the Pulteney Estate. Sir William Pulteney selected Charles Williamson as land agent to develop the purchased 1,200,000 acres. Williamson selected Sodus Bay on Lake Ontario as the point for a commercial center, with the idea that the lake. In 1794 he had built from Palmyra to Phelpstown. Sodus was surveyed by Joseph Colt in lots of an acre, a hotel was built. Sodus quickly passed from having a future to the head of the towns of the region. Two small skirmishes were fought in the county during the War of 1812, one in Sodus in June 1813, in May 1814, British troops under the command of Sir James Yeo landed in the Williamson hamlet of Pultneyville
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Second Great Awakening
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The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820 and it was past its peak by the late 1850s. The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and it rejected the skeptical rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment. The revivals enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations, many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ. These revivals were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across Europe at the time, mainly throughout England, Scotland, and Germany. Like the First Great Awakening a half earlier, the Second reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion. It supported the skepticism, a deism, and rationalism now, people support religon, at about the same time, similar movements flourished in Europe. Evangelicalism was waxing strong in England, the Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations, however, the revivals were very similar. As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across boundaries. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier, the Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as circuit riders, who sought out people in remote frontier locations. The circuit riders came from among the people, which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert. Postmillennialism theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century, postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the millennium, which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative long period of peace and happiness. Christians thus had a duty to society in preparation for that return. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism, george Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out. During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some expected the millennium to arrive in a few years. By the 1840s, however, the day had receded to the distant future. In the early century, western New York State was called the burned-over district because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region
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Baptists
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Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
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Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
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Congregational
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Congregational or Congregationalist churches are Protestant churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Congregationalism is often considered to be a part of the wider Reformed tradition, ideas of nonconforming Protestants during the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England laid foundation for these churches. Congregationalists also differed with the Reformed churches using episcopalian church governance, within the United States, the model of Congregational churches was carried by migrating settlers from New England into New York, then into the Old North West, and further. With their insistence on independent local bodies, they became important in social reform movements, including abolitionism, temperance. Congregationalist tradition has a presence in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and it has been introduced either by immigrant dissenter Protestants or by missionary organization such as the London Missionary Society. Congregationalists believe their model of church governance fulfils the description of the early church, Congregationalism is more easily identified as a movement than a single denomination, given its distinguishing commitment to the complete autonomy of the local congregation. The early Congregationalists shared with Anabaptist theology the ideal of a pure church and they believed the adult conversion experience was necessary for an individual to become a full member in the church, unlike other Reformed churches. As such, the Congregationalists were an influence on the Baptists. They differed in counting the children of believers in some members of the church. On the other hand, the Baptists required each member to experience conversion, in England, the Anglican system of church government was taken over by King Henry VIII. It declared the sovereign of England to be the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England. In the reign of Elizabeth I, this title was changed to Supreme Governor of the Church of England, an act still in effect. Robert Browne, Henry Barrow, John Greenwood, John Penry, William Brewster, Thomas Jollie, the underground churches in England and exiles from Holland provided about 35 out of the 102 passengers on the Mayflower, which sailed from London in July 1620. They became known in history as the Pilgrim Fathers, the early Congregationalists sought to separate themselves from the Anglican church in every possible way and even eschewed having church buildings. They met in homes for many years, in 1639 William Wroth, then Rector of the parish church at Llanvaches in Monmouthshire, established the first Independent Church in Wales according to the New England pattern, i. e. Congregational. The Tabernacle United Reformed Church at Llanvaches survives to this day, during the English Civil War, those who supported the Parliamentary cause were invited by Parliament to discuss religious matters. This government would last until 1660 when the monarch was restored, in 1658 the Congregationalists created their own version of the Westminster Confession, called the Savoy Declaration, which remains the principal subordinate standard of Congregationalism. The work in South America began in 1921 when four Argentine churches urgently requested that denominational recognition be given to George Geier, the Illinois Conference licensed Geier, who worked among Germans from Russia who were very similar to their kin in the United States and in Canada
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Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
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The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Each of the churches that resulted from this schism considers itself to be the continuation of Smiths original Church of Christ. This church is unrelated to other bodies bearing the name, including the United Church of Christ, a Reformed church body, and the Churches of Christ. Today, there are several Latter Day Saint churches called Church of Christ, the first Latter Day Saint references to the church of Christ are found in passages of the Book of Mormon that Smith dictated from April to June 1829. During the course of this dictation, the outlines for a community of believers or church structure became apparent. Such a structure would have authority from God, ordinances such as baptism, the book described the clergy in Almas church as consisting of priests, who were unpaid and were to preach nothing save it were repentance and faith in the Lord. Alma later established churches, which were considered one church because there was nothing preached in all the churches except it were repentance. In addition to priests, the book mentions that the clergy of these also included teachers. Smiths further dictation of the Book of Mormon also stated there were two churches only, the one is the church of the Lamb of God, and the other is the church of the devil. As a result of the references to baptism and the organization of churches. Smith and Cowdery then baptized each other by immersion and they also baptized dozens of people, as early as June 1829. These converts, however, did not belong to a church organization. Nevertheless, this community of believers referred to themselves as the Church of Christ, in June 1829, Smith dictated a revelation stating that in are all things written, concerning my church, my gospel, and my rock. Wherefore if you build up my church, and my gospel, and my rock. Some time between June and December 1829, Cowdery said he received a revelation about how he should build up his church & the manner thereof. This revelation was called the Articles of the Church of Christ, the church was to meet regularly to partake of bread and wine. Cowdery was described as an Apostle of Jesus Christ, according to David Whitmer, by April 1830, this informal Church of Christ had about six elders and 70 members. On April 6,1830, Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and a group of approximately 30 believers met with the intention of formally organizing the Church of Christ into a legal institution
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Ontario County, New York
