1.
July Revolution
–
Supporters of the Bourbon would be called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists. On 16 September 1824, Charles X ascended to the throne of France and he was the younger brother of Louis XVIII, who, upon the defeat of Napoleon I, and by agreement of the Allied powers, had been installed as King of France. Both Louis and Charles ruled by right rather than Revolution. Upon the abdication of Napoleon in 1814, continental Europe, the Congress of Vienna met to redraw the continents political map. Another very influential person at the Congress was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, although France was considered an enemy state, Talleyrand was allowed to attend the Congress because he claimed that he had only cooperated with Napoleon under duress. Talleyrand proposed that Europe be restored to its borders and governments. France returned to its 1789 borders and the House of Bourbon, the Congress however forced Louis to grant the Charte constitutionnelle française, the French Constitution otherwise known as La Charte. This document was the trigger of the July Revolution. On 16 September 1824, after an illness of several months. Therefore, his brother, Charles, aged 66, inherited the throne of France. On 27 September Charles X as he was now known, made his entry into Paris to popular acclaim. But eight months later, the mood of the capital had sharply worsened in its opinion of the new king, the causes of this dramatic shift in public opinion were many, but the main two were, The imposition of the death penalty for anyone profaning the Eucharist. The provisions for financial indemnities for properties confiscated by the 1789 Revolution and these indemnities to be paid to any one, whether noble or non-noble, who had been declared enemies of the Revolution. Critics of the first accused the king and his new ministry of pandering to the Catholic Church, the second matter, that of financial indemnities, was far more opportunistic than the first. But opponents, many of whom were frustrated Bonapartists, began a campaign that Charles X was only proposing this in order to shame those who had not emigrated. Both measures, they claimed, were nothing more than clever subterfuge meant to bring about the destruction of La Charte and this, too, was about to change. On 12 April, propelled by both genuine conviction and the spirit of independence, the Chamber of Deputies roundly rejected the proposal to change the inheritance laws. The popular newspaper Le Constitutionnel pronounced this refusal a victory over the forces of counter-revolutionaries, the popularity of both the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies skyrocketed, and the popularity of the king and his ministry dropped
July Revolution
–
Charles X in coronation robes
July Revolution
–
Scenes of July 1830, a painting by
Léon Cogniet alluding to the July revolution of 1830.
July Revolution
–
Taking of the
Hôtel de Ville (revolutionaries went there in 1789, and later 1848 and 1870), by Amédée Bourgeois
July Revolution
–
Battle outside the Hôtel de Ville, by Jean Victor Schnetz
2.
International Commission on Orders of Chivalry
–
Its President is Dr. Pier Felice degli Uberti since 1999. Its seat is situated in Milano, Italy, during the Congress of Madrid Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent thought that it was appropriate to create a commission of scholars on chivalric matters. Initially, notably in 1964-1999, the organisation was embroiled in several controversies caused by the different cultural training of its commissioners, the root of some of these controversies stems from the unavoidable bias inherent in the ICOCs governing structure as a private, non-governmental organization. In order to any conflict of interest the commissioners who hold important offices in a particular order of chivalry cannot participate in the decision regarding that order. The ICOCs most recent Register and Provisional List of Orders was published in 2016, the International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences a biennial convention for genealogists, heraldic scholars and others working in related fields. The Congress that year was under the leadership of the Swedish Baron Hamilton of Hageby, Col. Robert Gayre, a Scottish anthropologist and author who had an interest in heraldry, Robert Matagne, genealogist and officer of arms Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Bt. Gayre replaced them with members of the Order of Saint Lazarus, during the period 1964-98, there were meetings held in 1964,1966,1967,1970,1984, later and until 1996 there were only private meetings between commissioners in the house of Robert Gayre. By 1996, the last year of Robert Gayres presidency, the Vice-President of the ICOC was Terence Francis MacCarthy. On 28 January 1992, the Irish Genealogical Office conferred courtesy Chief of the Name recognition to Terence MacCarthy as the MacCarthy Mór, the title of the chief of the MacCarthy sept or clan. Rober Gayre himself had assumed the title of Baron of Lochoreshire, and claimed to be the chief of the Clan Gayre. Gayre served as MacCarthys Constable in the Niadh Nask, the other eight members of the board of the ICOC in 1996 included Patrick OKelly, who claimed to be Baron OKelly de Conejera, and six other members of the Niadh Nask. Hundreds of people, taken in by these claims, joined the Niadh Nask or donated to their cause, among those convinced by the hoax were former Irish Prime Ministers Charles Haughey, Albert Reynolds, and John Brooke-Little. After Gayres death in 1996, Terence Francis MacCarthy assumed the position of President, in July 1999, the falsity of Terence Francis MacCarthys claims was discovered and reported in the media, and he resigned from the ICOC. S. H. Prince Ernst August of Lippe,1996, issued under the presidency of Robert Gayre and 1998, issued under the presidency of Terence Francis MacCarthy. Since 1999, the President of the ICOC has been Dr. Pier Felice degli Uberti and these include, first and foremost, the so-called Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller, included from 1970, and the so-called Niadh Nask, included from 1996/1998. In 1999 the ICOC also decided to remove the Order of Saint Lazarus from the Registers list of orders of chivalry. The 1st 2008 edition was awarded to Guy Stair Sainty and Rafal Heidel-Mankoo for their publication World Orders of Knighthood and Merit. The 2nd 2010 edition was granted to D’Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton, PhD, for his publication The Knights of the Crown, The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520
International Commission on Orders of Chivalry
–
Coat of arms of the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry.
3.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
French language
–
The
"arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in
Canada while the international stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France as well as other French-speaking countries and regions.
French language
–
Regions where French is the main language
French language
–
Town sign in
Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of
Rechmaya in
Lebanon.
French language
–
An obsolete 100
Lebanese pound note with the French language inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
4.
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIVs France was a leader in the centralization of power. Louis began his rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs, under his rule, the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots, was abolished. The revocation effectively forced Huguenots to emigrate or convert in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three wars, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg. There were also two lesser conflicts, the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions, warfare defined Louis XIVs foreign policies, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique, in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military, Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné and bore the title of French heirs apparent. At the time of his birth, his parents had married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631, leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, in defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his sons behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Annes political abilities was his primary rationale and he did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time, contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would spend all her time with Louis. Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis journal entries, such as, but attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis XIV by
Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701)
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis-Dieudonné,
Dauphin of France, in 1643 by
Claude Deruet
Louis XIV of France
–
Louis XIV as a child, unknown painter
Louis XIV of France
–
1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of the Fronde, portrayed as the god
Jupiter
5.
Louis IX of France
–
Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louiss childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals, as an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental possessions and his reign saw the annexation of several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence. Louis IX was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king is the judge to whom anyone is able to appeal to seek the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to prevent the private wars that were plaguing the country, to enforce the correct application of this new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs. According to his vow made after an illness, and confirmed after a miraculous cure. He was succeeded by his son Philip III, Louiss actions were inspired by Christian values and Catholic devotion. He decided to punish blasphemy, gambling, interest-bearing loans and prostitution and he also expanded the scope of the Inquisition and ordered the burning of Talmuds. He is the only canonized king of France, and there are many places named after him. Much of what is known of Louiss life comes from Jean de Joinvilles famous Life of Saint Louis, two other important biographies were written by the kings confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus biography, while several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the kings death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king. Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Prince Louis the Lion and Princess Blanche, and baptised in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his fathers side was Philip II, king of France, while his grandfather on his mothers side was Alfonso VIII, tutors of Blanches choosing taught him most of what a king must know—Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He was 9 years old when his grandfather Philip II died, a member of the House of Capet, Louis was twelve years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king within the month at Reims cathedral, because of Louiss youth, his mother ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis mother trained him to be a leader and a good Christian. She used to say, I love you, my son, as much as a mother can love her child
Louis IX of France
–
Representation of Saint Louis considered to be true to life, early 14th century. Statue from the church of
Mainneville, Eure, France.
Louis IX of France
–
Coin of Saint Louis,
Cabinet des Médailles. – The Latin inscription reads LVDOVICVS (i.e. "Louis") DEI GRACIA (i.e. "
by the Grace of God ", where Latin gratia was spelt gracia) FRANCOR REX (i.e. "
King of the Franks ", where Francor. is the abbreviation of Francorum).
Louis IX of France
–
Equestrian statue of King Saint Louis at the
Sacré-Cœur
Louis IX of France
–
Death of Saint Louis: On 25 August 1270, Saint Louis dies under his fleurdelisé tent before the city of Tunis. Illuminated by
Jean Fouquet,
Grandes Chroniques de France (1455–1460)
6.
French Republic
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
French Republic
–
Charles de Gaulle 1890–1970 served 1959–1969
French Republic
–
Flag
French Republic
–
Alain Poher 1909–1996 served 1969, 1974 (as interim)
French Republic
–
Georges Pompidou 1911–1974 served 1969–1974
7.
Legion of Honour
–
The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
Legion of Honour
–
Order's
streamer
Legion of Honour
Legion of Honour
–
A depiction of Napoleon making some of the first awards of the Légion d'honneur, at a camp near
Boulogne on 16 August 1804
Legion of Honour
–
First Légion d'Honneur investiture, 15 July 1804, at
Saint-Louis des Invalides by
Jean-Baptiste Debret (1812)
8.
Ribbon
–
A ribbon or riband is a thin band of material, typically cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal, used primarily as decorative binding and tying. Cloth ribbons are made of materials such as silk, velvet, cotton, and jute and of synthetic materials, such as polyester, nylon. Ribbon is used for innumerable useful, ornamental, and symbolic purposes, cultures around the world use ribbon in their hair, around the body, and as ornamentation on non-human animals, buildings, and packaging. Some popular fabrics used to make ribbons are satin, organza, sheer, silk, velvet, the word ribbon comes from Middle English ribban or riban from Old French ruban, which is probably of Germanic origin. Along with that of tapes, fringes, and other smallwares, the essential feature of a ribbon loom is the simultaneous weaving in one loom frame of two or more webs, going up to as many as forty narrow fabrics in modern looms. A loom in which several narrow webs could be woven at one time is mentioned as having working in Dantzig towards the end of the 16th century. Similar looms were at work in Leiden in 1620, where their use gave rise to so much discontent and rioting on the part of the weavers that the states-general had to prohibit their use. The prohibition was renewed at intervals throughout the century. In 1676, under the name of the Dutch loom or engine loom, it was brought to London, in 1745, John Kay, the inventor of the fly-shuttle, obtained, conjointly with Joseph Stell, a patent for improvements in the ribbon loom. Since that period, it has benefited by the applied to weaving machinery generally. Ribbon-weaving is known to have been established near St. Etienne as early as the 11th century, and that town has remained the headquarters of the industry. During the Huguenot troubles, ribbon-weavers from St. Etienne settled at Basel, krefeld is the centre of the German ribbon industry, the manufacture of black velvet ribbon being there a specialty. In England Coventry is the most important seat of ribbon-making, which is also prosecuted at Norwich and Leicester. While satin and other sorts of ribbon have always used in lingerie. This upsurge led to increased ribbon manufacturing as well as new, presently, the North American continent remains the largest importer of ribbon and ribbon derivative products. Inspired by European silk ribbons obtained through trade, Great Lakes, typewriters and dot matrix printers use a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink. Pieces of ribbon are used as symbols of support or awareness for social causes and are called awareness ribbons. Ribbons are used in ceremonies, such as in a ribbon cutting ceremony
Ribbon
–
Ribbons
9.
French Revolution
–
Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history, the causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt, Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789, a central event of the first stage, in August 1789, was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime. The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the intent on thwarting major reforms. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy, in a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution, internally, popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror, after the Thermidorian Reaction, an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795. The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections, debt repudiations, financial instability, persecutions against the Catholic clergy, dogged by charges of corruption, the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution, almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor. The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day, the French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity. Globally, the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies and it became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism, among many others. The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France, historians have pointed to many events and factors within the Ancien Régime that led to the Revolution. Over the course of the 18th century, there emerged what the philosopher Jürgen Habermas called the idea of the sphere in France. A perfect example would be the Palace of Versailles which was meant to overwhelm the senses of the visitor and convince one of the greatness of the French state and Louis XIV. Starting in the early 18th century saw the appearance of the sphere which was critical in that both sides were active. In France, the emergence of the public sphere outside of the control of the saw the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of France. In the 1750s, during the querelle des bouffons over the question of the quality of Italian vs, in 1782, Louis-Sébastien Mercier wrote, The word court no longer inspires awe amongst us as in the time of Louis XIV
French Revolution
–
The
August Insurrection in 1792 precipitated the last days of the monarchy.
French Revolution
–
The French government faced a fiscal crisis in the 1780s, and King Louis XVI was blamed for mishandling these affairs.
French Revolution
–
Caricature of the Third Estate carrying the First Estate (clergy) and the Second Estate (nobility) on its back.
French Revolution
–
The meeting of the Estates General on 5 May 1789 at Versailles.
10.
Dauphin of France
–
The Dauphin of France —strictly The Dauphin of Viennois —was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830. The word is French for dolphin, as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms, guigues IV, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed le Dauphin. The wife of the Dauphin was known as la Dauphine, the first French prince called le Dauphin was Charles the Wise, later to become Charles V of France. The title was equivalent to the English Prince of Wales, the Scottish Duke of Rothesay, the Portuguese Prince of Brazil. The official style of a Dauphin of France, prior to 1461, was par la grâce de Dieu, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois. A Dauphin of France united the coat of arms of the Dauphiné, which featured Dolphins, with the French fleurs-de-lis, and might, where appropriate, further unite that with other arms. Because of this, the Dauphiné suffered from anarchy in the 14th and 15th centuries, for example, he married Charlotte of Savoy against his fathers wishes. Savoy was an ally of the Dauphiné, and Louis wished to reaffirm that alliance to stamp out rebels. Louis was driven out of the Dauphiné by Charles VIIs soldiers in 1456, after his succession as Louis XI of France in 1461, Louis united the Dauphiné with France, bringing it under royal control. The sons of the King of France hold the style and rank of Son of France, while male-line grandsons hold the style, the sons and grandsons of the Dauphin ranked higher than their cousins, being treated as the kings children and grandchildren respectively. The title was abolished by the Constitution of 1791, which made France a constitutional monarchy, under the constitution the heir to the throne was restyled Prince Royal, taking effect from the inception of the Legislative Assembly on 1 October 1791. The title was restored in potentia under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII, with the accession of his brother Charles X, Charles son and heir Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême automatically became Dauphin. With the removal of the Bourbons the title fell into disuse, in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck encounters two odd characters who turn out to be professional con men. One of them claims that he should be treated with deference, since he is really an impoverished English duke, in Baronness Emma Orczys Eldorado, the Scarlet Pimpernel rescues the Dauphin from prison and helps spirit him from France. Alphonse Daudet wrote a story called The Death of the Dauphin. It is also mentioned in Cormac McCarthys Blood Meridian
Dauphin of France
–
Charles, 1st Dauphin of France
Dauphin of France
–
Coat of arms of the Dauphin of France.
Dauphin of France
–
Charles, 3rd Dauphin of France
Dauphin of France
–
Louis, 6th Dauphin of France
11.
Treasurer
–
A treasurer is the person responsible for running the treasury of an organization. The adjective for a treasurer is normally tresorial, the adjective treasurial normally means pertaining to a treasury, rather than the treasurer. The Treasury of a country is the department responsible for the economy, finance. The Treasurer is generally the head of the Treasury, although, in countries the treasurer reports to a Secretary of the Treasury. In Australia, the Treasurer is a senior Minister and usually the second most important member of the Government after the Prime Minister, from 1867 to 1993, the Ministry of Finance was called the Treasurer of Ontario. Originally the word referred to the person in charge of the treasure of a noble, however, in the UK during the 17th Century, a position of Lord High Treasurer was used on several occasions as the third great officer of the Crown. Now the title First Lord of the Treasury is the title of the British Prime Minister. In corporations, the Treasurer is the head of the treasury department. They also typically advise the corporation on matters relating to corporate finance and they could also have oversight of other areas, such as the purchase of insurance. The International Group of Treasury Associations is composed of about 30 treasurers organizations in the world, in Europe, the European Associations of Corporate Treasurers federates 17 national treasurers associations from 16 countries. The Certified Treasury Professional designation serves as the certification for treasury managers. In UK and other Commonwealth countries, they have their own ACT qualification and it is a UK Chartered institute and offers various certifications and diplomas. Membership could be obtained through general route or Fast Track route, the latter offers to members of UK CCAB institutes plus CIMA. The qualification is portal through Commonwealth countries and therefore global, in the Inns of Court, the professional associations for barristers in England and Wales, the bencher or Master of the bench who heads the Inn for that year holds the title Master Treasurer. This title is used by other legal associations sharing a British heritage. The treasurer would also be part of the group which would oversee how the money is spent and it is their responsibility to ensure that the organization has enough money to carry out their stated aims and objectives, and that they do not overspend, or under spend. They also report to the board meetings and/or to the general membership the financial status of the organization to ensure checks, accurate records and supporting documentation must be kept to a reasonable level of detail that provides a clear audit trail for all transactions. Bursary Certified Treasury Professional Chief financial officer Comptroller Comptroller and Auditor General National Association of Parliamentarians®, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
Treasurer
–
In A new way to pay the National Debt (1786),
James Gillray caricatured
Queen Charlotte and
King George III awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts, with
Pitt handing them another moneybag.
12.
Secretary
–
A secretary or personal assistant is a person whose work consists of supporting management, including executives, using a variety of project management, communication, or organizational skills. These functions may be carried out to assist one other employee or may be for the benefit of more than one. In other situations a secretary is an officer of a society or organization who deals with correspondence, admits new members, a secretary, typically known as personal assistant or an administrative assistant, has many administrative duties. Secretaries might also manage all the details of running a high-level conference or meeting. Often executives will ask their assistant to take the minutes at meetings, in addition to the minutes, the secretary may be responsible for keeping all of the official records of a company or organization. A secretarius was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual, as the duties of a modern secretary often still include the handling of confidential information, the literal meaning of their title still holds true. Since the Renaissance until the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence, with time, like many titles, the term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify various secretarial work better, like general secretary or financial secretary. In 1870, Sir Isaac Pitman founded a school where students could qualify as shorthand writers to professional and commercial men, originally, this school was only for male students. By the 1930s, fewer men were entering the field of secretaries, in an effort to promote professionalism among United States secretaries, the National Secretaries Association was created in 1942. It was first administered in 1951, by the mid-20th century, the need for secretaries was great and offices and organizations featured large secretarial pools. Several organizations were created to assist secretaries from foreign lands, including the Society of International Secretaries, the holiday caught on, and during the fourth week of April is now celebrated in offices all over the world. In a business, many job descriptions overlap, other titles describing jobs similar to or overlapping those of the traditional secretary are Office Coordinator, Executive Assistant, Office Manager and Administrative Professional. At the most basic level a secretary is usually an audio typist with a number of administrative roles. A good command of the office language and the ability to type is essential. A secretary / executive assistant may also access to a manager, thus becoming an influential. Executive assistants are available for contact during off hours by new electronic communication methods for consultations, specialized secretaries at higher level also include Medical and Legal Secretaries/Personal Assistants. As the level that the executive interacts with increases so does the level of skill required in the assistant that works with the executive. Those executive assistants that work with corporate officers must be capable of emulating the style, corporate philosophy, in Belgium, a Bachelors degree in Office Management is ideal for the position
Secretary
13.
Feast day
–
The word feast in this context does not mean a large meal, typically a celebratory one, but instead an annual religious celebration, a day dedicated to a particular saint. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a calendar of saints is called a Menologion, Menologion may also mean a set of icons on which saints are depicted in the order of the dates of their feasts, often made in two panels. As the number of recognized saints increased during Late Antiquity and the first half of the Middle Ages, eventually every day of the year had at least one saint who was commemorated on that date. To deal with this increase, some saints were moved to days in some traditions or completely removed. For example, St. Perpetua and Felicity died on 7 March, when the 1969 reform of the Catholic calendar moved him to 28 January, they were moved back to 7 March. Both days can thus be said to be their feast day, the Roman Catholic calendars of saints in their various forms, which list those saints celebrated in the entire church, contains only a selection of the saints for each of its days. A fuller list is found in the Roman Martyrology, and some of the saints there may be celebrated locally, Saint Martin of Tours is said to be the first or at least one of the first non-martyrs to be venerated as a saint. The title confessor was used for saints, who had confessed their faith in Christ by their lives rather than by their deaths. Martyrs are regarded as dying in the service of the Lord, a broader range of titles was used later, such as, Virgin, Pastor, Bishop, Monk, Priest, Founder, Abbot, Apostle, Doctor of the Church. Pope Pius XII added a common formula for Popes, the 1962 Roman Missal of Pope John XXIII omitted the common of Apostles, assigning a proper Mass to every feast day of an Apostle. The present Roman Missal has common formulas for the Dedication of Churches, the Blessed Virgin Mary, Martyrs, Pastors, Doctors of the Church, Virgins, some Christians continue the tradition of dating by saints days, their works may appear dated as The Feast of Saint Martin. Poets such as John Keats commemorate the importance of The Eve of Saint Agnes, as different Christian jurisdictions parted ways theologically, differing lists of saints began to develop. In the present ordinary form of the Roman Rite, feast days are ranked as solemnities and those who use even earlier forms of the Roman Rite rank feast days as Doubles, Semidoubles, and Simples. See Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite, in the Eastern Orthodox Church the ranking of feasts varies from church to church. In the Russian Orthodox Church they are, Great Feasts, middle, each portion of such feasts may also be called feasts as follows, All-Night Vigils, Polyeleos, Great Doxology, Sextuple. There are also distinctions between Simple feasts and Double, in Double Feasts the order of hymns and readings for each feast are rigidly instructed in Typikon, the liturgy book. In the Church of England, there are Principal Feasts and Principal Holy Days, Festivals, Lesser Festivals, and Commemorations. com
Feast day
–
A
medieval manuscript fragment of
Finnish origin, about 1340–60. Utilized by the
Dominican convent at
Turku.
Feast day
–
Excerpt from the Irish
Feastology of Oengus, presenting the entries for 1 and 2 January in the form of quatrains of four six-syllabic lines for each day. In this 16th-century copy (MS G10 at the
National Library of Ireland) we find pairs of two six-syllabic lines combined into bold lines, amended by glosses and notes that were added by later authors.
Feast day
–
A
Welsh calendar of saint days c.1488 - 1498
Feast day
–
Anglican Communion
14.
Roman Catholicism
–
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
Roman Catholicism
–
Saint Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
Pope Francis, elected in the
papal conclave, 2013
Roman Catholicism
–
Traditional graphic representation of the Trinity: The earliest attested version of the diagram, from a manuscript of
Peter of Poitiers ' writings, c. 1210
15.
Commissioned officer
–
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. In this sense, officers are not enlisted, but hold appointments from their government that typically remain in force indefinitely unless resigned, the proportion of officers varies greatly. Officers typically make up between an eighth and a fifth of modern armed forces personnel, in 2013, officers were the senior 17% of the British armed forces, and the senior 13. 7% of the French armed forces. In 2012, officers made up about 18% of the German armed forces, historically, however, armed forces have generally had much lower proportions of officers. During the First World War, fewer than 5% of British soldiers were officers, in the early twentieth century, the Spanish army had the highest proportion of officers of any European army, at 12. 5%. Within a nations armed forces, armies tend to have a proportion of officers. For example,13. 9% of British army personnel and 22. 2% of the RAF personnel were officers in 2013, having officers is one requirement for combatant status under the laws of war, though these officers need not have obtained an official commission or warrant. Commissioned officers are typically the only persons, in an armed forces environment, a superior officer is an officer with a higher rank than another officer, who is a subordinate officer relative to the superior. Non-commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, many advanced militaries require university degrees as a prerequisite for commissioning, even from the enlisted ranks. In the Israel Defense Forces, a university degree is a requirement for an officer to advance to the rank of lieutenant colonel, the IDF often sponsors the studies for its majors, while aircrew and naval officers obtain academic degrees as a part of their training programmes. In the United Kingdom, there are three routes of entry for British Armed Forces officers, the first, and primary route are those who receive their commission directly into the officer grades following completion at their relevant military academy. The third route is similar to the second, in that they convert from an enlisted to a commission, but these are taken from the highest ranks of SNCOs. LE officers, whilst holding the same Queens Commission, generally work in different roles from the DE officers, in the infantry, a number of Warrant Officer Class 1s are commissioned as LE officers. For Royal Navy and Royal Air Force officer candidates, a 30-week period at Britannia Royal Naval College or a 30-week period at RAF College Cranwell, Royal Marines officers receive their training in the Command Wing of the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines during a grueling 15-month course. The courses consist of not only tactical and combat training, but also leadership, management, etiquette, until the Cardwell Reforms of 1871, commissions in the British Army were purchased by officers. The Royal Navy, however, operated on a more meritocratic, or at least socially mobile, AOCS also also included the embedded Aviation Reserve Officer Candidate and Naval Aviation Cadet programs. NAVCADs were personnel who held associates degrees, but lacked bachelors degrees, nAVCADs would complete the entire AOCS program, but would not be commissioned until completion of flight training and receiving their wings. After their initial tour, they would be assigned to a college or university full-time for no more than two years in order to complete their bachelors degree
Commissioned officer
–
A commissioned officer and a non-commissioned officer prepare for a mission in Afghanistan.
Commissioned officer
–
The
Royal Navy officer training academy
Britannia Royal Naval College at Dartmouth, also known as HMS Britannia
Commissioned officer
–
A
platoon from the Australian
29th Battalion being addressed by their Commanding Officer in August 1918
16.
Institution of Military Merit
–
The Order of Military Merit, initially known as the Institution of Military Merit was an order of the French Ancien Régime created on 10 March 1759 by King Louis XV. It was created to reward the officers of the French Army. By the 18th Century there were regiments of Swedish, German, and Swiss troops in service to France, since many of these regiments officers were Protestant there lacked a suitable reward for distinguished service. The Order of Saint Louis was intended as a reward for military officers. King Louis XV created the Institution du Mérite militaire to be a sign of distinction. Presented in three grades the names of which were formalized as Knight, Grand Cordon, and Grand Cross in 1785, King Louis was careful to promote the prestige of the award by appointing the most talented officers. The first Grand Crosses were presented to Swiss Field Marshal Count Waldner, in 1791, during the French Revolution, the Orders of St. Louis and Military Merit were merged into the single Décoration Militaire. In 1792, after the proclamation of the Republic the Décoration Militaire was abolished, King Louis XVIII continued to make awards of the order while in exile. On 28 November 1814, during the restoration Louis XVIII reaffirmed the Order of Military Merit, increasing the number of Grand Crosses to four, the ribbon color was also changed to match that of the Order of St. Louis. The last appointment to the order was made in 1829, knights Cross Officer or Grand Cordon Grand Cross John Paul Jones Axel Fersen Władysław Grzegorz Branicki Charles-Daniel de Meuron Thomas Moody
Institution of Military Merit
–
Cross of the Order.
17.
Louis XVIII of France
–
Louis XVIII, known as The Desired, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824 except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. Until his accession to the throne of France, Louis held the title of Count of Provence as brother of King Louis XVI, on 21 September 1792, the National Convention abolished the monarchy and deposed King Louis XVI, who was later executed by guillotine. When the young Louis XVII, Louis XVIs son, died in prison in June 1795, during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, Louis XVIII lived in exile in Prussia, the United Kingdom and Russia. When the Sixth Coalition finally defeated Napoleon in 1814, Louis was placed in what he, Napoleon escaped from his exile in Elba, however, and restored his French Empire. Louis XVIII fled and a Seventh Coalition declared war on the French Empire, defeated Napoleon, Louis XVIII ruled as king for slightly less than a decade. The Bourbon Restoration regime was a constitutional monarchy, as a constitutional monarch, Louis XVIIIs royal prerogative was reduced substantially by the Charter of 1814, Frances new constitution. Louis had no children, therefore, upon his death, the passed to his brother, Charles. Louis XVIII was the last French monarch to die while reigning, as his successor Charles X abdicated and both Louis Philippe I and Napoléon III were deposed. Louis Stanislas Xavier, styled Count of Provence from birth, was born on 17 November 1755 in the Palace of Versailles, the son of Louis, Dauphin of France and he was the grandson of the reigning King Louis XV. As a son of the Dauphin he was a Fils de France, Louis Stanislas was christened Louis Stanislas Xavier six months after his birth in accordance with Bourbon family tradition, being nameless before his baptism. By this act, he also a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit. The former died in 1761, leaving Louis Auguste as heir to their father until the Dauphins own premature death in 1765, the two deaths elevated Louis Stanislas to second in the line of succession, while Louis Auguste acquired the title Dauphin. Louis Stanislas found comfort in his governess, Madame de Marsan, Governess of the Children of France, as he was her favourite among his siblings. Louis Stanislas was taken away from his governess when he turned seven, Antoine de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, Duke of La Vauguyon, a friend of his father, was named his governor. Louis Stanislas was an intelligent boy, excelling in classics and his education was of the same quality and consistency as that of his older brother, Louis Auguste, despite the fact that Louis Auguste was heir and Louis Stanislas was not. Louis Stanislas education was religious in nature, several of his teachers were men of the cloth. La Vauguyon drilled into young Louis Stanislas and his brothers the way he thought princes should know how to withdraw themselves, to like to work, and to know how to reason correctly. In the same month his household was founded, Louis was granted titles by his grandfather, Louis XV, Duke of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Perche
Louis XVIII of France
–
Portrait by
Robert Lefèvre, c.1822
Louis XVIII of France
–
Signature
Louis XVIII of France
–
Portrait of the young Count of Provence
Louis XVIII of France
–
Louis, Count of Provence
18.
Louis-Philippe of France
–
Louis Philippe I was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party. He spent 21 years in exile after he left France in 1793 and he was proclaimed king in 1830 after his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate in the wake of the events of the July Revolution of that year. His government, known as the July Monarchy, was dominated by members of a wealthy French elite and he followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of the French statesman François Guizot during the period 1840–48. He also promoted friendship with Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the conquest of Algeria and his popularity faded as economic conditions in France deteriorated in 1847, and he was forced to abdicate after the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848. He lived out his life in exile in Great Britain, Louis Philippe was born in the Palais Royal, the residence of the Orléans family in Paris, to Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a Prince of the Blood and his mother was an extremely wealthy heiress who was descended from Louis XIV of France through a legitimized line. Louis Philippe was the eldest of three sons and a daughter, a family that was to have erratic fortunes from the beginning of the French Revolution to the Bourbon Restoration. Louis Philippes father was exiled from the court, and the Orléans confined themselves to studies of the literature. Louis Philippe was tutored by the Countess of Genlis, beginning in 1782 and she instilled in him a fondness for liberal thought, it is probably during this period that Louis Philippe picked up his slightly Voltairean brand of Catholicism. When Louis Philippes grandfather died in 1785, his father succeeded him as Duke of Orléans, from October 1788 to October 1789, the Palais Royal was a meeting-place for the revolutionaries. Louis Philippe grew up in a period that changed Europe as a whole and, following his fathers support for the Revolution. In his diary, he reports that he took the initiative to join the Jacobin Club. In June 1791, Louis Philippe got his first opportunity to become involved in the affairs of France, in 1785, he had been given the hereditary appointment of Colonel of the 14th Regiment of Dragoons. With war on the horizon in 1791, all proprietary colonels were ordered to join their regiments, Louis Philippe showed himself to be a model officer, and he demonstrated his personal bravery in two famous instances. The young colonel broke through the crowd and extricated the two priests, who then fled, at a river crossing on the same day, another crowd threatened to harm the priests. Louis Philippe put himself between a peasant armed with a carbine and the priests, saving their lives, the next day, Louis Philippe dove into a river to save a drowning local engineer. For this action, he received a crown from the local municipality. His regiment was moved north to Flanders at the end of 1791 after the Declaration of Pillnitz, Louis Philippe served under his fathers crony, the Duke of Biron, along with several officers who later gained distinction in Napoleons empire and afterwards
Louis-Philippe of France
–
Louis Philippe I; Painting by
Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Louis-Philippe of France
–
The duke of Chartres (dismounted) and his brother, the
Duke of Montpensier (on horseback), in
dragoon uniform at the
battle of Valmy (1792).
Louis-Philippe of France
–
Ferdinand, Duke of Orléans
Louis-Philippe of France
–
Louise d'Orléans
19.
Rosette (decoration)
–
A rosette /roʊˈzɛt/ is a small, circular device that is typically presented with a medal. The rosettes are worn on the medal to denote a higher rank, or for situations where wearing the medal is deemed inappropriate. Rosettes are issued in such as Belgium, France, Italy. Rosettes are also sometimes called bowknots, due to their shape, moreover, a large rosette is sometimes pinned onto the ribbon which suspends a medal, typically the Officer s badge of certain orders of chivalry. Some small lapel rosettes are worn in the manner as lapel pins. For instance, knights of the Order of the British Empire now wear a lapel rosette bearing the cross in the center. While a metal pin mounted on a silk rosette is considered a decoration of distinction. In the United States, the Medal of Honor is issued with a 1/2 inch light blue rosette with white stars, previously, the Purple Heart was also presented with a purple and white rosette, but now has been replaced by a metallic lapel pin. The lapel pin is designed to be a version of the rectangular service ribbon. Most American military medals have the ribbon bar design scaled down to the size of a lapel pin, members of the Sons of the American Revolution wear small, blue-and-buff rosettes as lapel buttons. The colors match those of the uniform of Gen. George Washington, a rosette adorns the ribbon of all national Orders of Merit at the rank of Officer. Such rosette may also be worn in diminutive form on appropriate civilian dress, ranks above that of Officer may wear a rosette adorned with gold and/or silver bars on each side of the rosette on appropriate civilian dress. Such rosette also adorns ribbon bars worn on the dress uniform. Several of the top decorations of France, including the Légion dhonneur, the Legion of Honor authorized a rosette for those who are the rank of officer or above. If the grade is higher, the rosette is adorned with gold and/or silver bars which are place beside each side of the rosette, the same manner is accorded to the Order of National Merit. In occasions when bars are worn alone, the above-mentioned half-knots and/or rosettes are pinned onto the ribbon bars as appropriate to denote the wearers grade. In the United Kingdom, small silver rosettes can be added to the ribbons that are worn in place of medals, usually these indicate multiple award bars, the number of times a decoration for merit or distinguished service has been awarded. Holders of the 1914 Star, the 1939-45 Star, the Pacific Star, the Burma Star, several American-based lineage societies provide a rosette as an insignia of membership for informal wear
Rosette (decoration)
–
Médaille de la Résistance with a large rosette attached to the medal's suspension ribbon. Smaller rosettes are usually worn separately.
Rosette (decoration)
–
A UK Labour Party candidate campaigning in local elections, wearing a red rosette
20.
Hyacinthe Rigaud
–
Hyacinthe Rigaud was a French baroque painter of Catalan origin whose career was based in Paris. Hyacinthe Rigaud was born in Perpignan, the grandson of painter-gilders from Roussillon and he was trained in tailoring in his fathers workshop but perfected his skills as a painter under Antoine Ranc at Montpellier from 1671 onwards, before moving to Lyon four years later. It was in cities that he became familiar with Flemish, Dutch and Italian painting, particularly that of Rubens, Van Dyck, Rembrandt and Titian. Arriving in Paris in 1681, he won the prix de Rome in 1682, received into the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in 1700, he rose to the top of this institution before retiring from it in 1735. Since Rigauds paintings captured very exact likenesses along with the costumes and background details. Rigaud was baptised with his Catalan name in the old cathédrale Saint-Jean de Perpignan on 20 July 1659 and he would not have become French had not Roussillon and the Cerdanya been annexed to France the following 7 November thanks to the Treaty of the Pyrenees. That Treaty also put an end to the wars that had taken place between France and Habsburg Spain since 1635 and married King Louis XIV of France to the infanta Maria Theresa of Spain, few of these have survived to the present. On 13 March 1647 Hyacinthes father Matias Rigau, married Thérèse Faget, widowed shortly after, he decided to speedily remarry, to Maria Serra, daughter of a Perpignan textile merchant, on 20 December 1655. In 1665, he acquired a house en lo carrer de las casas cremades, by his second marriage, he also acquired a house on place de lHuile, but he soon sold it. Unfortunately, little is known about Rigauds activities in Lyon, due to the lack of surviving documents, however, as per tradition, artists from Montpellier had strong ties with this city, as had, for example, Samuel Boissière who was trained in there, in Lyon. The identity of Rigauds future depicted models shows that he worked for the cloth merchants. Rigauds portrait of Jean de Brunenc, painted in 1687, a merchant, banker and consul of Lyon. In his first will, dated 30 May 1707, the artist left the bust to the Grand Dauphin, Louis XIVs son, also in the document, Rigaud bequeathed the portrait containing the two profiles of Maria Serra to the elder son of his brother Gaspard, named Hyacinthe. He also applied sketches of his sister Claire, accompanied by her husband and their first daughter, in spring 1696, Hyacinthe Rigaud returned to Paris, where he painted one of his most important portraits of the year. This was in fact sollicited by the duke of Saint-Simon, to depict Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, in 1709 he was made a noble by his hometown of Perpignan. In 1727 he was made a knight of the Order of Saint Michael, Rigaud died in Paris in 1743 at the age of 84. He was one of the most important portrait painters during the reign of King Louis XIV and his instinct for impressive poses and grand presentations precisely suited the tastes of the royal personages, ambassadors, clerics, courtiers, and financiers who sat for him. His œuvre reads as a portrait gallery of the chief movers in France from 1680 to 1740
Hyacinthe Rigaud
–
Self-portrait in a turban, 1698,
Perpignan, Musée Hyacinthe Rigaud.
Hyacinthe Rigaud
–
Hyacinthe Rigaud
selfportrait
Hyacinthe Rigaud
–
Plan of the city of Perpignan in 1642 - A.D.P.O.
Hyacinthe Rigaud
–
Hyacinthe Rigaud - Louis de France, duc de Bourgogne (1682-1712)
21.
National Hero of Armenia
–
National Hero of Armenia is the highest title in the Republic of Armenia. The law on the title was signed by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan on 22 April 1994 and it is awarded for outstanding services of national importance to the Republic of Armenia in defense and strengthening of the state system and creation of important national values. Along with the title, its recipients receive the Order of Fatherland and it was created as the Armenian successor to the Hero of the Soviet Union award, which was abolished upon independence of Armenia. The first recipient of the title was Catholicos Vazgen I, the head of the Armenian church, who received it on 28 July 1994
National Hero of Armenia
–
The Order of Fatherland
22.
National Hero of Azerbaijan
–
The National Hero of Azerbaijan is the highest national title in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It can be awarded once to the same person. The title is awarded for outstanding services of importance to Azerbaijan in defense and strengthening of the state system. After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan, during the period of Soviet rule, Azerbaijan was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. Hero of the Soviet Union was the highest honorary title and the degree of distinction of the Soviet Union. Hero of Socialist Labor was a title in the Soviet Union. It provided a status to the title Hero of the Soviet Union that was awarded for heroic deeds
National Hero of Azerbaijan
–
Salatyn Asgarova was one of the
Azerbaijani journalists killed in the Nagorno-Karabakh war.
23.
Bir Sreshtho
–
The Bir Sreshtho, is the highest military award of Bangladesh. It was awarded to seven freedom fighters who showed utmost bravery, the other three gallantry awards are named, in decreasing order of importance, Bir Uttom, Bir Bikrom and Bir Protik. All of these awards were introduced immediately after the Liberation War in 1971, all the recipients of this award were killed in action during the Liberation War of 1971. The award was published by the Bangladesh Gazette on 15 December 1973 and it is the highest military award of Bangladesh, similar to the American Medal of Honor or the British Victoria Cross. It has only given in 1973 to seven people. Listed below are the people who have received the Bir Srestho, note, When referring to martyrs, the word shaheed is often put before each individuals name as a mark of respect. The list has been prepared like the declaration by the Bangladesh Gazette, Bir Uttom Bir Bikram Bir Protik Medals of the Bangladesh Armed Forces
Bir Sreshtho
–
Bir Sreshtho and its ribbon, the highest military decoration of Bangladesh
Bir Sreshtho
24.
Hero of Belarus
–
Hero of Belarus is the highest title that can be bestowed on a citizen of Belarus. The title is awarded to those who perform great deeds in the name of freedom, independence, the deed can be for military performance, economic performance or great service to the State and society. The design of the medal is similar to that of its predecessor, similar titles to the Hero of Belarus include the Russian Hero of the Russian Federation, Ukrainian Hero of Ukraine, and Uzbek Hero of Uzbekistan. Since its creation, the title has been awarded to ten people, the title was created by the Belarus Supreme Soviet on April 13,1995, with the passage of Resolution N 3726-XII, titled System of State Awards for the Republic of Belarus. Alongside the Hero of Belarus title, the resolution authorized the creation of medals, orders, the creation of the awards was a way to honor those who have made valuable contributions to Belarus, irrespective of whether they were performed by a citizen or a foreigner. This resolution was outlawed and replaced by Law N 288-З on May 18,2004, to be considered for title, a person must perform a deed that greatly benefits the state and Belarusian society at large. The title can be awarded to serving in the military. It can only be awarded once to an individual, and can be awarded posthumously, the official criteria are stated in Chapter 2, Article 5 of Law N 288-З. Chapter 3, Article 60 of Law N 288-З allows any group of workers to submit a recommendation for an individual to be awarded the title. Governmental bodies, the National Assembly, the Council of Ministers, cabinet officials and public unions, under the Belarus Constitution, the President of the Republic has the power to bestow state awards. To announce an award, the President issues a decree conferring the title to a person, within two months, the title will be presented by the President in a formal setting, usually at the Presidential Palace in the capital city of Minsk. A certificate will also be presented to the recipient, signed by the President of the Republic and these privileges are regulated by Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus under February 21,1995 N 3599-XII. Now this question is regulated by Law of the Republic of Belarus under June 14,2007 N 239-З About social privileges, rights, the consumptions, connected with these privileges, are financed from means of republican and local budgets and of governmental social insurance. The recipient of the title is given a medal called the Medal of the Hero of Belarus, the star and suspension are made of gold, and thus it is nicknamed Gold Star, as was its predecessor, the Hero of the Soviet Union. The star has a diameter of 33 millimeters, and is attached to a rectangular suspension device. In the center of the rectangle is a ribbon of two sections of red and one section of green, the red and green bars on the ribbon evoke the design and colors of the national flag. The amount of gold is set at 585–1 Test, with the weight of the medal being 19 grams. The present design was enacted into law by Presidential Decree Number 516 on September 6,1999, the design of the medal is modeled after one used for the Hero of the Soviet Union
Hero of Belarus
–
Uładzimir Karvat
25.
Order of Bravery
–
The Order of Bravery is a Bulgarian order during the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Republic of Bulgaria. It is the most esteemed Bulgarian order and the second highest in the Kingdom of Bulgaria and it exists since 1880 with interruption between 1946 and 2003. The Order of Bravery was established with a decree of Knyaz Alexander Batenberg on 1 January 1880 and it is the first Bulgarian order and was modeled after the Order of Military Merit of the Grand Duchy of Hesse which existed to 1866. The recipients of the order are called cavaliers, the head of state and the heir to the throne were cavaliers by right to Military Order of Bravery I grade and Military Order of Bravery IV grade respectively. The order was first awarded on 17 April 1880 when 33 participants in the Russo-Turkish War received the order, several days later on 24 April, the order was awarded for the first time to a civilian person. Several German officers received this award during World War II, after the end of the monarchy the orders and the medals of the Kingdom of Bulgaria were fully substituted with other ones. On 15 September the Order of Bravery ceased to exist, Grand Cross of the Order of Bravery The Grand Cross was awarded only to the ruler who was a Grand Master of the order. It consisted of a necklace, a star and a mantle, Order of Bravery I grade, 1st class There are four emissions. Order of Bravery I grade, 2nd class That order was awarded to Bulgarian and foreign generals, second, third and fourth grade were given to generals and officers according to their rank. Order of Bravery II grade There are two emissions, Order of Bravery III grade, 1st class There are three emissions. Order of Bravery III grade, 2nd class There are five emissions, Order of Bravery IV grade, 1st class There are seven emissions. Order of Bravery IV grade, 2nd class There are ten emissions, the Soldier Cross of Bravery was a medal enlisted to the Order of Bravery. Major General Sava Mutkurov - regent of Bulgaria and minister of defense in the government of Stefan Stambolov, in its contemporary form it has three grades without classes and is again with swords for military personnel and without swords for civilians. Orders, decorations, and medals of Bulgaria Закон за ордените и медалите на Република България Военен орден „За храбростъ“
Order of Bravery
–
Order of Bravery
Order of Bravery
–
Ribbon bar of the order
Order of Bravery
–
Order of Bravery III grade, 1st class.
26.
Valour Cross
–
The Valour Cross is the highest military decoration of Denmark. Established on 14 November 2011, and first awarded on 18 November 2011, the Valour Cross is presented for extraordinary courage occurring during combat, where the soldier acted altruistically in an obviously dangerous situation. Efforts are aimed at promoting the solution of an important task or to save the lives of others, the Valour Cross is the highest Danish military decoration and can be compared to the British Victoria Cross or the United States Medal of Honor. The Valour Cross decoration is a silver cross pattée with a gilded edge, on the obverse in the center of the cross is a gold medallion with HM The Queens monogram above the year 2010. Each of the four arms of the cross bear three letters each of the inscription FOR TAPPERHED, the reverse is engraved with the name and grade of the recipient, as well as the location and year of the event for which they were honoured. The Valour Cross is suspended from a ribbon with a red center stripe. When worn as a ribbon bar it is the same as the Defence Medal for Bravery, since the creation of the Valour Cross, there has been only one recipient of the decoration. This first recipient is Sergeant Casper Westphalen Mathiesen of the Ingeniørregimentet, based in Skive, on 19 February 2010, while deployed to Afghanistan with ISAF, Sergeant Mathiesen risked his own life and well being to defend a wounded comrade during a firefight. His bravery under fire is credited with holding off the enemy, list of orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Denmark
Valour Cross
–
Obverse of the Valour Cross
27.
Cross of Liberty (Estonia)
–
Grade I was for military leadership, Grade II for personal courage, and Grade III for civilian service. Grade and class is attached to the name of recipient in the form of post-nominal letters, the 1st class of II grade was never conferred. Bestowal of the Cross of Liberty was terminated on 19 June 1925, the last surviving recipient of the Cross of Liberty was Karl Jaanus VR II/3, who died on 6 October 2000. The War of Independence Victory Column in Tallinn, opened in 2009, is modelled after the Cross of Liberty, the designer of the Cross of Liberty was the famous Estonian artist Nikolai Triik. He used Grand Master of the Teutonic Order cross as the basis for the shape of the Cross of Liberty
Cross of Liberty (Estonia)
–
Illustration of the three grades with each of the three classes
28.
Mannerheim Cross
–
The Mannerheim Cross of Liberty is the most esteemed Finnish military decoration. The medal, inspired by the Old-Scandinavian Fylfot, was introduced after the Winter War, the decoration was awarded to soldiers for extraordinary bravery, for the achievement of extraordinarily important objectives by combat, or for especially well conducted operations. The award was introduced into the Order of the Cross of Liberty, while the 1st class is the 5th and the 2nd class the 9th in the order of precedence of Finnish awards, the Mannerheim Cross 2nd class has become the most distinguished military award in Finland. The Cross could be awarded to any soldier of the Finnish Defence Forces, the lack of a rank requirement, the emphasis on individual bravery, and the prize of 50,000 marks to each recipient attracted considerable public attention to the award during the war. The first private to be awarded the cross was Vilho Rättö, in 1942, the prize sum was equivalent to a lieutenants annual salary. As the Mannerheim Cross was awarded most often in the 2nd class, no special requirements differing from the Mannerheim Cross 2nd class were laid out for the Mannerheim Cross 1st class. It has been awarded twice, to the Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim and General of Infantry Erik Heinrichs, Mannerheim Cross Second Class has been awarded to 191 persons, all during World War II. Four persons have been awarded it twice, de jure, the decoration is still active and can be awarded to any Finnish soldier, although it is highly unlikely that this would be done during peacetime or even in a minor conflict. Since the presidency of Martti Ahtisaari, all surviving recipients of the Mannerheim Cross have been invited to the Independence Day Reception, by tradition they are also the first guests to enter. Tuomas Gerdt is the only Knight of the Mannerheim Cross alive
Mannerheim Cross
–
Mannerheim Cross 1st Class (above) and 2nd Class (below)
29.
Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour
–
The Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour is the highest military decoration of the Bundeswehr. It is the highest class of the Bundeswehr Cross of Honour, the decoration is the first combat valour award presented by Germany since World War II. Since World War II, Germany has seen its military as a defensive force, after the September 11 attacks on the United States, Germany joined ISAF in Afghanistan and has continued to deploy Bundeswehr troops to areas under combat conditions. In 2007, the Petitions Committee of the Bundestag made a recommendation to create a decoration to recognize military personnel for valour, in 2008, Ernst-Reinhard Beck, the president of the German Reservists Association, suggested the reestablishment of the Iron Cross. From its establishment by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1813 until 1945, however, the historical connotations assigned to the Iron Cross from World War II provoked criticism from some groups. Federal Defence Minister Franz Josef Jung proposed a new level of the Bundeswehr Cross of Honour to recognize bravery, the President of Germany Horst Köhler granted authorization for this valour decoration on 18 September 2008. On 10 October 2008, the directive creating the Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour became law upon being published in the Federal Law Gazette and the Federal Gazette. The first recipients of the Cross of Honour for Valour were four soldiers caught up in an attack by Taliban forces on 20 October 2008 southwest of Kunduz. Two German soldiers were wounded and two were killed in the attack, five Afghan children died, while one was injured. Members of the German Armed forces are statutorily, under Section 7 of the Legal Status of Military Personnel Act, members swear to bravely defend the rights and freedom of the German people. For this reason any conduct recognized by the Cross of Honour for Valour must be of a brave nature
Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour
–
The Bundeswehr Cross of Honour for Valour
30.
Cross of Valour (Greece)
–
The Cross of Valour is the second highest military decoration of the Greek state, awarded for acts of bravery or distinguished leadership on the field of battle. The award was established through Law ΓΡΣΗ/30-4-1913, as a rather than a simple medal. In some cases, after battles, the entire personnel of some units was decorated with the Cross of Valour. Awards continued to be made for feats performed during the Asia Minor Campaign even after its end, in 1923 and 1924, with 509 Gold Crosses and 3 Silver Crosses accounted for. Given the great scarcity of medals, however, as well as the political upheavals of the 1920s. With the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War on 28 October 1940, until the fall of Greece to the Germans in April 1941,240 Gold Crosses and 300 Silver Crosses were awarded. The Greek government in exile awarded 96 Gold Crosses and 92 Silver Crosses to Greek and various Allied officers. The Cross of Valour continued to be awarded for actions during the Greek Civil War and for the Greek participation in the Korean War, as well as for a few cases from World War II, from 1947 to 1955. During this period, eight Commanders Crosses,4,548 Gold Crosses and 11,072 Silver Crosses were awarded to Greek, with the abolition of the monarchy by the Greek military junta in 1973, the countrys honours system was revised. In April 1974, Law Decree 376/1974 was promulgated, which regulated military awards for wartime and peacetime, the regulations as to award procedure were left to be determined by Presidential Decree. As of 2003, this had not been enacted, the Royal Decree of 31 March 1921 instituted the Cross of Valour in three grades, Commanders Cross, worn as a badge on a necklet, and the Gold Cross and Silver Cross, worn as badges on chest ribbons. No limit was set on the number of awards in each grade, the Silver Cross was to be made entirely of silver, while the Gold and Commanders crosses where enamelled in white with blue edges. The ribbon consists of five pale blue and white stripes, for each repeat award, a silver 4-millimeter star was added to the ribbon. For World War II awards, a bar with 1940 was placed on the ribbon to distinguish it from the earlier 1913 version, repeat awards were designated with 5-millimeter miniature silver crowns, although a maximum of three was allowed to be worn on the ribbon. General Staff of National Defense, 148–163, george J. Beldecos, Hellenic Orders, Decorations and Medals, pub. Hellenic War Museum, Athens 1991, ISBN 960-85054-0-2
Cross of Valour (Greece)
–
King
Constantine I of Greece wearing the Commander's Cross of the Cross of Valour as Head of the Order
Cross of Valour (Greece)
–
Colonel D. Ambelas, showing the usual way of wearing the Silver and Gold grades of the Cross of Valour on field uniforms, passed through the second buttonhole
Cross of Valour (Greece)
–
Soldiers of the 53rd Infantry Regiment after the award of the Cross of Valour during the Asia Minor Campaign
31.
Param Vir Chakra
–
The Param Vir Chakra is Indias highest military decoration awarded for the highest degree of valour or self–sacrifice in the presence of the enemy. Literally meaning Wheel of the Ultimate Brave, it is similar to the Medal of Honor in the United States, unlike the Param Vir Chakra, which is awarded only to military personnel, the Ashoka Chakra decoration may be awarded either to military or civilian personnel. Similarly to the PVC, it can be awarded posthumously, a number of central and state governments and ministries of India provide several allowances and rewards to recipients of the PVC. The PVC was established on 26 January 1950, by the President of India and it can be awarded to officers or enlisted personnel from all branches of the Indian military. Provision was made in the event an individual was awarded the PVC twice, in this were to occur, they would receive a bar and a replica of the vajra, the weapon of Indra, the god of heaven. To date, the award has not been conferred twice and it carries with it the right to use PVC as a post-nominal abbreviation. The medal was designed by Savitri Khanolkar, the wife of an Indian Army officer, Vikram Khanolkar of the Sikh Regiment. Coincidentally, the first Param Vir Chakra was awarded to her son-in-law Lt. Gen. Surinder Nath Sharmas elder brother, Major Somnath Sharma, the medal is a circular bronze disc 1.375 inches in diameter. On the front, the state appears in the center on a raised circle surrounded by four copies of the vajra, the mythical weapon of Indra. The motif symbolizes the sacrifice of Rishi Dadhichi, who gave his bones to the Gods to make the vajra to kill the demon Vritra, the medal is suspended from a straight swiveling suspension bar. On the rear, around a center, are two legends separated by lotus flowers. The words Param Vir Chakra are written in Hindi and English, a purple ribbon,32 millimetres long, holds the Param Vir Chakra. The medal has been awarded 21 times, of which 14 were posthumous awards, of the 21 awardees,20 have been from the Indian Army, and 1 has been from the Indian Air Force. The Grenadiers have received the greatest number of Param Vir Chakras, the various Gorkha Rifle regiments of the Indian Army have received three awards, with the 1,8, and 11 Gorkha Rifle regiments each having one PVC recipient. Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, who was awarded the Param Vir Chakra posthumously in 1971, is the only Indian Air Force officer to date to have been honoured with the Param Vir Chakra. Naib Subedar Sanjay Kumar, and Subedar Yogendra Singh Yadav, are the active duty PVC recipients in the Indian Army. Beyond the obvious honour, the award carries a cash allowance for those under the rank of lieutenant. Upon the death of the recipient, the pension is transferred to the widow until her death or remarriage, in the case of a posthumous recipient who is a bachelor, the allowance is paid to his father or mother
Param Vir Chakra
–
The three living recipients of the Param Vir Chakra Award:
Yogendra Singh Yadav,
Bana Singh and
Sanjay Kumar
Param Vir Chakra
–
Param Vir Chakra and its ribbon, the highest military decoration of India
Param Vir Chakra
–
Members of the Indian Army at the
India Gate war memorial in Delhi.
32.
Military Medal for Gallantry
–
The Military Medal For Gallantry is a military decoration awarded by the Irish Government. It is the highest award of the Military awards and decorations of Ireland, created in 1944, the Military Medal for Gallantry is awarded in three different classes. Originally referred to as 1st, 2nd and 3rd class, but since 1984 they have respectively been referred to with Honour, with Distinction. Since the medals inception it has been awarded six times with Distinction and it has never been awarded with Honour. The Military Medal for Gallantry is awarded for any act of bravery or gallantry arising out of, or associated with, military service and involving risk to life. The medal can be awarded to officers, non-commissioned officers, or privates/seaman/aircrew of the Defence Forces and to members of the Army Nursing Service, the medal is made of silver when awarded with Honour and is bronze when awarded with Distinction and Merit. The obverse of the medal depicts a cross with St. Brendans knot on each arm, superimposed on the cross is a laurel wreath. In the centre are the words DE ḂARR CALMAĊTA, the reverse is plain except for the inscription An Bonn Míleata Calmaċta arching over a scroll on which to inscribes the recipients name. The makers hallmark is located at the bottom, the medal hangs from a straight arm suspension attached to a 35-millimetre ribbon which is green and crimson. Subsequent awards of the medal are denoted by a 7-millimetre metal disc bearing a Celtic triquetra design
Military Medal for Gallantry
–
Military Medal For Gallantry with Honour Military Medal For Gallantry with Distinction Military Medal For Gallantry with Merit
33.
Medal of Valor (Israel)
–
The Medal of Valor is the highest Israeli military decoration. Awards of the medal were also made for actions prior to 1970, recipients of the medal receive several privileges such as a tax reduction and invitations to official state ceremonies. The medal was designed by Dan Reisinger in the shape of a Star of David, a sword and olive branch decorate the left side, while the reverse is plain. The medal is attached to a ribbon, a reference to the yellow star that Jews were forced to wear during the Holocaust. Two time recipients of the medal attach a small medal-shaped clasp to the ribbon, the medal is minted by the Israel Government Coins and Medals Corporation. It is made of 25 gram silver/935 and the clasp is chrome plated, john D. Clarke, Gallantry Medals & Awards of the World, p.108
Medal of Valor (Israel)
–
Medal of Valor
34.
Gold Medal of Military Valour
–
The face of the medal displayed the profile of the king, and on its reverse was a flag decoration and the words al valore. On 14 August 1815, Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia replaced it with the Military Order of Savoy, charles Albert of Sardinia revived it on March 26,1833, and added to it the Silver and Bronze medals. These had, on their faces, the coat of arms of Savoy with laurel branches, the crown. On the reverse were two branches enclosing the name of the decorated soldier, and the place and date of the action. With the proclamation of the Republic on June 2,1946, for actions performed by individuals during World War I, the Gold Medal was awarded some 368 times, as well as 37 times to military units, and once to the Unknown Soldier. Only four of the awards went to foreigners, one of these being Czar Nicholas II of Russia. The other three were for acts of gallantry in which the recipient was killed in action or died from his injuries. The Gold Medal of Military Valor was one of the most parsimoniously awarded medals of World War I, the Axis-affiliated Italian Social Republic created another design of the medal to give to members of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano from 1943 to 1945. This version of the award was not given recognition by the postwar Italian government, cinque anni di storia italiana 1940-1945, da lettere e diari di caduti
Gold Medal of Military Valour
–
Italy's Gold Medal of Military Valour
35.
Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa
–
The Gallant Warrior or Grand Knight of Valour is the highest federal award which can be presented in Malaysia. It was created on 29 July 1960 and was gazetted on 11 August 1969, the award is the highest ranking in the list of the Malaysian Federal Ranking of Awards, and is ranked higher than the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia awarded to Malaysian Royalty. The Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa is awarded to those Malaysians who have shown, supreme courage and bravery in extraordinary, the number of awards is not limited, and may be conferred to any eligible person, both civilian and military. The Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa, as the highest Armed Forces Gallantry Award, is the highest in the order of precedence in the awards and decorations of the Malaysian Armed Forces. It is also the highest award of the Malaysian Federal Awards, outranking the awards which carry the title of Datuk, Tan Sri, the award does not carry any title and is not listed in the Federal Order of Precedence. Since 1990, the award does carry a monetary stipend, with the passage of the Sri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa Act, recipients and their families are entitled to a monetary allowance. Living recipients of the decoration are paid an allowance of RM400 per month and those who had received the award prior to the passage of the act, were paid retroactively to the date of their award, but not any earlier than June 1983. The allowance ends upon the death of the recipient, a posthumous recipients next of kin receives a lump-sum payment of RM20,000. The medal pendant is made of silver and it is a crescent moon with the inscription Gagah Perkasa. Within arc of the moon is a fourteen-pointed star, an intricately designed clasp attaches the pendant to the ribbon. The medals ribbon is royal yellow 1.5 inches wide with red stripes 1/8 inches wide
Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa
–
image of the decoration
36.
Military William Order
–
The Military William Order, or often named Military Order of William, is the oldest and highest honour of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Orders motto is Voor Moed, Beleid en Trouw, the chivalric order was established on 30 April 1815 by King William I and was presented for feats of excellent bravery on the battlefield and as a meritorious decoration to senior military officers. To date the Order is extremely rarely awarded and only for excellent bravery in battle, in the spring of 1940 it was decided that civilians would receive the Military Order of William for heroic acts in the resistance. After the liberation of the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, several men, the Grand Cross was awarded to Prince William of Orange, the Duke of Wellington, Fürst Blücher von Wahlstatt, Graf von Bülow von Dennewitz and Graf von Gneisenau. Until 1940, a total of 5,874 persons had been awarded the Military Order of William, in 1940, the Order was awarded to soldiers who had served with extreme valour in the defence of Netherlands from the 10 May attack by Nazi-Germany. Of the 3,500 servicemen who served in the Netherlands United Nations Detachment in Korea, since 1940,199 names have been added to the register of the Military Order of William. The latest conflict that has been cause for the honour to be awarded is the war in Afghanistan. Kroon was honoured for bravery, leadership, and devotion to duty during his service in Afghanistan from March to August,2006. By 1945, the classes of the Military William Order were in existence. The Grand Cross could also be awarded as a presentation to heads of state which had displayed feats of loyalty to the Netherlands during wartime. Only US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the British King George VI were conferred such an honour, in the 19th century, the Grand Cross was often conferred on foreign monarchs as a mere mark of respect. The 4th Class could also be awarded as a presentation to military commands which had displayed feats of gallantry during wartime. The badge of the Order is a white-enamelled Maltese Cross, in silver for the 4th Class and in gilt for higher classes, the obverse bears a golden firesteel at the centre, and the motto Voor Moed – Beleid – Trouw on the arms of the Maltese Cross. The reverse central disc bears a crowned monogram W surrounded by a laurel wreath, the badge hangs from a royal crown. The star of the Grand Cross is a silver, 8-pointed star with straight rays, the breast cross of the Commander is completely identical to the obverse of the badge of the Order. The ribbon of the Order is orange with blue stripes near the border, to be awarded the Military William Order a military unit must distinguish itself in battle to such a degree as would warrant the personal presentation of the Military William Order. The units Regimental Colour are decorated with the badge of the 4th Class itself, the version of the Military William Order for unit members is known as the Orange Lanyard. Only those who served in a unit at the particular time of action are entitled to wear the Orange Lanyard
Military William Order
–
Military William Order Militaire Willems-Orde
Military William Order
–
King William II as Sovereign of the Order
Military William Order
Military William Order
37.
War Cross (Norway)
–
The War Cross with Sword is the highest ranking Norwegian gallantry decoration. It is awarded for extraordinary brave actions or extraordinary leadership during combat, a recipient deemed worthy of additional citations will receive up to an additional two swords on the medal ribbon in addition to the standard single sword. Additional citations are rare, Gunnar Sønsteby is the person to have received the War Cross with three swords. The medal was established on 23 May 1941 by royal resolution of King Haakon VII, at that time, royal awards were made and awards could be made for meritorious activities not associated with combat, these were made without the sword. The statutes were amended on 18 May 1945, restricting awards to the actions of military personnel in combat situations, at the same time, Haakon VIIs Freedom Cross was established to replace the War Cross for civilian achievements. Awards of the War Cross ceased in 1949, but on 26 June 2009 the statutes were revised to permit awards for actions after 1945. Since its inception, Krigskorset has been awarded to 126 non-Norwegians and these awards were mostly for actions during the Norway Campaign of 1940. The number of recipients from various nations,66 France, gazetted 11 August 1942 while serving with the British Army, Lt Harry FitzGibbon Boswell, Royal Engineers Gunnar Sønsteby for his work as a Norwegian resistance fighter during World War II. Lieutenant Max Manus for his work as a Norwegian resistance fighter during World War II, oluf Reed-Olsen for his work as a Norwegian resistance fighter during World War II. Erik Gjems-Onstad for his work as a Norwegian resistance fighter during World War II, hugo Munthe-Kaas for his efforts in Operation Upsilon III during World War II. Colonel Birger Eriksen Captain Martin Linge Boy Rist for outstanding efforts during the execution of missions, as Leader for Polar Bear 1. Eiliv Austlid was awarded the citation on 2 October 2009, for actions in April 1940, the new award raised the total number of persons awarded The War Cross to 275 and the total number of awards, which includes seven French military colours, to 282. It has been revealed that at least one soldier is being considered for the award after action with the International Security Assistance Force in the Afghanistan war, lieutenant Commander Trond André Bolle was awarded the War Cross with Sword on 21 January 2011. The decision was announced by the Minister of Defence, Grete Faremo, according to the Minister of Defence, Lt. Cmdr Bolle performed above and beyond the call of duty on numerous occasions during this period, his leadership was described as exemplary. Lieutenant Commander Trond André Bolle was killed in action on 27 June 2010, three other soldiers, Christian Lian, Simen Tokle and Andreas Eldjarn were also killed in the incident, which happened on the road between Khwaja Gawhar and Almar Bazar. The vehicle was the vehicle in a row of four vehicles. This award marks the first award of the War Cross with Sword for actions performed after the end of World War II, the award was presented on Veterans day,8 May 2011. Colonel Eirik Johan Kristoffersen was awarded the citation on 8 April 2011, for outstanding leadership, the award was presented on Veterans day,8 May 2011
War Cross (Norway)
–
War Cross with sword
War Cross (Norway)
–
Colonel Kristoffersen at the award ceremony 8 May 2011
War Cross (Norway)
–
Captain Lian 8 May 2011
War Cross (Norway)
–
Gen. Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko
38.
Nishan-e-Haider
–
Nishan-e-Haider is Pakistans highest military gallantry award. Nishan-e-Haider literally means Mark of the Lion in the Urdu language, the word Haider is also the epithet of Hazrat Ali. The Nishan-e-Haider can only be awarded to members of the Pakistan Armed Forces for the highest acts of bravery in face of the enemy in air. Its exclusivity can be gauged by the fact that, since Pakistans independence in 1947, the Nishan-e-Haider was established by the Government of Pakistan and named after Ali ibn Abi Talib on 16 March 1957, the year that Pakistan became a republic. It was applied retroactively from the date of Pakistans independence on 14 August 1947 and it is Pakistans highest award and takes precedence over all military and civil awards. Of the ten Nishan-e-Haider recipients to date, nine have been from the Army, although some consider it equivalent to the British Victoria Cross and the United States Medal of Honor, it is unique in that it has so far been awarded only posthumously. The Nishan-e-Haider can be awarded to all ranks of the Armed Forces for showing feats of courage in confronting the enemy. As a matter of practice and precedent, it has only been awarded where it has established that the recipient acted despite high risks and was killed in the act. The Nishan-e-Haider is manufactured by Pakistan Mint on order of the Ministry of Defence and it is forged from captured enemy equipment and consists of 88% copper, 10% tin and 2% zinc
Nishan-e-Haider
–
Nishan-e-Haider نشان حیدر
39.
Philippine Medal of Valor
–
The Philippine Medal of Valor is the Philippines highest military honor awarded for acts of valor above and beyond the call of duty. The medal is awarded by the President of the Philippines to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and allied military personnel, including recognized guerrilla forces
Philippine Medal of Valor
–
The Philippine Medal of Valor
Philippine Medal of Valor
–
Ribbon Bar of the Medal of Valor
40.
Virtuti Militari
–
The War Order of Virtuti Militari is Polands highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war. It was created in 1792 by Polish King Stanisław II August and is one of the oldest military decorations in the still in use. It is awarded in five classes either for personal heroism or, to commanders, some of the heroic actions recognized by an award of the Virtuti Militari are equivalent to those meriting the British Victoria Cross or the American Medal of Honor. Soon after its introduction, however, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was destroyed in the partitions of Poland, since then, the award has been reintroduced, renamed and banned several times, with its fate closely reflecting the vicissitudes of the Polish people. There have been no new awards since 1989, throughout its history, the War Order of Virtuti Militari has shared its countrys fate, and has been abolished and reintroduced several times. The order was created on 22 June 1792 by King Stanisław II August to commemorate the victorious Battle of Zieleńce. Initially, it comprised two classes, a medal for generals and officers, and a silver one for non-commissioned officers. By August 1792, a statute for the decoration had been drafted, the regulation changed the shape of the decoration from a medal to a cross, which has not changed substantially since then. It also introduced five classes to the order, the first members of the decorations chapter were also its first recipients. For the Polish-Russian War in Defence of the Constitution of 1792, anyone who wore the medal could be demoted and expelled from the army by Polands new authorities. Although on 23 November 1793 the Grodno Sejm reintroduced the decoration, it was banned again on 7 January 1794, at the insistence of Russias Catherine the Great. Only a year later, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth itself shared the fate of its decoration when what remained of the Commonwealth was annexed by its neighbors in the partitions of Poland, King Stanisław II August abdicated the same year. During his reign,526 medals had been granted,440 Silver Medals and Crosses,85 Golden Medals and Crosses, and 1 Commanders Cross. In 1806, Lt. Gen. Prince Józef Poniatowski was promoted to commander-in-chief of all forces of the Duchy of Warsaw, as one of the first recipients of the Virtuti Militari, Poniatowski insisted on the reintroduction of the decoration. The official name of the decoration was changed to the Military Medal of the Duchy of Warsaw, however, soldiers remained faithful to the former name. However, the system was changed and, since then. According to the decree of 10 October 1812, each of the recipients of a Golden or Silver Cross had the right to a salary until promoted to officer or for life. In addition, during the Napoleonic Wars, the present tradition of awarding the soldiers with the Virtuti Militari in front of the unit was established
Virtuti Militari
–
Virtuti Militari War Order of Virtuti Militari Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari
Virtuti Militari
Virtuti Militari
–
Medals Virtuti Militari 1792
Virtuti Militari
–
Józef Poniatowski
41.
Order of the Tower and Sword
–
The Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit is a Portuguese order of knighthood and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system. It was created by King Afonso V in 1459, the order may be bestowed on people or on Portuguese municipalities. Knighthood in the Order of the Sword was given as reward to those who participated in the conquests, the order fell into disuse after the conquest of Tangiers and Asilah. The order was revived on 29 November 1808, by Prince Regent John and it commemorated the safe arrival of the Royal Family in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, after Napoleon had invaded Portugal. Its full title was “the Royal Order of the Tower and Sword” and it was available to both Portuguese and foreigners and for military, political or civilian achievement. Among the intended recipients were subjects of His Britannic Majesty, who had assisted the Royal Family to reach Brazil, but who were ineligible for the other Portuguese orders due to their religion. In 1832, Peter, Duke of Braganza, reformed the Order which now became the Ancient and Most Noble Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty, in 1896, the class of Grand Officer was inserted between Grand Cross and Commander. On 15 October 1910, after the end of the monarchy, despite the fact that the order had not been abolished, on 26 September 1917 the order was revised for the third time. The order had four classes, the highest of which was confined to the President of the Republic of Portugal, the President is ex officio the Order’s Grand Master and a member of the Order, Grand Cross. The degree of Grand Collar was added in 1939 and it was awarded only to Heads of State with notable military deeds and since 1963 it has only been awarded to Presidents of Portugal. The badge of the Order is a gilt star, enamelled in white. The star has a wreath of green enamelled oak leaves between the arms of the star, and is topped by a gilt tower. The obverse central disc bears a sword surrounded by a wreath of oak leaves on a white enamel background, the reverse central disc bears the Portuguese coat-of-arms, surrounded by a blue enamel ring bearing the name República Portuguesa. The star of the Order is a faceted star, in gilt for Grand Collar, Grand Cross and Grand Officer. The ribbon of the Order is blue, rear Admiral Thomas Western was one of the first to be awarded a Knighthood of the Order of the Tower and Sword. In 1807 the Admiral Western rescued the Portuguese royal family from Napoleons advancing ground forces, in gratitude the King of Portugal made Thomas Western a Knight Commander in the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword
Order of the Tower and Sword
–
Order of the Tower and Sword Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada
Order of the Tower and Sword
–
Insignia from the 19th century
42.
Order of Michael the Brave
–
The Order, which may be bestowed either on an individual or on a whole unit, was named in honor of Michael the Brave, a late 16th-century Prince of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia. Requirements, Awarded to officers only for exceptional deeds on the battlefield and it is the highest ranking Romanian military order. Special Class - During its time as an order of the Kingdom of Romania, this grade was only reserved for the Sovereign, since the revival of the Order, the Grand Master does not wear the Collar. Since its revival this grade has rarely been awarded, the Second Class Insignia of the Order is referred to as a Commander of the Order. The Third Class Insignia of the Order is referred to as an Officer of the Order and this grade was widely awarded rather than the higher grades. ro History of the Order at the Romanian Presidency site Order of Michael the Brave and its recipients at ww2awards. com
Order of Michael the Brave
–
The Order "Michael the Brave" third class, as it looked in the early years of the
Second World War, during the reign of
King Michael. After the
King's Coup, the date was changed. The M in the center of the cross was the cypher of the
King at that time.
Order of Michael the Brave
–
Ribbon of the Order of Michael the Brave
Order of Michael the Brave
–
Obverse of the modern (2000) third class order
43.
Hero of the Russian Federation
–
Hero of the Russian Federation is the highest honorary title of the Russian Federation. A person that has been bestown this title receives a Gold Star medal. The title is awarded to persons for service to the Russian state and nation, the title is bestowed by decree of the president of the Russian Federation. Russian citizenship or being in the service of the Russian state is not obligatory, the title was established in 1992, and has been awarded more than 970 times since then, including more than 440 times posthumously. The title Hero of Russia is a successor to Hero of the Soviet Union, the corresponding Gold Star is derived from the Soviet design, created by architect Miron Merzhanov and approved by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of August 1,1939. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian Federation under president Boris Yeltsin retained a modified award by Law of the Russian Federation № 2553-1 of March 20,1992. Article 71 of the Constitution of Russia permits titles, orders and medals to be presented by the government and this is the highest honour that can be presented by the Russian president to a citizen. The title of Hero of the Russian Federation can be awarded for a deed in the service of the state. It can be awarded to civilian and military personnel. The title can also be awarded if the heroic act costs the recipient his or her life. The President of the Russian Federation is the main conferring authority of the award, the insignia of Hero of the Russian Federation is worn on the left side of the chest above all other medals and decorations. Its medal is worn in full size, there is no ribbon bar or rosette that can be worn in its lieu. When Soviet titles, such as Hero of the Soviet Union or Hero of Socialist Labour are worn together with the medal of the Russian title, the latter has precedence. The insignia of the title of Hero of the Russian Federation is also called the Gold Star medal, the Gold Star medal is a gold five-pointed star with smooth 15mm dihedral rays on the obverse. The otherwise plain reverse bears the prominent relief inscription in 2mm high letters HERO OF RUSSIA at its center, in the upper portion, the insignia is secured to a standard Russian square mount by a ring through the suspension loop. The mount is covered by a silk moiré tricolour ribbon of white, blue, the majority of the early recipients of the title fell into two categories, participants in the Chechnya conflicts or cosmonauts. On some occasions, the person who was awarded the title was killed while in the course of duty, such as Major Denis Vetchinov and this includes those killed in battle as well as assassinated government officials. An example of such a recipient was Akhmad Kadyrov, the governor of Chechnya
Hero of the Russian Federation
–
Obverse of the Gold Star of Hero of the Russian Federation
Hero of the Russian Federation
–
Mikhail Kalashnikov, designer of Kalashnikov assault rifles, wears Gold Star of Hero of the Russian Federation and two Stars of
Hero of Socialist Labour (USSR)
Hero of the Russian Federation
–
Cosmonaut
Sergei Krikalev in 1992 became the first recipient of the title for outstanding service at the
Mir space station
Hero of the Russian Federation
–
Guards Lieutenant Colonel
Anatoly Lebed, awarded in 2005 "for courage and heroism in the performance of military duties in the North Caucasus".
44.
Nkwe ya Gauta
–
The Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard, post-nominal letters NG, is a military decoration for bravery which was instituted in 2003, to replace the Honoris Crux Gold. It is South Africas highest military decoration for bravery, the Union Defence Forces were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force. The Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard, post-nominal letters NG, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003, the bilingual title of the decoration is in Sesotho and English. This decoration replaced the Honoris Crux Gold as South Africas highest military decoration for bravery and it is the senior of a set of three military decorations for bravery, along with the Nkwe ya Selefera - Silver Leopard and the Nkwe ya Boronse - Bronze Leopard. A Bar may be awarded for every subsequent action which would make recipients eligible for the award of the same decoration, the decoration and bar may be awarded posthumously. Deliberate but daring and courageous actions, on an occasion or over a period of time. A single act of valour, or most conspicuous bravery, or daring or pre-eminent act of self-sacrifice, a real threat of loss of own life. Placing a high premium on the prevention of the loss of lives, succeeded by the Star of South Africa, Gold of the Republic of South Africa. Official national order of precedence Preceded by the Star for Bravery in Gold of Umkhonto we Sizwe, succeeded by the Mendi Decoration for Bravery, Gold of the Republic of South Africa. Obverse The Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard is a cross paty struck in 9 carat gold. The arms of the cross are faceted per chevron, embowed throughout, in the centre of the obverse is a light blue enamel roundel,19 millimetres in diameter, with a golden leopards head. Reverse The reverse bears, in relief, the Coat of arms of South Africa, the decoration is attached to a plain gold suspender, fixed to the upper arm of the decoration. The medal number is impressed or engraved below the Coat of Arms, ribbon The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and sky blue with 6 millimetres wide gold edges. The blue represents the feathers of the crane, which Xhosa kings used to present to brave warriors. When only a bar is worn, a button replica of the decoration,8 millimetres in diameter. These insignia are struck in 9 carat gold and are worn on the ribbon, crossed swords for the South African Army. An eagle for the South African Air Force, an Anchor for the South African Navy
Nkwe ya Gauta
–
Nkwe ya Gauta Golden Leopard
Nkwe ya Gauta
–
Bar to the Nkwe ya Gauta - Golden Leopard
Nkwe ya Gauta
–
Bar button and insignia for the Army, Air Force, Navy and Military Health Service
45.
Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
–
For the order of knighthood of the Two Sicilies, see Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit. The Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand, commonly known as Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand, is Spains highest military award for gallantry and those eligible are current and former members of the Spanish Armed Forces. The Royal Military Order of Saint Ferdinand was set up by the Cádiz Cortes in 1811 to honour heroic feats of arms, Laureate Plate of Madrid Category, Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand Attribution Loosely adapted from the Spanish Wikipedia article on the same topic. Royal Decree 899/2001, de 27 July
Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
–
Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand
46.
Order of the Sword
–
The Order of the Sword is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I of Sweden on February 23,1748, together with the Order of the Seraphim and the Order of the Polar Star. There were originally three grades, Knight, Commander and Commander Grand Cross, but these were multiplied by division into classes. The motto of the order is in Latin, Pro Patria, the order was created by King Frederick I in 1748, along with two other orders, the Order of the Seraphim and the Order of the Polar Star. It was awarded to commanders of at least the rank of a major general for achieving a major victory in battle. Even the monarch could only wear the insignia Knight Grand Cross by the decision of his officers (e. g. Gustavus III. A Medal of the Sword was also introduced for enlisted men, both the non-commissioned officers and the enlisted men had to have served for at least sixteen years to qualify respective for the Badge and Medal. In 1952 a special medal of distinction was added to the order and these could only be bestowed in wartime. They are the War Cross of the Order of the Sword in Gold, in Silver, at the top of the points of the upper arms of the cross and of the sword is a small royal crown. The order is no longer awarded since 1975, but technically it still exists, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden frequently wears his Commander Grand Cross necklet and badge. A pair of crossed swords in blue enamelled scabbards with downward turned blades lie across the opening between the upper arms of the cross at the top of the badge. The badge hanged from a gold and enamelled royal crown, the star of the Order is a silver Maltese Cross, the central medallion bearing the same upright sword betwqeen three gold crowns on a blue enamelled background as the badge. The star of the Grand Cross also has golden crowns over short silver rays between the arms of the cross. The ribbon of the Order is yellow with blue stripes near its borders, formerly the Order also had a distinctive blue and yellow habit worn on formal occasions such as at chapters of the Order. The star of the Order was embroidered over the left breast of both the coat and the mantle, a black top hat with gold hat band and a plume of white ostrich and black egret feathers and a pair of black boots with gilded spurs completed the habit. The collar of the Order was worn over the shoulders of the coat, the Badge of the Sword is similar to the knights silver badge of the Order. The front central medallion is enamelled but the arms of the cross have no white enamel nor is the back of this badge enamelled, the Medal of the Sword is of also of silver and round with a royal crown on it upper side. The Medal bears the sword and three crown of the badge of the Order surrounded by a band with the Swedish words, originally published as Europaeiske Ordner I Faever @ Politikens Forlag,1966. Color plates # 21-27, text pp. 125–126, the Orders of Chivalry from the Original Statutes of the Various Orders of Knighthood and other Sources of Information by J. H. Lawrence-Archer
Order of the Sword
–
The Royal Order of the Sword Kungliga Svärdsorden
Order of the Sword
–
The Badge of the Sword
Order of the Sword
–
Collar and star of the order
