1.
West Sussex
–
West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel. Chichester in the southwest is the county town and only city in West Sussex, with the largest towns being Crawley, Worthing, West Sussex has a range of scenery, including wealden, downland and coastal. The highest point of the county is Blackdown, at 280 metres and it has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling, although the name Sussex, derived from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is from the Saxon period between AD477 to 1066, the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone Age. The oldest hominin remains known in Britain were found at Eartham Pit, Sussex has been occupied since those times and has succumbed to various invasions and migrations throughout its long history. Prehistoric monuments include the Devils Jumps, a group of Bronze Age burial mounds, the Romans used the Weald for iron production on an industrial scale. The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians, the Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex. With its origins in the kingdom of Sussex, the county of Sussex was traditionally divided into six units known as rapes. By the 16th century, the three western rapes were grouped together informally, having their own separate Quarter Sessions and these were administered by a separate county council from 1888, the county of Sussex being divided for administrative purposes into the administrative counties of East and West Sussex. In 1974, West Sussex was made a ceremonial county with the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time a part of the eastern rape of Lewes was transferred into West Sussex. Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level, from 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions, each catering for several parishes, took on the job. Most settlements in West Sussex are either along the south coast or in Mid Sussex, the town of Crawley is the largest in the county with an estimated population of 106,600. The coastal settlement of Worthing closely follows with a population of 104,600, the seaside resort of Bognor Regis and market town Horsham are both large towns. Chichester, the county town, has a cathedral and city status, much of the coastal town population is part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. Rustington and Southwater are the next largest settlements in the county, there are several more towns in West Sussex, although they are of similar size to other villages. The smaller towns of the county are Arundel, Midhurst, Petworth, Selsey, the larger villages are Billingshurst, Copthorne, Crawley Down, Cuckfield, Henfield, Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint, Lindfield, Pulborough and Storrington. The current total population of the county makes up 1. 53% of Englands population, West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east
West Sussex
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Chichester Market Cross
West Sussex
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West Sussex shown within England
West Sussex
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1813/54 one inch to the mile OS map
West Sussex
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Wakehurst Place Gardens,
Ardingly
2.
Jean-Pierre Van Rossem
–
Jean-Pierre Van Rossem is a Belgian stock market guru, economist, econometrician, author, philosopher, Public figure, politician and former member of the Belgian & Flemish Parliament. He studied economics at the University of Gent in 1963-67 and he became famous as a stock market guru with Moneytron, a stockmarket investment company that could offer apparently endless returns. His customers included everybody who had money in Europe including the Belgian Royal Family, the Moneytron was supposed to be a super computer able to predict economic fluctuations, and the access to its room was strictly forbidden, behind a closed door in Van Rossems office. Van Rossem had developed a model that could predict the stock market and his sympathies for the theories of Karl Marx did not stop him investing for the very wealthy in the world and accumulating 860 million dollars for himself. At its height, Van Rossem owned a Motor Yacht, The Destiny Of 89 million Dollars,108 Ferraris &2 Falcon 900s each worth 30 million Dollars, later everything was sold to pay debts. Due to belief in the Moneytron system and also his sense of show, in 1991, he was sentenced to 5 years in jail for scams, according to him, it was A way to fuck the system. In prison, he wrote a personal diary Gevangenis Boek, which he later released and he was the sponsor of a Formula One team in 1989, Moneytron Onyx, which placed 10th of the 21 teams. The biggest success he got with this was 3rd place at the Grand Prix of Portugal with driver Stefan Johansson in 1989. In 1991, Van Rossem founded his own libertarian protest party ROSSEM, according to many, to gain political immunity, the name of the party stood for ‘Radicale Omvormers en Sociale Strijders voor een Eerlijker Maatschappij’. Rossem himself seated in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives from November 1991 to May 1995 & the Flemish Parliament from January 1992 to May 1995. In 2014 he went back to the elections with his party ROSSEM, Van Rossem was against the Belgian monarchy. In 2002 the Extreme Right Politician Wim Verreycken compared Rossem with the murdered Dutch Politician Pim Fortuyn as political stunts at a meeting of the Belgian Senate. Hoe genezen we onze zieke ekonomie, Moneytron, How the system works Is Outperformance of Security Markets Possible with Modern Econometrics. Van Rossems beleggings- en belastinggids editie 1993 Wie vermoordde André Cools, de engel in de duivel Belgisch uranium voor de eerste Amerikaanse en Russische atoombommen Official website Official Facebook Official Youtube
Jean-Pierre Van Rossem
–
Jean Pierre Van Rossem
3.
Monteverdi (car)
–
Monteverdi was a Swiss brand of luxury cars created in 1967 by Peter Monteverdi and based in Binningen on the southern edge of Basel, Switzerland. By 1967, he had decided to undertake production of exclusive high performance luxury sports. The first model, the 2-seater Monteverdi High Speed 375S coupé, was launched at that years Frankfurt Motor Show, the car used a heavy and simple steel frame provided by Stahlbau Muttenz GmbH with an aluminium body designed by Pietro Frua. It looked quite similar to other Frua creations of that time, particularly the Maserati Mistral Coupé, there are rumours that all the three shared some details like windows etc. The elegant looking car was powered by a 440c. i, chrysler V8 engine delivering up to 375 bhp and had a luxurious interior finished to the highest standards. Eleven copies of the Frua-designed Monteverdi coupé were built from 1968 to 1969, then the alliance of Monteverdi, not long before, Frua had built two 2+2 coupés with a stretched wheelbase. One of them was presented as Monteverdi 375/L, the other one stayed for years at Frua before, in 1971, it was slightly modified. In 1969, Monteverdi chose the small Carrozzeria Fissore for further collaboration, Fissore re-designed the 375 Coupé and built the bodies that were then delivered to Monteverdi in Switzerland, where the cars were finally assembled. Now, the car has square lines but still elegant proportions, the 2+2 form became the standard model but subsequently other body styles were offered. First, there was a short-wheelbase two-seat coupé called the 375/S and those cars are extremely rare nowadays. Soon, Monteverdi also offered a sedan called 375/4 and about 30 were built. Other variations on the theme were the 1974 Berlinetta with a different front styling and Triumph TR6 tail lights and another convertible, called Palm Beach. The production of luxury cars ended in 1976. By that time, Monteverdi had started the production of a new kind of car. The first model was the Monteverdi Sahara and it was not a Monteverdi development but a boutique car. Monteverdi used a technically unchanged International Harvester Scout, changed the grill, the second model was the Safari. In this case, Monteverdi also used a Scout but most of the bodywork was changed, in addition to standard Scout 5/5.6 litre V8 there was an option to install the 440 c. i. The car had a proper, almost Italian look, and it sold well, until the arrival of the Safari, Monteverdis production had rarely strayed deep into the double digits, but in 1979 production reached 350
Monteverdi (car)
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1971 Monteverdi High-Speed
Monteverdi (car)
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Monteverdi
Monteverdi (car)
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Monteverdi Safari: the vehicle's International Harvester Scout origins are hidden very well.
4.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
Sweden
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A
Vendel-era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities.
Sweden
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Flag
Sweden
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A
romantic nationalist interpretation of
Valdemar IV taking control over
Gotland. The final battle outside the walls of Visby in 1361 ended with a massacre of 1,800 defenders of the city.
Sweden
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Stockholm in mid-17th century
5.
Stefan Johansson
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Stefan Nils Edwin Johansson is a Swedish racing driver who drove in Formula One for both Ferrari and McLaren, among other teams. Since leaving Formula One he has won the 199724 Hours of Le Mans and raced in a number of categories, including CART, various kinds of Sports car racing, and Grand Prix Masters. He is also the manager of New Zealander Scott Dixon, winner of the 2008 Indianapolis 500, Johanssons route to Formula One was via the British Formula 3 Championship, which he won in 1980 driving for future McLaren team boss Ron Dennis Project Four team. In Formula One he participated in 103 grands prix, debuting on 13 January 1980 for the Shadow Racing Team at the 1980 Argentine Grand Prix when he was still a Formula Three regular. Johanssons first Formula One race with Spirit was at the non-championship 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch where he failed to finish due to failure of the Honda engine on lap four and he moved up to 7th place before pulling into the pits with yet another engine failure. Spirit continued to test and develop the 201C and Johansson re-entered Formula One at the 1983 British Grand Prix at Silverstone where he qualified the car in a credible 14th position. He raced in a further five Grands Prix in 1983 with a best finish of seventh in the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort. He then went on to Toleman for the last few Grands Prix of the season in place of the injured Johnny Cecotto, while at Toleman, Johanssons regular teammate was future triple World Drivers Champion Ayrton Senna. Johansson signed a contract with Toleman for 1985 but it fell through when Toleman failed to secure a tyre agreement, in 1986 he often outpaced Alboreto, despite the Italian being the teams lead driver. Johansson finished the 1986 Drivers Championship his best ever in 5th place while Alboreto and he was replaced at Ferrari by Austrian Gerhard Berger for 1987, and he moved to McLaren as number two driver behind double and reigning World Champion Alain Prost. McLaren werent as competitive in 1987 as they had been in 1984–1986, further podium finishes did follow for the Swede and Johansson finished sixth in the Drivers Championship. Johansson famously finished the 1987 German Grand Prix on three wheels having had a puncture on the last lap and he also finished second behind Prost in Belgium, and added further podium finishes in Brazil, Spain and Japan. Despite 11 podiums in three seasons, Johansson was still winless and was not wanted by a top team and he did return to McLaren in a test-driver capacity in 1991, testing the Honda V12 engine at Suzuka in Japan. Unfortunately for Johansson, he failed to come to grips with the JS31 and he did record the cars two best finishes of the year though, 9th placings in the opening race of the season in Brazil and the last race in Australia. Better was to follow in 1989 as he was signed to lead the new Onyx team and their car was temperamental and didnt always qualify, but Johansson finished a surprise and popular third in Portugal for his last podium finish. He fell out with new team owner Peter Monteverdi in early 1990 and was sacked, making further appearances for AGS. Johanssons record of podium finishes without a win was equalled by Nick Heidfeld at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix, who then took the record outright at the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix. In his 11-year Grand Prix career, in which he drove for 10 different teams, Johansson achieved 12 podiums, including 4 second places, and scored a total of 88 championship points
Stefan Johansson
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Stefan Johansson at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 2009
Stefan Johansson
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The
Toleman TG184 raced by Johansson in 1984
Stefan Johansson
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Johansson during practice for the
1985 European Grand Prix
Stefan Johansson
–
Johansson driving a
Joest Porsche WSC-95 at
Donington Park in 1997.
6.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
Belgium
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Charlemagne and
Charles V
Belgium
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Flaga
Belgium
Belgium
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Episode of the
Belgian Revolution of 1830 (1834), by
Egide Charles Gustave Wappers
7.
Bertrand Gachot
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Bertrand Gachot is a French former racing driver. Gachot was born in Luxembourg on 23 December 1962, the son of a French European Commission official and he began karting at the age of 15. In 1983 he attended Winfield School, a well-known racing-driving school in France, after this, he focused on his racing career, competing first in the Formula Ford 1600 series. By 1986, he had won the British Formula Ford championship, in 1987, Gachot joined the British Formula 3 series, finishing second in the championship for the West Surrey Racing team. In 1988, he switched to the Formula 3000 series, Gachot was considered one of the sports most promising young drivers. The team was well-funded but late in getting their car prepared, as a new entrant they were consigned to the hugely competitive Friday morning prequalifying sessions and it wasnt until the French Grand Prix that Gachot made it onto the grid. There he impressed, starting 11th and ran in the points until battery problems dropped him to an eventual 13th, Gachot then found employment with the dying Rial team for the final two races of the season, failing to qualify their ageing chassis for either race. The team folded over the winter,1990 was initially more promising as he switched to the Coloni team. The small Italian outfit had signed a deal with Subaru to use their new Carlo Chiti-designed and Motori Moderni-built 1235 flat-12 engine. However, the engine was overweight and underpowered, resulting in a car that rarely ran for more than a few laps. At the season opener in Phoenix, Gachots gear selector rod broke on his first flying lap, Subaru withdrew entirely after the British Grand Prix. Despite this Gachot was still highly regarded and was signed to lead the new Jordan Grand Prix team, well-backed by 7-Up and using Ford HB engines. The Gary Anderson designed 191 was a car and after some initial reliability problems became a regular points scorer, Gachot finished 5th in Canada. He gathered considerable acclaim for his Grand Prix performances and for winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in a Mazda, the incident prompted a campaign of support named Free Gachot organised by fellow Belgian racing driver Pascal Witmeur. When he was released from prison after two months, he had missed four Grands Prix. He travelled to Suzuka to try and retake his Jordan seat from Alessandro Zanardi, the team refused, though Gachot found employment with Larrousse, replacing the injured Éric Bernard for the Australian Grand Prix. He failed to qualify the car but impressed the team enough to be offered the seat for the following season. The team ran a Robin Herd designed Venturi chassis with V12 Lamborghini engines but suffered reliability, Gachot and team-mate Ukyo Katayama only managed 6 classified finishes between them from 31 starts, colliding with each other twice
Bertrand Gachot
–
Gachot at the 1991 United States Grand Prix
Bertrand Gachot
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Gachot giving the
Jordan team its F1 début at the
1991 United States Grand Prix.
Bertrand Gachot
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Gachot driving for
Pacific at the
1995 British Grand Prix.
Bertrand Gachot
–
Gachot's
Honda NSX Le Mans GT1 car shows his name with the
flag of Europe.
8.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
Finland
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Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp
Finland
–
Flag
Finland
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Now lying within Helsinki,
Suomenlinna is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.
Finland
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Pioneers in Karelia (1900) by
Eero Järnefelt
9.
JJ Lehto
–
Jyrki Juhani Järvilehto, better known as JJ Lehto, is a Finnish racing driver. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans twice, in 1995 and 2005 and he is also a former Formula One driver. Like many racing drivers Lehto began in karts at age 8, winning numerous events, a switch to single seaters saw him dominate the Scandinavian Formula Ford. He then won the British and European Formula 2000 championship in 1987 and went on to win the coveted British Formula 3 title in 1988, in 1989 Lehto drove in Formula 3000, again for Pacific Racing. The season was not successful and he failed to score any podium finishes and he did not participate in the last race which was held in Dijon-Prenois. In 1989 Lehto tested for Ferrari before making his Formula One debut for the Onyx team as a replacement for Bertrand Gachot. Though he failed to prequalify for his first race at Estoril he impressed with his speed in the tough sessions, in the wet season finale at Adelaide he ran as high as 5th before retiring with waterlogged electrics. Over the summer Onyx were sold to Swiss racer turned businessman Peter Monteverdi, Lehto, marked by many as a star of the future, was paired with Gregor Foitek but financial difficulties hampered his season, leading to the teams withdrawal after the Hungarian Grand Prix. For 1991 he was signed by the ambitious Scuderia Italia team, financed by Beppe Lucchini with a Dallara chassis, Judd V10 engines, due to poor results in 1990 the cars had to prequalify but soon established themselves as decent midfield runners. In the wet San Marino Grand Prix Lehto impressed by lasting in a race of attrition to finish 3rd and he impressed elsewhere but did not score again through poor reliability and bad luck. He stayed with the team in 1992, now paired with Pierluigi Martini and using Ferrari V12 engines, lehtos best result was 7th at Spa, his worst a failure to qualify at the Hungaroring. He landed the second seat at the new, much-anticipated Sauber team for 1993, the season started very well as Lehto survived a late downpour at Kyalami to score 5th place on the teams debut, then finished 4th at Imola despite a late engine failure. However, after a collision with Wendlinger at Monaco his relationship with both his team-mate and Sauber became frosty and his season tailed off with no points scored. For 1994 he saw off competition from Michele Alboreto and Luca Badoer to land the second seat at Benetton alongside Michael Schumacher, however, he injured his neck testing the new B194 in pre-season with test driver Jos Verstappen taking his place for the first two rounds of the championship. Lehto returned to the cockpit for the ill-fated San Marino Grand Prix despite some question marks over his fitness and he qualified 5th but stalled on the grid, his car being struck from behind by Pedro Lamys Lotus. This led to the safety car period which may have contributed to the death of three-times world champion Ayrton Senna and this freed him up to drive in the last two rounds for Sauber – Wendlingers own injuries had failed to heal and his previous replacement Andrea de Cesaris was unreachable. After his Formula One career stalled, and advised by his manager Keke Rosberg, Lehto joined the German Touring Car Championship, DTM, even though rated highly, victories eluded him, but this loss was probably made up by his successes in GT and sports car racing. He was an addition to the 1995 edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans in a McLaren F1 GTR
JJ Lehto
–
JJ Lehto
JJ Lehto
–
An ex-Lehto
McLaren F1 GTR
JJ Lehto
–
JJ Lehto at
2005 Petit Le Mans.
JJ Lehto
–
The scene of the boating accident
10.
Switzerland
–
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
Switzerland
–
Founded in 44 BC by
Lucius Munatius Plancus,
Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland.
Switzerland
–
Flag
Switzerland
–
The 1291 Bundesbrief (Federal charter)
Switzerland
–
The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colors are shown the subject territories.
11.
Formula One
–
Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
Formula One
–
Juan Manuel Fangio 's
1951 title-winning
Alfa Romeo 159
Formula One
–
Formula One
Formula One
–
Stirling Moss 's
Lotus 18 at the
Nürburgring during
1961
Formula One
–
Nigel Mansell 's
Williams FW10 from
1985
12.
1989 Brazilian Grand Prix
–
The 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro on 26 March 1989. It was the first race of the 1989 Formula One season, the FIRST team withdrew before the beginning of the season, as the car had failed a mandatory FIA pre-season crash test. Philippe Streiff continued as AGSs lead driver for the 1989 season, for Patrese it was actually his first front row start since he started second at the 1983 European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch, a gap of 81 races. On his debut for Ferrari, Bergers teammate Nigel Mansell qualified sixth, after the race Mansell joked that he was so convinced of his new cars unreliability that he had booked an early flight home. Johnny Herbert and Olivier Grouillard both qualified for their first Formula One races, at the start, Nicola Larini was disqualified for an illegal start. It was also the first race ever to be won by a car with a semi-automatic gearbox, Mansell cut his hands on the trophy following the race. He was joined on the podium by McLarens Alain Prost and Marchs Maurício Gugelmin, johnny Herbert finished fourth and scored points for Benetton on his debut. The hard luck of the story of the race was Arrows driver Derek Warwick, there was a problem fitting a rear wheel during his second stop for tyres which lost him over 25 seconds. He would eventually finish in 5th place, less than 18 seconds behind Mansell suggesting that the pit stop may have cost Warwick his maiden grand prix victory. Warwicks Arrows team mate Eddie Cheever collapsed after exiting his car following the collision involving the Zakspeed of Bernd Schneider that ended his race. Arrows actually had to modify Cheevers car after he failed the FIA safety check where a driver had 5 seconds to be able to exit their car. The new Ross Brawn designed Arrows A11 was a fit for the tall American. Schneider, whose car carried the new Yamaha V8 engine, only got into the race after Philippe Streiffs crash, Schneider would not qualify for another race until the seasons penultimate round in Japan some 7 months later. His new team mate Aguri Suzuki would fail to qualify for all 16 rounds of the 1989 season and this was the last Formula One race at Jacarepaguá. From 1990, the Brazilian Grand Prix would be held at a shortened Interlagos in São Paulo, riccardo Patrese 1-15, 21-22, Nigel Mansell 16-20, 28-44, 47-61, Alain Prost 23-27, 45-46 Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Pre-Qualifying results from FIA Yearbook 1989
1989 Brazilian Grand Prix
–
1989 Brazilian Grand Prix
13.
Ford Motor Company
–
The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
Ford Motor Company
–
The
Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, also known as the Glass House
Ford Motor Company
–
Henry Ford (ca. 1919)
Ford Motor Company
–
A 1910
Model T, photographed in
Salt Lake City
Ford Motor Company
–
William Clay Ford, Jr., great-grandson of Henry Ford, serves as the
executive chairman at the board of Ford Motor Company.
14.
1989 Portuguese Grand Prix
–
The 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo do Estoril in Estoril, Portugal on 24 September 1989. The 71-lap race was the thirteenth of the 1989 Formula One season and it was won by Gerhard Berger to take his first, and only, victory of the season for Ferrari. Mansell had just been black flagged at the time of incident for reversing back into his pit box after overshooting it during a stop, the podium was completed by Stefan Johansson, who took both his last and Onyxs only podium, and also Onyxs last points. During the race, Pierluigi Martini managed to lead a lap for the time in both his and Minardis time in Formula One. Ten drivers from ten different teams finished in the top ten places in the race, the race was also Alain Prosts 150th Grand Prix start, and Colonis last, though it attempted races for another two years without a single start. Ayrton Senna took his tenth pole position of the season by six tenths of a second from the Ferrari of Gerhard Berger. Alain Prost could only set a lap fast enough for fourth in his McLaren, Pierluigi Martini put in an impressive performance to qualify his Minardi in fifth place, albeit seven tenths slower than Prost. His team-mate, Luis Pérez-Sala, also did well to qualify the car in ninth place, alex Caffi qualified his Dallara in seventh position, sandwiched by the two Williamses of Patrese and Boutsen, with Boutsen ahead. Martin Brundle completed the top ten in qualifying, followed by his Brabham team-mate Stefano Modena, eventual podium finisher Stefan Johansson put his Onyx into twelfth on the grid, despite having to pre-qualify and his team-mate failing to do so. However, while Pirelli had produced better qualifying rubber, the Goodyears were still acknowledged as having superior race tyres, Berger had a great start and managed to overtake Senna. Mansell was in third followed by Prost, Martini and Patrese, Berger quickly opened a lead while Senna was trying to keep Mansell behind. Then Mansell finally managed to overtake Senna and started to catch Berger, as the two Ferraris caught up with the slower cars and were starting to lap them, Mansell managed to overtake Berger. Positions at lap 24 were, Mansell, Berger, Senna, Prost was the first of the leaders to pit for new tyres from fourth position. He was quickly followed by Berger on lap 35 and then by Senna, then came the crucial moment of the race. Mansell came into the slightly too fast, locked his tyres. Although his pit crew moved down the pit lane to try to change his tyres where he had stopped, Mansell engaged reverse gear and drove backwards the short distance into the correct spot. After the leaders went to pit for tyres, Pierluigi Martini led a lap in the Minardi, Berger, Senna and Mansell quickly overtook Martini and Mansell closed on Senna. However, as driving a car in reverse in the pit lane was expressly forbidden, at the start of lap 48 Mansell tried to overtake Senna, the cars collided and both drivers were out
1989 Portuguese Grand Prix
–
1989 Portuguese Grand Prix
15.
Pole position
–
The game was designed by Tōru Iwatani, who had also designed the Gee Bee games and Pac-Man. It was the most popular arcade game of 1983. Pole Position was released in two configurations, an upright cabinet, and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. By 1983, it had become the highest-grossing arcade game that year in North America and it was the most successful racing game of the classic era, spawning ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon, although the cartoon had nothing in common with the game. The game established the conventions of the game genre and its success inspired numerous imitators. Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential games of all time. In this game, the controls a Formula One race car. After qualifying, the player races against seven other CPU-controlled cars in a championship race, the player must also avoid going off the road so that he or she will not crash into the billboards. Pole Position was the first racing game to feature a track based on a real racing circuit. It was also the first game to feature a qualifying lap, once the player has qualified, they must complete the race in the time allowed, avoiding collisions with CPU-controlled opponents and billboards along the sides of the track. The games publisher Atari publicized the game for its unbelievable driving realism in providing a Formula 1 experience behind a racing wheel, for manufacture and distribution in the United States, Namco approached Bally Midway with a choice of two games in 1982. Bally Midway chose Mappy while Atari was left to publish Pole Position, the game ran on the Namco Pole Position hardware, which was the first to use 16-bit microprocessors, with two Zilog Z8002 processors. It was also capable of displaying up to 3840 colors, the game was an early example of product placement within a video game, with billboards around the track advertising actual companies. Other billboards appeared in both versions, the game was also featured in a TV commercial shown only on MTV. It was part of a series of TV spots that Atari created in the 1980s exclusively for MTV and they also praised the sound effects and solid, realistic graphics, stating it has very rich color images and dimensional depth to the graphics. They also praised the graphics and breathtaking scenery as well as the two-heat format for the race itself. Computer and Video Games also reviewed the version in 1983. They compared it favorably with Turbo, stating that, while Turbo featured better landscapes, it cant match the speed, thrills and skill behind this new race game
Pole position
–
Arcade flyer
16.
1990 Hungarian Grand Prix
–
The 1990 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hungaroring on 12 August 1990. It was the round of the 1990 Formula One season. The race was the sixth Hungarian Grand Prix and the fifth to be held at the Hungaroring and it was held over 77 laps of the four kilometre circuit for a race distance of 305 kilometres. Belgian driver Thierry Boutsen driving a Williams FW13B took his third, italian driver Alessandro Nannini driving a Benetton B190 challenged for a while, before being eliminated in a collision with Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna. Senna, driving a McLaren MP4/5B survived the incident and finished inches behind Boutsen with Brazilian three time world champion Nelson Piquet driving a Benetton B190 finishing third, with Alain Prost retiring just before half-distance, these were six points gained in the championship for Senna. The race was the 10th round of the 1990 Formula One season with Ayrton Senna leading the championship by four points from his Ferrari rival Alain Prost. Bold text indicates who still has a chance of becoming World Champion. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
1990 Hungarian Grand Prix
–
1990 Hungarian Grand Prix
17.
Open-wheel
–
An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the cars main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, open-wheel cars are usually built specifically for racing, frequently with a higher degree of technological sophistication than in other forms of motor sport. Open-wheel street cars, such as the Ariel Atom, are scarce as they are often impractical for everyday use. American racecar driver and constructor Ray Harroun was a pioneer of the concept of a lightweight single-seater. After working as a mechanic in the industry, Harroun began competitive professional racing in 1906. He was then hired by the Marmon Motor Car Company as chief engineer, charged with building a racecar intended to race at the very first Indianapolis 500 and he developed a revolutionary concept which would become the originator and forefather of the single-seater racecar design. A typical open-wheeler has a minimal cockpit sufficient only to enclose the drivers body, in the Whelen Modified Tour and other short track modified series, the drivers head is contained in the car. Some major races, such as the Singapore Grand Prix, Monaco Grand Prix, however, most open-wheel races are on dedicated road courses, such as Watkins Glen International in the US, Nürburgring in Germany, Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium and Silverstone in Great Britain. The Whelen Modified Tour is the only opened wheeled race car series endorsed by NASCAR and this series races on most of NASCARs most famous tracks in the United States. Other asphalt modified series race on tracks in the United States and Canada. Open-wheeled racing is among the fastest in the world, Formula 1 cars can reach speeds in excess of 360 kilometres per hour. At Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Antônio Pizzonia of BMW Williams F1 team recorded a top speed of 369.9 kilometres per hour in the 2004 Italian Grand Prix. Since the end of the V10 era in 2006 speeds like this have not been reached, with contemporary machinery reaching around 360 kilometres per hour. It is difficult to give precise figures for the top speeds of Formula 1 cars, as the cars do not have speedometers as such. The speed traps on fast circuits such as Monza give a good indication, speeds on ovals can range in constant excess of 210–220 miles per hour, and at Indianapolis in excess of 230 miles per hour. Some sources claim that in 1996, Paul Tracy recorded a speed of 256.948 miles per hour at Michigan International Speedway. In 2000, Gil de Ferran set the qualifying record of 241.428 miles per hour at California Speedway. Even on tight non-oval street circuits such as the Grand Prix of Toronto, driving an open-wheel car is substantially different from driving a car with fenders
Open-wheel
–
A
Barlotti go-kart: a low-end open-wheel car
Open-wheel
–
2006 NASCAR Whelen Modified Cars
Open-wheel
–
Asphalt Modified Short Track Race Car
Open-wheel
–
2010 Mercedes-Benz Formula One car
18.
Formula Three
–
Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America, F3 is not cheap, but is regarded as a key investment in a young drivers future career. Success in F3 can lead directly to a GP2 seat or even a Formula One test or race seat, Formula Three evolved from postwar auto racing, with lightweight tube-frame chassis powered by 500 cc motorcycle engines. Cooper came to dominate the formula with mass-produced cars, and the income this generated enabled the company to develop into the senior categories, other notable marques included Kieft, JBS and Emeryson in England, and Effyh, Monopoletta and Scampolo in Europe. John Cooper, along with most other 500 builders, decided to place the engine in the middle of the car, the 500cc formula was the usual route into motor racing through the early and mid-1950s. Other notable 500 cc Formula 3 drivers include Stuart Lewis-Evans, Ivor Bueb, Jim Russell, Peter Collins, Don Parker, Ken Tyrrell, from a statistical point of view, Don Parker was the most successful F3 driver. Although coming to motor racing late in life, he won a total of 126 F3 races altogether, and was described by Motor Sport magazine as the most successful Formula 3 driver in history. Although Stirling Moss was already a star by 1953, Parker beat him more than any driver, and was Formula 3 Champion in 1952, again in 1953. He took the title for a time in 1959. In 1954, Parker took on a man named Norman Graham Hill as his mechanic and general assistant. Some years later, now using his name of Graham. Parker retired from Formula Three after the 1959 season, and chose not to move to Formula 2 or Formula 1 because of his age. However, he did race for one season, representing Jaguar in the British Saloon Car Championships. As a retirement gift in 1961, Jaguars Lofty England presented him with a specially-designed 3.8 litre Jaguar Mark 2 and it was claimed to be the fastest Mark 2 Jaguar had built, being tested at 140 mph on the newly opened M4 motorway in 1963. 500cc Formula Three declined at an international level during the late 1950s, although it continued at a level into the early 60s. A one-litre Formula Three category for four-cylinder carburetted cars, with heavily tuned production engines, was reintroduced in 1964 based on the Formula Junior rules and these engines tended to rev very highly and were popularly known as screamers, F3 races tended to involve large packs of slipstreaming cars. The screamer years were dominated by Brabham, Lotus and Tecno, early one-litre F3 chassis tended to descend from Formula Junior designs but quickly evolved. For 1971 new regulations allowing 1600 cc engines with an air intake were introduced
Formula Three
–
Mika Mäki drives a
Dallara F308 Formula Three Car in a
Formula 3 Euro Series race at
Hockenheimring in 2009
Formula Three
–
Rudolf Dötsch in a
March –
Toyota at the
Nürburgring 1976
Formula Three
–
A typical early car, the Effyh 500 (1947–1952) was built in Malmö, Sweden and was one of the more successful cars. It had a lightweight tube chassis, aluminium bodywork and was powered by a 500cc 1-cylinder JAP engine.
Formula Three
–
1949: Monopoletta-BMW
19.
Formula Two
–
Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of open wheel formula racing first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009–2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The goal of the 2009 revival was to develop a low-cost series to young drivers a chance to compete in the highest tiers of motorsport. In December 2012, series promoter MSV announced that Formula Two would not take place after 2013 due to declining entrant numbers, a third attempt at establishing the series was announced in 2015. Formula 2 returned in 2017, the former GP2 series became FIA Formula 2 in the March leading up to the 2017 season, for much of the history of Formula One, Formula Two has represented the penultimate step on the motorsport ladder. Prior to the Second World War, there existed a division of racing for cars smaller. This category was usually called voiturette racing and provided a means for amateur or less experienced drivers and smaller marques to prove themselves. By the outbreak of war, the rules for voiturette racing permitted 1.5 L supercharged engines, in 1946, the 3.0 L supercharged rules were abandoned and Formulae A and B introduced. This left no category below Formula A/Formula One, so Formula Two was first formally codified in 1948 by FIA as a smaller and cheaper complement to the Grand Prix cars of the era. Among the races held in this first year of Formula Two was the 1948 Stockholm Grand Prix, the rules limited engines to two-litre naturally aspirated or 750 cc supercharged. As a result, the cars were smaller, lighter, and this encouraged new marques such as Cooper to move up to Formula Two, before competing against the big manufacturers of Alfa Romeo and Maserati. In fact, Formula One in its early years attracted so few entrants that in 1952 and 1953 all World Championship Grand Prix races, except the unique Indianapolis 500, were run in Formula Two. F2 went into decline with the arrival of the 2.5 L F1 in 1954 and this became dominated by rear-engined Coopers drawing on their Formula 3 and Bobtail sports car, with Porsches based on their RSK sports cars enjoying some success. Ferrari originally developed their Sharknose Dino 156 as a Formula Two car, the dominant engine of this formula was the Coventry Climax FPF four-cylinder, with the rare Borgward sixteen-valve unit enjoying some success. A slightly enlarged version of the F2 Cooper won the first two Formula One Grands Prix in 1958, marking the beginning of the era in Formula One. Formula Two was largely the domain of Formula One stars on their days off, engines were mostly by Cosworth and Honda, though some other units appeared, including various Fiat based units and dedicated racing engines from BMC and BRM. For 1967, the FIA increased the engine capacity to 1600cc. The FIA also introduced the European Formula Two Championship in 1967, Ickx, driving a Matra MS5, won the inaugural championship by 11 points from the Australian, Frank Gardner
Formula Two
–
Jochen Rindt driving a Formula 2 Lotus in 1970 at the Nürburgring
Formula Two
–
2.0-litre
Veritas Meteor
Formula Two
–
1.5-litre Porsche 718
Formula Two
–
Peter Scharmann 's 1978
March –
BMW
20.
Formula 5000
–
Formula 5000 was an open wheel, single seater auto-racing formula that ran in different series in various regions around the world from 1968 to 1982. It was originally intended as a low-cost series aimed at open-wheel racing cars that no longer fit into any particular formula, the 5000 denomination comes from the maximum 5.0 litre engine capacity allowed in the cars, although many cars ran with smaller engines. Manufacturers included McLaren, Eagle, March, Lola, Lotus, Elfin, Matich, in its declining years in North America Formula 5000 was modified into a closed wheel, but still single-seat sports car racing category. The engines used were generally 5 litre, fuel injected Chevrolet engines with about 500 horsepower at 8000 rpm, increasing costs and Lola domination meant the formula quickly lost its appeal after 1975. Older cars continued to be used in the SCCA national races, unfortunately, smaller privateer teams and drivers that entered Britains non-championship F1 events were left behind, and the RAC quickly adopted the American F5000 regulations. A European championship was first run in 1969 as the Guards Formula 5000 Championship and this was renamed to Guards European Formula 5000 Championship in 1970, to Rothmans European Formula 5000 Championship in 1971 and then to ShellSport European Formula 5000 Championship in 1975. Peter Gethin managed to launch his F1 career thanks to his F5000 championship titles, March 75A and Chevron B30 cars were successful with the V6, the March in particular being little more than a 751 Formula One car with minor modifications for the new engine. However, the problem that befell US F5000 happened in Europe. This was a British-based series for Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 5000 and Formula Atlantic cars, the F1 Championship was open to Formula 1 and Formula 2 cars only, with Formula 5000 cars no longer eligible. Older F5000 cars continued to be used in the British Sprint Championship and were common in Formula Libre races well into the 1980s. In Australia and New Zealand, the Tasman Formula, defining cars eligible for the annual Tasman Series, was extended in 1970 to include Formula 5000 cars as well as the existing 2.5 litre cars. However, by the 1970s Formula One had become more commercial, the four Australian Formula 5000 Tasman races continued as the Rothmans International Series from 1976 until 1979. Although still called Australian Formula 1 until 1983, F5000 was replaced by Formula Pacific, while European cars such as the various Lolas, McLarens and Chevrons were popular, locally made cars from Matich, Elfin and McRae were also successful. The most popular engine used was the 5.0 L Chevrolet V8, with the Australian made Repco Holden, based on the 5.0 L Holden V8 engine, also popular and successful. Formula 5000 remains a popular category in Australia and New Zealand with the Tasman Revival Series running races in both countries. There is a proposal to re-launch the Tasman Series in December 2016 with a version of the formula. In South Africa, F5000 first ran concurrently with used F1 cars, the category was revived in the late 2000s in New Zealand as an amateur historic racing category. In 2009/2010, a five race series was held, the final round as a support race for the 2010 Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne
Formula 5000
–
1974
Lola T332.
21.
David Purley
–
David Charles Purley, GM was a British racing driver born in Bognor Regis, West Sussex, who participated in 11 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting at Monaco in 1973. Purley was awarded the George Medal for his courage in trying to save Williamson, during pre-qualifying for the 1977 British Grand Prix Purley sustained multiple bone fractures after his cars throttle stuck open and he crashed into a wall. His deceleration from 173 km/h to 0 in a distance of 66 cm is one of the highest G-loads survived in a crash and he scored no championship points during his Formula One career. He died in a crash, having retired from motorsport and taken up aerobatics. Purleys father was Charles Purley, the founder of LEC Refrigeration, birth and death records show that his fathers name was originally Puxley but he preferred the name Purley. His mother was Welsh, having been born in the village of Cwmfelinfach. David went to school at Seaford College and then Dartington Hall School in Devon, in 1972 Purley was one of only two drivers to attempt to race the Connew Grand Prix car in its original Formula One configuration. He was entered at the end of season World Championship Victory Race at Brands Hatch, Purley had asked for an electrical kill switch to be fitted to the steering wheel, but this malfunctioned on the warm up lap, the engine stopped, and the car was retired. In 1973 Purley hired a March and with backing from his familys refrigeration company he made an unsuccessful attempt at Formula One. Purley later recalled that upon arriving at the scene, he heard Williamson crying for help as the fire began to take hold. The marshals were not wearing fire resistant clothing and the passing drivers assumed that Purley was attempting to extinguish his own car, a sequence of pictures taken by photographer Cor Mooij of the accident won the Photo Sequences category of that years World Press Photo. Later, Purley was awarded the George Medal for his rescue attempt, the story, and film footage of the rescue attempt, feature in a 2010 BBC documentary entitled Grand Prix, The Killer Years. 4-litre V6 engine. In 1974 Purley won the Brighton Speed Trials driving a Trojan-Chevrolet T101 and he returned to Formula One in 1977 with his own LEC chassis designed by Mike Pilbeam and run by Mike Earle. It was this car in which he suffered injuries in an accident during practice for that years British Grand Prix. He survived an estimated 179.8 g when he decelerated from 173 km/h to 0 in a distance of 66 cm after his throttle stuck wide open. This was the highest measured g-force ever survived by a human being, Purley suffered multiple fractures to his legs, pelvis and ribs. Purley recovered to race again although he confined his activities to the minor Aurora AFX series of Formula One races in Britain, the remains of Purleys crashed LEC and its replacement are displayed at a museum at Donington Park. Following his decision to quit motorsport, Purley moved into competition aerobatics and he died on 2 July 1985 when his Pitts Special aerobatic biplane crashed into the English Channel off Bognor Regis
David Purley
–
David Purley
22.
LEC Refrigeration Racing
–
LEC was a Formula One team and constructor from the United Kingdom. They participated in ten Grands Prix, using a March in 1973, in 1977 they built their own car, the LEC CRP1. In 1973 David Purley hired a March 731 and with backing from his familys refrigeration company LEC Refrigeration, Purley and the team made their debut in Monaco where the fuel tank broke. Purley did not make the restart at the British GP after he spun off and it was at the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix, however, where Purley carried out arguably his most memorable actions. Purley later recalled that upon arriving at the scene, he heard Williamson crying for help as the fire began to take hold, the team took their first finish at the German GP. LEC racing returned to Formula One in 1977 with their own LEC chassis designed by Mike Pilbeam and it was this car in which Purley suffered serious injuries in an accident during pre-qualifying for that years British Grand Prix. He survived an estimated 179.8 g when he decelerated from 173 km/h to 0 in a distance of 66 cm after his throttle got stuck wide open, for many years, this was thought to be the highest g-force ever survived by a human being. He suffered multiple fractures to his legs, pelvis and ribs, both LEC CRP1s built, including the car heavily damaged at Silverstone, have been restored and compete in historic Formula One racing
LEC Refrigeration Racing
–
LEC CRP1 Formula One car.
23.
Formula Atlantic
–
Formula Atlantic is a specification of open wheel racing car developed in the 1970s. It was used in racing through the IMSA Atlantic Championship until 2009 and is currently primarily used in amateur racing through Sports Car Club of America Formula Atlantic. The history of Formula Atlantic begins with the SCCA Formula B class, Formula Atlantic as a class evolved in the United Kingdom in 1971 from the US Formula B rules, with 1600cc production-based twin-cam engines. Conceived by John Webb of Brands Hatch as a category for national competitors with the performance near a Formula Two car, a single Yellow Pages championship ran in 1971-2, with a rival BP backed series appearing in 1973. Only one series ran in 1975-6, in the year taking the title Indylantic. But the formula was under threat from Formula 3 and no series ran in 1977-78, a BRSCC-organized club racing series returned in 1979 with initial backing from Hitachi and continued to 1983, with diminishing grids and few new cars appearing. US manufacturer Swift came to displace the British imports and dominate in North America, IMSA in the United States took advantage of the large number of teams and organized their own series in 1976. During these years, the series attracted guest drivers from Europe, including Formula One, particularly at the Trois-Rivières street race in Quebec, guest drivers included James Hunt, Jean-Pierre Jarier, Riccardo Patrese, Patrick Depailler, Jacques Laffite, Didier Pironi and Vittorio Brambilla. The series could not sustain the success of earlier seasons and was cancelled for 1984, SCCA Formula Atlantic cars are allowed wings and ground effects. They use either the Toyota 4AGE engine or the Cosworth BDD, cars meeting Super Vee specifications were also allowed but are now rarely seen. Prior to 2006 these rules were largely used in the professional series except that all cars had to run a Fuel Injected 4AGE. This meant that competitive amateur teams could also participate in professional races, however, in 2006 the pro series introduced a spec chassis, the Swift Engineering 016. a and a new spec engine, the Mazda-Cosworth MZR. The result was that the used in the pro series were drastically different than the amateur cars. In 2009, to shore up small race fields, the pro series introduced a C2 class for amateur level cars, primarily the Swift 014. a, however the C2 class saw few entries and was abandoned in the middle of the season. The minimum weight of a Toyota or BDD powered Atlantic car is 1230 lbs. with driver, the SCCA considers it its fastest club racing class. Prior to gaining its own class, the Formula SCCA car raced in Formula Atlantic, as of 2011, the Swift 016. a with Mazda power has been accepted into SCCA Formula Atlantic, albeit with an intake restriction limiting engine power. The series saw few entrants and folded after one season, however, due to increasing interest at the amateur level, on October 1,2013, it was announced that the series would return in 2014 with a twelve race, six weekend race calendar. Sanctioning will transition to the United States Auto Club in 2017, Formula Pacific Formula Mondial SCCA Club Racing - Formula Classes rule book
Formula Atlantic
–
2007 Formula Atlantic car
Formula Atlantic
–
2011
SCCA National Championship Runoffs winner
Michael Mällinen
24.
March Engineering
–
March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. March Engineering began operations in 1969 and its four founders were Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. Herds original F1 plan was to build a team around Jochen Rindt. Marchs launch was unprecedented in its breadth and impact, the Formula One effort initially looked most promising, with March supplying its 701 chassis to Tyrrell for Jackie Stewart. In addition, the factory ran two cars for Jo Siffert and Chris Amon sponsored by STP. A third STP car, entered by Andy Granatelli for Mario Andretti, Ronnie Peterson appeared in a semi-works car for Colin Crabbe when his works Formula Two commitments allowed, various other 701s went to privateers. The team constructed ten Formula One chassis that year, in addition to Formula Two, Formula Three, Formula Ford and Can-Am chassis. Stewart gave the March its first Formula One victory at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix, the 701s tanks though lacked endplates and skirts to help generate any meaningful ground effect. For the 1971 Formula One season March Engineering came up with the remarkable 711 chassis, which had aerodynamics by Frank Costin, the car took no wins, but Ronnie Peterson finished second on four occasions, ending as runner-up in the World Championship. Alfa Romeo V8 powered cars were entered, to little avail. The 1972 Formula One season completely failed to capitalise on the promise shown in 1970-71, Three distinct models of car were used, beginning with the 721, which was a development of the 711. Peterson and Niki Lauda then drove the disappointing experimental 721X factory cars, Frank Williams ran regular 711 and 721 customer cars for Henri Pescarolo and Carlos Pace. The 721G was light and quick, and the team soon built their own chassis. Had they started the year with these, wins may well have been possible, the 721G set the trend for future March F1 cars, which for the rest of the 1970s were essentially scaled-up F2 chassis. Meanwhile, March was going from strength to strength in Formula Two, also, the German team Eifelland entered under its own name a 721 much-modified with distinctive and eccentric bodywork by designer Luigi Colani for its driver Rolf Stommelen. This car was unsuccessful, and later reverted mostly to conventional 721 form and was used by John Watson to make his F1 debut for John Goldies Goldie Hexagon Racing team. Marchs only notable result was Petersons third place in Germany,1973 was the low-point for March in Formula One. Without significant STP money, the March factory team was struggling, running an almost unsponsored car for Jean-Pierre Jarier, Jarier was replaced by Tom Wheatcrofts driver Roger Williamson, who suffered a fatal accident in Zandvoort
March Engineering
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Andrea de Adamich driving a March
711 at the
1971 German Grand Prix.
March Engineering
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Hans-Joachim Stuck driving a March 761 at the
Nürburgring in 1976.
March Engineering
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1978 March-Triumph F3 car, as raced by
Nigel Mansell, on display at the Heritage motor museum, Gaydon
March Engineering
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1978 March-Triumph F3 car, Triumph 4-cylinder engine
25.
Johnny Cecotto
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Alberto Johnny Cecotto is a Venezuelan former Grand Prix motorcycle World Champion and Formula One driver. The son of Italian immigrants, he is one of the few people to have competed in motorcycle and Formula One Grands Prix. His son Johnny Cecotto Jr. is also a racing driver. Cecotto showed impressive riding ability by passing almost the entire field while working his way up to place by the end of the race. He went on to become the youngest World Champion ever at nineteen years of age when he defeated the champion, Giacomo Agostini. In 1976, Cecotto returned to Daytona, now full support from the Yamaha factory racing team. This time, he was victorious, coming out on top after a battle with American Champion Kenny Roberts. In the 1976 Grand Prix season, he lost his 350cc crown in a battle with Harley-Davidson mounted Walter Villa. At the beginning of the 1977 season, he was injured in a deadly four rider accident at the Austrian Grand Prix that claimed the life of Swiss rider Hans Stadelmann. Cecotto never seemed to come to grips with the 500cc Yamaha, Cecotto finished third in the 1978 500cc title chase and added the Formula 750 World Championship to his titles. He suffered a broken kneecap at the 1979 Austrian Grand Prix at the Salzburgring. Cecotto soldiered on through the 1980 Grand Prix season but his numerous injuries curtailed his racing career. After the 1980 season, he decided to quit motorcycling to pursue a racing career. He retired with twelve 500cc pole positions in 27 starts, giving him one of the highest pole position per start ratios in motorcycle Grand Prix history, Cecotto made his four-wheeled debut with Minardi in the 1980 Formula Two Championship. Nevertheless, his performance garnered enough attention that he was offered a seat in Formula One, in Formula One, Cecotto participated in 23 races, debuting on March 13,1983 for the Theodore Racing team. He had a start as he scored a sixth place in only his second race, however. For the 1984 season, he joined the Toleman racing team with Ayrton Senna as his team mate, while qualifying for the British Grand Prix, he crashed heavily, breaking both of his legs which effectively ended his Formula One career. His sixth place at Long Beach stood as the best result for a Venezuelan driver until Pastor Maldonados victory in the Spanish Grand Prix 29 years later
Johnny Cecotto
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Johnny Cecotto at the Nürburgring in 1976
Johnny Cecotto
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Cecotto at the
1984 Dallas Grand Prix, his last Formula One start.
26.
Riccardo Paletti
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Riccardo Paletti was an Italian motor racing driver. Paletti was killed when he crashed on the grid in his second Formula One start. Born in Milan, Paletti was an Italian junior karate champion at thirteen, only at 19 did he choose to pursue a career in motorsports. In 1978 Paletti entered nine races in Formula Super Ford and in his race he led for 18 laps. Despite the fact that he didnt win during the first season, during the end of his first season he also made his Formula 3 debut in the Italian Championship with a March-Toyota. In the following year of 1979 Paletti entered a full F3 championship season, later the same year he competed in a few Formula 2 races for the first time with the team ran by Mike Earle. His best result was at Misano, where he finished eighth, for the 1981 European F2 championship season Earle severed his collaboration with March to start Onyx. He retired in the round at Hockenheim, but set the fastest lap of the race. At that point in time he shared second in the championship with Stefan Johansson. But from then on luck failed Paletti, and he finished tenth in the championship, although still on a learning curve in the lower class racing, Paletti decided to join the uncompetitive team Osella in 1982. He admitted that Formula One struck him with a bit of fear. His teammate was the experienced Frenchman driver Jean-Pierre Jarier and his diet was constantly adapted to the results. Few people took this professional approach seriously at the time, the next round of the championship was the US GP West at the street circuit of Long Beach. Jarier found the right set-up for the Osella and managed to put the car in the top ten during qualifying, Paletti was a massive three and a half seconds slower and failed to qualify again. For the fourth Grand Prix of the season, at Imola on 25 April, Paletti had managed to beat the ATS cars of Eliseo Salazar and Manfred Winkelhock and was supposed to start from the back of the grid. However, on Sunday afternoon Palettis Osella failed to fire up for the warm-up lap, as a result, the moment he crossed the starting line he was already 49 seconds behind. He never got close to the rest of the field and after seven laps he had to park his car due to suspension failure. At Zolder Paletti failed to prequalify on Friday, getting more and more disappointed with the Osella, there was only one new monocoque for Jarier and the new rear suspension was delayed
Riccardo Paletti
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Riccardo Paletti
27.
Osella
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Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team. They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990 and they achieved two points finishes and scored 5 championship points. Named after its founder Vincenzo Enzo Osella, the team began life by racing Abarth sports cars in local and national races in the mid 1960s in Italy, though relatively successful, Osella expanded into single seater racing in 1974 to further develop his business. The team would rise to Formula Two in 1975 achieving some success with its own car, Osella Corse made another attempt in 1976 in the same league with unchanged material but by now the team was not competitive. Additionally, the team suffered severe financial problems which meant that the works team was withdrawn from Formula Two in the middle of 1976. In the following years the Osella FA2s were occasionally entered by privateers, Enzo Osella tried to make some money by selling a self-penned Formula 3 car with little success. Only a few privateers were optimistic enough to buy that simple untested machine, the cars ran with Toyota or Lancia engines in the 1976 German and Italian F3 championships without making any great impression. After this unsuccessful attempt, the activities of Osella Corse nearly came to an end. The team attended some local sports car events but avoided any single seater races from 1976 to 1978, the red car was good enough to win three races. This was enough for Enzo Osella to take the plunge into the cut, the car was designed by Giorgio Stirano. Powered by Ford Cosworth DFV, it was overweight and aerodynamically inefficient, the car was presented in a blue and white livery with large Denim branding on the sidepods. Many components were manufactured in-house which meant that they were cheap to produce, the driver was again Eddie Cheever who was able to finish just one race in whole season. Frequently, he had to suffer from the massive unreliability of his car, in the following seasons, the basic design was changed several times. In the early years, most of the work was done by designers like Giorgio Valentini or Tony Southgate. Most of these attempts brought no improvement as high tech solutions could not be financed, jean-Pierre Jarier finished fourth at Imola in 1982 and scored the first Championship points for the young team in a car that was by now dubbed Osella FA1C. Despite this result, neither the nor the technical situation improved. Few sponsors were attracted by the tiny Italian team, Denim only stayed for the first two seasons, Kelemata was no more reliable, and others like Landis & Gyr vanished as quickly as they had come. Most of the sponsors were small or mid-size companies from Turin or the region of Piemont
Osella
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Osella placed second in the
1977 World Championship for Sports Cars with the Osella PA5 BMW.
Osella
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Alfa-Romeo derived FA1F at the
1984 Dallas Grand Prix, where Ghinzani achieved Osella's second and last points finish.
Osella
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BMW-powered Osella PA20
28.
Spaniard
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Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the countrys complex history and diverse culture. There are several commonly spoken languages, most notably Basque. There are many populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain, the Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of languages, with the exception of Basque. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial conquered the peninsula in 409 AD. The Iberian Peninsula was conquered and brought under the rule of the Arab Umayyads in 711 and by the Berber North African dynasties the Almohads, in the early 16th century the Kingdom of Navarre was also conquered. In parallel, a wave of emigration began to the Americas began with over 16 million people emigrating to the Americas during the colonial period. In the post-colonial period, a further 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, as a result, Spanish-descendants in Latin America number in the hundreds of millions. Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people, the Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup, are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century. The population of Spain is became increasingly diverse due to recent immigration, the earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35, 000–40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast, celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, which had contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians successively founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries, the Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC transformed most of the region into a series of Latin-speaking provinces, hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian, Seneca and Quintilian. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial, the Suebi became the first Germanic kingdom to convert officially to Roman Catholicism in 447 AD. under king Rechiar. After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711 and this army consisted mainly ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, which were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus, the Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across the Pyrenees into France
Spaniard
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Lady of Elche, a piece of
Iberian sculpture from the 4th century BC
Spaniard
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1st row:
Isabella I of Castile
Spaniard
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A young
Hispano-Roman nobleman from the 1st century BC
Spaniard
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People of
Granada
29.
Robin Herd
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Robin Herd CBE is an English engineer, designer and businessman. Herd studied at St Peters College, Oxford, having turned down an offer to play cricket for Worcestershire at the age of 18 and he worked on the Concorde project for four years and was eventually promoted to Senior Scientific Officer at the age of 24. The M2A subsequently evolved into the Formula One M2B car and he also carried out work for Frank Williams in late 1969, modifying Williams Brabham BT26 to take a Ford Cosworth DFV to enter Piers Courage in Formula One. He co-founded March Engineering with Max Mosley, Alan Rees and Graham Coaker in 1969, the team completed 207 Formula One Grand Prix races between 1970 and 1992, winning three with four pole positions. He sold March Racing to the Japanese property company Leyton House in 1989 and he quit racing in 1995 and bought Oxford United Football Club, becoming chairman, and also established a company investigating natural ways of producing energy. He resigned from his duty as chairman in 1998, and formed an Indy Racing League team called March Indy International in the following year
Robin Herd
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Robin Herd in 1971
Stefan Johansson
Bertrand Gachot
JJ Lehto
Gregor Foitek
