The Oort constants A and B are empirically derived parameters that characterize the local rotational properties of our galaxy, the Milky Way, in the following manner:
Figure 1: Geometry of the Oort constants derivation, with a field star close to the Sun in the midplane of the Galaxy.
Oort constants on a wall in Leiden, across a canal from the Leiden Observatory where Oort worked
Figure 2: Measuring the Oort constants by fitting to large data sets.
Figure 3: Diagram of the various rotation curves in a galaxy
Gaia is a retired space observatory of the European Space Agency that was launched in 2013 and operated until March 2025. The spacecraft was designed for astrometry: measuring the positions, distances
Artist's impression of the Gaia spacecraft
Model of Gaia at Paris Air Show 2013
Gaia from different angle
Gaia at its final phase of construction, 2013