1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Ontario, California
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Ontario is a city located in southwestern San Bernardino County, California, United States,35 miles east of downtown Los Angeles. Located in the part of the Inland Empire region, it lies just east of the Los Angeles county line and is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area. As of the 2010 Census, the city had a population of 163,924, up from 158,007 at the 2000 census, making it the fourth most populous city after San Bernardino, Fontana. The city is home to the Ontario International Airport, which is the 15th busiest airport in the United States by cargo carried, Ontario handles the mass of freight traffic between the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and the rest of the country. It is also the home of Ontario Mills and former home of the Ontario Motor Speedway and it takes its name from the Ontario Model Colony development established in 1882 by the Canadian engineer George Chaffey and his brothers William Chaffey and Charles Chaffey. They named the settlement after their province of Ontario. At the time of Mexican and later of American settlement, active Native American settlements were scattered across the entire valley, remains of a Serrano village were discovered in the neighboring foothills of the present-day city of Claremont. Following the 1819 establishment of San Bernardino Asistencia, which may have served as an outpost of the San Gabriel mission, it part of a large. In 1826, Jedediah Smith passed through what is now Upland on the first overland journey to the West coast of North America via the National Old Trails Road, the 1834 secularization of California land holdings resulted in the lands transferral to private hands. In 1881, the Chaffey brothers, George and William, purchased the land and they also created the main thoroughfare of Euclid Avenue, with its distinctive wide lanes and grassy median. The new Model Colony was originally conceived as a dry town, the two named the town Ontario in honor of the province of Ontario in Canada, where they were born. Ontario attracted farmers and ailing Easterners seeking a drier climate, to impress visitors and potential settlers with the abundance of water in Ontario, a fountain was placed at the Southern Pacific railway station. It was turned on when trains were approaching and frugally turned off again after their departure. Agriculture was vital to the economy, and many street names recall this legacy. The Sunkist plant remains as a vestige of the citrus era. The Chaffey brothers left to found the settlements of Mildura, Australia and Renmark, Australia, Charles Frankish continued their work at Ontario. Mining engineer John Tays refined the design of the mule car. At that point, the two mules were loaded onto a platform at the rear of the car and allowed to ride, soon replaced by an electric streetcar, the mule car is commemorated by a replica in an enclosure south of C Street on the Euclid Avenue median
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Mills Corporation
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The company developed, owned, and operated major super-regional shopping malls. Most former Mills facilities have a movie theater from 10–30 screens. Their facilities are built in modern/abstract architectural designs. Simon Property Group assumed management of the former Mills properties after the acquisition, the company started in 1967 as the Western Development Corporation, and its first mall was Potomac Mills in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area in 1985. Then from 1989–1991, Franklin, Sawgrass, & Gurnee Mills opened each of those years, in 1994 the company converted to REIT status and changed its name to The Mills Corporation. Since opening Ontario Mills until 2005 with Pittsburgh Mills, The Mills built, also, the company also expanded to Europe with the opening of Madrid Xanadú in Spain. It was eventually sold to developer, who planned it as American Dream Meadowlands. After their last built mall was opened, Galleria at Pittsburgh Mills in July 2005, on January 17,2007, the Mills Corporation agreed to a buyout from Brookfield Asset Management, based out of Toronto. The deal was valued at US$1.35 billion, the company was forced to seek help after a possible management misconduct resulted in a $350 million accounting error. Brookfield would have paid $21 for each share of Mills Corporation, however, on February 13,2007, Mills announced that their board had determined that a competing offer from Simon Property Group of Indianapolis, Indiana was superior to the Brookfield offer. Brookfield had the option to submit an offer, but February 16,2007, Simon Property Group. On April 6,2007, Farallon and Simon completed the acquisition of Mills, all former Mills malls became Simon properties at the acquisition date and are now shown on Simons website. The Mills became Simons fifth retail platform, along with Regional Malls, the new platform is known as The Mills, A Simon Company. St. Enoch Centre – Glasgow, Scotland, acquired 50/50 stake in January 2005, vaughan Mills – Built in 2004 and the first Mills property outside the U. S. Mills sold its share in July 2006 to Ivanhoe Cambridge. Pittsburgh Mills – Tarentum, Pennsylvania Built in 2005, was the first Mills landmark to feature full priced stores, Mills sold its share in mall in December 2006 to Zamias Services, Inc. These properties were in development by Mills Corporation before the Simon acquisition and will not be part of Simon
6.
Simon Property Group
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Simon Property Group, Inc. is an American commercial real estate company in the United States and the largest real estate investment trust. It is also the largest shopping mall operator in America and it currently owns or has an interest in more than 325 properties comprising approximately 241,000,000 square feet of gross leasable area in North America and Asia. The company is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana and employs more than 5,000 people worldwide and it is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol SPG and is part of the S&P100. Simon Property Group has been the subject of lawsuits and investigations regarding civil rights. Simon Property Group was formed in 1993 when the majority of the shopping center interests of Melvin Simon & Associates became a traded company. In 1996, Simon DeBartolo Group was created when Simon Property merged with former rival DeBartolo Realty Corp and this was shortly after DeBartolo Realty became a publicly traded company encompassing the shopping mall interests of the Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. family, another leading developer. Simon DeBartolo rapidly acquired assets in the then-fragmented industry, notable acquisitions included The Retail Property Trust and a group of properties held by IBMs pension plan in 1997 and Corporate Property Investors in 1998. In 2003, Simon became a co-owner of The Kravco Company, on April 3,2007, a partnership including Simon agreed to acquire the Mills Corporation. In June 2011, Simon Property Group entered into a partnership with Nintendo to provide complimentary 3DS Wi-Fi hotspots at nearly 200 of its malls, the Wi-Fi only works for Nintendo 3DS systems. It will not work on PC, Mac, iOS or Android, in December 2013, Simon announced it would form a REIT of its smaller malls and community shopping centers called Washington Prime Group. The spin-off was created in May 2014 and was headed by Mark Ordan who was the final CEO of the Simon-bought Mills Corporation. In September 2014, WPG announced to acquire Glimcher Realty Trust and its properties, the deal was completed in January 2015. On November 69 of 2009, Financial Times reported that Simon may have attempted to acquire its failing rival General Growth Properties, should GGP have been acquired in its entirety, such deal would be worth up to $30 billion at the time. Simon hired property investment firm Cohen & Steers, J. P. Morgan, as well as the Lazard investment bank, on February 16,2010, Simon announced that it placed a bid on February 8 to acquire General Growth Properties in a deal worth $10 billion. However, the bid was rejected by General Growth twice during the week it was announced, the General Growth board favored an investment offer from Brookfield Asset Management worth $2.6 billion. Simons next step, on April 14,2010, was to announce a $2.5 billion equity investment offer which equaled the price per share of Brookfields offer, Simons offer also included a co-investment commitment by Paulson & Co worth $1 billion. Simon Property Group had not ruled out a takeover of General Growth. On May 7,2010, Simon Property Group decided to withdraw its acquisition and recapitalization proposals for General Growth Properties, in May 2010, Simon surprisingly acquired Prime Outlets-Puerto Rico in Barceloneta, which was renamed Puerto Rico Premium Outlets
7.
JPMorgan Chase
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JPMorgan Chase & Co. is a U. S. multinational banking and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City. It is the largest bank in the United States, the third largest bank by total assets, with total assets of roughly US$2.5 trillion. It is a provider of financial services, and according to Forbes magazine is the worlds sixth largest public company based upon a composite ranking. The hedge fund unit of JPMorgan Chase is the second largest hedge fund in the United States, the company was formed in 2000, when Chase Manhattan Corporation merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. The J. P. Morgan brand, historically known as Morgan, is used by the investment banking, asset management, private banking, private wealth management, and treasury & securities services divisions. Fiduciary activity within private banking and private wealth management is done under the aegis of JPMorgan Chase Bank, the Chase brand is used for credit card services in the United States and Canada, the banks retail banking activities in the United States, and commercial banking. The corporate headquarters is located at 270 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, the retail and commercial bank is headquartered in 270 Park Avenue, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York, U. S. JPMorgan Chase & Co. is considered to be a universal bank. As of 2016, JPMorgan Chase is one of the Big Four banks of the United States, followed by Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo. JPMorgan Chase, in its current structure, is the result of the combination of several large U. S. banking companies since 1996, including Chase Manhattan Bank, Bank One, Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual. The Chase Manhattan Bank was formed upon the 1955 purchase of Chase National Bank by the Bank of the Manhattan Company, the Bank of the Manhattan Company was the creation of Aaron Burr, who transformed The Manhattan Company from a water carrier into a bank. This of course injected a powerful element of politics into the process and invited what today would be called corruption, the innocuous-looking clause allowed the company to invest surplus capital in any lawful enterprise. Within six months of the creation, and long before it had laid a single section of water pipe, the company opened a bank. Still in existence, it is today J. P. Morgan Chase, weakened by the real estate collapse in the early 1990s, it was acquired by Chemical Bank in 1996, retaining the Chase name. Before its merger with J. P. Morgan & Co. the new Chase expanded the investment, in 1999, it acquired San Francisco-based Hambrecht & Quist for $1.35 billion. In April 2000, UK-based Robert Fleming & Co. was purchased by the new Chase Manhattan Bank for $7.7 billion, the New York Chemical Manufacturing Company was founded in 1823 as a maker of various chemicals. In 1824, the company amended its charter to perform banking activities, in the 1980s and early 1990s, Chemical emerged as one of the leaders in the financing of leveraged buyout transactions. In 1984, Chemical launched Chemical Venture Partners to invest in equity transactions alongside various financial sponsors. At many points throughout history, Chemical Bank was the largest bank in the United States
8.
Anchor store
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In retail, an anchor store, draw tenant, anchor tenant, or key tenant is one of the larger stores in a shopping mall, usually a department store or a major retail chain. Current examples of common anchor stores in the USA include Younkers, Macys, Kohls, Sears, Bergners, Dillards, Carsons, Boscovs, The Bon-Ton, Bloomingdales, Lord & Taylor, and JCPenney. Defunct examples include Montgomery Ward, Mervyns, Eatons, Lazarus, Galyans, Foleys, Marshall Fields, Hechts, Sports Authority, Parisian, anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more, in each case, the anchors account for 50-70% of the malls leasable space. Malls with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to the anchor to shop at stores in the mall. Early on, grocery stores were a type of anchor store. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however, the challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets as anchors
9.
Shopping mall
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A shopping arcade is a specific form serving the same purpose. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, however, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters, as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather. In places around the world, the shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America, outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres, the majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton, Manchester Arndale, Bullring Birmingham, Liverpool One, Trinity Leeds, Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow and these centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year, there are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion and this represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajans Market in Rome located in Trajans Forum. Trajans Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, isfahans Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehrans Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history, the oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage, different rows specialized in different goods, such as Bakers Row or Fleshmongers Row. The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today, the Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798, the Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819
10.
San Bernardino County, California
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San Bernardino County, officially the County of San Bernardino, is a county located in the southern portion of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,035,210, making it the fifth-most populous county in California, the county seat is San Bernardino. With an area of 20,105 square miles, San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area, although some of Alaskas boroughs and census areas are larger. It is larger than each of the nine smallest states, larger than the four smallest states combined, Spanish Missionaries from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel established a church at the village of Politania in 1810. Father Francisco Dumetz named the church San Bernardino on May 20,1810, the Franciscans also gave the name San Bernardino to the snowcapped peak in Southern California, in honor of the saint and it is from him that the county derives its name. In 1819, they established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia, following Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, Mexican citizens were granted land grants to establish ranchos in the area of the county. Rancho Jurupa in 1838, Rancho Cucamonga and El Rincon in 1839, Rancho Santa Ana del Chino in 1841, Rancho San Bernardino in 1842 and Rancho Muscupiabe in 1844. Agua Mansa was the first town in what became San Bernardino County, some of the southern parts of the countys territory were given to Riverside County in 1893. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 20,105 square miles. It is the largest county by area in California and the largest in the United States and it is slightly larger than the states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island combined. It borders both Nevada and Arizona, the bulk of the population, roughly two million, live in the roughly 480 square miles south of the San Bernardino Mountains adjacent to Riverside and in the San Bernardino Valley. Over 300,000 others live just north of the San Bernardino Mountains, agglomerating around Victorville covering roughly 280 square miles in Victor Valley, roughly another 100,000 people live scattered across the rest of the sprawling county. The Mojave National Preserve covers some of the desert, especially between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40. The desert portion also includes the cities of Needles next to the Colorado River and Barstow at the junction in Interstate 15, trona is at the northwestern part of the county west of Death Valley. This national park, mostly within Inyo County, also has a portion of land within the San Bernardino County. The largest metropolitan area in the Mojave Desert part of the county is Victor Valley, with the localities of Adelanto, Apple Valley, Hesperia. Further south, a portion of Joshua Tree National Park overlaps the county near Twentynine Palms, additional places near and west of Twentynine palms include Yucca Valley, Joshua Tree, and Morongo Valley. The mountains are home to the San Bernardino National Forest, and include the communities of Crestline, Lake Arrowhead, Running Springs, Big Bear City, Forest Falls, the San Bernardino Valley is at the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley
11.
Tourism
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Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
12.
Southern California
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Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises Californias 10 southernmost counties. The region is described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is used and is based on historical political divisions. Southern California is an economic center for the state of California. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.5 million people. With over 22 million people, Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of Californias population, located east of Southern California is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona. The Mojave Desert is located at the border with the state of Nevada while towards the south is the Mexico–United States border, within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the countrys largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, the motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in Southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies, Southern California is also home to a large homegrown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Vans, Volcom, Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, some of the worlds biggest action sports events, including the X Games, Boost Mobile Pro, and the U. S. Open of Surfing, are all held in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting, the annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachtings premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the Americas Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995, Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Many locals and tourists frequent the Southern California coast for its popular beaches, the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. Southern California is not a geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, Californias North-South midway point lies at exactly 37°958.23 latitude, around 11 miles south of San Jose, however, when the state is divided into two areas, the term Southern California usually refers to the 10 southernmost counties of the state
13.
The Outlets at Orange
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The Outlets at Orange is Orange County, Californias only Outlet Shopping Center. It was built on the site of the City Mall. S. Polo Assn, Hurley, Off Broadway Shoes, Gymboree Outlet, Carters Outlet, Thrill It Fun Center, H&M, Forever 21, Nike, Converse, Vans skatepark, Skechers, PacSun, Puma, Tillys, Old Navy, Guitar Center and Bose Factory Store. Current entertainment business tenants are AMC30 Movie Theatres and IMAX, Lucky Strike Lanes, current restaurant tenants are Cafe Tu Tu Tango, Market Broiler, BJs Restaurant & Brewhouse, Buffalo Wild Wings, Twin Dragon, El Torito, T. G. I. Italian Kitchen, Rubios Coastal Grill, Subway, Charleys Steakery, Jamba Juice, Johnny Rockets, Haagen Dazs, Villa Dolce Yogurt, Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory, the Center also features L. A. Fitness, El Torito, T. G. I. Fridays, Carls Jr. BJs Restaurant & Brewhouse, and Krispy Kreme Doughnuts located on its periphery in its parking lots. From 1970 to 1996, the site was home to a mall called The City Shopping Center, featuring anchor stores May Company California and JC Penney. Several streets around the still have City in their names because they were built as part of that complex. Mills purchased the site, originally considering conversion to an outlet mall named CityMills, the centers old slogan was The Block at Orange. It was The Mills Corporations first outdoor mall not to have the Mills name, the Block official opened in November 1998. The former Virgin Megastore was featured in Borat where Borat attempts to kidnap Pamela Anderson, three of the former shopping center tenants closed in 2008 and 2009. These anchors were replaced with the Neiman Marcus Last Call store, Off Broadway Shoes, H&M, Thrill It Fun Center, in 2011, The Block at Orange was renamed The Outlets at Orange
14.
Great Mall of the Bay Area
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The Great Mall of the Bay Area is a large indoor outlet shopping mall in Milpitas, California built by Ford Motor Land Development and Petrie Dierman Kughn in 1994. It was acquired by Mills Corporation in 2003, and by the Simon Property Group in April 2007, the mall contains approximately 1.4 million square feet of gross leaseable area. The Mall was formerly a Ford Motor Company San Jose Assembly Plant that was founded in the 1950s, Ford Mustangs were produced at this plant and Mustangs bearing the name San Jose as the assembly location were in fact built in Milpitas. Fairlanes, Torinos, Pintos, F-Series pickup trucks and Escorts, Edsel Rangers and Pacers, the plant closed down in 1983 in part due to increasing competition with Japanese auto manufacturers. In the early 1990s, developers resized the former plant and converted it into a mall, today, an oak tree with a plaque commemorating Great Malls history stands in the southwest section of its parking lot. In 2016, it was announced that the mall would be undergoing renovation in the spring, the Great Mall of the Bay Area sits at the intersection of Great Mall Parkway and Montague Expressway. The Parc Metropolitan apartments lie to the north of the mall, a few inns are also located at the south entrance of the mall. Great Mall, unlike many other malls, is a flat mall, the mall is currently laid out in this fashion because the existing main structure used to be a Ford automobile assembly plant and was not designed to serve as a shopping center. The mall used to house a Vans Skatepark which closed in 2004 and was replaced by Kohls, in addition, it houses a Century Theatres multiplex with 20 screens. Based on gross leaseable area, the Great Mall of the Bay Area was once the largest mall in Northern California and it still remains the largest outlet mall in Northern California, but not all of its stores are outlets. Great Mall also has a court, which can be accessed through Entrance 4. The Great Mall of the Bay Area is close to the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authoritys Great Mall/Main transit center, many VTA bus routes and also one by AC Transit stop at this transit center. The light rail station is elevated in the median of Great Mall Parkway, BART plans to open Milpitas Station in 2017, providing accessibility to the Great Mall and connections with VTA and AC Transit
15.
Architectural firm
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Architects have existed since early in recorded history. The earliest recorded architects include Imhotep and Senemut, no writings exist to describe how these architects performed their work. However, as nobles it is reasonable to assume they had staffs of assistants and retainers to help refine and it was only in the 19th century that architecture began to be practiced as a full-time profession. In the United States, Charles Bulfinch is the first person believed to have worked as a professional architect. Henry Hobson Richardson may have one of the first to have an established office and McKim, Mead. The oldest active architecture firms in the United States are SmithGroup of Detroit, MI and Luckett and Farley of Louisville, KY, in the United Kingdom, Brierley Groom is the oldest continuing practice being founded in 1750 at York, England. They may be the oldest active architectural practice in the world, in the United States architects are licensed by the individual U. S. states, in Canada by the individual provinces, and in Australia by the individual Australian states. Licensure is usually achieved by a combination of education, internship. Although architects are licensed individually, state laws allow them to join together in firms, some states require the firm to obtain a registration to provide architectural services. Others merely require that the work of the firm be performed under the direct supervision of an architect licensed in the state. A few US states allow corporations to provide architectural services provided that an employee of the firm serves as architect of record for any project. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a firm must have a business registration. The firm needs at least one registered professional within the team to offer a full architectural service, a professional indemnity insurance is also compulsory. Sometimes the title of principal is limited to owners who hold a certain percentage of ownership interest in a firm, some firms may also use the title principal-in-charge, which denotes an architect who oversees the firms services in connection with a specific project. In the United Kingdom and other countries, the principal of a firm is responsible for the practice. It is generally a qualified architect, architectural technologist, engineer or an architectural designer, small firms with fewer than 5 people usually have no formal organizational structure, depending on the personal relationships of the principals and employees to organize the work. Medium-sized firms with 5 to 50 employees are often organized departmentally in departments such as design, production, business development, large firms of over 50 people may be organized departmentally, regionally, or in studios specializing in project types. Advances in information technology have made it possible for firms to open offices or establish alliances with other firms in different parts of the world
16.
Ontario International Airport
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It is currently owned and operated under a joint powers agreement with the city of Ontario and San Bernardino County. The year 2007 saw the peak in traffic with 7.2 million passengers. More recently, in 2015,4.2 million passengers used the airport, in 2015 Southwest Airlines carried 59% of departing passengers. In 1923 a landing field was established east of Central Avenue on land leased from the Union Pacific Railroad, the airfield was named Latimer Field after an orange-packing company next to the airstrip. An airport was built there by one of the first flying clubs in southern California, in 1929, the city of Ontario purchased 30 acres, now in the southwest corner of the airport, for $12,000, and established the Ontario Municipal Airport. In 1941 the city bought 470 acres around the airport and approved construction of new runways, the 6, 200-foot east/west runway and the 4, 700-foot northeast/southwest runway cost $350,000. On 27 February 1942, an Army Air Corps plane made the first landing at the new airport, by 1943, the airport was an Army Air Corps Lockheed P-38 Lightning training base and North American P-51 Mustang operating base. In 1946 Ontario Municipal Airport was renamed Ontario International Airport because of the cargo flights originating there. On 17 May 1946, two Army surplus steel hangars arrived at the airport, which the Ontario city council had authorized the $50,000 purchase of just the previous week, city officials were pleased to have secured a bargain. Thought to be the only available in the U. S. City Manager Harold J. Martin observed that if they could be acquired at a later date. A Pacific Overseas Airlines flight from Shanghai arrived at Ontario on 18 May 1946, in 1949 Western Airlines began scheduled flights, in 1955 Bonanza Air Lines flights started. Western and Bonanza nonstops did not reach beyond Las Vegas, in 1962 Western began nonstop flights to San Francisco. In 1967 Bonanza began nonstop F27 flights to Phoenix, Ontario and Los Angeles entered into a joint powers agreement, making Ontario International Airport part of the Los Angeles regional airports system. In 1968 the airport saw its first scheduled jet flights, in 1970 United Airlines started a nonstop to Chicago and American started flights to Dallas. In September 1986, Ontario hosted the Concorde supersonic airliner during a promotional round-the-world flight, in 1981 a second east-west runway, 26L/8R, was built, necessitating the removal of the old NE-SW runway 4/22. Remnants of the 4/22 runway are visible in the present-day taxiways, with the completion of the new runway, the existing runway 25/7 became 26R/8L. In 1985, the city of Los Angeles acquired Ontario International Airport outright from the city of Ontario, in 1987, Runway 26R/8L was extended to the east to bring the two runway thresholds side by side, so aircraft would be higher over neighborhoods
17.
Interstate 15 in California
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The route consists of the southernmost 287.26 miles of I-15, a major Interstate Highway that extends north through Nevada, a short section of Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Montana to the Canada–US border. It is a thoroughfare for traffic between San Diego and the Inland Empire, as well as between Southern California, Las Vegas, Nevada, and points beyond. South of its junction at Interstate 8 in San Diego, the highway becomes SR15, extending 5.59 miles to Interstate 5, about 12 miles from the Mexican border. This segment was signed as a state route instead of an Interstate. Including this segment, the length of Route 15 is 293.64 miles. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriffs Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway, SR15 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System. SR15 begins south of I-5 at 32nd Street near Harbor Drive, after this, SR15 has an interchange with SR94, which has been cited as not being up to Interstate standards. Between the Polk Avenue and Orange Avenue overpasses, the freeway goes under a city park that was built on top of the freeway during construction in 2001, pedestrian bridges were also built at Monroe Avenue and Landis Street to reduce the effects of the freeway geographically dividing the community. Between I-8 and I-805, SR15 follows the alignment of 40th Street. It continues seamlessly into the terminus of I-15 at I-8 in San Diego. On the northbound conversion to I-15 at I-8, there is no End SR15 sign, there are various local names for the highway, such as the Escondido Freeway between San Diego and Escondido. I-15 between SR163 and Pomerado Road/Miramar Road is known as the Semper Fi Highway in recognition of the nearby Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. I-15 between Scripps Poway Pkwy and Camino Del Norte is known as the Tony Gwynn Memorial Freeway in recognition of Tony Gwynn who played in the San Diego Padres, North of the Escondido city limits it is known as the Avocado Highway, whose designation ends upon entering Temecula. There are other names as noted below. Heading northward, I-15 currently begins at I-8, at the place that its continuation, SR15. I-15 goes through Mission Valley and intersects with SR52, before merging with SR163, after traversing the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, I-15 comes into Rancho Peñasquitos, where it intersects with the end of SR56. Northward, the route crosses Lake Hodges inside the upper San Diego city limits, I-15 continues north into Escondido, where it interchanges with SR78. In Riverside County, SR79 joins I-15 and runs concurrently with the route for a 3. 2-mile portion in Temecula, then, I-15 intersects with the southern end of I-215, which continues the designation of the Escondido Freeway
18.
Interstate 10 in California
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In the greater Los Angeles area, it is known as the Santa Monica Freeway and the San Bernardino Freeway, linked by a short concurrency on Interstate 5 at the East Los Angeles Interchange. Interstate 10 also has designated as either the Rosa Parks Freeway or the Redlands Freeway. The California Streets and Highways Code defines Route 10 from Route 1 in Santa Monica to Route 5 near Seventh Street in Los Angeles. Route 101 near Mission Road in Los Angeles to the Arizona state line at the Colorado River via the vicinity of Monterey Park, Pomona, Colton, Indio, and Chiriaco Summit and via Blythe. This short section of Route 10 between Route 5 and Route 101, which was defined as Route 110 until 1968, is signed overhead for I-10 eastbound. This I-5/I-10 cosigning is consistent with the Federal Highway Administrations Interstate Highway route logs that such an overlap exists for the segment of I-10 in California, I-10 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System. However, it is not actually a scenic highway as designated by Caltrans, the Santa Monica Freeway is Route 10 from Route 1 to Route 5, as named by the State Highway Commission on April 25,1957. The section between the Harbor and San Diego freeways is also signed as the Rosa Parks Freeway, after the African American civil rights activist, the I-10 freeway is signed as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway in Santa Monica. Interstate 10 begins in the city of Santa Monica when State Route 1 turns into a freeway, SR1 exits onto Lincoln Boulevard and heads south while I-10 continues east. Soon after it enters the city of Los Angeles, I-10 has a interchange with Interstate 405. On the western edge of downtown, I-10 has an interchange with Interstate 110 to the south, I-10 then travels along the southern edge of downtown to the East Los Angeles Interchange. At the East Los Angeles Interchange, State Route 60 diverges east towards Riverside, I-10 then turns north, running concurrently with Interstate 5 for a few miles. Then, Interstate 10 heads east and merges with the traffic from the spur to US101 onto the San Bernardino Freeway, the freeway is 14 lanes wide from the Harbor Freeway interchange to the Arlington Avenue off-ramp. Most of these lanes are full at peak travel times, the remainder of the freeway varies between eight and 10 lanes in width. The whole freeway opened in 1965, with a dedication held in 1966. All three freeway-to-freeway interchanges along its length are notorious for their congestion, and are ranked among the top 10 most congested spots in the United States. Due to the traffic volume, car accidents are so common that Caltrans has constructed special Accident Investigation Sites separated from the freeway by fences. These enable the California Highway Patrol to quickly clear accidents from the traffic lanes
19.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
20.
Saks Fifth Avenue
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Saks Fifth Avenue is an American luxury department store owned by the oldest commercial corporation in North America, the Hudsons Bay Company. Its main flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, Saks Fifth Avenue is the successor of a business founded by Andrew Saks in 1867 and incorporated in New York in 1902 as Saks & Company. Saks died in 1912, and in 1923 Saks & Co. merged with Gimbel Brothers, Inc. which was owned by a cousin of Horace Saks, Bernard Gimbel, operating as a separate autonomous subsidiary. On September 15,1924, Horace Saks and Bernard Gimbel opened Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City, with a full-block avenue frontage south of St Patricks Cathedral, facing Rockefeller Center. The architects were Starrett & van Vleck, who developed a reticent, the first full-line year-round Saks store opened in Chicago, in 1929, followed by another resort store in Miami Beach, Florida. In 1938, Saks expanded to the West Coast, opening in Beverly Hills, by the end of the 1930s, Saks Fifth Avenue had a total of 10 stores, including resort locations such as Sun Valley, Idaho, Mount Stowe, and Newport, Rhode Island. More full-line stores followed with Detroit, Michigan, in 1940 and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in Downtown Pittsburgh, the company moved to its own freestanding location approximately one block from its former home on the fourth floor in the downtown Gimbels flagship. The San Francisco location opened in 1952, competing locally with I, BATUS Inc. acquired Gimbel Bros. Inc. and its Saks Fifth Avenue subsidiary in 1973 as part of its diversification strategy. More expansion followed from the 1960s through the 1990s including the Midwest, in 1990, BATUS sold Saks to Investcorp S. A. which took Saks public in 1996 as Saks Holdings, Inc. In 1990, Saks Off 5th was launched, an outlet store offshoot of the main brand, in 1998, Proffitts, Inc. the parent company of Proffitts and other department stores, acquired Saks Holdings Inc. Upon completing the acquisition, Proffitts, Inc. changed its name to Saks, since 2000 Saks has opened international locations in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, and Mexico City. In August 2007, the United States Postal Service began an experimental program selling the plus zip code extension to businesses, the first company to do so was Saks Fifth Avenue, which received the zip code of 10022-SHOE for the eighth-floor shoe department in its flagship Fifth Avenue store. During the 2007-2009 recession, Saks Fifth Avenue had to some stores and to cut prices and profit margins. It took three years before it could start selling at closer to full price, on July 29,2013, the Hudsons Bay Company, owner of the competing chain Lord & Taylor, announced it would acquire Saks Fifth Avenues parent company for US$2.9 billion. Plans called for up to seven Saks Fifth Avenues to open in major Canadian markets, the store opened in February 2016 with a second Toronto area location in the Sherway Gardens shopping center opening in spring 2016. On January 6,2014, Marigay McKee, previously Chief Merchant at Harrods and she stepped down 15 months later on April 2,2015, and was replaced by Marc Metrick, a former executive at Saks’s parent company, Hudson’s Bay. Starting in 2015 Saks began a million, three-year restoration of its Fifth Avenue flagship store. In the summer of 2015, it was announced that Saks will debut a new location in Greenwich, in the fall of 2015, Saks was planning to replace its existing store at the Houston Galleria with a new store
21.
H&M
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H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB is a Swedish multinational clothing-retail company, known for its fast-fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. H&M and its associated brands operate in 62 countries with over 4,000 stores and, as of 2015 and it is the second largest global clothing retailer, just behind Spain-based Inditex. The company was founded by Erling Persson in 1947, when he opened his first shop in Västerås, the shop, called Hennes, exclusively sold womens clothing. In 1968, Persson acquired the hunting apparel retailer Mauritz Widforss, which led to the inclusion of a collection in the product range. The company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1974, shortly after, in 1976, the first store outside of Scandinavia opened in London. H&M continued to expand in Europe, and began to online in 1998. The two-letter domain was registered in the early 1990s, but data on the first registration is lost, the first US store opened in 2000 on Fifth Avenue, New York. In 2008, the company announced in a release that it would begin selling home furnishings. Initially distributed through the online catalogue, there are now H&M Home stores located internationally. Its worth was estimated at $12–16 billion, H&M operated 2,325 stores at the end of 2011, and 2,629 stores at the end of August 2012. Its 3, 000th store opened in September 2013 in Chengdu, the first H&M store to open outside of Sweden was in Norway in 1964, and the first to open outside of Scandinavia was in the United Kingdom in 1976. H&Ms expansion outside of Europe started with the US in 2000, in November 2004, selected company stores offered an exclusive collection by fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld. In November 2005, the company launched a collection by Stella McCartney and, in November 2006, in March 2007, it launched another collaboration designed by the pop star Madonna. In June 2007 the company worked with game developers Maxis to create a stuff pack for the latters The Sims 2 computer game, in November 2007, the company launched a collection by Italian designer Roberto Cavalli. It was reported that the sold out very quickly. Also in 2007, another design with Kylie Minogue was launched in Shanghai, in the spring of 2008 the Finnish company Marimekko was selected as guest designer and was followed by Japanese Comme des Garçons in the fall. In 2008, H&M used the song Hang On by British singer-songwriter Lettie as background music to its UK website. For spring and summer 2009, the British designer Matthew Williamson created two exclusive ranges for the company – the first being a collection of womens clothes released in selected stores, the second collection saw Williamson branch into menswear for the first time, only in selected stores
22.
Skechers
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Skechers is an American lifestyle and performance footwear company for men, women and children. Headquartered in Manhattan Beach, California, the brand was founded in 1992, now the second largest athletic footwear brand in the United States, Skechers earned more than $3 billion in revenues during the 2015 fiscal year. As of January 2016, the company employed more than 9,200 people worldwide, Skechers also produces sport and performance apparel for men and women. Through licensing agreements, the company offers branded bags, watches, eyewear, Skechers has an extensive network of global distributors that sell its product in over 160 countries and territories, and more than 1,710 Skechers stores around the world. In 2012, Skechers agreed to settle a class action lawsuit for $40 million based on a U. S. Federal Trade Commission complaint that it had misled customers with its Shape-Ups ads
23.
Nike, Inc.
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The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. It is one of the worlds largest suppliers of athletic shoes and apparel, as of 2012, it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide. In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $19 billion, making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses. The company was founded on January 25,1964, as Blue Ribbon Sports, by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, the company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey between 1995 and 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro, in addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of Just Do It, Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports, was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, says Davis, I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I dont care all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me, in fact, I didnt like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight, but I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine. In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000, by 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1967, due to increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley. By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end, BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear, which would bear the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson. The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18,1971, patent and Trademark Office on January 22,1974. In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, the following year, the agency created the first brand ad for Nike, called There is no finish line, in which no Nike product was shown. By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U. S. athletic shoe market, together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nikes primary ad agency. Walt Stack was featured in Nikes first Just Do It advertisement, wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to Lets do it, the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its line to encompass many sports
24.
Forever 21
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Forever 21 is an American fast fashion retailer with its headquarters in Los Angeles, California. More than 60% of its apparel is made in China and the average size is 38,000 square feet. Forever 21 is known for its offerings and its low pricing. The company sells clothing, accessories, and beauty products for women, men, the company has been involved in various controversies, ranging from labor practice issues to copyright infraction accusations to religion. The clothing ages from toddler to grownup, for kids and adults, Forever 21 is the 5th largest specialty retailer in the United States. Originally known as Fashion 21, the first Forever 21 store was founded in Los Angeles, California on April 21,1984 by husband and wife, Do Won Chang and Jin Sook Chang. The store is located at 5637 N. Figueroa Street in the Highland Park district of Los Angeles and is still in operation, designs similar to those seen in South Korea were sold and targeted to the Los Angeles Korean American community. In its first year in operation, sales totaled $700,000, and as of February 2014, Forever 21 generated a revenue of $3.8 billion. Originally, Forever 21 only sold clothes for women, but later expanded to sell menswear, most Forever 21 stores now sell clothes for both men and women. In September 2001, the Asian Pacific American Legal Center and the Garment Worker Center, workers’ advocacy groups, filed a lawsuit against Forever 21, charging them of violating labor practice laws. Forever 21 denounced the accusations, asserting its commitment to fair labor practices, a three-year boycott of Forever 21 was held throughout the United States by the garment workers and this movement was captured in the Emmy Award-winning documentary, Made in L. A. Although the charge was dismissed by U. S. District Court Judge Manuel Real, attorney Robin D. Dal Soglio asserted that both Forever 21s reputation and its sales were impacted by the allegations and protests. On the other hand, Kimi Lee, the director of one of the groups that represented the workers. Both cases ended in a settlement in December 2004, five Forever 21 employees filed a class action lawsuit in January 2012, declaring they were not compensated for the time they worked during their lunch breaks and the time spent on bag checks. After the Labor Department found that some of Forever 21s suppliers had violated federal laws on wages and record keeping. U. S. District Court Judge Margaret Morrow ordered Forever 21’s compliance after the failed to provide the documents. The retailer claimed that it tried to meet with the Labor Department, as of July 2014, the U. S. According to Forbes,50 copyright violation lawsuits have been placed against Forever 21, diane von Fürstenberg sued the retailer insisting it copied four of her dresses
25.
Nordstrom Rack
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Nordstrom Rack is a fashion retailer based in the United States which is owned by Nordstrom and has both brick and mortar stores and an E-commerce website. Nordstrom Rack offers branded clothing and accessories for women, men, Nordstrom Rack has been constantly growing and has over 113 brick and mortar stores. In 1973, Nordstrom Rack opened their first store in Seattle as a clearance outlet full-line store, the first Nordstrom Rack location was in the basement of a downtown Seattle Nordstrom store. Their website was launched in February 2014 by Hautelook who was acquired by Nordstrom in 2011, the Nordstrom Rack e-commerce site was built on a shared platform with Hautelook, which is Nordstrom’s flash sale business. When visiting the Nordstrom Racks website, there is an option to navigate back, Nordstrom Rack makes up about a fifth of Nordstroms overall sales. Since 2013 Nordstrom Rack has generated over 2.5 billion dollars in sales, in 2017 Nordstrom Rack plans on opening stores in Canada which will begin their global expansion. Nordstrom E-commerce brick and mortar Hautelook Nordstrom Racks official website homepage
26.
Uniqlo
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Uniqlo Co. Ltd. is a Japanese casual wear designer, manufacturer and retailer. The company has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Fast Retailing Co. Ltd. since November 2005, the company operates in Japan and several other countries. Since March 1949, a Yamaguchi-based company, Ogori Shōji existed in Ube, in May 1984, they opened a unisex casual wear store in Fukuro-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima under the name Unique Clothing Warehouse. Initially, from the contraction of unique clothing, the brand was going to register under uni-clo. However, in 1988, during administration work between Hong Kong in relation to the brand, staff in charge of registration misread the C as Q, from then, Tadashi Yanai changed the store name to uniqlo across Japan. In September 1991, the name of the company was changed from Ogori Shōji to Fast Retailing, in 1997, Fast Retailing adopted a set of strategies from American retailer The Gap, known as SPA, meaning that they would produce their own clothing and sell it exclusively. They engaged the retail brand consultancy, CIA, Inc, Uniqlo had begun outsourcing their clothing manufacturing to factories in China where labour was cheap, a well-established corporate practice. Japan was in the depths of a recession at the time, and their advertising campaigns, clothing quality and new retail layouts also proved fruitful. In November 1998, they opened their first urban Uniqlo store in Tokyos trendy Harajuku district, in 2001, sales turnover and gross profit reached a new peak, with over 500 retail stores in Japan. When Uniqlo decided to expand overseas, it separated Uniqlo from the parent company, in 2002 their first Chinese Uniqlo outlet was opened in Shanghai along with four overseas outlets in London, England. But sales did not go well in England, and stocks in Japanese warehouses were overflowing, in 2002 and 2003, Uniqlo profits dropped sharply. In 2004, the company began joint ventures with Japanese fashion magazines and they teamed up with new designers, and profits rose, including at London outlets. The acquisition of other companies by Fast Retailing also helped the struggling company get back on its feet. 2005 saw more expansion, with stores opening in the United States, Hong Kong and South Korea. As of year-end 2005, in addition to its overseas holdings, by 2006 sales were $4 billion. By April 2007, the company had set a sales goal of $10 billion and a ranking among the top five global retailers, joining what at the time was Gap, H&M, Inditex. Fast Retailing signed a consulting contract for Uniqlo products with fashion designer Jil Sander in March 2009. In January 2015, a number of rights violations were reported at Uniqlo suppliers in China
27.
Projection screen
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A projection screen is an installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience. Projection screens may be installed, as in a movie theater, painted on the wall. As in a room or other non-dedicated viewing space. Another popular type of portable screens are inflatable screens for movie screening. Flat or curved screens may be used depending on the used to project the image. Screens can be designed for front or back projection, the more common being front projection systems. In commercial movie theaters, the screen is a surface that may be either aluminized or a white surface with small glass beads. The screen also has hundreds of small, evenly spaced holes to allow air to and from the speakers and subwoofer, rigid wall-mounted screens maintain their geometry perfectly just like the big movie screens, which makes them suitable for applications that demand exact reproduction of image geometry. Such screens are used in home theaters, along with the pull-down screens. Pull-down screens are used in spaces where a permanently installed screen would require too much space. These commonly use painted fabric that is rolled in the case when not used. Fixed-frame screens provide the greatest level of tension on the screens surface. They are often used in theater and professional environments where the screen does not need to be recessed into the case. Electric screens can be mounted, ceiling mounted or ceiling recessed. These are often larger screens, though electric screens are available for theater use as well. Electric screens are similar to pull-down screens, but instead of the screen being pulled down manually, switchable projection screens can be switched between opaque and clear. In the opaque state, projected image on the screen can be viewed from both sides and it is very good for advertising on store windows. Mobile screens usually use either a pull-down screen on a free stand and these can be used when it is impossible or impractical to mount the screen to a wall or a ceiling
28.
AMC Theatres
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Founded in 1920, AMC has the largest share of the American theater market ahead of Regal Entertainment Group and Cinemark Theatres. The chain has 346 locations in North America, and 86 more locations in mainland China, the companys headquarters are located in Leawood, Kansas. AMC Theatres was founded in 1920 by the Dubinsky Brothers, who had been traveling the Midwest performing melodramas and they purchased the Regent Theatre on 12th Street between Walnut and Grand in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The Dubinskys eventually changed their name to Durwood, and the company formed was called Durwood Theatres. In 1961, Edwards son Stanley took control of Durwood Theatres, then a small 10-theatre chain, Stanley had attended Harvard University and served as a navigator in the U. S. Air Force during World War II. He renamed Durwood Theatres as American Royal Cinema on October 1,1968, as he later explained to Variety magazine, We needed to define what our company was doing in the business. It was structured under the belief that every customer was a guest, under its new name, AMC opened the two-screen Parkway Twin theatre in a shopping center on Kansas Citys Ward Parkway in 1963. This marked the companys first foray into using the multiplex model, the industry quickly embraced the multiplex concept, where additional screens meant very little difference in staff and operating costs, but resulted in a significant increase in profits. The concept also provided more film choices at one location, drawing bigger crowds and it also gave owners the flexibility to show big hits on more screens, and less reliance on any individual film that could turn out as a bust. By the 1980s, the company was experiencing strong growth, AMC had built and was operating a number of ten-screen multiplex cinemas in the United Kingdom, including sites at locations such as Dudley and Tamworth. These were subsequently bought and taken over by UCI, in the later part of the decade, AMC MeyerPark in Houston, Texas opened with 14 screens, and became the largest theatre in the United States under one roof at the time. AMCs megaplexes were a success overseas as well, on December 20,1996, AMC opened the AMC Arrábida 20 in Portugal. At the time, AMC was publicly traded on AMEX under the code AEN, the company filed for a $450 million IPO in its third such filing since 2006 on 14 July 2010. Stanley Durwood died in 1999, and was succeeded by Peter Brown, gerardo I. Lopez succeeded Brown as CEO and president on March 2,2009. Previously, Lopez was the Executive Vice President of President Consumer Products Group, Seattles Best Coffee and Foodservice at Starbucks. Under new leadership, one of the first major announcements came in March of the same year, the company used to have its headquarters in downtown Kansas City. The state of Kansas had offered $47 million in incentives to get the 400 jobs to move, the company continues to officially be headquartered in Kansas City, although it has moved its headquarters to the Ten Main Center, where it now leases space. The disability rights group had accused the company of only providing closed captioning or audio description systems at some of its locations in the state, AMC was acquired by Dalian Wanda Group, a Chinese conglomerate headquartered in Dalian, in May 2012
29.
Multiplex (movie theater)
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A multiplex is a movie theater complex with multiple screens within a single complex. They are usually housed in a designed building. Sometimes, an existing venue undergoes a renovation where the existing auditoriums are split into smaller ones, the largest of these complexes can sit thousands of people and are sometimes referred to as a megaplex. Megaplex theaters always have stadium seating, and may have other amenities not found at smaller movie theaters. Multiplex theatres often feature regular seating, in about 1915 two adjacent theatres in Moncton, New Brunswick, under the same ownership were converted to share a single entrance on Main Street. There were separate ticket booths once patrons entered the door and different programs were shown, the arrangement was so unusual that it was featured by Robert Ripley in his Believe It or Not. In 1937 James Edwards twinned his Alhambra Theater in the Los Angeles area by converting an adjacent storefront into a second annex screen, while both screens would show the same feature movie, one would also offer a double bill. It did not convert to showing different movies on both screens until some time after Taylor, the main screen remained the Patricia Theatre and the Patricia Annex became known as the Little Patricia. In December 1947 Nat Taylor, the operator of the Elgin Theatre in Ottawa, Canada, opened a smaller second theater next door to his first theater. It was not until 1957, however, that Taylor decided to run different movies in each theater, Taylor opened dual-screen theaters in 1962 in Place Ville Marie in Montreal, Quebec, and at Yorkdale Plaza in Toronto, Ontario, in 1964. The programming was coordinated, so one of them showed documentary. While the other was showing feature films and they were in use at least until the 1990s. AMC followed up on the Parkway Twin with a theater in 1966. Durwoods insight was that one box office and one stand could easily serve two attached auditoriums. In 1965 Martins Westgate Cinemas became one of the first indoor two-screen theaters in Atlanta, located in East Point, Georgia, it was later converted into a three-screen venue after a fire partially destroyed one of the theaters. The Disney family film Those Calloways had its premier at the Westgate. Opening in April 1979, the 18-screen Cineplex, co-founded by Nat Taylor in Torontos Eaton Centre and it was expanded to 21 screens by at least 1981. In November 1988, Kinepolis Brussels opened with 25 screens, and is credited as being the first megaplex
30.
Dave & Buster's
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Dave & Busters is an American restaurant and entertainment business headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Each Dave and Busters has a restaurant and a video arcade. As of July 2016, the company has 83 locations across the United States, the company does not license the D&B concept internationally or domestically. The first Dave & Busters was opened in Dallas in 1982 by David Corriveau, in 1989, Edison Brothers Stores purchased a majority ownership in the restaurant to finance further expansion into other cities. Dave & Busters was spun off from Edison Brothers, and went public with Andy Newman as chairman in 1995, D&B acquired nine Jillians locations after Jillians filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy in 2004. Seven of these Jillians locations have been re-branded with the Dave & Busters name, the company announced on December 8,2005, that it would be acquired by private equity firm Wellspring Capital Management. On July 16,2008, Dave & Busters Holdings Inc, the company had set a date for the Initial public offering IPO of October 5,2012. However, it pulled out right before it opened, in June 2010, Oak Hill Capital Partners, in partnership with the companys management team, completed its acquisition of Dave & Busters from Wellspring Capital Management. In October 2014, Dave & Busters launched a second IPO, the offering raised $94 million, which will be used for debt repayments. Shares will be traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange using the symbol PLAY, items on the Dave & Busters menu are offered from early lunch until late night and feature a wide variety of food. The selections include pastas, burgers, steaks, seafood, chicken, the menu is updated to reflect current trends and guest favorites. Buffets are available for events and private parties. All D&Bs offer full bar service, the entertainment attractions offer traditional and modern, high-tech games. The Dave & Busters Power Card replaces traditional tokens and tickets, the Power Card enables customers to activate games more easily and encourages extended play of games to increase customer spending. By replacing most coin activations, the Power Card has reduced the technical difficulties, Dave & Busters is a corporate sponsor of the Ultimate Fighting Championship organization. There are screening rooms for every UFC pay-per-view and episode of The Ultimate Fighter, D&B also sponsors the charity Dave Bevans Children in the fundraising event D&B for DBs. Prior sponsorships include a World Wrestling Entertainment match and a 2009 tour by the rock band Bowling for Soup, the WWE match took place on the July 20,2009, edition of WWE Raw on the USA Network. It is believed to be the first match on any WWE program to have a specific sponsor associated with it, Dave & Busters also sponsors postgame reports of San Jose Sharks games
31.
Amusement arcade
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In some countries, some types of arcades are also legally permitted to provide gambling machines such as slot machines or pachinko machines. Games are usually housed in cabinets, the term used for ancestors of these venues in the beginning of 20th century was penny arcades. Video games were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s and were most popular during the age of arcade video games. Arcades became popular with children and particularly adolescents, which led parents to be concerned that video game playing might cause them to skip school, a penny arcade can be any type of venue for coin-operated devices, usually for entertainment. The term came into use about 1905-1910, the name derives from the penny, once a staple coin for the machines. Coin operated shooter games Penny arcades later led to the creation of video arcades in the 1970s, Arcades catering for video games began to gain momentum in the late 1970s with games such as Space Invaders and Galaxian and became widespread in 1980 with Pac-Man, Centipede and others. The central processing unit in these games allowed for more complexity than earlier games such as Ataris Pong. This emphasis on the gameplay explains why many of these continue to be enjoyed as of 2014. The golden age of arcade games in the 1980s became a peak era of video arcade game popularity, innovation. Color arcade games became more prevalent and video arcades themselves started appearing outside their traditional bowling-alley, designers experimented with a wide variety of game genres, while developers still had to work within strict limits of available processor-power and memory. The era saw the spread of video arcades across North America, Western Europe. The number of arcades in North America, for example. Beginning with Space Invaders, video games also started to appear in supermarkets, restaurants, liquor stores, gas stations. This boom came to an end in the mid-1980s, in what has been referred to as the great coin-op video crash of 1983, on November 30,1982, Jerry Parker, the Mayor of Ottumwa, Iowa, declared his city the Video Game Capital of the World. This initiative resulted in many firsts in video game history, playing a central role in arcade history, Ottumwa saw the birth of the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard and the U. S. National Video Game Team, two organizations that still exist today. These systems essentially provided arcade-only consoles where the video game ROM could be swapped easily to replace a game and this allowed easier development and replacement of games, but it also discouraged the hardware innovation necessary to stay ahead of the technology curve. In fact, several arcade systems such as Segas NAOMI board are arcade versions of home systems, the arcade industry entered a major slump in mid-1994. In the late 1990s, a bar opened in the new Crown Casino complex in Melbourne, Barcode was a games bar with the latest arcade games, the classics, pool tables, air hockey and pinball machines which you could play while consuming alcohol
32.
Tory Burch
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Tory Burch is an American fashion designer, businesswoman, and philanthropist, who has won several fashion awards for her designs. She is the Chairman, CEO, and Designer of Tory Burch LLC, in 2015, she was listed as the 73rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes. Burch was born in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Reva and she was raised with her three brothers in a Valley Forge farmhouse, a 250-year-old Georgian near the Valley Forge National Historical Park. Her father was an investor who inherited a stock exchange seat. He dated Grace Kelly and Joan Bennett before marrying Reva, an actress who had dated both Steve McQueen and Marlon Brando, Burch is Jewish on her mothers side. Burch attended the Agnes Irwin School in Rosemont, Pennsylvania where she was captain of the tennis team and her first job was at Benetton in the King of Prussia Mall. She then attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta and she majored in art history, and graduated in 1988. After graduating from college, Tory moved to New York City where she worked for Zoran and she then moved into public relations and advertising positions at Vera Wang, Polo Ralph Lauren and Loewe when Narciso Rodriguez was there. Burch began her fashion label – TRB by Tory Burch, later known as Tory Burch – in February 2004, Most of the inventory sold out on the first day. When Oprah Winfrey endorsed her line on The Oprah Winfrey Show in April 2005, calling Burch the next big thing in fashion, since launch, the company has grown to include more than 190 Tory Burch stores worldwide. In 2015 Burch also introduced a separate performance activewear line, Tory Sport, with a dedicated website, a stand-alone store on Fifth Avenue in New York, as well as boutiques in East Hampton and Dallas, followed in 2016. Burchs style has been described as preppy-boho and preppy-bohemian luxe, and is associated with her T-logo medallion. Known for being easy to wear and versatile, her styles are popular with women of all ages, including the viewers and fans of the television show Gossip Girl, where they were often featured. In 2007, there were wait lists to buy Tory Burch fashions, Burch named her line of Reva ballerina flats after her mother. In 2005, Burch won the Rising Star Award for Best New Retail Concept from the Fashion Group International, in 2007, she won the Accessory Brand Launch of the year award at the Accessories Council Excellence Awards. In 2008, Burch won the Council of Fashion Designers of America award for Accessories Designer of the Year, working Mother included her on their list of the 50 Most Powerful Moms of 2015. In 2015, she received the Breast Cancer Research Foundations Sandra Taub Humanitarian Award, Burch has consistently been included on Forbes list of The World’s 100 Most Powerful Women. As of 2015, she is listed as the 73rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes
33.
Ann Inc.
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Ann Inc. is an American group of specialty apparel retail chain stores for women. The company headquartered in New York City and operates as a subsidiary of Ascena Retail Group, the stores offer classic styled suits, separates, dresses, shoes and accessories. The brand is marketed under five divisions, Ann Taylor, LOFT, Lou & Grey, Ann Taylor Factory, Richard Liebeskind, the founder of Ann Taylor, opened his first Ann Taylor store in New Haven, Connecticut in 1954. Ann Taylor was the name of a dress at Liebskinds fathers store. Both the best-selling dress and the name Ann Taylor were given by the father to his son, Richard Liebeskind, Liebeskind decided to go with the name Ann Taylor because Ann was considered a very New England name, and Taylor evoked the image of tailored clothing. The name supposedly created the identity of classic womens apparel. In May 1991, the company completed a public offering resulting in aggregate net proceeds of approximately $166.5 million. In March 2011, the changed its name to Ann Inc. from Ann Taylor Stores Corporation. On May 18,2015 Ascena Retail Group announced a $2.16 billion acquisition of Ann Inc, the buyout was completed on August 21,2015. Ann Inc. will operate as an Ascena Retail Group subsidiary going forward, Ann Taylor is a chain of clothing stores for women. Ann Taylor stores compete in the category, with clothing targeted at affluent career women. Ann Taylor was founded in 1954, LOFT, originally Ann Taylor LOFT, was established in 1996 as an extension of the original Ann Taylor brand, offers more relaxed fashions for work and home, in the upper moderate priced category. Lou & Grey sells active-wear fashion, Ann Taylor Factory, offers reduced prices, as well as Ann Taylor Factory merchandise. The company is now moving away from Ann Taylor Factory clearance stores and are changing their stores to carry Ann Taylor Factory merchandise, there are currently 128 LOFT Outlet stores throughout the U. S. Ann Taylor Celebrations, was launched in August 2005, it is a collection featuring dresses, wraps, sashes, shoes. Each piece in the Collection is dyed to match, the Collection can be worn for occasions from wedding parties to black tie and special events. In 2009 this line began being offered online only, Ann Taylor Collections, was launched 2007 and consists of luxury apparel, accessories, and shoes made using Italian made fabrics and yarns. The craftsmanship is of a value and the price point is higher than other pieces
34.
Ralph Lauren
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Ralph Lauren is an American fashion designer, philanthropist, and business executive, best known for the Ralph Lauren Corporation, a global multibillion-dollar enterprise. He has also become known for his collection of rare automobiles. Lauren stepped down as Chief Executive Officer of the company in September 2015 but remains its Executive Chairman, as of October 2016, Forbes estimates his wealth at $5.5 billion, which makes Ralph Lauren the 233rd richest person in the world. Ralph Lauren was born in The Bronx, New York City, to Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants, Frieda and Frank Lifshitz and he is the youngest of four siblings – two brothers and one sister. Lauren attended day school followed by MTA, before graduating from DeWitt Clinton High School in 1957. He grew up playing basketball and baseball and he wanted to be Joe DiMaggio, and then he wanted to be a movie star. Lauren constantly draws inspiration from his heroes including Frank Sinatra, Cary Grant and he went to Baruch College, at the City University of New York where he studied business, although he dropped out after two years. From 1962 to 1964 he served in the United States Army, the Ralph Lauren Corporation started in 1967 with men’s ties. At 28 years-old, Lauren worked for the tie manufacturer Beau Brummell, drawing on his interests in sports, Ralph Lauren named his first full line of menswear ‘Polo’ in 1968. He worked out of a drawer from a showroom in the Empire State Building. By 1969, the Manhattan department store Bloomingdales sold Lauren’s men line exclusively and it was the first time that Bloomingdale’s had given a designer their own in-store boutique. In 1971, Ralph Lauren Corporation launched a line of tailored shirts for women, the first full women’s collection was launched the following year. 1971 also marked the opening of Ralph Lauren’s store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills and this is the first freestanding store for an American designer. In 1972 the Ralph Lauren Corporation introduced a signature cotton mesh Polo shirt in various colors, featuring the polo player logo at the chest, the shirt became emblematic of the preppy look—one of Ralph Laurens signature styles. The tag line for the ad campaign was, Every team has its color -- Polo has seventeen, in 1977, Diane Keaton and Woody Allen wore Lauren’s clothes throughout their Oscar-winning film, Annie Hall. The first Ralph Lauren fragrances, produced by Warner-Lauren, Ltd. were launched at Bloomingdales in March 1978, Lauren, a fragrance for women, on March 12 and Polo, cologne for men, on March 26. This was the first time that a designer has introduced two fragrances – one for men and one for women – simultaneously, Ralph Lauren opens his first flagship in the Rhinelander mansion, on Madison Avenue and 72nd Street in New York City in 1986. Lauren re-creates the buildings original opulence with a design consultant named Naomi Leff
35.
Hugo Boss
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Hugo Boss AG, often styled as BOSS, is a German luxury fashion house. It was founded in 1924 by Hugo Boss and is headquartered in Metzingen, originally focusing on uniforms, it was a supplier for Nazi Party organizations both before and during World War II. After the war and the death in 1948, Hugo Boss started to turn its focus from uniforms to mens suits. In 1924, Hugo Boss started a company in Metzingen, a small town south of Stuttgart. Due to the climate of Germany at the time, Boss was forced into bankruptcy. In 1931, he reached an agreement with his creditors, leaving him with six sewing machines to start again and that same year, he became a member of the Nazi Party and a sponsoring member of the Schutzstaffel. He also joined the German Labour Front in 1936, the Reich Air Protection Association in 1939, after joining these organizations, his sales increased from 38,260 RM to over 3,300,000 RM in 1941. His profits also increased in the time period from 5,000 RM to 241,000 RM. Though he claimed in a 1934–35 advertisement that he had been a supplier for National Socialist uniforms since 1924 and this is the year he became a Reichszeugmeisterei-licensed supplier of uniforms to the Sturmabteilung, Schutzstaffel, Hitler Youth, National Socialist Motor Corps, and other party organizations. For production in years of the war, Hugo Boss used prisoners of war and forced labourers, from the Baltic States, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia. According to German historian Henning Kober, the managers were fervent Nazis who were all great admirers of Adolf Hitler. In 1945 Hugo Boss had a photograph in his apartment of him with Hitler, in a 1946 judgment he was stripped of his voting rights, his capacity to run a business, and fined a very heavy penalty of 100,000 DM. He died in 1948, but his business survived, as a result of the ban on Boss being in business, his son-in-law Eugen Holy took over ownership and running of the company. In 1950, after a period supplying work uniforms, the received its first order for mens suits. By 1960 the company was producing ready made suits, in 1969, Eugen retired, leaving the company to his sons Jochen and Uwe, who began international development. In 1970, the first Boss branded suits were produced, with the brand becoming a registered trademark in 1977 and this was followed by the start of the companys long association with motorsport, sponsoring Formula One driver Niki Lauda, and later the McLaren Racing team. In 1984, the first Boss branded fragrance appeared and this helped the company gain the required growth for listing on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange the following year. The brand entered the world of golf by sponsoring Bernhard Langer in 1986, in 1989, Boss launched its first licensed sunglasses
36.
DKNY
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DKNY is a New York-based fashion house specializing in fashion goods for men and women, founded in 1984 by Donna Karan. Karan worked for 15 years at Anne Klein, including 10 as its head designer, in 1984 Karan and her late husband Stephan Weiss were offered the opportunity to start their own business by the owner of Anne Klein, Takihyo LLC. The company became a publicly traded venture in 1996, in 2001 it was purchased by the French conglomerate corporation LVMH. In 2015 Donna Karan left as chief designer at Donna Karan International, to focus on her Urban Zen brand, LVMH sold Donna Karan International, with the Donna Karan and DKNY brands, to the GIII Apparel Group in 2016 for $650 million. G-III, based in New York City, is a manufacturer and distributor of clothing and accessories under their brands, licensed brands. In July 1991 she launched her first menswear collection, the New York part on the label is there to set the pace, the attitude of the fashion houses offering. Inspired by her daughter Gaby, Donna Karan founded DKNY in 1989 as a younger, many labels and brands have branched off of the original DKNY brand/label including DKNY Jeans, DKNY Active, DKNY Underwear, DKNY Juniors, DKNY Kids, DKNY Pure. DKNY Men, launched in 1992, consists of tailored suits, dress wear, formalwear, casual wear, sportswear, the Donna Karan Beauty collection, which specializes in fragrances, was launched in 1992. In 2001, the Donna Karan Home collection, which includes traditional luxury bedding and accessories, and DKNY Home, cara Delevingne has been the face of DKNY for multiple seasons. Stores opened in London in 1997 and New York City in 1999, the DKNY headquarters is located at 550 Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, New York. DKNY has also opened stores in Denmark. Since 2005, Donna Karan has offered online shopping of its DKNY, products range from DKNY and DKNY Jeans womenswear, accessories, underwear, shoes, baby clothing, the PURE collection to DKNY menswear. The latter was available up until the spring 2002 season, since then only the DKNY Jeans label, underwear, eyewear and watches have been offered online for men. After Stanton learned of the use of his photography, he publicly asked DKNY to donate $100,000 to the YMCA to help with summer programs, amidst strong criticism on social media sites, DKNY apologized and donated $25,000 to the YMCA. Stanton then asked his followers on the HONY Facebook page to make up the difference to reach his goal of $100,000. Today she is looking to sell off its Donna Karan business, less than a year after the fashion designer stepped down from her namesake brand, negotiations are reported to be “ongoing, but a price has not yet been agreed, ” Official website Original Donna Karan website
37.
Tommy Hilfiger
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Thomas Jacob Tommy Hilfiger is an American fashion designer best known for founding the lifestyle brand Tommy Hilfiger Corporation in 1985. After starting his career by co-founding a chain of clothing and record stores in upstate New York in the 1970s, the company later expanded into womens clothing and various luxury items such as perfumes, and went public in 1992. In 1997, Hilfiger published his first book, titled All American, A Style Book, Hilfigers memoirs American Dreamer, co-written with Peter Knobler, were published November 1,2016. Hilfigers collections are often influenced by the fashion of music subcultures and marketed in connection with the music industry, in 2005, contestants in the CBS reality show The Cut competed for a design job with Hilfiger in a similar fashion to The Apprentice. In 2006, Hilfiger sold his company for $1.6 billion to Apax Partners and he remains the company’s principal designer, leading the design teams and overseeing the entire creative process. In 2012 Hilfiger was awarded the Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, thomas Jacob Tommy Hilfiger was born March 24,1951 in Elmira, New York. The second of nine children, both of his parents were practicing Catholics and his father Richard was a watchmaker of Dutch-German descent and his mother Virginia was a nurse of Irish descent. Hilfiger also claims descent from the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Hilfiger has described his upbringing as very happy and he credits his parents with instilling a good work ethic and compassion for others. Hilfiger had an early interest in sports, fashion, and the music industry, one of his brothers, Andy Hilfiger, went on to work as a musician and designer, while Hilfigers other brother Billy Hilfiger would join King Flux as a guitarist. Hilfiger graduated from the Elmira Free Academy high school in 1970 and his parents wanted him to get a college education and pursue a traditional career, and for a time he attended GST BOCES Bush Campus in Elmira. Hilfiger spent the summer of 1969 working in a store on Cape Cod. Opened in 1971 as People’s Place, the first store was located in downtown Elmira in what is now the site of First Arena, and had a salon, a record shop. To stock the store, Hilfiger and his friends would drive to New York City to buy clothing such as bell-bottoms, peasant blouses, and leather jackets. Slightly unsatisfied with the clothing he bought from suppliers, Hilfiger began sketching his own designs. I knew from early work that designing would be my life. Despite its initial success, after seven years of selling hippie supplies like bell-bottoms, incense and records out of ten stores, the Peoples Place went bankrupt in 1977, he’s often referred to this point in his life as his real-world MBA. At this point Hilfiger enrolled in classes on commerce and the side of the fashion industry
38.
Perry Ellis
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Perry Edwin Ellis was an American fashion designer who founded his eponymous sportswear house, in the mid-1970s. Ellis influence on the industry has been called a huge turning point. Ellis was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, on March 3,1940 and his father owned a coal and home heating oil company, which enabled the family to live a comfortable middle-class life. Perry graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Portsmouth, Virginia in 1957 and he then studied at the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, Virginia, and graduated with a degree in business administration in 1961. To avoid the draft, Ellis enlisted in the United States Coast Guard Reserve with service that included six months of duty with the Coast Guard. He graduated from New York University with a degree in retailing in 1963. Ellis started out in department store retailing in the Richmond, Virginia area to experience in the fashion industry as a buyer and merchandiser at the department store Miller & Rhoads. While there, he was co-founder of Richmond retail shop A Sunny Day and he later joined the sportswear company John Meyer of Norwich in New York City. Eventually, in the mid-1970s, he was approached by his employer, The Vera Companies, famous for their polyester double-knit pantsuits. Soon after that, Ellis presented his first womens sportswear line, called Portfolio, although he could not sketch, he knew exactly how the industry worked and proved a master of innovative ideas who created new classics that American women longed for at the time. Ellis, together with The Vera Companies parent company, founded his own house, Perry Ellis International. He opened his showroom on New Yorks Seventh Avenue, as the companys chairman and head designer he later developed Perry Ellis Menswear Collection – marked by non-traditional, modern classics. Step by step, he added shoes, accessories, furs, throughout the 1980s the company continued to expand and include various labels such as Perry Ellis Collection and Perry Ellis Portfolio. By 1982, the company had more than 75 staff, in 1984, Perry Ellis America was created in cooperation with Levi Strauss. In 1985, he revived his lesser-priced Portfolio product line, in the early 1980s, wholesale revenues had figured at about $60 million. By 1986 that number had risen to about $260 million, highly praised professionally and personally, Ellis believed that fashion dies when you take it too seriously. Of Perry Ellis fashion design, Michael Bastian remarked that no one did it better, Ellis served as president of the Council of Fashion Designers of America from 1984 to 1986. In 1981, Ellis began a relationship with attorney Laughlin Barker, later that year, Ellis appointed Barker the President of the licensing division of Perry Ellis International
39.
Calvin Klein
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Calvin Klein Inc. is an American fashion house founded by the fashion designer Calvin Klein. The company is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and is owned by PVH. In 1968, Klein founded Calvin Klein Limited, a shop in the York Hotel in New York City. The first Calvin Klein collection was a line of youthful, understated coats, in September 1969, Klein appeared on the cover of Vogue magazine. By 1971, Klein had added sportswear, classic blazers, in 1973, he received his first Coty American Fashion Critics Award for his 74-piece womenswear collection - the youngest recipient at that time. Klein won the award again in 1974 and 1975, by 1977, annual revenues had increased to $30 million, and Klein had licenses for scarves, shoes, belts, furs, sunglasses, and sheets. Klein and Schwartz were making $4 million each, after the company signed licenses for cosmetics, jeans, and menswear, Kleins annual retail volume was estimated at $100 million. In 1978, Klein claimed sales of 200,000 pairs of his famous jeans the first week they were on the market, by 1981, Fortune figured Kleins annual income at $8.5 million a year. In the mid-1970s, he had created a designer-jeans craze by putting his name on the back pocket. The gift was assumed by Schwartz to be part of the upcoming line, in the late 1970s, the company also made attempts to set up its own fragrance and cosmetics lines, but soon withdrew from the market with big financial losses. The stunning growth continued through the early eighties, the licensing program, which brought in $24,000 when it was initiated in 1974, had royalty income of $7.3 million ten years later. That year, worldwide sales were estimated at more than $600 million. His annual income passed $12 million, and indeed, in late 1987, it was said that the sale of the company to Triangle Industries, a container manufacturer, had only failed because of the crashing stock market. During his 1990-1995 stint as Calvin Kleins head of design, John Varvatos pioneered a type of mens underwear called boxer briefs. Made famous by a series of 1992 print ads featuring Mark Marky Mark Wahlberg, Klein was named Americas Best Designer for his minimalist all-American designs in 1993, and it came as a surprise in 1999 when it was announced that CKI was again up for sale. Planning to expand its business, the company had been approached by two luxury goods companies, LVMH and Pinault Printemps Redoute, to join Calvin Klein, but nothing resulted. Other potentials like Tommy Hilfiger Corp. and Italys Holding di Partecipazioni proved to be similar disappointments because of CKIs steep price tag of supposedly $1 billion, after seven months and no potential buyer, Klein announced that his empire was not on the market anymore. The company would never manage to go public, which had supposedly been Kleins plan once, in mid-December 2002, Calvin Klein Inc
40.
Tapestry, Inc.
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Coach, Inc. is a multinational luxury fashion company based in New York City. Coach was founded in 1941, as a workshop in a loft on 34th Street in Manhattan, with six leatherworkers who made wallets. In 1946, Miles Cahn and his wife Lillian joined the company, Miles and Lillian Cahn were owners of a leather handbag manufacturing business, and were knowledgeable about leatherworks and business. By 1950, Cahn had taken over the business, during the early years, Cahn noticed the distinctive properties and qualities of the leather used to make baseball gloves. With wear and use, the leather in a glove became softer and suppler, attempting to mimic this process, Cahn made a way of processing the leather to make it stronger, softer, and more flexible. Since the leather absorbed dye very well, this also created a richer, deeper color in the leather. Soon after Cahn developed this new process, Lillian Cahn suggested to Miles that the supplement the factorys mens accessories business by adding womens leather handbags. The sturdy cowhide bags were an immediate hit, Miles and Lillian Cahn bought the company through a leveraged buyout in 1961. In 1961, Cahn hired Bonnie Cashin, a sportswear pioneer, Cashin revolutionized the products design, working as creative head for Coach from 1962 through 1974. Cashin instituted the inclusion of side pockets, coin purses, in 1979, Lewis Frankfort joined the company as vice-president of business development. During this time, Coach was making $6 million in sales and products were being distributed through the wholesale channel. He was mentored by the then executive VP of sales, Richard Rose, Richard joined Coach in 1965, and he is credited with making Coach a household name after putting the product in department stores across the United States and abroad. He retired from his position in the company in 1995, in 1981, under Frankforts leadership, the company opened its first directly operated retail location on Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. Coach was then sold to Sara Lee Corporation for a reported $30 million, Lew Frankfort succeeded Cahn as president. Sara Lee structured Coach under its Hanes Group, in early 1986, new boutiques were opened in Macys stores in New York City and San Francisco. Additional Coach stores were under construction, and similar boutiques were to be opened in major department stores later that year. By November 1986, the company was operating 12 stores, along with nearly 50 boutiques within department stores. In 1996, Lew Frankfort was named chairman and CEO of Coach, the following year, under Frankforts leadership, Coach hired Reed Krakoff, whose creative and commercials instincts aimed to make Coach products functional, lightweight, and stylish
41.
Kate Spade
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Kate Valentine, formerly known as Kate Spade, is an American fashion designer and businesswoman. She is the namesake and former co-owner of the designer brand, in 2006, she sold the last of her shares in that company. In 2016, she and her partners launched a new fashion brand called Frances Valentine. Brosnahan was born in Kansas City, Missouri and she graduated from St. Teresas Academy, an all-girl Catholic high school. She attended the University of Kansas and then transferred to Arizona State University, joined Kappa Kappa Gamma, in 1986, she worked in the accessories department of Mademoiselle in Manhattan, where she was credited in the magazines masthead with her maiden name as Katy Brosnahan. While at Mademoiselle, she moved in with Andy Spade, a native of Scottsdale, the two had worked side-by-side as salespersons in a mens clothing store, Carters Men Shop in Phoenix, Arizona. Together, they were featured in the magazine as part of a story on couples in love. She left Mademoiselle in 1991, with the title of senior fashion editor/head of accessories, while working for Mademoiselle, she had noticed that the market lacked stylish and sensible handbags, and she decided to create her own. Kate and Andy Spade launched the New York–based design company kate spade handbags in January 1993. As the name implies, they initially sold handbags, but eventually extended to clothing, jewelry, shoes, stationery, eyewear, baby items, fragrances, tabletop, bedding. In 2004, kate spade at home was launched as a home collection brand and it featured bedding, bath items, china, wallpaper and various items for the home. She also shared about her style and philosophies in her three books, Manners, Occasions, and Style. The brand went international in 2004, when a store was opened in Aoyama, Tokyo, after selling the remaining portion of her ownership stake in the Kate Spade brand in 2006, Spade took time off to raise her daughter. In 2016, she and her partners launched a new brand called Frances Valentine, the names Frances and Valentine are from her family members and she added the two names to her own legal name. Neiman Marcus Group purchased 56% of the Kate Spade brand in 1999, Neiman Marcus then sold the Kate Spade label for $124 million in 2006 to Liz Claiborne Inc. which was later renamed to Fifth & Pacific. In February 2014, Fifth & Pacific changed its name to Kate Spade & Company, craig A. Leavitt became the new CEO, succeeding William McComb. Kate Spade New York has over 140 retail shops and outlet stores across the United States and their products are sold in more than 450 stores worldwide, in every time zone and on every continent. The company grew to include retail outlets as well as selling their products through such high-end stores as Bloomingdales, Saks Fifth Avenue, in 1996, the Council of Fashion Designers of America awarded Spade Americas New Fashion Talent in Accessories for her classic designs
42.
Michael Kors
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Michael Kors is a New York City-based American sportswear fashion designer. Kors was the first women’s ready-to-wear designer for the French house Celine, Kors was born Karl Anderson, Jr. on Long Island, New York, the son of Joan Hamburg, a former model, and her first husband, Karl Anderson, Sr, a college student. His mother remarried Bill Kors when he was five, and his surname was changed to Kors, Kors mother is Jewish and his father was of Swedish descent. Kors married his partner, Lance Le Pere, on August 16,2011, in Southampton, Kors affinity for fashion started when he was very young. His mother thought his affinity might have caused in part by his exposure to the apparel industry through her modeling career. Michael, at the age of five, even redesigned his mothers wedding dress for her second marriage, as a teen, Kors began designing clothes and selling them out of his parents basement, which he renamed the Iron Butterfly. Kors also took acting lessons when he was young, but stopped when he was 14 when he decided to focus on becoming a fashion designer, in 1977, he enrolled at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City. However, he dropped out after nine months and took a job at a boutique across from Bergdorf Goodman on 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan. Shortly after, Dawn Mello, the director at Bergdorf. She asked if he would show his collection to Bergdorf Goodmans buyers, in 1981, Kors launched the Michael Kors womenswear line at Bloomingdales, Bergdorf Goodman, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. In 1990, the company launched KORS Michael Kors, a bankruptcy in 1993 forced him to discontinue the KORS line for a time. He managed to get back on his feet by 1997 and launched a lower priced line, in his tenure at Celine, Kors turned the fashion house around with successful accessories and a critically acclaimed ready-to-wear line. Kors left Celine in October 2003 to concentrate on his own brand, Kors launched his menswear line in 2002. The MICHAEL Michael Kors and KORS Michael Kors lines were launched in 2004, the MICHAEL Michael Kors line includes womens handbags and shoes as well as womens ready-to-wear apparel. Currently, Kors has Collection boutiques in New York, Beverly Hills, Palm Beach, as of the end of the first fiscal quarter in 2016, Kors has over 770 Lifestyle stores around the world. The year 2011 marked the 30th anniversary of Kors business, michelle Obama wore a black sleeveless dress from the designer for her first term official portrait as First Lady and later sported Kors again at the 2015 State of the Union address. Joan Allen wore his gown when she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the The Contender, jennifer Garner wore a custom creation as an Academy Award presenter in 2006. As creative director of Celine, Kors designed many outfits for actresses to wear on screen, including Gwyneth Paltrow in Possession, one of his gowns was worn by Alicia Keys for her performance at Barack Obamas inaugural ball on January 21,2013
43.
Lego
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Lego is a line of plastic construction toys that are manufactured by The Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. The companys flagship product, Lego, consists of interlocking plastic bricks accompanying an array of gears, figurines called minifigures. Lego pieces can be assembled and connected in ways, to construct objects, vehicles, buildings. Anything constructed can then be taken again, and the pieces used to make other objects. The Lego Group began manufacturing the interlocking toy bricks in 1949, since then a global Lego subculture has developed. Supporting movies, games, competitions, and six Legoland amusement parks have developed under the brand. As of July 2015,600 billion Lego parts had been produced, in February 2015, Lego replaced Ferrari as Brand Finances worlds most powerful brand. The Lego Group began in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen, a carpenter from Billund, Denmark, in 1934, his company came to be called Lego, derived from the Danish phrase leg godt, which means play well. In 1947, Lego expanded to begin producing plastic toys, in 1949 Lego began producing, among other new products, an early version of the now familiar interlocking bricks, calling them Automatic Binding Bricks. These bricks were based in part on the Kiddicraft Self-Locking Bricks, Lego modified the design of the Kiddicraft brick after examining a sample that they received from the supplier of an injection-molding machine that Lego purchased. The bricks, originally manufactured from cellulose acetate, were a development of the traditional wooden blocks of the time. The Lego Groups motto is det bedste er ikke for godt which means only the best is the best. This motto, which is used today, was created by Ole Kirk to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality. Although a common sentiment, Lego toys seem to have become a significant exception to the dislike of plastic in childrens toys, by 1954, Christiansens son, Godtfred, had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. It was his conversation with a buyer that led to the idea of a toy system. In 1958, the brick design was developed, however, it took another five years to find the right material for it. The modern Lego brick design was patented on 28 January 1958, in 1978, Lego produced the first minifigures, which have since become a staple in most sets. The results will be shared with schools as part of an educational project, in May 2013, the largest model ever created was displayed in New York and was made of over 5 million bricks, a 1,1 scale model of an X-wing fighter
44.
Disney Store
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The Disney Store is an international chain of specialty stores selling only Disney related items, many of them exclusive, under its own name and Disney Outlet. Disney Store is a unit of Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media. Disney Store was the first retail-tainment, or entertainment store, Disney Store is a partner in Disney at Harrods, which includes a Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique salon. Disneys Character Warehouse Outlet Store was licensed out to liquidator Asset Management & Sales LLC to sell overstock, the Character Warehouse just have a few permanent location while having temporary stores at times. Asset Management & Sales is owned by Janie and Gary Stump, the first Disney Store opened in the Glendale Galleria in Glendale, California on March 28,1987. The first overseas Disney Store opened November 1990 in London, England, doug Murphy was hired by Disney Store as manager of new business development in September 1991 then promoted to head business development in April 1993. The first Japanese location opened in 1992 as did the first Australian store, in 1992, Disney Dollars were available at Disney Stores. The second Mickeys Kitchen opened in May 1991 in Schaumburg, Illinois, in March 1992, Disney Stores closed the two Mickeys Kitchen as the restaurants were only breaking even while well received by the customers as the company wanted to focus on overseas expansions. On October 24,1994, its Disney Store Ltd. opened its first location in a New Territories shopping center, in 1994, Disney Stores opened its flagship location in New York City. A Disney Store location opened next to the El Capitan Theatre in its building in 1998, doug Murphy was appointed vice president of the Walt Disney Gallery for Disney Store in December 1994. On September 16,1997, Disney Stores opened its first ESPN—The Store at the Glendale Galleria, in September 1999, the three store chain was closed down. When Disney indicated that new model would be rolled out to 350 stores. Analyst had indicated that Disney had over build stores, by April 2001,20 stores were redone in the high tech style when a new president, Peter Whitford, was hired. In late 2002, two new prototypes were rolled out in Canoga Park and Torrance. In March 2002, Disney Stores Worldwide announced that the chain would be split into two types of stores, Disney Play and Disney Kids at Home while also continuing closing stores to reach 350 by 2005, some were expected to be a hybrid of both concepts. This roll out of the two brands was expected to take 3 years. On March 31,2003, its 16 Australian locations closed, with lackluster films, high-priced and high-margin items, sales dropped while continuing to over open stores. The company closed hundreds of stores in order to make a slim profit, the Japanese stores were sold to The Oriental Land Company in 2002, while most North American stores were sold and licensed in November 2004 to The Childrens Place
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Bose Corporation
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Bose Corporation /ˈboʊz/ is an American privately held corporation, based in Framingham, Massachusetts, that designs, develops and sells audio equipment. Founded in 1964 by Amar Bose, the company sells its products throughout the world, forbes estimates that in the 2015 financial year, Bose received revenue of US$3.5 billion and employed approximately 11,700 people. Bose is best known for its home audio systems and speakers, noise cancelling headphones, professional audio systems, the company has also conducted research into suspension technologies for cars and heavy-duty trucks and into the subject of cold fusion. Bose has a reputation for being particularly protective of its patents, trademarks, a majority of Bose Corporations shares were given by Amar Bose in 2011 to his alma mater and former employer, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. However, while they receive cash dividends, they are prohibited from selling their shares in Bose and are unable to participate in the management, the company was founded in 1964 by Amar Bose. Eight years earlier, Bose, then a student at MIT, had purchased a stereo system and was disappointed with its performance. This led him to research the importance of reverberant sound on perceived audio quality, Bose began extensive research aimed at clarifying factors that he saw as fundamental weaknesses plaguing high-end audio systems. e. The listeners head as a sonic diffraction object as part of the system, eight years later, he started the company, charging it with a mission to achieve Better Sound Through Research, now the company slogan. In an interview in 2007 Bose talked about a review that kept the company alive. One magazine in the United States High Fidelity, a really credible magazine, had one reviewer named Norman Eisenburg who really knew his music, in those days I used to take the loudspeaker to the reviewer. I packed my son and loudspeaker in the car and went off and he came out with a review titled Surround and Conquer. He was not known to do things like that, everybody in the press knew he knew music, and it resulted in rave reviews one after another, and we were able to survive. Boses first loudspeaker product, the model 2201, dispersed 22 small mid-range speakers over an eighth of a sphere and it was designed to be located in the corner of a room, using reflections off the walls to increase the apparent size of the room. An electronic equalizer was used to flatten the spectrum of this system. The results of listening tests were disappointing and he believes that distortion is much overrated as a factor in perceived quality in the complex sounds that comprise music. The ultimate test, Bose insists, is the perception of audible quality. This reluctance to publish information is due to Boses rejection of these measurements in favour of more meaningful measurement and this led to a speaker design that aimed eight identical mid-range drivers at the wall behind the speaker, and a ninth driver towards the listener. The purpose of design was to achieve a dominance of reflected over direct sound in home listening spaces
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Tumi
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Tumis are most often associated with Pre-Inca cultures in the Peruvian Coastal Region and in some cases with the Inca culture itself. The most common examples of the tumi are associated with the Peruvian cultures of the Chimor, the festival took place at the end of the potato and maize harvest in order to thank the Sun for the abundant crops or to ask for better crops during the next season. During this important religious ceremony, the High Priest would sacrifice a black or white llama. Using a tumi, he would open the animals chest and with his hands out its throbbing heart, lungs and viscera. Later, the animal and its parts were completely incinerated, other Andean cultures such as the Paracas have used the tumi for the neurological procedure of skull trepanation. These soft metals would not have allowed for the killing of animal or cutting of any kind of flesh. Tumi knives were produced for use by elite members of society which included them being used in elite burial ceremonies. On November 21,2006, archaeologists announced that they had unearthed 22 graves in northern Peru containing pre-Inca artifacts, among the artifacts were the first tumi knives ever discovered by archaeologists. All previous examples had been recovered from grave looters, in 1936 a tumi was discovered in the valley of Batan Grande, Illimo, Lambayeque, Peru. It is really more an ax than a knife with a weight of 992 grams and this tumi is believed to have the figure of Naylamp on its top, as many tumis are thought to have a depiction of this symbolic figure. Naylamp was a hero and founder of the Lambayeque, or Sican, culture. The legend goes, that when Ñaylamp died, or disappeared, after founding the Lambayeque culture, he grew wings and this hero-king founder of Lambayeque built a temple named Chot where he placed a large stone that he called Llampallec, which means statue of Ñaylamp. In this temple many ceremonies and rituals were offered using a tumi, the knife or Tumi of Illimo is represented with a mask of a bird, wings and bird shaped eyes. The mythic stories about the bird named Ñaylamp and the hero warrior founder of Lambayeque are represented in the knife or Tumi of Illimo by a birdman, Tumi knives often include depictions of birds or winds in order to symbolize Ñaylamp as well. In modern Peru, to hang a tumi on a wall means good luck, the tumi is the national symbol of Peru and has become a symbol used in Peruvian tourism publicity and can be found depicted on tourist gifts such as mugs and key chains. Battle axe Pre-Columbian Trephination Tumi Mochica Ceremonial Knife Inca Art Peru Cultural Society - Tumi, the Ceremonial Knife
47.
Movado
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Movado is an American watchmaker best known for its Museum Watch. Designed in 1947 by Bauhaus-influenced artist Nathan George Horwitt, the dial has a very simple design dial defined by a solitary dot at 12. It was first made by Vacheron & Constantin-Le Coultre Watches, Inc. Horwitts dial was selected for the permanent design collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 1960, the first watch dial awarded this distinction. The single dot dial now appears in many of Movados timepieces, Movado was founded as LAI Ditescheim & Freres SA in 1881 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, by Léopold Achille Isidore Ditesheim. In 1983, the company was purchased by Gedalio Grinberg, a Cuban-born Jew and his son, Efraim Grinberg, is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Movado Group, Inc. The North American President of Movado is Alan Chinich, in 2006, Movado celebrated its 125th year of watchmaking. On February 23,1999, Movado Group, Inc. completed the sale of Piaget business to VLG North America, the company markets the Museum Watch, designed by the American designer Nathan George Horwitt in 1947. It was first manufactured by Vacheron & Constantin-Le Coultre Watches, Inc, Movado started producing an unauthorized version starting in 1948, copying Horwitts design. It was added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in 1960, Movado finally settled with Horwitt in 1975 with a payment of $29,000. Following Horwitts death, Movado started heavy promotion of Horwitt and the design of the Museum Watch, photographer Edward Steichen called Horwitts design the only truly original and beautiful one for such an object. Some Movado watch models have Esperanto names such as Bela, Belamodo, Fiero, Brila, Linio, the companys name means movement in that language. In November 2015, Movado announced the release of the Movado Motion collection of fine Swiss made watches, the collection includes the women’s Bellina and the men’s Museum Sport models. Movado commissioned Time Sculpture by architect Philip Johnson, the bronze sculpture with granite base, located outside Lincoln Center in New York City, was dedicated May 19,1999. Official Site G Grinbergs Obituary in the New York Times
