1.
Revenue
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In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover, some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in Last year. Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period, in accounting, revenue is often referred to as the top line due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the line which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts, in general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time, tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers. In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards. In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement, Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as Repair service revenue, Rent revenue earned or Sales. Money income from activities that are ordinary for a corporation, company, partnership. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods, service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services. Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees, Revenues from a businesss primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This includes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices, most businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the businesss primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales, Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business. Other revenue is revenue from peripheral operations, for example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as regular revenue. The combination of all the revenue generating systems of a business is called its revenue model, Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. The company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows compare with its asset outflows, net income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call
2.
Alexa Internet
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Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is an owned subsidiary of Amazon. com. Founded as an independent company in 1996, Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999 and its toolbar collects data on browsing behavior and transmits them to the Alexa website, where they are stored and analyzed. This is the basis for the web traffic reporting. According to its website, Alexa provides traffic data, global rankings, as of 2015, its website has been visited by over 6.5 million people monthly. Alexa Internet was founded in April 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle, Alexa initially offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. The company also offered context for each site visited, to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how other sites pointed to it. Alexas operations grew to include archiving of web pages as they are crawled and this database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998, the company donated a copy of the archive, Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with Web crawls. In 1999, as the company moved away from its vision of providing an intelligent search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in early 2002, and with the web directory DMOZ in January 2003, in May 2006, replaced Google with Bing as a provider of search results. In December 2006, Amazon released Alexa Image Search, built in-house, it was the first major application built on the companys Web platform. In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and Web-crawling facilities to third-party programs through a set of Web services. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexas own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to limit comparisons to three websites, reduce the size of embedded graphs in Flash, and add mandatory embedded BritePic advertisements. In April 2007, the company filed a lawsuit, Alexa v. Hornbaker, in the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Ron Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexas servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his name on March 19,2007. Thereafter, Alexa became a purely analytics-focused company, on March 31,2009, Alexa launched a major website redesign
3.
Affero General Public License
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The Affero General Public License refers to two distinct, though historically related, free software licenses. The first is the Affero General Public License, version 1 which was published by Affero, Inc. in March 2002, the second is compatible with the GNU Affero General Public License. Each version differs from the version of the GNU GPL on which it is based in having an added provision addressing use of software over a computer network. This provision requires that the source code be made available to any network user of the AGPL-licensed work. In 2000, while developing an e-learning and e-service business model, over the following months, Stallman and Poole discussed approaches to solving the problem. In 2001, Poole founded Affero Inc. and he needed a license that would require distribution by other organizations who used Affero code to create derivative web services. At that time, Poole contacted Bradley M. Kuhn and Eben Moglen of the Free Software Foundation to get advice on a new license that would close the ASP loophole in GPLv2. Kuhn argued that there was precedent for such a requirement in GPLv2 section 2, which required preserving certain features by downstream distributors and modifiers. Moglen and Kuhn wrote the text of the new section 2, and provided it to Poole. In March 2002, Affero, Inc. published the original Affero General Public License for use with the Affero project, the new license was named the GNU Affero General Public License. Retaining the Affero name indicated its close relationship with AGPLv1. The GNU AGPL was given version number 3 for parity with the GPL, the finalized version of GNU AGPLv3 was published by the FSF on November 19,2007. Both versions of the AGPL, like the corresponding versions of the GNU GPL on which they are based, are strong copyleft licenses, in the FSFs judgment, the added requirement in section 2 of Affero GPL v1 made it incompatible with the otherwise nearly identical GPLv2. That is to say, one cannot distribute a single work formed by combining components covered by each license, by contrast, GPLv3 and AGPLv3 each include clauses that together achieve a form of mutual compatibility for the two licenses. In this way, the copyleft of each license is relaxed to allow distributing such combinations, to establish an upgrade path from Afferos original AGPLv1 to the GNU AGPLv3, Affero, Inc. to distribute the software, or derivative works, under the GNU AGPLv3. Affero General Public License Version 1 AGPL Version 1 FAQ Free Software Foundation supports AGPL press release
4.
Aaron Swartz
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Aaron Hillel Swartz was an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, writer, political organizer, and Internet hacktivist. Swartzs work also focused on civic awareness and activism and he helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee in 2009 to learn more about effective online activism. In 2010, he became a fellow at Harvard Universitys Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption. He founded the online group Demand Progress, known for its campaign against the Stop Online Piracy Act and he committed suicide while under federal indictment for his alleged computer crimes. Swartz declined a plea bargain under which he would have served six months in federal prison, two days after the prosecution rejected a counter-offer by Swartz, he was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment, where he had hanged himself. In June 2013, Swartz was inducted posthumously into the Internet Hall of Fame, Swartz was born in Highland Park, Illinois, the eldest son of Jewish parents Susan and Robert Swartz and brother of Noah and Benjamin. His father had founded the software firm Mark Williams Company, Swartz immersed himself in the study of computers, programming, the Internet, and Internet culture. He attended North Shore Country Day School, a private school near Chicago. Swartz left high school in the 10th grade, and enrolled in courses at a Chicago area college, at age 13, Swartz won an ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create useful, educational, and collaborative noncommercial websites. At age 14, he became a member of the group that authored the RSS1.0 web syndication specification. After working on Infogami with co-founder Simon Carstensen over the summer of 2005, Aaron opted not to return to Stanford, choosing instead to continue to develop and seek funding for Infogami. As part of his work on Infogami, Swartz created the web. py web application framework because he was unhappy with other systems in the Python programming language. In early fall of 2005, Swartz worked with the founders of another nascent Y-Combinator firm Reddit, to rewrite their Lisp codebase using Python, although both projects initially struggled to gain traction, Reddit began to make large gains in popularity in 2005 and 2006. In October 2006, based largely on the success of Reddit, Not A Bug was acquired by Condé Nast Publications, Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco to work on Wired. Swartz found office life uncongenial, and he left the company. In September 2007, Swartz joined with Infogami co-founder Simon Carstensen to launch a new firm Jottit in another attempt to create another markdown driven content management system in Python. In 2008, Swartz founded Watchdog. net, the government site with teeth, to aggregate. In the same year, he wrote a widely circulated Guerilla Open Access Manifesto, in 2009, wanting to learn about effective activism, Swartz helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee
5.
Brewster Kahle
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Brewster Kahle is an American computer engineer, Internet entrepreneur, internet activist, advocate of universal access to all knowledge, and digital librarian. He is the founder of the Internet Archive, the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, Alexa and Thinking Machines, Kahle grew up in Scarsdale, New York, and went to Scarsdale High School. His father was a mechanical engineer and he graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science in computer science and engineering, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. The emphasis of his studies was artificial intelligence, he studied under Marvin Minsky, after graduation, he joined Thinking Machines team, where he was the lead engineer on the companys main product, the Connection Machine, for six years. There, he and others developed the WAIS system, the Internets first publishing and distributed search system, in 1992, he co-founded, with Bruce Gilliat, WAIS, Inc. and, in 1996, Alexa Internet. At the same time as he started Alexa, he founded the Internet Archive, in 2001, he implemented the Wayback Machine, which allows public access to the World Wide Web archive that the Internet Archive has been gathering since 1996. Kahle states, I was standing there, looking at this machine that was the size of five or six Coke machines, in 2010 he was given an honorary doctorate in computer science from Simmons College, where he studied library science in the 1980s. Kahle and his wife, Mary Austin, run the Kahle/Austin Foundation, the Foundation supports the Free Software Foundation for its GNU project, among other projects, with a total giving of about 4.5 million dollars in 2011. The credit union voluntarily liquidated in 2015, Kahle has been critical of Googles book digitization, especially of Googles exclusivity in restricting other search engines digital access to the books they archive. Kahle describes Googles snippet feature as a means of tip-toeing around copyright issues and he states the digital transition, thus far, has gone from local control to central control, non-profit to for-profit, diverse to homogeneous, and from ruled by law to ruled by contract. Kahle states, Its not that expensive, for the cost of 60 miles of highway, we can have a 10 million-book digital library available to a generation that is growing up reading on-screen. Our job is to put the best works of humankind within reach of that generation, through a simple Web search, a student researching the life of John F. Knowledge lives in lots of different forms over time, Kahle has said, first it was in peoples memories, then it was in manuscripts, then printed books, then microfilm, CD-ROMS, now on the digital internet. Each one of these generations is very important, voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. Were not going to get there, but thats our goal and we want to see books live forever. He began by having conventional shipping containers modified as climate-controlled storage units, each container can hold about 40,000 volumes, the size of a branch library. So far, Kahle has gathered about 500,000 books and he thinks the warehouse itself is large enough to hold about a million titles, with each one given a barcode that identifies the cardboard box, pallet and shipping container in which it resides. A given book may be retrieved in about an hour, and are not to be loaned out, Book preservation experts say hell have to contend with vermin and about a centurys worth of books printed on wood pulp paper that decays over time because of its own acidity
6.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
7.
California State Library
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The California State Library collects, preserves, generates and disseminates a wide array of information. It was founded in 1850 by the California State Legislature, today, it is the central reference and research library for state government and the Legislature. The California State Library advises, consults with and provides assistance to Californias public libraries. It directs state and federal funds to local public libraries. The California State Library makes a range of services available to Californians. The library provides services to visitors of the library, as well as those contacting the California State Library via phone, fax, letter. Visitors are welcome to use the California State Library collections on site, the California State Librarys circulating materials are loaned to the public through local libraries. Other services include Braille and recorded books, use of computers with access, online access to the library catalogs. The library uses the OCLC Symbols CAX and SUTRO, there are eight sections of the California State Library, the Bernard E. The Law Library collection contains standard primary and secondary legal resources in American law and these primary sources are supplemented by federal digests, the Pacific Digest, federal and regional citators, legal encyclopedias, law journals and periodicals, and current practice materials. This service is affiliated with the National Library Service for the Blind and it loans recorded and Braille books and magazines to Northern Californians who cannot read standard print due to visual or physical limitations. Special players to listen to the books are also loaned, the reading room houses assistive devices such as print magnifiers and scanners with voice output. The borrowing of materials in this collection is limited to eligible customers specially registered for the service, the California History Room has current and historical information on California people, places and events. This archive is the worlds largest public collection of haiku and related materials outside Japan, the California Research Bureau prepares in-depth research reports on policy questions of interest to state officials. The reports are strictly non-partisan and examine a broad spectrum of research and policy options, each report includes essential background information, key data developed by CRB and other researchers, and a summary of the policy debate. The Government Publications section also includes a full federal depository library, the section serves as the sole regional depository for, and largest collection of, federal documents in California. It receives all publications distributed by the U. S, superintendent of Documents to federal depository libraries, along with purchasing supplementary microfiche collections relating to federal reports, studies and documents. The Information Resources and Government Publications section is responsible for managing the California State Depository Library Program
8.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
9.
Amazon (company)
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Amazon. com, also called Amazon, is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company that was founded on July 5,1994, by Jeff Bezos and is based in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the world by total sales, the company also produces consumer electronics—notably, Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo—and is the worlds largest provider of cloud infrastructure services. Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its in-house brand AmazonBasics. Amazon has separate retail websites for the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India, and Mexico. Amazon also offers international shipping to other countries for some of its products. In 2016, Dutch, Polish, and Turkish language versions of the German Amazon website were launched. In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization, in 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co. a Wall Street firm and moved to Seattle. He began to work on a plan for what would eventually become Amazon. com. Bezos incorporated the company as Cadabra on July 5,1994, Bezos changed the name to Amazon a year later after a lawyer misheard its original name as cadaver. In September 1994, Bezos purchased the URL Relentless. com and briefly considered naming his online store Relentless, the domain is still owned by Bezos and still redirects to the retailer. The company went online as Amazon. com in 1995, Bezos placed a premium on his head start in building a brand, telling a reporter, Theres nothing about our model that cant be copied over time. But you know, McDonalds got copied, and it still built a huge, multibillion-dollar company. A lot of it comes down to the brand name, brand names are more important online than they are in the physical world. Additionally, a beginning with A was preferential due to the probability it would occur at the top of any list that was alphabetized. Since June 19,2000, Amazons logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile. After reading a report about the future of the Internet that projected annual Web commerce growth at 2, 300% and he narrowed the list to what he felt were the five most promising products, which included, compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos and books. Amazon was founded in the garage of Bezos home in Bellevue, the company began as an online bookstore, an idea spurred off with discussion with John Ingram of Ingram Book, along with Keyur Patel who still holds a stake in Amazon. Amazon was able to access books at wholesale from Ingram, in the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries
10.
Wiki
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A wiki is a website that provides collaborative modification of its content and structure directly from the web browser. In a typical wiki, text is written using a markup language. A wiki is run using wiki software, otherwise known as a wiki engine, there are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are open source, whereas others are proprietary, some permit control over different functions, for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control, other rules may also be imposed to organize content. Wikipedia is not a wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis. There are at least tens of thousands of other wikis in use, both public and private, including functioning as knowledge management resources, notetaking tools, community websites. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles, as of September 2016, ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described it as the simplest online database that could possibly work. Wiki is a Hawaiian word meaning quick, Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages by making page link creation intuitively easy and showing whether an intended target page exists or not. A wiki is not a carefully crafted site created by experts and professional writers, instead, it seeks to involve the typical visitor/user in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly changes the website landscape. A wiki enables communities of editors and contributors to write documents collaboratively, all that people require to contribute is a computer, Internet access, a web browser and a basic understanding of a simple markup language. A single page in a website is referred to as a wiki page, while the entire collection of pages. A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, a wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex and networked text, while also allowing for editor argument, debate and interaction regarding the content and formatting. A defining characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can be created and updated, generally, there is no review by a moderator or gatekeeper before modifications are accepted and thus lead to changes on the website. Many wikis are open to alteration by the public without requiring registration of user accounts. Many edits can be made in real-time and appear almost instantly online, however, this feature facilitates abuse of the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication to edit pages, and sometimes even to read them, maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba and Steve Wheeler write that the open wikis produce a process of Social Darwinism. Unfit sentences and sections are ruthlessly culled, edited and replaced if they are not considered fit, while such openness may invite vandalism and the posting of untrue information, this same openness also makes it possible to rapidly correct or restore a quality wiki page
11.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
12.
E-book
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An electronic book is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as a version of a printed book. Commercially produced and sold e-books are usually intended to be read on dedicated e-reader devices, however, almost any sophisticated computer device that features a controllable viewing screen can also be used to read e-books, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones. In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to the Internet, where readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on websites using e-commerce systems. With e-books, users can browse through online, and then when they select and order titles. At the start of 2012 in the U. S. more e-books were published online than were distributed in hardcover, the main reasons that people are buying e-books online are due to possibly lower prices, increased comfort and a larger selection of titles. With e-books, lectronic bookmarks make referencing easier, and e-book readers may allow the user to annotate pages, although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book formats, technical material is especially suited for e-book delivery because it can be searched for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code examples can be copied, E-book reading is increasing in the U. S. by 2014, 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing, because by 2014 50% of American adults had an e-reader or a tablet, E-books are also referred to as ebooks, eBooks, e-Books, e-journals, e-editions or as digital books. The devices that are designed specifically for reading e-books are called e-readers, the idea of an e-reader that would enable a reader to view books on a screen came to Bob Brown after watching his first talkie. In 1930, he wrote a book on this idea and titled it The Readies, although Brown came up with the idea intellectually in the 1930s, early commercial e-readers did not follow his model. Schuessler relates it to a DJ spinning bits of old songs to create a beat or a new song as opposed to just a remix of a familiar song. The inventor of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon and her idea behind the device was to decrease the number of books that her pupils carried to school. The first e-book may be the Index Thomisticus, a heavily annotated electronic index to the works of Thomas Aquinas, prepared by Roberto Busa beginning in 1949, although originally stored on a single computer, a distributable CD-ROM version appeared in 1989. In 2005, the Index was published online, augment ran on specialized hardware, while FRESS ran on IBM mainframes. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking, graphics, and other capabilities, van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term electronic book, and it was established enough to use in an article title by 1985. FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, browns faculty made extensive use of FRESS, for example the philosopher Roderick Chisholm used it to produce several of his books. Thus in the Preface to Person and Object he writes The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval, despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report Michael S. Hart as the inventor of the e-book
13.
George Oates
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George Oates is an Australian-born designer and entrepreneur, best known for being the first designer of the photo-sharing website Flickr and creating the Flickr Commons program. Since 2007 she has worked in the heritage sector and is regarded as increasingly a go-to expert on digital archives. She has also written a book called If Only The Grimms Had Known Alice, Oates was born in Adelaide, Australia, to an Australian father and a British mother, and is the youngest of three siblings. After working in the web industry there for the seven years, she left Australia in 2003 to start work at Ludicorp. After four years responsible for Flickrs design, Oates invented the Flickr Commons program, the first partner for the program was the Library of Congress, and it launched in January 2008. Oates was laid off by Yahoo at the end of 2008, in 2009 she started work as director of the Open Library project at the Internet Archive. In her time there she also designed new interfaces for the Book Reader, the Wayback Machine, from 2011-2014, Oates was art director at San Francisco data visualization studio, Stamen Design. While there, she was a judge for the 2013 Information is Beautiful Awards, in 2014 she launched her own company called Good, Form & Spectacle, which has completed projects for institutions like The British Museum, The Victoria and Albert Museum and Wellcome Library. In 2011, Oates was appointed a Research Associate at Smithsonian Libraries
14.
GitHub
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GitHub is a web-based Git or version control repository and Internet hosting service. It offers all of the version control and source code management functionality of Git as well as adding its own features. It provides access control and several features such as bug tracking, feature requests, task management. GitHub offers both plans for private and free repositories on the account which are commonly used to host open-source software projects. As of April 2016, GitHub reports having more than 14 million users and more than 85.5 million repositories, the trademark mascot of GitHub is Octocat, an anthropomorphized cat with cephalopod limbs. Development of the GitHub platform began on 1 October 2007, the site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston-Werner, Chris Wanstrath, and PJ Hyett after it had been made available for a few months prior as a beta release. Projects on GitHub can be accessed and manipulated using the standard Git command-line interface, GitHub also allows registered and non-registered users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git plugins have also created by GitHub. The site provides social networking-like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis, a user must create an account in order to contribute content to the site, but public repositories can be browsed and downloaded by anyone. With a registered account, users are able to discuss, manage, create repositories, submit contributions to others repositories. The software that runs GitHub was written using Ruby on Rails and Erlang by GitHub, Inc. developers Chris Wanstrath, PJ Hyett, GitHub is mostly used for code. Emojis GitHub Pages, small websites can be hosted from public repositories on GitHub, nested task-lists within files Visualization of geospatial data 3D render files that can be previewed using a new integrated STL file viewer that displays the files on a 3D canvas. The viewer is powered by WebGL and Three. js, photoshops native PSD format can be previewed and compared to previous versions of the same file. GitHubs Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the Open Source Definition. For that reason, it is advisable for users and developers intending to use a piece of software found on GitHub to read the license in the repository to determine if it meets their needs. The Terms of Service state, By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view, GitHub also operates other services, a pastebin-style site called Gist that is for hosting code snippets, and a slide hosting service called Speaker Deck. Tom Preston-Werner presented the then-new Gist feature at a punk rock Ruby conference in 2008, Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a pastebin by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and SSL encryption for private pastes. Because each gist has its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single paste, further, forked code can be pushed back to the original author in the form of a patch, so gists can become more like mini-projects
15.
PostgreSQL
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PostgreSQL, often simply Postgres, is an object-relational database – i. e. an RDBMS, with additional object features – with an emphasis on extensibility and standards compliance. As a database server, its functions are to store data securely. PostgreSQL has updatable views and materialized views, triggers, foreign keys, supports functions and stored procedures, PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group, a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors. It is free and open-source software, released under the terms of the PostgreSQL License, postgreSQLs developers pronounce PostgreSQL as /ˈpoʊstɡrɛs ˌkjuː ˈɛl/. It is abbreviated as Postgres because of support for the SQL Standard among most relational databases. The community considered changing the name back to Postgres, however, the name Postgres refers to the projects origins in that database which was developed at University of California, Berkeley. PostgreSQL evolved from the Ingres project at the University of California, in 1982, the leader of the Ingres team, Michael Stonebraker, left Berkeley to make a proprietary version of Ingres. He returned to Berkeley in 1985, and started a project to address the problems with contemporary database systems that had become increasingly clear during the early 1980s. The new project, POSTGRES, aimed to add the fewest features needed to completely support types and these features included the ability to define types and to fully describe relationships – something used widely before but maintained entirely by the user. In POSTGRES, the database understood relationships, and could retrieve information in related tables in a natural way using rules, POSTGRES used many of the ideas of Ingres, but not its code. Starting in 1986, the POSTGRES team published a number of papers describing the basis of the system, the team released version 1 to a small number of users in June 1989, then version 2 with a re-written rules system in June 1990. Version 3, released in 1991, again re-wrote the rules system, and added support for multiple storage managers, by 1993, the great number of users began to overwhelm the project with requests for support and features. After releasing version 4.2 on June 30,1994 – primarily a cleanup – the project ended, Berkeley had released POSTGRES under an MIT-style license, which enabled other developers to use the code for any use. At the time, POSTGRES used an Ingres-influenced POSTQUEL query language interpreter, in 1994, Berkeley graduate students Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen replaced the POSTQUEL query language interpreter with one for the SQL query language, creating Postgres95. The front-end program monitor was also replaced by psql, Yu and Chen announced the first version to beta testers on May 5,1995. Version 1.0 of Postgres95 was announced on September 5,1995, on July 8,1996, Marc Fournier at Hub. org Networking Services provided the first non-university development server for the open-source development effort. With the participation of Bruce Momjian and Vadim B, mikheev, work began to stabilize the code inherited from Berkeley. In 1996, the project was renamed to PostgreSQL to reflect its support for SQL, the online presence at the website PostgreSQL. org began on October 22,1996
16.
Wiki software
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Wiki software is a collaborative software that runs a wiki, which allows users to create and collaboratively edit pages or entries via a web browser. A wiki system is usually a web application that runs on one or more web servers, the content, including all current and previous revisions, is usually stored in either a file system or a database. Wikis are a type of web content management system, and the most commonly supported off-the-shelf software that web hosting facilities offer, There are currently dozens of actively maintained wiki engines, in a variety of programming languages, including both open source and proprietary applications. These vary widely in their support, their support for natural language characters and conventions. The first generally recognized wiki application, WikiWikiWeb, was created by American computer programmer Ward Cunningham in 1994, the WikiWikiWeb software was later renamed WikiBase. Wiki software originated from older version control systems used for documentation, by the mid-1990s these generally had web browser interfaces. However, they lacked the ability to create links between internal pages without writing HTML code. For WikiWikiWeb, the CamelCase naming convention was used to indicate internal links, by the time MediaWiki appeared, this convention had been largely abandoned in favor of explicitly marking links in edited source code with double square brackets. Page names thus did not interrupt the flow of English and could follow standard English capitalization convention and this proved to be the critical change that allowed ordinary authors of English to write wiki pages, and non-technical users to read them. This policy was extended to natural languages, avoiding the use of unusual-looking text or awkward capitalization that violates the languages own rules. Over the next 10 years, many more applications were written. After 2005, there began to be a move toward increasing consolidation and standardization, many less-popular wiki applications were gradually abandoned, relatively few of the wiki engines currently in use were created after 2006. Wiki functionality has also added to existing content management systems. In general new wiki engines have not followed the data formats of the existing engines, as a rule newer wiki projects have not succeeded in attracting large numbers of users from the existing wiki software base. Only one data format has ever been implemented in more than one wiki, that being MediaWikis, WordPress has extensions to display and edit MediaWiki-format pages, jamwiki is a MediaWiki clone in Java, that supports MediaWiki-format pages but not extensions. Other commercial projects or clones often follow the MediaWiki format, blueSpice for MediaWiki is the only such software with a free version available. None of these support the extensions available under standard MediaWiki. Public wikis are wikis that can be read by anyone, usually, other wiki engines used regularly for public wikis include MoinMoin and PmWiki, along with many others
17.
Python (programming language)
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Python is a widely used high-level programming language for general-purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale and it has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for operating systems, allowing Python code to run on a wide variety of systems. CPython, the implementation of Python, is open source software and has a community-based development model. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation, about the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996, Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a hobby programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. Would be closed, but I had a computer. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately, I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood. Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 and had major new features, including a cycle-detecting garbage collector. With this release the development process was changed and became more transparent, Python 3.0, a major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on 3 December 2008 after a long period of testing. Many of its features have been backported to the backwards-compatible Python 2.6. x and 2.7. x version series. The End Of Life date for Python 2.7 was initially set at 2015, many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract and logic programming. Python uses dynamic typing and a mix of reference counting and a garbage collector for memory management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name resolution, which binds method, the design of Python offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. The language has map, reduce and filter functions, list comprehensions, dictionaries, and sets, the standard library has two modules that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML. Python can also be embedded in existing applications that need a programmable interface, while offering choice in coding methodology, the Python philosophy rejects exuberant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of a sparser, less-cluttered grammar. As Alex Martelli put it, To describe something as clever is not considered a compliment in the Python culture. Pythons philosophy rejects the Perl there is more one way to do it approach to language design in favor of there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it. Pythons developers strive to avoid premature optimization, and moreover, reject patches to non-critical parts of CPython that would offer an increase in speed at the cost of clarity
18.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a US labor law that prohibits unjustified discrimination based on disability. The final version of the bill was signed into law on July 26,1990 and it was later amended in 2008 and signed by President George W. Bush with changes effective as of January 1,2009. ADA disabilities include both mental and physical medical conditions, a condition does not need to be severe or permanent to be a disability. Additionally, other conditions, such as gender identity disorders, are also excluded under the definition of disability. The ADA states that an entity shall not discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability. This applies to job application procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, covered entities include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as employment agencies, labor organizations, and joint labor-management committees. Prohibited discrimination may include, among other things, firing or refusing to hire someone based on a real or perceived disability, segregation, covered entities are also required to provide reasonable accommodations to job applicants and employees with disabilities. An employee or applicant who currently engages in the use of drugs is not considered qualified when a covered entity takes adverse action based on such use. There are many ways to discriminate against people based on disabilities, anyone known to have a history of mental disorders can be considered disabled. Employers with more than 15 employees must take care to all employees fairly. Even when an employee is doing a job well, she or he is not necessarily no longer disabled. The Court determined that state employees cannot sue their employer for violating ADA rules, state employees can, however, file complaints at the Department of Justice or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, who can sue on their behalf. Title II prohibits disability discrimination by all entities at the local level, e. g. school district, municipal, city, or county. Public entities must comply with Title II regulations by the U. S. Department of Justice and these regulations cover access to all programs and services offered by the entity. Access includes physical access described in the ADA Standards for Accessible Design, Title II applies to public transportation provided by public entities through regulations by the U. S. Department of Transportation. It includes the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, along all other commuter authorities. This section requires the provision of services by public entities that provide fixed route services. ADA also sets minimum requirements for space layout in order to facilitate wheelchair securement on public transport, Title II also applies to all state and local public housing, housing assistance, and housing referrals
19.
DAISY Digital Talking Book
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DAISY is a technical standard for digital audiobooks, periodicals and computerized text. DAISY is designed to be a complete substitute for print material and is specifically designed for use by people with print disabilities, including blindness, impaired vision. Based on the MP3 and XML formats, the DAISY format has advanced features in addition to those of an audio book. Users can search, place bookmarks, precisely navigate line by line, DAISY also provides aurally accessible tables, references and additional information. As a result, DAISY allows visually impaired listeners to navigate something as complex as an encyclopedia or textbook, DAISY multimedia can be a book, magazine, newspaper, journal, computerized text or a synchronized presentation of text and audio. It provides up to six embedded navigation levels for content, including embedded objects such as images, graphics, in the DAISY standard, navigation is enabled within a sequential and hierarchical structure consisting of text synchronized with audio. DAISY2 was based on XHTML and SMIL, DAISY3 is a newer technology, also based on XML, and is standardized as ANSI/NISO Z39. 86-2005. The DAISY Consortium was founded in 1996 and consists of organizations committed to developing equitable access to information for people who have a print disability. The consortium was selected by the National Information Standards Organization as the official agency for the DAISY/NISO Standard. g. In the United States, Learning Ally Bookshare and the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, among others, offer content to blind, Learning Ally and Bookshare also allows access by those with dyslexia or other disabilities which impair the persons ability to read print. The NLS uses a methodology, on the basis that the books are loaned, hence they are able to offer content free of charge. Learning Ally and Bookshare both are subscription-based services, Bookshare membership is free to U. S. students due to funding from the U. S. Department of Education. Content from both the NLS and the Learning Ally organizations utilizes the DAISY Protected Digital Book encryption standard, the organization which offers the content provides a decryption key to the user, which can be installed into a DAISY player to allow decryption. As the encryption schemes are not part of the core DAISY standard, only players which specifically implement the necessary algorithms, Bookshare utilizes its own digital rights management plan including fingerprinting each digital book with the identity of the downloading user. These actions are done to comply with law 17 U. S. C, DAISY books can be heard on standalone DAISY players, computers using DAISY playback software, mobile phones, and MP3 players. DAISY books can be distributed on a CD/DVD, memory card or through the Internet, downloads and build instructions available for the Raspberry Pi-platform, compile instructions available for Debian Linux. MAX DaisyPlayer, a player for Microsoft Windows. A short list of products that have support for DAISY playback includes, American Printing House for the Blind
20.
Google Books
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Books are provided either by publishers and authors, through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Googles library partners, through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of publishers to digitize their archives. The Publisher Program was first known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, the Google Books Library Project, which scans works in the collections of library partners and adds them to the digital inventory, was announced in December 2004. But it has also criticized for potential copyright violations. As of October 2015, the number of scanned book titles was over 25 million, Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million distinct titles in the world, and stated that it intended to scan all of them. Results from Google Books show up in both the universal Google Search as well as in the dedicated Google Books search website, if Google believes the book is still under copyright, a user sees snippets of text around the queried search terms. All instances of the terms in the book text appear with a yellow highlight. The four access levels used on Google Books are, Full view, Books in the domain are available for full view. In-print books acquired through the Partner Program are also available for full view if the publisher has given permission, usually, the publisher can set the percentage of the book available for preview. Users are restricted from copying, downloading or printing book previews, a watermark reading Copyrighted material appears at the bottom of pages. All books acquired through the Partner Program are available for preview and this could be because Google cannot identify the owner or the owner declined permission. If a search term appears many times in a book, Google displays no more than three snippets, thus preventing the user from viewing too much of the book. Also, Google does not display any snippets for certain reference books, such as dictionaries, Google maintains that no permission is required under copyright law to display the snippet view. No preview, Google also displays search results for books that have not been digitized, in effect, this is similar to an online library card catalog. Google also stated that it would not scan any in-copyright books between August and 1 November 2005, to provide the owners with the opportunity to decide which books to exclude from the Project. It can let Google scan the book under the Library Project and it can opt out of the Library Project, in which case Google will not scan the book. If the book has already been scanned, Google will reset its access level as No preview and this information is collated through automated methods, and sometimes data from third-party sources is used. This information provides an insight into the book, particularly useful when only a view is available
21.
LibraryThing
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LibraryThing is a social cataloging web application for storing and sharing book catalogs and various types of book metadata. It is used by authors, individuals, libraries, and publishers, based in Portland, Maine, LibraryThing was developed by Tim Spalding and went live on August 29,2005. As of December 2015, it has over 2,000,000 users and 100 million books catalogued. The primary feature of LibraryThing is the cataloging of books, movies, music and other media by importing data from libraries through Z39.50 connections and from six Amazon. com stores. Should a record not be available from any of these sources, each work may comprise different editions, translations, printings, audio versions, etc. Members are encouraged to add publicly visible reviews, descriptions, Common Knowledge and other information about a work, ratings, collections, discussion in the forums is also encouraged. LibraryThings social features have been compared to bookmark manager Del. icio. us, similar book cataloging sites include aNobii, BookLikes, Goodreads, Libib, Shelfari, and weRead. In 2016 LibraryThing launched TinyCat, an OPAC designed for the cataloging, TinyCat is marketed towards small independent libraries, such as religious institutions, schools, community centers, and academic departments, as well as individuals. LibraryThing is majority owned by founder Tim Spalding, online bookseller AbeBooks bought a 40% share in LibraryThing in May 2006 for an undisclosed sum. In January 2009, Cambridge Information Group acquired a minority stake in the company, at the end of June 2006, LibraryThing was subject to the Slashdot effect from a Wall Street Journal article. The sites developers added servers to compensate for the increased traffic. la Readgeek Wenzler, J. LibraryThing, a Workshop on Next Generation Libraries. San Francisco State University CARL NITIG, September 7,2007, cataloging with LibraryThing, as easy as 1,2,3. Library Hi Tech News,25, pp. 5–7
22.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
23.
WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour and that same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat, the first catalog records were added in 1971. It contains more than 330 million records, representing over 2 billion physical and digital assets in 485 languages and it is the worlds largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscribtion OCLC services, in 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million identities, predominantly authors, WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently, WorldCat shows that an item is owned by a particular library. WorldCat does not indicate whether or not an item is borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair. Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether or not a library owns multiple copies of a particular title, copac Faceted Application of Subject Terminology Library and Archives Canada Research Libraries UK Online Computer Library Center Grossman, Wendy M. Why you cant find a book in your search engine. Official website OCLC - Web scale discovery and delivery of library resources OCLC Bibliographic Formats and Standards WorldCat Identities
24.
Online public access catalog
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An online public access catalog is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries. Users search a library catalog principally to locate books and other material available at a library, in simple language it is an electronic version of the card catalogue. OPAC is the gateway to librarys collection, although a handful of experimental systems existed as early as the 1960s, the first large-scale online catalogs were developed at Ohio State University in 1975 and the Dallas Public Library in 1978. These and other early online catalog systems tended to reflect the card catalogs that they were intended to replace. Throughout the 1980s, the number and sophistication of online catalogs grew, the first commercial systems appeared, and would by the end of the decade largely replace systems built by libraries themselves. At the same time, libraries began to develop applications to automate the purchase, cataloging and these applications, collectively known as an integrated library system or library management system, included an online catalog as the public interface to the systems inventory. Most library catalogs are closely tied to their underlying ILS system, the 1990s saw a relative stagnation in the development of online catalogs. At the same time, organizations outside of libraries began developing more sophisticated information retrieval systems, prior to the widespread use of the Internet, the online catalog was often the first information retrieval system library users ever encountered. Now accustomed to web search engines, newer generations of library users have grown increasingly dissatisfied with the complex mechanisms of older online catalog systems. This has, in turn, led to criticisms of these systems within the library community itself. These new features rely heavily on existing metadata which is poor or inconsistent. These newer systems are almost always independent of the integrated library system. The costs associated with new systems, however, have slowed their adoption. An example of a next generation OPAC system is included in the Libramatic software package, although library catalogs typically reflect the holdings of a single library, they can also contain the holdings of a group or consortium of libraries. These systems, known as union catalogs, are designed to aid the borrowing of books. Examples of this type of catalogue include COPAC, SUNCAT, NLA Trove, City of Cape Town library OPAC, there are a number of systems that share much in common with library catalogs, but have traditionally been distinguished from them. Libraries utilize these systems to search for items not traditionally covered by a library catalog and these include bibliographic databases—such as Medline, ERIC, PsycINFO, and many others—which index journal articles and other research data. There are also a number of applications aimed at managing documents, photographs, particularly in academic libraries, these systems assist with efforts to preserve documents created by faculty and students
25.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
26.
PetaBox
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PetaBox is a storage unit from Capricorn Technologies. It was designed by the staff of the Internet Archive and C. R. Saikley to store, density,1.4 PetaBytes/ rack Power consumption,3 kW / PetaByte No Air Conditioning, instead use excess heat to help heat the building. The PetaBox, custom-designed by Internet Archive staff, was created to safely store. The second 80 terabyte rack became operational in San Francisco that same year, the Internet Archive then spun off its PetaBox production to the newly formed company Capricorn Technologies. Their largest product uses 750 gigabyte disks, in 2007 the Internet Archive data center housed approximately three petabytes of PetaBox storage technology. It is now in the fourth version, general specs are,24 disks per 4U high rack units 10 units per rack running Ubuntu 240 disks of 2 TB/each per rack
27.
Open Content Alliance
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The Open Content Alliance is a consortium of organizations contributing to a permanent, publicly accessible archive of digitized texts. Its creation was announced in October 2005 by Yahoo, the Internet Archive, the University of California, the University of Toronto and others. Scanning for the Open Content Alliance is administered by the Internet Archive, the OCA is, in part, a response to Google Book Search, which was announced in October 2004. OCAs approach to seeking permission from copyright holders differs significantly from that of Google Book Search, OCA digitizes copyrighted works only after asking and receiving permission from the copyright holder. By contrast, Google Book Search digitizes copyrighted works unless explicitly told not to do so, Microsoft had a special relationship with the Open Content Alliance until May 2008. Microsoft joined the Open Content Alliance in October 2005 as part of its Live Book Search project, however, in May 2008 Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer funding the scanning of books through the Internet Archive. Between about 2006 and 2008 Microsoft sponsored the scanning of over 750,000 books,300,000 of which are now part of the Internet Archives on-line collections. Brewster Kahle, a founder of the Open Content Alliance, actively opposed the proposed Google Book Settlement until its defeat in March 2011
28.
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
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The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. It is both a commemoration of the Library of Alexandria that was lost in antiquity, and an attempt to rekindle something of the brilliance that this center of study. The notion of recreating the ancient library was adopted by other individuals, an architectural design competition was organized by UNESCO in 1988 to choose a design worthy of the site and its heritage. The competition was won by Snøhetta, a Norwegian architectural office, the first pledges were made for funding the project at a conference held in 1990 in Aswan, USD $65 million, mostly from the Arab states. Construction work began in 1995 and, after some USD $220 million had been spent, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina is trilingual, containing books in Arabic, English, and French. In 2010, the received a donation of 500,000 books from the National Library of France. The gift makes the Bibliotheca Alexandrina the sixth-largest Francophone library in the world, the BA also is now the largest depository of French books in the Arab world, surpassing those of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, in addition to being the main French library in Africa. The dimensions of the project are vast, the library has space for eight million books. The librarys architecture is equally striking, the main reading room stands beneath a 32-meter-high glass-panelled roof, tilted out toward the sea like a sundial, and measuring some 160 m in diameter. The walls are of gray Aswan granite, carved with characters from 120 different human scripts, the collections at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina were donated from all over the world. The Spanish donated documents that detailed their period of Moorish rule, the French also donated, giving the library documents dealing with the building of the Suez Canal. The BA/IA partnership is built with the aims to preserve heritage for future generations, the BA maintains the only mirror and external backup of the Internet Archive. The Taha Hussein Library contains materials for the blind and visually impaired using special software that makes it possible for readers to read books and journals. It is named after Taha Hussein, the Egyptian professor of Arabic and literary critic and one of the figures of the Arab Renaissance in literature. Contains book collections of Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature from 1901 to present, the Nobel Section was inaugurated by Queen Silvia of Sweden and Queen Sonja of Norway on 24 April 2002. Nobel Section Established in 2001, the BA Antiquities Museum is the first archeological museum to be situated within a library, the primary aims of the museum are to promote research, creativity, and cultural awareness. The collection includes underwater antiquities from the Mediterranean seabed near the Eastern Harbour, the museum provides descriptions of artifacts in three languages, English, Arabic, and French. The Manuscript Museum provides visitors and researchers with rare manuscripts and books, Established in 2001, the Manuscript Museum contains the worlds largest collection of digital manuscripts
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Biodiversity Heritage Library
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Founded in 2005, BHL soon became the third broad digitization project for biodiversity literature, after Gallica and AnimalBase. In 2008, the size of Gallica and AnimalBase was passed and it is a cornerstone organization of the Encyclopedia of Life. Initially, the Biodiversity Heritage Library was a collaboration of ten natural history and botanical libraries and currently, the European Commission’s eContentPlus program has funded the BHL-Europe project, with 28 institutions, to assemble the European language literature. In May 2009 a European partner project BHL-Europe was founded by 28 consortium partners, shortly thereafter another project BHL-China was launched in Beijing, in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since then BHL in the strict sense has been called BHL-US/UK, the global BHL project is managed primarily by the Smithsonian Institution, Natural History Museum, and Missouri Botanical Garden. Additionally, the Atlas of Living Australia, Brazil, and the Bibliotheca Alexandrina have created regional BHL nodes and these projects will work together to share content, protocols, services, and digital preservation practices. There is an online BHL portal featuring Google Maps API integration, AJAX, tag clouds, a companion project exists in Europe and is known as Biodiversity Heritage Library for Europe. The Biodiversity Heritage Library was awarded the 2010 John Thackray Medal of the Society for the History of Natural History and this award recognizes significant achievements in the history or bibliography of natural history. IDG’s Computerworld Honors Program announced on March 19,2013 The Biodiversity Heritage Library as a 2013 Laureate, the annual award program honors visionary applications of information technology promoting positive social, economic, and educational change. In May 2013, The Biodiversity Heritage Library was the recipient of the Charles Robert Long Award of Extraordinary Merit from the Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries. In appreciation of the services to taxonomists, a species of snail from Laos was named Vargapupa biheli in 2015, the primary funding for the Biodiversity Heritage Library came via the Encyclopedia of Life through a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Additional grants have received from The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, The Richard Lounsbery Foundation. Members of the Biodiversity Heritage Library also have received support from their parent institutions. In addition to staffing and other costs, direct contributions have included the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund by the Smithsonian Institution
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US Government Documents
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US Government Documents is a digital collection of documents at the Internet Archive. This collection contains digital versions of over 50,000 United States Government documents, the contributors of this collection are Kahle/Austin Foundation, MSN and Omidyar Network. This collection contains briefs of the 9th Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals beginning in 1892 and these briefs are contained in the collection of the University of California Hastings College of the Law Library and are being scanned as part of the Law. gov effort. The number of items in this collection is over 3,000 items and this collection is related to the Administrative Conference of the United States and contains over 100 items. This collection contains about 50 items, the documents of this collection from the NOAA Central library are voluntary meteorological observations taken at the Tuskegee Institute in, Tuskegee from November 1899 through June 1954. This collection contains over 600 items and this collection contains global Edicts of Government, such as building, fire, electrical, and plumbing codes. The documents contain the legislative or executive declaration and the codes that are thereby incorporated by reference. The collection is maintained by Public. Resource. Org and this collection contains over 28,000 items. This collection contains over 3,000 items and this is a collection of patents and trademarks from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The US Government Documents collection at the Internet Archive
31.
Live Music Archive
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The Live Music Archive, part of the Internet Archive, is a collection of over 60,000 concert recordings in lossless audio formats. The website is known for its collection of Grateful Dead recordings. The collection increased in size due to contribution of concert recordings by etree, the majority of artists are jam bands however others include The Smashing Pumpkins, Tenacious D, Ween, Little Feat, and smaller independent bands. List of sound archives Lists of Internet Archives collections The Live Music Archive collection at the Internet Archive
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LibriVox
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On 6 August 2016, the project completed project number 10,000. Most releases are in the English language, but many works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, LibriVox is closely affiliated with Project Gutenberg from where the project gets some of its texts, and the Internet Archive that hosts their offerings. LibriVox was started in August 2005 by Montreal-based writer Hugh McGuire, who set up a blog, the first recorded book was The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad. LibriVox is an invented word inspired by Latin words liber in its genitive form libri and vox, the word was also coined because of other connotations as liber also means child and free, independent, unrestricted. As the LibriVox forum says it, We like to think LibriVox might be interpreted as child of the voice, finally, the other link we like is library so you could imagine it to mean Library of Voice. There has been no decision or consensus by LibriVox founders or the community of volunteers for a single pronunciation of LibriVox and it is accepted that any audible pronunciation is accurate. LibriVox is a volunteer-run, free content, Public Domain project and it has no budget or legal personality. The development of projects is managed through an Internet forum, supported by an admin team, in early 2010, LibriVox ran a fundraising drive to raise $20,000 to cover hosting costs for the website of about $5, 000/year and improve front- and backend usability. Volunteers can choose new projects to start, either recording on their own or inviting others to join them, once a volunteer has recorded his or her contribution, it is uploaded to the site, and proof-listened by members of the LibriVox community. Finished audiobooks are available from the LibriVox website, and MP3, recordings are also available through other means, such as iTunes, and, being free of copyright, they are frequently distributed independently of LibriVox on the Internet and otherwise. LibriVox only records material that is in the domain in the United States. Because of copyright restrictions, LibriVox produces recordings of only a number of contemporary books. These have included, for example, the 9/11 Commission Report and it contains much popular classic fiction, but also includes less predictable texts, such as Immanuel Kants Critique of Pure Reason and a recording of the first 500 digits of pi. The collection also features poetry, plays, religious texts and non-fiction of various kinds, in January 2009, the catalogue contained approximately 55 percent fiction and drama,25 percent non-fiction and 20 percent poetry. By the end of 2016, the most viewed item was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in a 2006 solo recording by John Greenman, around 90 percent of the catalogue is recorded in English, but recordings exist in 31 languages altogether. Chinese, French and German are the most popular languages other than English amongst volunteers, LibriVox has garnered significant interest, in particular from those interested in the promotion of volunteer-led content and alternative approaches to copyright ownership on the Internet. It has received support from the Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg, intellectual freedom and commons proponent Mike Linksvayer described it in 2008 as perhaps the most interesting collaborative culture project this side of Wikipedia
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Public.Resource.Org
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Public. Resource. Org is a 501 non-profit corporation dedicated to publishing and sharing public domain materials in the United States and internationally. It was founded by Carl Malamud and is based in Sebastopol, major projects conducted by the organization include the digitizing and sharing of large numbers of court records, US government-produced video, and laws of various places. The organization often advertises its work by saying Yes We Scan, the Yes We Scan focus as of autumn 2013 is an effort to digitize and publish every available set of safety standards for every government in the world. Malamud works on the premise that information in the public domain, in doing this, he identifies interesting collections of information held by organizations which have failed to grant free public access to it. At this point, Malamud acquires the information himself, publishes it in public. resource. In 2013, Public. Resource. Org filed a Freedom of Information Act request with the Internal Revenue Service requesting copies of nine annual information reports for tax-exempt entities in MeF format. The IRS refused to provide the MeF files, claiming that the effort to edit them to conform to required standards for the filers represented an unreasonable burden. On January 29,2015, a U. S. District Court ruled against the IRS, observers believe that this decision will result in the IRS moving more rapidly toward providing electronic versions of Form 990 to the public. Malamud called for increased awareness that Westlaw was a broker of the United States Federal Reporter, Federal Supplement. Public. Resource. Org collects old and forgotten United States government video, digitizes it, video is purchased or requested from government agencies such as the National Technical Information Service. These videos are digitized and uploaded with metadata to YouTube and Public. Resource. Orgs servers, most of these videos were produced with federal government funding and intended for educational purposes. There is also a collection of videos from FedFlix at the Internet Archive which contains over 8,700 items, youTubes Content ID tool helps copyright holders make requests to remove their copyrighted videos from YouTube. Yes We Scan is a used as a name for various Public. Resource. Org projects which have the goal of digitizing and making available large collections of documents. In 2009 when Carl Malamud petitioned to become the Public Printer of the United States the campaign slogan was Yes we scan, david Ferriero responded to the petition describing efforts to increase availability of government archives. In 2013 Public. Resource. Org organized a fundraiser for a Yes We Scan project to collect, digitize, in 2010 Public. Resource. Org managed a smaller project to free the public safety codes in California in the United States. In 2007 Malamud petitioned for more access to some C-SPAN recordings. C-SPAN is a media company which records and broadcasts the discussions of the United States Congress. The company’s business model is to provide its recordings for fees to cable, in February 2007, Nancy Pelosi was publishing on her blog as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and inserted video clips from C-SPAN into her messages
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Democracy Now!
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Democracy Now. is an hour-long American TV, radio and internet news program hosted by journalists Amy Goodman and Juan González. The show, which airs each weekday at 08,00 ET, is broadcast on the internet and by over 1,400 radio. While described as progressive by fans as well as critics, the executive producer rejects that label. Democracy Now. was founded on February 19,1996 at WBAI-FM in New York City by journalists Amy Goodman, Juan Gonzalez, Larry Bensky, Salim Muwakkil and it originally aired on five Pacifica Radio stations. Goodman is the principal host, with Juan Gonzalez and Nermeen Shaikh as frequent co-hosts. Jeremy Scahill, a reporter and co-founding editor for The Intercept, has been a frequent contributor since 1997. Separated from Pacifica Radio and became an independent nonprofit organization, on February 19,2016, Democracy Now. Marked 20 years on the air with a retrospective look back at two decades of independent, unembedded news, with highlights chosen from over 5,000 episodes. Amy Goodman also published a book entitled Democracy Now, Democracy Now. began as a radio program broadcast from the studios of WBAI, a local Pacifica Radio station in New York City. In early September 2001, amid a months-long debate over the mission and management of Pacifica, Goodman brought the program to the Downtown Community Television Center located in a converted firehouse building in New York Citys Chinatown, where the program began to be televised. Only a few days later on September 11,2001 Democracy Now. was the closest national broadcast to Ground Zero, on that day Goodman and colleagues continued reporting beyond their scheduled hourlong time slot in what became an eight-hour marathon broadcast. Following 9/11, in addition to radio and television, Democracy Now, expanded their multimedia reach to include cable, satellite radio, Internet, and podcasts. Left their broadcast studio in the converted DCTV firehouse, where they had broadcast for eight years, the studio subsequently moved to a repurposed graphic arts building in the Chelsea District of Manhattan. In 2010, the new 8500-square-foot Democracy Now, studio became the first radio or television studio in the nation to receive LEED Platinum certification, the highest rating awarded by the U. S. Green Building Council. Democracy Now. is the program of the Pacifica Radio network. It also airs on several NPR member stations, the television simulcast airs on public-access television stations, by satellite on Free Speech TV and Link TV, and free-to-air on C Band. Democracy Now. is also available on the Internet as downloadable and streaming audio, in total, nearly 1,400 television and radio stations broadcast Democracy Now. Her co-host Juan Gonzalez was inducted into the New York chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists Hall of Fame on November 19,2015, Salazar was filming as officers in full riot gear charged her area
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Marion Stokes
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Stokes tape collection consisted of 24/7-coverage of FOX, MSNBC, CNN, C-SPAN, CNBC and other networks—recorded on as many as eight separate VCR machines stationed throughout her house. She had a husband and children, and family outings were planned around the length of a VHS tape, later in life when she was not as agile, Stokes trained a helper to do the task for her. The archives ultimately grew to live on 40,000 VHS and Betamax tapes stacked in Stokes home, as well as apartment units she rented for the sole purpose of storage. Stokes son, Michael Metelits, said that the advent of 24-hour television news networks such as CNN, as well as ABCs nightly coverage of the Iran hostage crisis, acted as triggers. She became convinced there was a lot of detail in the news at risk of disappearing forever, in an interview with a WNYC program, Metelits stated that Stokes channeled her natural hoarding tendencies to task. While her collection is not the instance of massive television footage taping. Known collections of similar scale have not been as well-maintained and lack the timely, in addition to collecting TV news footage, Stokes personally amassed large quantities of other items. She received half a dozen newspapers and 100-150 monthly periodicals. Stokes had also accumulated 30, 000-40,000 books, Metelits told WNYC that in the mid-1970s, they would frequent the bookstore to purchase $800 worth of new books. Stokes also held collections of toys and dollhouses, Stokes had purchased countless Macintosh computers since the brands inception, along with various other Apple peripherals. At her death,192 of the computers remained in her possession, Stokes kept the unopened items in a climate-controlled storage garage for posterity. The collection, speculated to be one of the last of its nature remaining, Stokes bequeathed her son Michael Metelits the entire television collection, with no instructions other than to donate it to a charity of his choice. After a stringent process of considering potential recipients, Metelits gave the collection to The Internet Archive one year after Stokes death, four shipping containers were required to move the collection cross-country to Internet Archives headquarters in San Francisco, a move which cost her estate $16,000. It was the largest collection they had ever received, the group agreed to digitize the volumes, a process which was expected to run fully on round-the-clock volunteers, costing $2 million and taking 20 digitizing machines several years to complete. As of November 2014, the project was still active and she saw to it that the original Ampex 1 tape broadcast reels were preserved, then converted to Betamax L-500 tapes at the outset of the technology in the late 1970s. Tl, dr podcast episode on the legacy Marion Stokes, featuring an interview with her son, as well as Roger Macdonald, the director of the Internet Archives television archive
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David Rumsey
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David Rumsey is an American map collector and the founder of the David Rumsey Map Collection. He is also the president of Cartography Associates and he was also a 1966 initiate into the Skull and Bones Society, before becoming Associate Director of the American Society for Eastern Arts in San Francisco. Rumsey was a lecturer in art at the Yale School of Art for several years.0, OReilly Open Source Convention, and at conferences in Hong Kong, Mexico, Japan, United Kingdom, and Germany. Rumsey has collected from the early 1980s nearly 150,000 maps of eighteenth -, the collection also features world maps which includes atlases, globes, school geographies, and maritime charts. The collection is available on his website for free viewing, the entire collection is now hosted in the David Rumsey Map Center that opened on April 19th,2016 in the Bing Wing of Green Library, Stanford University. The Center contains rare maps and atlases in addition to interactive, the davidrumsey. com website continues as a separate public resource. For making his map collection public through his website, Rumsey was given an Honors award in 2002 by Special Libraries Association, the website, developed in conjunction with Luna Imaging and TechEmpower, won the Webby Award for Technical Achievement in 2002. On May 18,2012, Rumsey received the Warren R. Howell Award from the Stanford University Libraries in recognition of his service to Stanford. As of January 2008, following are some of the institutions where Rumsey serves as a board member, John Carter Brown Library Internet Archive Samuel H
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Rick Prelinger
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Rick has partnered with the Internet Archive to make over 6,000 films from Prelinger Archives available online for free viewing, downloading and reuse. He worked at The Comedy Channel from its startup in 1989 until it merged with the comedy network HA. to become Comedy Central and he then worked at Home Box Office until 1995. Rick has taught in the MFA design program at New Yorks School of Visual Arts and lectures widely on American cultural and social history, in July 2013, he was appointed Associate Professor in the Department of Film & Digital Media at UC Santa Cruz. His feature-length film Panorama Ephemera, depicting the landscapes of 20th-century America. With spouse Megan Prelinger he is co-founder of the Prelinger Library and it is available as a book and as a free PDF from the National Film Preservation Foundation. He worked at the Internet Archive on a large-scale texts digitization project and helped organize the Open Content Alliance
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Jason Scott
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Jason Scott Sadofsky, more commonly known as Jason Scott, is an American archivist, historian of technology, and filmmaker. Scott has been known by the online pseudonyms Sketch, SketchCow and he is the creator, owner and maintainer of textfiles. com, a web site which archives files from historic bulletin board systems. He is the creator of a 2005 documentary film about BBSes, BBS, The Documentary, Scott lives in Hopewell Junction, New York with his cat Sockington. He works for Internet Archive and has numerous presentations at technology related conferences on the topics of digital history, software. Jason Scott graduated from Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, New York, while in high school he produced the humor magazine Esnesnon. He later graduated from Emerson College in 1992 with a film degree, while at Emerson, he worked for the school humor magazine, school newspaper, WERS88.9 FM radio, and served as art director on several dramatic plays. After graduating from Emerson, Scott lived in Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1990, along with John Anthony Rescigno, Scott started TinyTIM, a popular MUSH. In 1995, Jason joined the game company Psygnosis as a technical support worker, before being hired by a video game startup, Focus Studios. After Focus Studios closure, Jason moved into UNIX administration, where he remained until 2009 and he has been a speaker at DEF CON, an annual hacker conference, the first time at the 7th conference in 1999, and has spoken there almost every year since then. Scott also spoke at PhreakNIC6 and 9, Rubi Cons 4 and 5, conference in 2004, Notacons 1,2,3 and 4, Toorcon 7, and beta premiered his documentary at the 7th annual Vintage Computer Festival. Most of his talks focus on the capturing of digital history or consist of narratives of stories relevant to his experiences online, in 2006 he announced starting a documentary on Arcades, titled ARCADE. In 2007, he co-founded Blockparty, a North American demoparty, for their inaugural year, they paired up with Notacon which takes place annually in Cleveland, Ohio. This collaborative effort allowed the party to utilize the existing support structure of an established conference. In January 2009, he formed Archive Team, a dedicated to preserving the historical record of websites that close down. Responding to the announcement by AOL of the closure of AOL Hometown, in October 2009, he started raising funds for a year-long sabbatical from his job as a computer systems administrator, to pursue technology history and archival projects full-time. By November 2009, he had reached his funding goals, with the support of over 300 patrons, in early 2011, he was involved in Yahoo. Video and Google Video archive projects, as of 2013 Jason Scott was also listed as the curator of the Software collections held by Internet Archive. Sockington is a cat who lives in Waltham, Massachusetts
16,427 (April 2014[update])[1]
