1.
Lehi (group)
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Lehi, often known pejoratively as the Stern Gang, was a Zionist paramilitary organization founded by Avraham Stern in Mandatory Palestine. It was initially called the National Military Organization in Israel, upon being founded in August 1940, according to Jean E. Rosenfeld, the group admitted to have used terrorist attacks. Lehi split from the Irgun militant group in 1940 in order to fighting the British during World War II. Believing that Nazi Germany was a enemy of the Jews than Britain. During World War II, it declared that it would establish a Jewish state based upon nationalist, after Sterns death in 1942, the new leadership of Lehi began to move it towards support for Joseph Stalins Soviet Union. In 1944, Lehi officially declared its support for National Bolshevism, Lehi and the Irgun were jointly responsible for the massacre in Deir Yassin. Lehi assassinated Lord Moyne, British Minister Resident in the Middle East, after the assassination, the new Israeli government declared Lehi a terrorist organization, arresting and convicting some 200 members. Just before the first Israeli elections, an amnesty to Lehi members was granted by the government. In 1980, Israel instituted a decoration, an award for activity in the struggle for the establishment of Israel. Former Lehi leader Yitzhak Shamir became Prime Minister of Israel in 1983, Lehi was created in August 1940 by Avraham Stern. Stern had been a member of the Irgun high command, zeev Jabotinsky, then the Irguns supreme commander, had decided that diplomacy and working with Britain would best serve the Zionist cause. World War II was in progress, and Britain was fighting Nazi Germany, the Irgun suspended its underground military activities against the British for the duration of the war. Stern argued that the time for Zionist diplomacy was over and that it was time for armed struggle against the British, like other Zionists, he objected to the White Paper of 1939, which restricted both Jewish immigration and Jewish land purchases in Palestine. For Stern, no difference existed between Hitler and Chamberlain, between Dachau or Buchenwald and sealing the gates of Eretz Israel, Stern wanted to open Palestine to all Jewish refugees from Europe, and considered this as by far the most important issue of the day. Therefore, he concluded, the Yishuv should fight the British rather than them in the war. When the Irgun made a truce with the British, Stern left the Irgun to form his own group, Stern and his followers believed that dying for the foreign occupier who was obstructing the creation of the Jewish State was useless. They differentiated between enemies of the Jewish people and Jew haters, believing that the former needed to be defeated, in September 1940, the organization was officially named Lehi. In 1940, the idea of the Final Solution was still unthinkable, in December 1940, Lehi even contacted Germany with a proposal to aid German conquest in the Middle East in return for recognition of a Jewish state open to unlimited immigration
2.
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design
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Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design is Israels national school of art. Established in 1906 by Jewish artist and sculptor Boris Schatz, Bezalel is Israels oldest institution of higher education, the art created by Bezalels students and professors in the early 1900s is considered the springboard for Israeli visual arts in the 20th century. In 2009 it was announced that Bezalel will be relocated to a new campus in the Russian Compound, the new Bezalel campus is planned by the Tokyo-based award-winning architectural firm SANAA. The Bezalel School was founded in 1906 by Boris Schatz, who envisaged the creation of a style of art blending classical Jewish/Middle Eastern. The school opened in rented premises on Ethiopia Street and it moved to a complex of buildings constructed in the 1880s surrounded by a crenelated stone wall, owned by a wealthy Arab. In 1907, the property was purchased for Boris Schatz by the Jewish National Fund, Schatz lived on the campus with his wife and children. Bezalels first class consisted of 30 young art students from Europe who successfully passed the entrance exam, eliezer Ben Yehuda was hired to teach Hebrew to the students, who hailed from various countries and had no common language. His wife, Hemda Ben-Yehuda, worked as Boris Schatzs secretary, in addition to traditional sculpture and painting, the school offered workshops that produced decorative art objects in silver, leather, wood, brass, and fabric. Yemenite immigrants were also frequent subjects of Bezalel artists, Bezalel closed in 1929 in the wake of financial difficulties. After Hitlers rise to power, Bezalels board of directors asked Josef Budko, the New Bezalel School for Arts and Crafts opened in 1935, attracting many teachers and students from Germany, many of them from the Bauhaus school shut down by the Nazis. Budko recruited Jakob Steinhardt and Mordecai Ardon to teach at the school, in 1958, the first year that the prize was awarded to an organization, Bezalel won the Israel Prize for painting and sculpture. In 1969, Bezalel became a state-supported institution, in 1975 it was recognized by the Council for Higher Education in Israel as an institute of higher education. It completed its relocation to Mount Scopus in 1990, Bezalel pavilion was a tin-plated wooden structure with a crenelated roof and tower built outside Jaffa Gate in 1912. It was a shop and showroom for Bezalel souvenirs, the pavilion was demolished by the British authorities six years later. In 2006, the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design celebrated its 100th anniversary, today, it is located on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem and has 1,500 students. Faculties include Fine Arts, Architecture, Ceramic Design, Industrial Design, Jewelry, Photography, Visual Communication, Animation, Film, the architecture campus is in downtown Jerusalem, in the historic Bezalel building. Bezalel offers Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Architecture, Bachelor of Design degrees, a Master of Fine Arts in conjunction with Hebrew University, the academy has plans to move back to the city center. In 2011, the Bezalel student show at the Milan Furniture Fair was described as a lively runner-up for the best exhibit.1 55-75, the Hebrew Style of Bezalel, 1906–1929, Nurit Shilo Cohen, The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts, Vol.20
3.
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bernardo Bertolucci is an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris,1900, The Last Emperor, The Sheltering Sky, Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers. In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme dOr Award at the ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Since 1979, he has married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. Bertolucci was born in the Italian city of Parma, in the region of Emilia-Romagna and he is the elder son of Ninetta, a teacher, and Attilio Bertolucci, who was a poet, a reputed art historian, anthologist and film critic. His mother was born in Australia, to an Italian father, Bertolucci had one brother, the theatre director and playwright Giuseppe. His cousin was the film producer Giovanni Bertolucci, with whom he has worked on a number of films, Bertolucci initially wished to become a poet like his father. With this goal in mind, he attended the Faculty of Modern Literature of the University of Rome from 1958 to 1961, shortly after, Bertolucci left the University without graduating. In 1962, at the age of 22, he directed his first feature film, produced by Tonino Cervi with a screenplay by Pasolini, the film is a murder mystery, following a prostitutes homicide. Bertolucci uses flashbacks to piece together the crime and the person who committed it, the film which shortly followed was his acclaimed Before the Revolution. Bertolucci caused controversy in 1972 with the film Last Tango in Paris, starring Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti. The film presents Brandos character, Paul, as he uses an affair to cope with the violent death of his wife by emotionally and physically dominating a young woman. The depictions of Schneider, then 19 years old, were regarded as exploitative, in one scene, Paul anally rapes Jeane using butter as a lubricant. The use of butter was not in the script, Bertolucci and Brando had discussed it and she said in 2007 that she had cried real tears during the scene and had felt humiliated and a little raped. In 2013 Bertolucci said he had withheld the information from her to generate a reaction of frustration. Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, because of the scandal surrounding the films release, Schneider became a drug addict and suicidal. She later became a rights advocate, in particular fighting for more female film directors, more respect for female actors. Criminal proceedings were brought against Bertolucci in Italy for the anal-sex scene, an Italian court revoked Bertoluccis civil rights for five years and gave him a four-month suspended prison sentence. Bertolucci appeared on the Radio Four programme Front Row on April 29,2013, during the making of Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci toyed with the idea of adapting Dashiell Hammetts book Red Harvest into a feature film
4.
Hanna Schygulla
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Hanna Schygulla is a German actress and chanson singer. Long associated with the theater and film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder, for whom she first worked in 1965, Schygulla was born in Königshütte to German parents Antonie and Joseph Schygulla. Both the names Schygulla and Mzyk are of Polish/Silesian origin, indicating a mixed heritage and/or the process of teutonisation of Slavs as was common in Silesia in the 19th century. Her father, a merchant by profession, was drafted as an infantryman in the German Army and was captured by American forces in Italy, subsequently being held as a prisoner of war until 1948. In 1945 Schygulla and her mother arrived as refugees in Munich following the expulsion of the majority German-speaking population of Königshütte by Communist Poland, much later, in the 1960s, Schygulla studied Romance languages and German studies, while taking acting lessons in Munich during her spare time. Acting eventually became her focus, and she became known for her film work with Rainer Werner Fassbinder. During the making of Effi Briest, an adaptation of a German novel by Theodor Fontane, Fassbinder, another issue for Schygulla was low pay, and she led a revolt against Fassbinder during the making of Effi Briest, shot in September 1972 some time before its commercial release. His response was blunt, I cant stand the sight of your face any more. They did not work again for several years until The Marriage of Maria Braun in 1978. The film was entered into the 29th Berlin International Film Festival, in 1980 she acted in Fassbinders miniseries adaptation of Berlin Alexanderplatz. In 1981 Schygulla starred alongside Bruno Ganz in Volker Schlöndorffs Circle of Deceit, and she was a member of the jury at the 15th Moscow International Film Festival in 1987. In the 1990s she became a well-known chanson singer, in Juliane Lorenzs documentary film Life, Love and Celluloid, on Fassbinder and related topics, Schygulla performs several songs. Schygulla appeared in the 2000 Béla Tarr film Werckmeister Harmonies, and in 2002 in VB51, five years later, she appeared in the film The Edge of Heaven, directed by Fatih Akın, to wide acclaim. In 2007 she received the Honorary Award from the Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, in 2011 she acted in the Alexander Sokurov film Faust. Schygulla lived in Paris from 1981 to 2014, when she left for Berlin, hanna Schygulla at the Internet Movie Database
5.
Samuel Fuller
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Samuel Michael Fuller was an American screenwriter, novelist, and film director known for low-budget, understated genre movies with controversial themes. Fullers wrote his first screenplay for Hats Off in 1936, and he would continue to direct several other Westerns and war thrillers throughout the 1950s. Fuller shifted from Westerns and war thrillers in the 1960s with his low-budget thriller Shock Corridor in 1963, followed by the neo-noir The Naked Kiss. He was inactive in filmmaking for most of the 1970s, before writing and directing the war epic The Big Red One, Samuel Michael Fuller was born in Worcester, Massachusetts of Jewish parents. His father, Benjamin Rabinovitch, died in 1923 when Samuel was 11, after immigrating to the United States, the familys surname was changed from Rabinovitch to Fuller, a name possibly inspired by a doctor who arrived in America on the Mayflower. Fuller tells in his autobiography, A Third Face, that he did not speak until he was five, after his fathers death, the family moved to New York City where, at the age of 12, he began working in journalism as a newspaper copyboy. He became a reporter in New York City at age 17. He broke the story of Jeanne Eagels death and he wrote pulp novels, including The Dark Page, which was later adapted into the 1952 movie, Scandal Sheet. During World War II, Fuller joined the United States Army and he was assigned as an infantryman to the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, and saw heavy fighting. He was involved in landings in Africa, Sicily, and Normandy and also saw action in Belgium and Czechoslovakia. In 1945, he was present at the liberation of a German concentration camp and shot 16 mm footage, known as V-E +1, in 2014, the footage was selected to the United States National Film Registry. For his military service, Fuller was awarded the Bronze Star, the Silver Star, Fuller used his wartime experiences as material in his films, especially in The Big Red One, the nickname for the 1st Infantry Division. After the war, Fuller co-authored a regimental history of the 16th Infantry, Hats Off marked Fullers first credit as a screenwriter. He wrote many screenplays throughout his career, such as Gangs of the Waterfront in 1945 and he was unimpressed with Douglas Sirks direction of his Shockproof screenplay, and he made the jump to writer/director after being asked to write three films by independent producer Robert Lippert. Fuller agreed to them if he would be allowed to direct them as well. Fullers first film under this arrangement was I Shot Jesse James followed by The Baron of Arizona with Vincent Price, Fullers third film, The Steel Helmet, established him as a major force. The first film about the Korean War made during the war, he wrote it based on tales from returning Korean veterans, the film was attacked by reporter Victor Riesel for being, as Riesel saw it, pro-Communist and anti-American. Critic Westford Pedravy alleged that Fuller was secretly financed by the Reds, Fuller had a major argument with the U. S. Army, which provided stock footage for the film
