1.
Order (honour)
–
Modern national orders and orders of merit developed in the 19th century, emerging out of the culture of chivalric orders of the Middle Ages. The modern distinction between orders and decorations is somewhat vague, except that most historic chivalric orders imply a membership in a group, in a few exclusive European orders, membership is or was also limited in number. Orders often come in multiple classes, including knights and dames in imitation of the chivalric orders. They were essentially courtly in nature, characterised by close personal relations between the members and the orders sovereign. By the time of the Renaissance, most European monarchs had acquired an existing order of chivalry, or created new ones of their own, to reward loyal civilian. Such orders remained out of reach to the public, however. In the 18th century, these ideas gradually changed and the orders developed from honourable societies to visible honours, an example of this gradual development can be seen in two orders founded by Maria Theresa of Austria. Still today many dynastic orders are granted by royal families to worthy individuals for service, in 1802 Napoleon created the Légion dhonneur, which could be awarded to any person, regardless of status, for bravery in combat or for 20 years of distinguished service. While still retaining many trappings of an order of chivalry, it was the first modern order of merit and is still Frances highest award today. Curiously, orders of merit based on the French Legion of Honour typically retain five classes in accordance with habits of chivalric orders. In communist countries, orders of merit usually come in one to three grades, with only a badge worn with or without a ribbon on the chest, an example of a communist order of merit was the one-class Order of Lenin of the Soviet Union. Unlike Western orders, however, communist orders could be awarded more than once to an individual, after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, most Eastern European countries reverted to the Western-style orders originally established before the rise of communism. Today many countries have some form of order of merit or national decorations, both Thailands Order of the White Elephant and Japans Order of the Rising Sun are over 100 years old. In Canada and some Commonwealth Realms, the Order of Merit is the highest civilian honour, Canada has the Order of Canada and provincial orders such as the Order of Nova Scotia. Australia has the Order of Australia, and New Zealand awards the Order of New Zealand, the Order of Mapungubwe is the highest honour in South Africa, while the Orders of Luthuli, and the Baobab exist alongside other decorations. The United States awards the Medal of Honor to members of its military for acts of valour, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, switzerland does not award any orders. Article 12 of the 1848 Swiss Constitution prohibited the acceptance of honours, the current Constitution of 1999 has no specific prohibition, but a federal statute effectively continues the prohibition by barring holders of foreign orders from holding public office. In 1974 the Cabinet of Sweden passed a regulation forbidding the Monarch of Sweden from awarding membership in orders to Swedish citizens
Order (honour)
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Lemuel Francis Abbott 's portrait of
Admiral Lord Nelson depicting his honours embroidered on his coat jacket
Order (honour)
–
Order of the Garter insignia
2.
Order (decoration)
–
Modern national orders and orders of merit developed in the 19th century, emerging out of the culture of chivalric orders of the Middle Ages. The modern distinction between orders and decorations is somewhat vague, except that most historic chivalric orders imply a membership in a group, in a few exclusive European orders, membership is or was also limited in number. Orders often come in multiple classes, including knights and dames in imitation of the chivalric orders. They were essentially courtly in nature, characterised by close personal relations between the members and the orders sovereign. By the time of the Renaissance, most European monarchs had acquired an existing order of chivalry, or created new ones of their own, to reward loyal civilian. Such orders remained out of reach to the public, however. In the 18th century, these ideas gradually changed and the orders developed from honourable societies to visible honours, an example of this gradual development can be seen in two orders founded by Maria Theresa of Austria. Still today many dynastic orders are granted by royal families to worthy individuals for service, in 1802 Napoleon created the Légion dhonneur, which could be awarded to any person, regardless of status, for bravery in combat or for 20 years of distinguished service. While still retaining many trappings of an order of chivalry, it was the first modern order of merit and is still Frances highest award today. Curiously, orders of merit based on the French Legion of Honour typically retain five classes in accordance with habits of chivalric orders. In communist countries, orders of merit usually come in one to three grades, with only a badge worn with or without a ribbon on the chest, an example of a communist order of merit was the one-class Order of Lenin of the Soviet Union. Unlike Western orders, however, communist orders could be awarded more than once to an individual, after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, most Eastern European countries reverted to the Western-style orders originally established before the rise of communism. Today many countries have some form of order of merit or national decorations, both Thailands Order of the White Elephant and Japans Order of the Rising Sun are over 100 years old. In Canada and some Commonwealth Realms, the Order of Merit is the highest civilian honour, Canada has the Order of Canada and provincial orders such as the Order of Nova Scotia. Australia has the Order of Australia, and New Zealand awards the Order of New Zealand, the Order of Mapungubwe is the highest honour in South Africa, while the Orders of Luthuli, and the Baobab exist alongside other decorations. The United States awards the Medal of Honor to members of its military for acts of valour, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, switzerland does not award any orders. Article 12 of the 1848 Swiss Constitution prohibited the acceptance of honours, the current Constitution of 1999 has no specific prohibition, but a federal statute effectively continues the prohibition by barring holders of foreign orders from holding public office. In 1974 the Cabinet of Sweden passed a regulation forbidding the Monarch of Sweden from awarding membership in orders to Swedish citizens
Order (decoration)
–
Lemuel Francis Abbott 's portrait of
Admiral Lord Nelson depicting his honours embroidered on his coat jacket
Order (decoration)
–
Order of the Garter insignia
3.
President of France
–
The President of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of the French Fifth Republic. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, and their relation with the prime minister, the current President of France is François Hollande, who took office on 15 May 2012. Hollande has announced that he stand down in the upcoming 2017 French presidential election. President Chirac was first elected in 1995 and again in 2002, at that time, there was no limit on the number of terms, so Chirac could have run again, but chose not to. He was succeeded by Nicolas Sarkozy on 16 May 2007, following a further change, the Constitutional law on the Modernisation of the Institutions of the Fifth Republic,2008, a president cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac are the only Presidents to date who have served a two terms. In order to be admitted as a candidate, potential candidates must receive signed nominations from more than 500 elected officials. These officials must be from at least 30 départements or overseas collectivities, furthermore, each official may nominate only one candidate. There are exactly 45,543 elected officials, including 33,872 mayors, spending and financing of campaigns and political parties are highly regulated. There is a cap on spending, at approximately 20 million euros, if the candidate receives less than 5% of the vote, the government funds €8,000,000 to the party. Advertising on TV is forbidden but official time is given to candidates on public TV, an independent agency regulates election and party financing. After the president is elected, he or she goes through an investiture ceremony called a passation des pouvoirs. The French Fifth Republic is a semi-presidential system, unlike many other European presidents, the French President is quite powerful. The president holds the nations most senior office, and outranks all other politicians, the presidents greatest power is his/her ability to choose the prime minister. When the majority of the Assembly has opposite political views to that of the president, when the majority of the Assembly sides with them, the President can take a more active role and may, in effect, direct government policy. The prime minister is then the choice of the President. This device has been used in recent years by François Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac, since 2002, the mandate of the president and the Assembly are both 5 years and the two elections are close to each other. Therefore, the likelihood of a cohabitation is lower, among the powers of the government, The president promulgates laws
President of France
–
Presidential emblem
President of France
President of France
–
Incumbent
François Hollande since 15 May 2012
4.
Charles de Gaulle
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Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman. He was the leader of Free France and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, in 1958, he founded the Fifth Republic and was elected as the 18th President of France, a position he held until his resignation in 1969. He was the dominant figure of France during the Cold War era, born in Lille, he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912. He was an officer of the First World War, wounded several times. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions, during the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders, he was then appointed Under-Secretary for War. Refusing to accept his governments armistice with Nazi Germany, de Gaulle exhorted the French population to resist occupation and he led a government in exile and the Free French Forces against the Axis. Despite frosty relations with Britain and especially the United States, he emerged as the leader of the French resistance. He became Head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in June 1944, frustrated by the return of petty partisanship in the new Fourth Republic, he resigned in early 1946 but continued to be politically active as founder of the RPF party. He retired in the early 1950s and wrote his War Memoirs, when the Algerian War was ripping apart the unstable Fourth Republic, the National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis. De Gaulle founded the Fifth Republic with a presidency. He granted independence to Algeria and progressively to other French colonies and he restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a European counterweight between the Anglo-American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring a Europe of sovereign nations, De Gaulle openly criticised the US intervention in Vietnam and the exorbitant privilege of the US dollar. In his later years, his support for an independent Quebec, De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization. He died a year later at his residence in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, leaving his Presidential memoirs unfinished, many French political parties and figures claim the Gaullist legacy. De Gaulle was ranked as Le Plus Grand Français de tous les temps, De Gaulle was born in the industrial region of Lille in the Nord departement, the third of five children. He was raised in a devoutly Catholic and traditional family and his father, Henri de Gaulle, was a professor of history and literature at a Jesuit college who eventually founded his own school. Henri de Gaulle came from a line of parliamentary gentry from Normandy and Burgundy. De Gaulles mother, Jeanne, descended from a family of entrepreneurs from Lille
Charles de Gaulle
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Charles de Gaulle in 1961
Charles de Gaulle
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De Gaulle's birth house in
Lille, now a national museum
Charles de Gaulle
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A plaque in
Dinant commemorating the place where Charles de Gaulle, then an infantry lieutenant, was wounded while crossing the
Meuse in 1914
Charles de Gaulle
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Charles de Gaulle (far right) with
Andrew McNaughton,
Władysław Sikorski, and
Winston Churchill
5.
Order of Saint-Michel
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As a chivalric order, its goal was to confirm the loyalty of its knights to the king. Originally, there were a number of knights, at first thirty-one. An office of Provost was established in 1476, the Order of St Michael was the highest Order in France until it was superseded by the Order of the Holy Spirit. Although officially abolished by the government authorities of the July Revolution in 1830 following the French Revolution and it is still recognised by the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry. As would be expected, the first knights were among the most powerful nobles in France, close relatives of the king, originally, the number of members was limited to thirty-five. The Order of St. Michael dedicated to the Archangel Michael conveyed to every member a gold badge of the image of the saint standing on a rock in combat with the serpent. The motto the order was immensi tremor oceani derived from the idea of Saint Michael looking out over the Atlantic from Mont Saint-Michel and it was suspended from an elaborate gold collar made of scallop shells linked with double knots. The original plan was for the knights to meet yearly on 29 September at Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy, by letters patent dated 15 August 1555, the seat of the Order was transferred to the royal Château de Vincennes outside Paris. The Order of St. Michael was abolished by Louis XVI on 20 June 1790 and it was revived by Louis XVIII on 16 November 1816 but the king took little interest in the order and no new knights were added after 1816. The Order was again abolished by the French authorities in 1830, the Orders last member died in 1850. However,10 nominations of knights have been conferred 1929,1930, originally destined to the aristocracy, from 17th to 18th Centuries it became an order of civil merit, which distinguished many artists, architects, collectors, and people of lettres…. No formal list of members of the order exists, the names of members can be gleaned from reference to their receipt of the order, from secondary sources, or from periodic lists compiled showing companions from particular families or regions. François Caron, in 1672 by Louis XIV, constance Phaulkon, in 1687 by Louis XIV
Order of Saint-Michel
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Order of Saint Michael Ordre de Saint-Michel
Order of Saint-Michel
Order of Saint-Michel
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Plaque marking the former site of the Chapel of Saint-Michel du Palais, home of the Order from 1496 to 1555
Order of Saint-Michel
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Title page of the Order's statutes, drawn by Jean Fouquet
6.
Rosette (decoration)
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A rosette /roʊˈzɛt/ is a small, circular device that is typically presented with a medal. The rosettes are worn on the medal to denote a higher rank, or for situations where wearing the medal is deemed inappropriate. Rosettes are issued in such as Belgium, France, Italy. Rosettes are also sometimes called bowknots, due to their shape, moreover, a large rosette is sometimes pinned onto the ribbon which suspends a medal, typically the Officer s badge of certain orders of chivalry. Some small lapel rosettes are worn in the manner as lapel pins. For instance, knights of the Order of the British Empire now wear a lapel rosette bearing the cross in the center. While a metal pin mounted on a silk rosette is considered a decoration of distinction. In the United States, the Medal of Honor is issued with a 1/2 inch light blue rosette with white stars, previously, the Purple Heart was also presented with a purple and white rosette, but now has been replaced by a metallic lapel pin. The lapel pin is designed to be a version of the rectangular service ribbon. Most American military medals have the ribbon bar design scaled down to the size of a lapel pin, members of the Sons of the American Revolution wear small, blue-and-buff rosettes as lapel buttons. The colors match those of the uniform of Gen. George Washington, a rosette adorns the ribbon of all national Orders of Merit at the rank of Officer. Such rosette may also be worn in diminutive form on appropriate civilian dress, ranks above that of Officer may wear a rosette adorned with gold and/or silver bars on each side of the rosette on appropriate civilian dress. Such rosette also adorns ribbon bars worn on the dress uniform. Several of the top decorations of France, including the Légion dhonneur, the Legion of Honor authorized a rosette for those who are the rank of officer or above. If the grade is higher, the rosette is adorned with gold and/or silver bars which are place beside each side of the rosette, the same manner is accorded to the Order of National Merit. In occasions when bars are worn alone, the above-mentioned half-knots and/or rosettes are pinned onto the ribbon bars as appropriate to denote the wearers grade. In the United Kingdom, small silver rosettes can be added to the ribbons that are worn in place of medals, usually these indicate multiple award bars, the number of times a decoration for merit or distinguished service has been awarded. Holders of the 1914 Star, the 1939-45 Star, the Pacific Star, the Burma Star, several American-based lineage societies provide a rosette as an insignia of membership for informal wear
Rosette (decoration)
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Médaille de la Résistance with a large rosette attached to the medal's suspension ribbon. Smaller rosettes are usually worn separately.
Rosette (decoration)
–
A UK Labour Party candidate campaigning in local elections, wearing a red rosette
7.
Ribbon
–
A ribbon or riband is a thin band of material, typically cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal, used primarily as decorative binding and tying. Cloth ribbons are made of materials such as silk, velvet, cotton, and jute and of synthetic materials, such as polyester, nylon. Ribbon is used for innumerable useful, ornamental, and symbolic purposes, cultures around the world use ribbon in their hair, around the body, and as ornamentation on non-human animals, buildings, and packaging. Some popular fabrics used to make ribbons are satin, organza, sheer, silk, velvet, the word ribbon comes from Middle English ribban or riban from Old French ruban, which is probably of Germanic origin. Along with that of tapes, fringes, and other smallwares, the essential feature of a ribbon loom is the simultaneous weaving in one loom frame of two or more webs, going up to as many as forty narrow fabrics in modern looms. A loom in which several narrow webs could be woven at one time is mentioned as having working in Dantzig towards the end of the 16th century. Similar looms were at work in Leiden in 1620, where their use gave rise to so much discontent and rioting on the part of the weavers that the states-general had to prohibit their use. The prohibition was renewed at intervals throughout the century. In 1676, under the name of the Dutch loom or engine loom, it was brought to London, in 1745, John Kay, the inventor of the fly-shuttle, obtained, conjointly with Joseph Stell, a patent for improvements in the ribbon loom. Since that period, it has benefited by the applied to weaving machinery generally. Ribbon-weaving is known to have been established near St. Etienne as early as the 11th century, and that town has remained the headquarters of the industry. During the Huguenot troubles, ribbon-weavers from St. Etienne settled at Basel, krefeld is the centre of the German ribbon industry, the manufacture of black velvet ribbon being there a specialty. In England Coventry is the most important seat of ribbon-making, which is also prosecuted at Norwich and Leicester. While satin and other sorts of ribbon have always used in lingerie. This upsurge led to increased ribbon manufacturing as well as new, presently, the North American continent remains the largest importer of ribbon and ribbon derivative products. Inspired by European silk ribbons obtained through trade, Great Lakes, typewriters and dot matrix printers use a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink. Pieces of ribbon are used as symbols of support or awareness for social causes and are called awareness ribbons. Ribbons are used in ceremonies, such as in a ribbon cutting ceremony
Ribbon
–
Ribbons
8.
Gilding
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The term gilding covers a number of decorative techniques for applying fine gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal to give a thin coating of gold. A gilded object is described as gilt. Where metal is gilded, it was silver in the West, to make silver-gilt objects, but gilt-bronze is commonly used in China. Methods of gilding include hand application and glueing, chemical gilding, and electroplating, parcel-gilt objects are only gilded over part of their surfaces. This may mean that all of the inside, and none of the outside, of a chalice or similar vessel is gilded, herodotus mentions that the Egyptians gilded wood and metals, and many such objects have been excavated. Certain Ancient Greek statues of great prestige were chryselephantine, i. e. made of gold and ivory, extensive ornamental gilding was also used in the ceiling coffers of the Propylaea. But he adds that luxury advanced on them so rapidly that in very little time you see all, even private and poor people, gild the walls, vaults. Owing to the thickness of the gold leaf used in ancient gilding. Fire-gilding of metal goes back at least to the 4th century BC, in Europe, silver-gilt has always been more common than gilt-bronze, but in China the opposite has been the case. The ancient Chinese also developed the gilding of porcelain, which was taken up by the French. Modern gilding is applied to numerous and diverse surfaces and by various processes, mechanical gilding includes all the operations in which gold leaf is prepared, and the processes to mechanically attach the gold onto surfaces. The process is completed by cold burnishing, overlaying or folding or hammering on gold foil or gold leaf is the simplest and most ancient method, and is mentioned in Homers Odyssey and the Old Testament. The Ram in a Thicket of about 2600–2400 BCE from Ur uses this technique on wood, the next advances involved two simple processes. The first involves gold leaf, which is gold that is hammered or cut very thin sheets. If gilding on canvas or on wood, the surface was often first coated with gesso, gesso is a substance made of finely ground gypsum or chalk mixed with glue. Other gilding processes involved using the gold as pigment in paint, then the gold was applied in the same way as with any paint. Sometimes, after either gold-leafing or gold-painting, the artist would heat the piece enough to melt the gold slightly and these techniques remained the only alternatives for materials like wood, leather, and the vellum pages of illuminated manuscripts. Chemical gilding embraces those processes in which the gold is at some stage of chemical combination and these include, In this process the gold is obtained in a state of extremely fine division, and applied by mechanical means
Gilding
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Gilded frame ready for burnishing with agate stone tool
Gilding
–
A gilded Tibetan
Vajrasattva
Gilding
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Regilding a statue
Gilding
–
Gilded page edges on a book.
9.
Marianne
–
Marianne is a national symbol of the French Republic, an allegory of liberty and reason, and a portrayal of the Goddess of Liberty. Marianne is displayed in places in France and holds a place of honour in town halls. She symbolizes the Triumph of the Republic, a bronze sculpture overlooking the Place de la Nation in Paris. Her profile stands out on the official government logo of the country, is engraved on French euro coins and appears on French postage stamps, Marianne is one of the most prominent symbols of the French Republic, and is officially used on most government documents. Marianne is a significant republican symbol, opposed to monarchy, in classical times it was common to represent ideas and abstract entities by gods, goddesses and allegorical personifications. Less common during the Middle Ages, this practice resurfaced during the Renaissance, during the French Revolution of 1789, many allegorical personifications of Liberty and Reason appeared. These two figures finally merged into one, a figure, shown either sitting or standing, and accompanied by various attributes, including the tricolor cockade. This woman typically symbolised Liberty, Reason, the Nation, the Homeland, in September 1792, the National Convention decided by decree that the new seal of the state would represent a standing woman holding a spear with a Phrygian cap held aloft on top of it. A feminine allegory was also a manner to symbolise the breaking with the old monarchy headed by kings, even before the French Revolution, the Kingdom of France was embodied in masculine figures, as depicted in certain ceilings of Palace of Versailles. Furthermore, France and the Republic themselves are, in French, feminine nouns, as are the French nouns for liberty, the use of this emblem was initially unofficial and very diverse. A female allegory of Liberty and of the Republic makes an appearance in Eugène Delacroixs painting Liberty Leading the People, Marianne made her first major appearance in the French spotlight on a medal in July 1789, celebrating the storming of the Bastille and other early events of the Revolution. From this time until September 1792, the image of Marianne was overshadowed by other such as Mercury. It was not until September 1792 when the new Republic sought a new image to represent the State that her popularity began to expand. Marianne, the allegory of Liberty, was chosen to represent the new regime of the French Republic. The imagery of Marianne chosen as the seal of the First French Republic depicted her standing, young and it was symbolic of the First Republic itself, a newly created state that had much to prove. Marianne is clad in a classical gown, in her right hand, she wields the pike of revolution with the Phrygian cap resting on it, which represents the liberation of France. Marianne is shown leaning on a fasces, a symbol of authority, although the initial figure of Marianne from 1792 stood in a relatively conservative pose, the revolutionaries were quick to abandon that figure when it no longer suited them. By 1793, the figure of Marianne had been replaced by a more violent image
Marianne
–
Bust of Marianne sculpted by Théodore Doriot, in the
French Senate.
Marianne
–
Liberty Leading the People by
Eugène Delacroix (1830), which celebrates the
July Revolution (
Louvre Museum).
Marianne
–
Bust of Marianne, displayed in the corridors of the
Luxembourg Palace, seat of the
French Senate. (anonymous artist)
Marianne
–
" Freedom for France, freedom for the French " Marianne (1940)
10.
Ray Bradbury
–
Ray Douglas Bradbury was an American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction author and screenwriter. While most of his best known work is in speculative fiction, he wrote in other genres, such as the coming-of-age novel Dandelion Wine or the fictionalized memoir Green Shadows. Recipient of numerous awards, including a 2007 Pulitzer Citation, Bradbury also wrote and consulted on screenplays and television scripts, including Moby Dick, many of his works were adapted to comic book, television and film formats. On his death in 2012, The New York Times called Bradbury the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream. Bradbury was born on August 22,1920 in Waukegan, Illinois, to Esther Bradbury, a Swedish immigrant, and Leonard Spaulding Bradbury and he was given the middle name Douglas, after the actor Douglas Fairbanks. Bradbury was related to the American Shakespeare scholar Douglas Spaulding and was descended from Mary Bradbury, Bradbury was surrounded by an extended family during his early childhood and formative years in Waukegan, Illinois. An aunt read him stories when he was a child. This period provided foundations for both the author and his stories, in Bradburys works of fiction, 1920s Waukegan becomes Green Town, Illinois. The family arrived with only US$40, which paid for rent and this meant that they could stay, however, and Bradbury—who was in love with Hollywood—was ecstatic. Bradbury attended Los Angeles High School and was active in the drama club and he often roller-skated through Hollywood in hopes of meeting celebrities. Among the creative and talented people Bradbury met this way were special effects pioneer Ray Harryhausen, throughout his youth, Bradbury was an avid reader and writer and knew at a young age that he was going into one of the arts. Bradbury began writing his own stories at age eleven, during the Great Depression — sometimes writing on the available paper, butcher paper. In his youth, he spent much time in the Carnegie library in Waukegan, reading such authors as H. G. Wells, Jules Verne, at twelve, Bradbury began writing traditional horror stories and said he tried to imitate Poe until he was about eighteen. In addition to comics, he loved Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator of Tarzan of the Apes, the Warlord of Mars impressed him so much that at the age of twelve he wrote his own sequel. The young Bradbury was also a cartoonist and loved to illustrate and he wrote about Tarzan and drew his own Sunday panels. He listened to the radio show Chandu the Magician, and when the show went off the air every night he would sit, as a teen in Beverly Hills, he often visited his mentor and friend, science fiction writer Bob Olsen, sharing ideas and maintaining contact. In 1936, at a bookstore in Hollywood, Bradbury discovered a handbill promoting meetings of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society. Excited to find there were others sharing his interest, Bradbury joined a weekly Thursday-night conclave at age sixteen, at age 17, Bradbury read stories published in Astounding Science Fiction, and read everything by Robert A. Heinlein, Arthur C
Ray Bradbury
–
Bradbury in 1975
Ray Bradbury
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Bradbury as a senior in high school, 1938
Ray Bradbury
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Bradbury's "Undersea Guardians" was the cover story for the December 1944 issue of
Amazing Stories
Ray Bradbury
–
Ray Bradbury's headstone in May 2012 prior to his death
11.
Majida El Roumi
–
Majida El Roumi Baradhy is a Lebanese soprano. She is also a UN Goodwill Ambassador and she first garnered acclaim in 1974 when she participated in the talent show Studio El Fan on Télé Liban and performed songs for Asmahan and Layla Murad at the age of 16. Majida El Roumi Al Baradhy was born on 13 December 1956 and descends from the “Al Baradhy” family from Tyre, when Halim moved to Egypt to follow his musical career, he met Marie Loutfy, a Melkite Greek Catholic woman. They got married in Port Said and had three girls Maha, Mona, Majida and a boy Awad. The whole family moved from Egypt to Lebanon and settled in Kfarshima, Kfarshima is also home to many Lebanese singers, musicians and poets like Philimon Wehbe, Melhem Barakat and Issam Rajji. The residence of Halim El Roumi was a place for many cultural figures as he worked with many singers with mentioning his discovery to many well-known artists. Her vocal abilities attracted the attention of her family and neighbors, at the age of 14 she accompanied her father in an interview on Télé Liban with Najib Hankash when she firstly performed songs for Umm Kulthum and Fairuz. At the age of 16, Raymond Safadi, Majida’s cousin, noticed her musical capabilities and she participated in the talent show Studio El Fan in 1974 after she sneaked out of the house with her brother and her cousins. From her first appearance on television, she performed for Layla Murad and Asmahan and knew a distinguished success, later on, Majida graduated from the Lebanese University after receiving her BA in Arabic Literature. In 1975, Majida released her first single “Am Behlamak” with collaboration with Lebanese poet Said Akl, the song made a huge spreading in Lebanon as it kicked off with the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in April 1975. After releasing her first album Wadaa in 1976, Majida got the attention of well-known Egyptian filmmaker Youssef Chahine and she starred alongside Hisham Saleem in her first and only movie Awdat Al Ibn Al Dal and performed three soundtracks for it. When she performed at Hunter College in May 1989 accompanied by a 19-piece orchestra, music reviewer Peter Watrous said, in 1991, Majida released Kalimat, her first pan-Arab hit, under the Music Master label. Later in the 90s, exactly in 1994, Ibhath Anni followed the set by Kalimat was Majidas seventh released album. In 1996, Majida signed with the Saudi label Rotana and released Rasael, Majida El Roumi released her ninth official album in 1998, titled Ouhibbouka Wa Bad, working in the title song with Saudi poet Al Nasser and composer/singer Abdel Rab Idriss, who also produced. Tawq Al Yasmin marked Majidas fourth collaboration with Qabbani and her first with Iraqi singer/songwriter Kadim Al Sahir, in 2001, Majida El Roumi released a single titled Nachid El Hobb with lyrics from Dama wa Ibtisama written by the Lebanese artist and writer Gibran Khalil Gibran. El Roumi chose this text after the UN ceremony in 2001, when she was named Goodwill Ambassador,2001 was also the year Magidas sister Maha had to be transported to USA for better medical care, as she was suffering from cancer. In addition, Majida released in 2003 two religious albums, the first one was titled Irhamni Ya Allah, and Joseph Khalifeh composed all 12 tracks. Title song was taken from Psalm 51, as well as Radita from Psalm 85, with a call for God to enforce humans with his mercy
Majida El Roumi
–
Portrait of Majida El Roumi in 1996
Majida El Roumi
–
Majida on stage during her concert in the American University of Beirut, in July 2009.
Majida El Roumi
–
Majida on stage during her concert at the
Royal Albert Hall, London in 1994.
Majida El Roumi
–
For the first time in
Paris Olympia, Majida on stage during her concert in 1993.
12.
Donald Sutherland
–
Donald McNichol Sutherland, OC is a Canadian actor whose film career spans six decades. Since then, he established himself as one of the most respected, prolific, Sutherland has been nominated for eight Golden Globe Awards, winning two for his performances in the television films Citizen X and Path to War, the former also brought him a Primetime Emmy Award. Inductee of Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadian Walk of Fame, several media outlets and movie critics describe him as one of the best actors who has never been nominated for an Oscar. He is father of actors Rossif Sutherland, Angus Sutherland, Sutherland was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of Dorothy Isobel and Frederick McLea Sutherland, who worked in sales and ran the local gas, electricity and bus company. He is of Scottish, German and English ancestry, as a child, he battled rheumatic fever, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis. His teenage years were spent in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia and he obtained his first part-time job, at the age of 14, as a news correspondent for local radio station CKBW. Sutherland graduated from Bridgewater High School and he then studied at Victoria College, University of Toronto, where he met his first wife Lois Hardwick, and graduated with a double major in engineering and drama. He had at one point been a member of the UC Follies comedy troupe in Toronto and he changed his mind about becoming an engineer, and left Canada for Britain in 1957, studying at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. After quitting the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, Sutherland spent a year, in the early to mid-1960s, Sutherland began to gain small roles in British films and TV. He featured alongside Christopher Lee in horror films such as Castle of the Living Dead and he also had a supporting role in the Hammer Films production Die. With Tallulah Bankhead and Stefanie Powers, in 1966, Sutherland appeared in the BBC TV play Lee Oswald-Assassin, playing a friend of Lee Harvey Oswald, Charles Givens. In 1967, he appeared in The Superlative Seven, an episode of The Avengers and he also made a second, and more substantial appearance in The Saint. The episode, Escape Route, was directed by the star, Roger Moore. They came to view a rough cut and he got The Dirty Dozen, the film, which starred Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson, was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1967 and MGMs highest-grossing movie of the year. In 1968, after the breakthrough in the UK-filmed The Dirty Dozen and he then appeared in two war films, playing the lead role as Hawkeye Pierce in Robert Altmans MASH in 1970, and, again in 1970, as hippie tank commander Oddball in Kellys Heroes. He stars with Gene Wilder in the 1970 comedy Start the Revolution Without Me, during the filming of the Academy Award-winning detective thriller Klute, Sutherland had an intimate relationship with co-star Jane Fonda. Sutherland and Fonda went on to co-produce and star together in the anti-Vietnam War documentary F. T. A, consisting of a series of sketches performed outside army bases in the Pacific Rim and interviews with American troops who were then on active service. A follow up to their teaming up in Klute, Sutherland and Fonda performed together in Steelyard Blues and his role as Corpse of Lt. Robert Schmied in the Maximilian Schells 1976 German film-directed End of the Game is listed in crazy credits
Donald Sutherland
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Sutherland at the Monte Carlo Television Festival in August 2013
Donald Sutherland
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Sutherland in November 1981
Donald Sutherland
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Several famous Canadians, including Sutherland, carrying the Olympic flag at the
2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Vancouver
Donald Sutherland
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Sutherland in April 2011
13.
Legion of Honour
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The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
Legion of Honour
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Order's
streamer
Legion of Honour
Legion of Honour
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A depiction of Napoleon making some of the first awards of the Légion d'honneur, at a camp near
Boulogne on 16 August 1804
Legion of Honour
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First Légion d'Honneur investiture, 15 July 1804, at
Saint-Louis des Invalides by
Jean-Baptiste Debret (1812)
14.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
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One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
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Flag
France
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The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
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With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
15.
Orders, decorations and medals of France
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This is a list of some of the modern orders, decorations and medals of France. Some like the Legion of Honour are awarded to both the forces and civilians. Others are decorations of a civilian or military character. Only four of the 19 Ministerial orders have survived the reform of the French system of decorations in 1963, the others were replaced by the Ordre national du Mérite. The ministerial honours include French military decorations, the existing ministerial orders, ministerial awards for acts of courage and honor medals, ribbons of the French military and civil awards
Orders, decorations and medals of France
Orders, decorations and medals of France
Orders, decorations and medals of France
Orders, decorations and medals of France
16.
Order of Liberation
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The Order of Liberation is a French Order which was awarded to heroes of the Liberation of France during World War II. It is a high honour, second only after the Légion d’Honneur. Very few people, military units and communes were ever awarded it, a different order, the Médaille de la Résistance was created and awarded for lesser but still distinguished deeds by members of the Resistance. The Order of Liberation was established by General de Gaulle in order n°7, the object of the Order was to “reward people, of the military or civilian communities, who will have distinguished themselves in the task of liberating France and her Empire”. There were no restrictions as to age, sex, rank, origin or nationality, nor any regarding the nature of the deeds, the Order has a single rank, the title of Compagnon de la Libération. General de Gaulle, founder of the Order, was the only Grand Maître of the Order, the Order was usually bestowed by the traditional French military ceremony of prise darmes. The last awards to French citizens, units and communes were made on 23 January 1946, awards to foreign nationals were made until 1960. The medal of the Order is called the Croix de la Libération and it is a 31 mm wide by 33 mm high rectangular bronze shield bearing a 60 mm high vertical gladius on its obverse. On the blade of the gladius, a black enamelled Cross of Lorraine, on the reverse, in Latin, a relief inscription in bold letters on four rows, “PATRIAM SERVANDO VICTORIAM TULIT”. Green represents hope, black represents mourning, symbolizing the state of France in 1940, the ribbon at first had diagonal black stripes, but the Order was only awarded in that form during August–September 1942. Amongst the 1036 Companions of the Order,65 were killed before the end of the war, members of the French resistance, especially the more famous ones, often received the Order under their nom de guerre. The youngest, Mathurin Henrio, was 14 when he was dead by Nazi officers for refusing to answer questions on the whereabouts of Maquisards. On June 18,1996, at Mont Valérien, the 18 military units which had awarded the Cross of Liberation were given a green. Occupied by German troops and subjected to the harshest of repression, has given to the French, by individual and collective actions. By the blood of her children, showed to the whole World the French will for national liberation. Grenoble, awarded on May 4,1944 Heroic city at the vanguard of the French Resistance, draped in her pride, despite the arrest and the massacre of her best sons, put up a fierce fight to the Germans at every instant. Despising the interdictions given by the invaders and their accomplices, demonstrated on November 11,1943 her certainty of Victory and her will to take part in it. By her courage in the presence of the invader and by the energy with which she sustained the harshest of trials
Order of Liberation
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Order of Liberation (obverse)
Order of Liberation
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Fourragère of the Order of Liberation
Order of Liberation
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Reverse of the Order of Liberation
Order of Liberation
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General
Charles de Gaulle, Grand Chancellor of the Order of Liberation
17.
National Order of Merit (France)
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The National Order of Merit is a French order of merit with membership awarded by the President of the French Republic, founded on 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle. It comprises about 187,000 members worldwide, the President of the French Republic is the Grand Master of the order and appoints all its members by convention on the advice of the Government of France. The order has a common Chancellor and Chancery with the Legion of Honour, every Prime Minister of France is made a Grand cross of the order after 24 months of service. The medal of the order is a six-armed Maltese asterisk in gilt enamelled blue, the obverse central disc features the head of Marianne, surrounded by the legend République française. The reverse central disc has a set of crossed tricolores, surrounded by the name of the order, the badge is suspended by a laurel wreath. The star is worn by Grand-Croix and Grand Officier respectively, it is a twelve-armed sunburst, the central disc features the head of Marianne, surrounded by the legend République française and the name of the Order, and in turn surrounded by a wreath of laurel. The ribbon for the medal is a blue field. For the grade of Officier and above, a rosette is centered in the field, for the grades of Commandeur, Grand Officier, and Grand-Croix, the rosette is centered bar of silver, silver and gold, and a solid gold respectively
National Order of Merit (France)
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Officer of the National Order of Merit (obverse)
National Order of Merit (France)
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Reverse of the Knight's insignia of the Order
National Order of Merit (France)
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Knight of the Order
National Order of Merit (France)
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Star and riband of a Grand-Croix
18.
Order of Agricultural Merit
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The Order of Agricultural Merit is an order bestowed by the French Republic for outstanding contribution to agriculture. It was second in only to the Legion of honour within the French order of precedence when it was created. The original 1883 decree created a single order, only knights were thus decorated. The decree of 18 June 1887 added the grade of Officer and a third grade, the present form and statute of the Order of Agricultural Merit were outlined in decree 59-729 of 15 June 1959. The Order of Agricultural Merit rewards people who rendered services to agriculture whether in public duties or in the very practice of agriculture. It also rewards people who distinguished themselves in research or in related publications. There are two annual ceremonies, the first on 1 January and the second on the 14th of July. The annual contingent has been limited to 60 commanders,800 officers and 3,200 knights, a 5% contingency is allowed for people gaining direct entry into the order as officers or commanders for exceptional reasons. Foreigners receiving the order are not subject to the seniority clause, members of the Order of the Legion of Honour may be admitted to the Order of Agricultural Merit at the same rank they hold in the first. An award certificate always accompanies the order, on the reverse, the gilt medallion bears the relief inscription on three lines MÉRITE AGRICOLE1883, it is surrounded by a plain blue enamelled band. The officers and commanders badges also bear a gilt wreath, half vine and half olive branch, the members insignia is made of silver, the officers is made of silver-gilt, the commanders is made of silver-gilt or gold. The order hangs from a 37mm wide silk moiré green ribbon with 5mm amaranth vertical stripes located 1mm from the edges, the commanders insignia is worn on a cravat around the neck. Museum of the Legion of Honour
Order of Agricultural Merit
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Commander of the Order of Agricultural Merit
Order of Agricultural Merit
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Award certificate for a knight of the Order of Agricultural Merit
Order of Agricultural Merit
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Oenologist Denis Boubals, a recipient of the Order of Agricultural Merit
Order of Agricultural Merit
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Prefect Richard Samuel, a recipient of the Order of Agricultural Merit
19.
Honour medal for courage and devotion
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The Honour medal for courage and devotion is a French decoration than can be bestowed to individuals and whole units. It is awarded for acts of courage during a rescue, the Honour medal for courage and devotion was created on 2 March 1820 by King Louis XVIII. It has gone through several designs during its long history, the award was given its present name by a decree of 16 November 1901. Any person who risks his or her life to come to the rescue of one or many persons in danger, silver grades 1st and 2nd class, awarded only if previously awarded the bronze grade following a new act of courage during a rescue. The two grades are awarded for acts of courage. Silver-gilt grade, awarded only for the most intrepid acts to the bearer of two silver grade medals, gold grade, awarded as an outstanding testimony to a person having distinguished himself or herself through exceptional acts towards his or her fellow citizens. The Honour medal for courage and devotion may also be awarded to emergency. The design of the Honour medal for courage and devotion changed many times through the decades and it is now a 27mm in diameter circular medal struck in bronze, silver, silver-gilt or gold. Its obverse bears the image of a standing woman holding palms. The medal hangs from a 3cm wide silk moiré tricolour ribbon of equal width blue, white, the 3cm wide and 22mm high ribbon suspension loop is cast as an integral part of the medal in the form of oak leaves
Honour medal for courage and devotion
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Honour medal for courage and devotion in silver 2nd Empire (obverse)
Honour medal for courage and devotion
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Bronze level 3rd Republic variant between 1871 and 1899
Honour medal for courage and devotion
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Gold grade obverse & ribbon
Honour medal for courage and devotion
20.
Honour medal of the National Police
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The Honour medal of the National Police is the highest award of the French National Police, which falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior. Created by the Decree of 3 April 1903 at the request of Monsieur Émile Combes, Minister of the Interior, the decree of 17 November 1936 will rename it the Médaille d’honneur de la Police française. 96-342 of 22 April 1996 will give the medal its current designation, the award was extended in 1972, to administrative staff and senior officers of the National Police. The medal is awarded under the conditions, to police officers, for 20 years of service, to members of the administrative staff, for 25 years of combined civil. The award may be bestowed posthumously regardless of time of service and it may also be awarded in exceptional cases for acts of courage or exceptional service to the police force by national or foreign police officers regardless of time of service. Under these circumstances, the ribbon is adorned with a five pointed silver star. Award ceremonies take place annually in December, the Honour medal of the National Police, a design of engraver Marie Alexander Coudray, is a 27mm in diameter circular silver medal. Along the right circumference, the circular relief inscription POLICE FRANÇAISE. The reverse bears at its bottom a framed rectangular area destined to receive the name of the recipient, along the upper medal circumference, the relief inscription RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE, at its center, the inscription MINISTÈRE DE LINTÉRIEUR. The medal hangs from a 3cm wide silk moiré tricolour ribbon with an 8mm wide central stripe bordered by 6mm wide white stripes. The ribbons suspension loop is adorned with a composed of an olive branch. The Honour medal of the rural and municipal police in Algeria included a clasp on the ribbon consisting of a star placed on a crescent of Islam. Today, the only ribbon device is in the form of a five pointed star when the medal is awarded in exceptional circumstances
Honour medal of the National Police
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Honour medal of the National Police (obverse)
Honour medal of the National Police
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Reverse of the Honour medal of the National Police
Honour medal of the National Police
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Early design of the obverse with original designation for the municipal and rural police
Honour medal of the National Police
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Commissaire Principal Guy Penaud, a recipient of the Honour medal of the National Police
21.
Honour medal for firefighters
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The Honour medal for firefighters is a state decoration of France bestowed by the Ministry of the Interior to members of the French Fire Service. Not until 1875 was a service certificate established and bestowed for thirty years of service and this was the only means of recognizing the devotion to duty of Parisian and rural firemen until the establishment of the Honour medal for firefighters by a law of 16 February 1900. Another twenty two years would elapse until a decree of 14 March 1922 added a rosette to the ribbon of the medal to denote an act of bravery, a later law of 12 December 1934 added silver-gilt and gold grades to the medal for long service. A silver-gilt grade of the medal for service only came to be in 1962. The decree of 4 March 1981 saw a new design and ribbon for the Honour medal for firefighters awarded for exceptional service, the Honour medal for firefighters is bestowed to firefighters, who have always displayed devotion to duty, or, who have particularly distinguished themselves. When calculating seniority, military service is counted to the limit of service during peace time. Time spent in the military as part of a civil defence training unit counts toward award of the medal for service to volunteer firemen. In exceptional circumstances, it may also be awarded upon retirement after thirty years of service, both grades bestowed for exceptional service may be awarded posthumously regardless of seniority if death occurred in the line of duty. The Honour medal for firefighters, whether awarded for seniority or for bravery, is accompanied by an award certificate, the Honour medal for firefighters bestowed for long service is a 30mm in diameter circular medal. On either side, the inscription along the circumference RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE. The medal is struck in silver, silver-gilt and gold, the silver grade awards ribbon suspension bar is adorned with opposing fire hose nozzles. Each grade above silver is denoted by an increasingly intricate ornamentation on the suspension bar. For the silver-gilt variant, this consists of crossed firemens axes superimposed over part of a ladder below horizontal fire hose nozzles, the gold variant replaces the nozzles with a laurel wreath. The relief image of flames at the bottom and on either side of the fire hall. At the top along the circumference, the relief semi circular inscription MINISTÈRE DE LINTÉRIEUR. All aforementioned awards hung from the same 28mm wide silk moiré yellow ribbon bearing four vertical 4 mm wide tricolour stripes positioned on the edges and 4 mm apart at the center. The rosette was made of the same ribbon, the current, post 1981 Honour medal for firefighters bestowed for exceptional services is a 32mm in diameter circular medal. The ribbon suspension bar is adorned with two crossed firemens axes resting atop two laurel branches from which flames shoot upwards to just above opposing horizontal fire hose nozzles, the medal is struck in silver or silver-gilt variants
Honour medal for firefighters
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Honour medal for firefighters for exceptional services in silver, 1935-1981 variant (obverse)
Honour medal for firefighters
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Ribbon for exceptional services Ribbon for long service
Honour medal for firefighters
Honour medal for firefighters
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1953 silver medal award certificate for lieutenant Alcide Mespléde
22.
Order of Tahiti Nui
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The Order of Tahiti Nui was established on 5 June 1996 by the Assembly of French Polynesia to reward distinguished merit and achievements in the service to French Polynesia. The insignia is a cross of four arms glazed in red enamel, the arms are connected by a circular crown of Tahitian gardenia enameled in green and white. The obverse center of the shows the Coat of arms of French Polynesia colored by enamel in orange, red. The reverse has the inscription in relief, Order of Tahiti Nui, the cross is suspended by another crown of Tahitian gardenia enameled in green and white. The ribbon is red with a central stripe in white. The Order of Tahiti Nui was established June 5,1996 by resolution of the Assembly of French Polynesia, the Organic Law of 12 April 1996 granted a plan of autonomy to the territory of French Polynesia, allowing it to freely determine distinctive signs reflective of the islands personality. The articles defining the order were adopted June 24,1996 by Order No.660 of the Council of Ministers of French Polynesia, the Bar Council deliberates on matters concerning the statutes of the Order. It also meets on appointments, promotions, and disciplinary issues of members of the Order and it certifies that appointments and promotions are made in accordance with regulations. The Chancery of the Order is headed by a chancellor who is general of the government of French Polynesia. The Order consists of 3 grades Knight, Officer, and Commander, the maximum of the Order is set to 450 holders distributed among the grades as follows,300 knights,100 officers,40 commanders,10 Grand Cross. Until the maximum number is reached, the appointments and promotions shall not exceed ten per cent of holders in each grade. To be received into the Order, the recipient must be of French nationality, to be appointed or promoted, he must meet the following, Knight, Minimum 15 years of services or activities of assorted distinguished merits. Officer, Minimum 7 years of seniority in the rank of Knight, Commander, Minimum 5 years of seniority in the rank of Officer. Grand Cross, Minimum 3 years of seniority in the rank of Commander, during the course of their duties, members of the territorial government and advisers can be appointed or promoted in the Order of Tahiti Nui. Persons of foreign nationality who have distinguished themselves by their merits in respect to French Polynesia can be awarded a distinction in the Order of Tahiti Nui, Tahiti is the first Pacific Islands nation to reach the knockout stage of a FIFA tournament. )
Order of Tahiti Nui
–
Ordre de Tahiti Nui
23.
Military Medal (France)
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The Médaille militaire is a military decoration of the French Republic for other ranks for meritorious service and acts of bravery in action against an enemy force. It is the third highest award of the French Republic, after the Légion dhonneur, a civil and military order, and the de la Libération. The Médaille militaire is therefore the most senior entirely military active French decoration, during World War One,230000 médailles were awarded, when 1400000 French Army soldiers were killed and 3000000 wounded. For comparison, the UK Military Medal was awarded on 115000 occasions in World War One, after the First World War, the Military Medal was also temporarily awarded for wounds received in combat. Like many other French awards, the médaille can be awarded for different reasons and it can be awarded to foreign nationals serving with or alongside the French armed forces. To members of the other than commissioned officers. As an award for valour. As an in between medal for enlisted members, NCO and O awarded the Légion dhonneur for combat actions, as a service medal, for long-serving NCOs. To generals and admirals who have been commanders-in-chief, as an award for leadership. These general officers must already have been awarded the cross of the Légion dhonneur. The reverse of the medallion is common to all variants since inception of the award, the ribbon of the Médaille militaire is 37 mm wide, yellow in color with 6 mm-wide green stripes on each edge. This ribbon was borrowed from the Order of the Iron Crown which it replaced in France. The Médaille militaire was awarded in some number to British and allied forces during the Crimean War of 1854-56 and in reasonably large numbers to allied forces in the 1914-18 war. During the Second World War, the Médaille reached its highest numbers of foreign bestowals, the médaille is displayed on the flag of these units. It is one of the rarest unit awards in the French military, ten American units can wear the fourragère de la médaille militaire. The individuals listed below were recipients of the Médaille Militaire, Ribbons of the French military and civil awards France Phaléristique
Military Medal (France)
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Badge of the Médaille Militaire (obverse)
Military Medal (France)
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2nd Empire 1852–1870
24.
War Cross for foreign operational theaters
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The Croix de guerre des théâtres dopérations extérieurs, also called the Croix de Guerre TOE for short, is a French military award denoting citations earned in combat in foreign countries. The Armistice of November 11,1918 ended the war between France and Germany, but French soldiers continued fighting in theaters outside metropolitan France, combat operations continued in Syria, Palestine, Constantinople, Morocco, French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa. A law was passed on April 30,1921 establishing the new Croix de guerre for Théâtres dopérations extérieurs. Following the combat operations of the immediate post World War 1 Era, the Croix de Guerre TOE was again awarded for actions in Indochina, Madagascar, Korea, and during the Suez Crisis. After a hiatus of thirty-five years, it was awarded for actions between January 17,1991 and May 5,1992 during the Gulf War. It was also extended to operations conducted in Kosovo in 1999. The Croix de Guerre TOE is awarded to personnel and civilians who have received an individual citation during war/combat operations on foreign soil. The Croix de guerre des théâtres dopérations extérieures is a bronze 37 mm wide cross pattée and it was designed by the sculptor Albert Bartholome. On the obverse in a medallion, the effigy of the Republic wearing a cap decorated with a laurel wreath, surrounded by a ring bearing the legend. On the reverse, in the circular medallion the inscription, THÉÂTRES DOPÉRATIONS EXTÉRIEURS, the cross is suspended by a ring through the suspension loop to a 38 mm wide grey silk moiré ribbon with 10 mm wide red edge stripes. The Croix de guerre TOE is worn on the side of the chest
War Cross for foreign operational theaters
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War Cross for foreign operational theaters (obverse) Reverse of the War Cross for foreign operational theaters
War Cross for foreign operational theaters
War Cross for foreign operational theaters
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General
Mariano Goybet, a recipient of the Croix de Guerre TOE
War Cross for foreign operational theaters
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General
Paul Azan, a recipient of the Croix de Guerre TOE
25.
Cross for Military Valour
–
The Cross for Military Valour is a military decoration of France. The Cross for Military Valour is usually awarded for security or peacekeeping operations and it was established in 1956 to reward soldiers, sailors, and airmen serving in Algeria who had committed acts of valour or gallantry in combat. Algeria was a department of France at the time, so it was not considered a declared war, therefore, the War Cross for foreign operational theatres, which had been awarded for valiant service in Indochina, was not considered appropriate. Médaille de la Valeur Militaire was created on 11 April 1956 with a system of distinctions. To put it on the level as the Croix de guerre. Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Tchad, cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo | Zaïre | Democratic Republic of the Congo Haiti Irag and Syria Ivory Coast Lebanon Liberia Libya. Sénégal, Burkina Faso, Mauritanie, Mali and Niger, tunisia The grades of the Cross are insignia of a mention in dispatches, which can be of one of five levels matching the valour displayed by the recipient while in presence of an enemy. They are named after historical formation of the French military, the 1956 Cross was meant principally for soldiers, but a provision was made for civilians participating in a peacekeeping operation. On 2 December 2005 this provision was amended in order to reward only civllian employees of the Ministry of Defence on official missions overseas, originally, the cross was not awarded to members of foreign militaries or governments. This restriction was lifted on 9 November 2011 for acts of valour or performed valiant service while on joint operations with French forces, collective awards can be made to military units, both French and foreign, since 2011. When a unit has decorated twice with the Cross at its highest level, the four first grades of the Cross can be awarded by Chef détat-major des Armées, but the Cross with Palm decoration is only awarded by the Minister of Defence. Medal, suspended from a ribbon is a 36 mm bronze cross, with an effigy of the Republic crowned with a wreath, with the edge embossed, on the reverse is the inscription, Croix de la Valeur militaire. Ribbon, a red bar with three white bands, a centered 7 mm band, with a smaller 2 mm band on each end. La marque du courage, croix de guerre, valeur militaire, site traitant des décorations militaires et civiles françaises Les décorations françaises
Cross for Military Valour
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Cross for Military Valour (obverse) with one citation star
Cross for Military Valour
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Reverse of the Cross
Cross for Military Valour
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General Hervé Charpentier, a recipient of the Cross for Military Valour
Cross for Military Valour
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General Jean Compagnon, a recipient of the Cross for Military Valour
26.
Cross of the resistance volunteer combatant
–
This award was created by a special law in 1954 and awarded to those who had been designated and issued cards certifying them as voluntary resistance fighters. Those executed, killed or injured in an act of resistance, a 1989 law removed all previously enacted time constraints for application of the status of resistance volunteer combatant. The Cross of the resistance volunteer combatant, a design of engraver Frédéric de Vernon, is a 36 mm wide cross pattée made of gilt bronze. On the obverse, over the central medallion of the cross, on the reverse, the relief inscription on three lines on the central medallion COMBATTANT VOLONTAIRE RÉSISTANCE. The cross is suspended by a ring through a loop which is an integral part of the top of the upper cross arm
Cross of the resistance volunteer combatant
–
Obverse of the Cross of the resistance volunteer combatant
27.
Aeronautical Medal
–
The Aeronautical Medal is a state decoration of France established by the decree of February 14,1945. It is awarded to military personnel and civilians for outstanding accomplishments related to the field of aeronautics. Originally envisioned before the Second World War, it was intended as an equal to the Order of Maritime Merit, the intent was to create an aerial order of merit intended for civilian and military personnel working in aeronautics. The war temporarily put an end to the project until February 1945, in case of the absence of any member of the council, an interim member is named by decree of the related authority. This same council has the authority to propose the revocation of the decoration for serious breaches of honour, the details of the workings of such a proposal would be made by ministerial decree. The Aeronautical Medal is limited to no more than 275 new recipients per year and it is awarded for professional valour to both civilians and military pilots and non pilots serving under the Ministry of Defence or the Department of Transportation. It is awarded to citizens who have distinguished themselves in the development of military or civil aviation, sports aviation, airports and it can be awarded for prowess in the air, an act of heroism in the air, or for particularly unusual work or research in aviation. Finally, the medal can be awarded for service during serious air related accidents. The medal can be awarded posthumously and to foreign nationals, the medal is rectangular and of gilt metal. The obverse bears the left profile of Marianne from the 1940s representing France, below Marianne. The medal is enamelled in red except for Marianne, the inscription, the medal is suspended to a 37 mm wide royal blue silk moiré ribbon by a wing shaped pendant with a relief five pointed star at its center and an horizontal slot to receive the ribbon. The reverse bears the inscription on four lines MÉDAILLE DE LAÉRONAUTIQUE1945, wang Tung-yi Oct.2012 Ribbons of the French military and civil awards France Phaléristique Entente Combattants
Aeronautical Medal
–
Aeronautical Medal (Obverse)
Aeronautical Medal
–
Reverse of the Médaille de l'Aéronautique
Aeronautical Medal
–
French air force general
Stéphane Abrial, a recipient of the Aeronautical Medal
Aeronautical Medal
–
French astronaut general
Jean-Loup Chrétien, a recipient of the Aeronautical Medal
28.
Overseas Medal
–
The Overseas Medal is a commemorative or campaign medal issued to members of the French Armed Forces for participating in operations outside national territory. It replaced the French Colonial Medal by decree on 6 June 1962, ribbon, sky blue with three vertical white bands, the two side ones of 2mm and the central one of 7mm Medal, the work of engraver Georges Lemaire, in silver. A helmeted allegorical effigy of a woman as the personification of the French Republic, the reverse shows a terrestrial globe on top of trophies of military conquest with the words MEDAILLE DOUTRE-MER Link, Silver laurel branches. Bars, Gilt, showing the territory where the campaign occurred, as of January 28,2008, the campaign clasp is awarded for fifteen days of consecutive service or a cumulative equivalent of non-consecutive days. Mauritanie, awarded to all French personnel, military or otherwise, who served in Mauritania from November 1977 to July 1990, regardless of length of service. france-phaleristique. com/accueil. htm
Overseas Medal
–
Overseas and revers of the medal with a number of clasps
Overseas Medal
–
Médaille d' Outre Mer with original ribbon and "Tchad" clasp
29.
National Defence Medal
–
The National Defence Medal is a French military decoration. It was created by Charles Hernu, Minister of Defence and established by decree on April 21,1982 and it rewards particularly honourable service rendered by military personnel for their participation in operational activities. The medal has three levels, Gold, Silver and Bronze, points are earned through participation in exercises, operations, proficiency, initiative, awards received, etc. People who had awarded the ordre de la Légion dhonneur or the ordre du mérite can not receive the Médaille for military service. He or she is awarded the Médaille de la Défense Nationale at the Gold level, adorned with a ribbon device depending on the level of the mention, in the same manner as for the Croix de Guerre. The National Defence Medal is a 36 mm in diameter circular medal struck from bronze, the level is gilt. The obverse bears the image of Rudes Marseillaise with the relief inscription along the upper circumference FRENCH REPUBLIC
National Defence Medal
–
National Defence Medal, Gold grade (obverse)
National Defence Medal
National Defence Medal
National Defence Medal
30.
Medal for voluntary military service
–
The Medal for voluntary military service is a French military decoration established on 13 March 1975 by decree 75-150. It was established in three grades to recognize military service in the reserves. During World War I, the served as an important part of the defence of France. This first incarnation of a truly reserve award was rather short lived being replaced on 22 March 1957 with the Order of military merit at the request of the Union Nationale des Officiers de Réserve. This award, like many other French orders, had three grades Knight, Officer, and Commander, unfortunately, the Order of military merit was one of sixteen ministerial awards abolished in December 1963 in favour of an all encompassing new National Order of Merit. Between the abolition of the Order of military merit in 1963 and it may be exceptionally awarded to military personnel of either the reserves or regular army who distinguished themselves by the exceptionally high quality of their service. For award to a member of the army, this service must have been carried out outside of normal working hours. The medal may be awarded posthumously, the award is divided into three grades, bronze, silver and gold. The award of a grade is calculated from the number of years of service and points earned during training. The Medal for voluntary military service is a 32mm in diameter circular medal struck from bronze and its obverse bears the left profile of the effigy of the Republic wearing a Phrygian cap with the relief semi circular inscription RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE along the left circumference. The medal hangs from a passing through a suspension ring itself passing through a ball shaped suspension loop at the top of the medal. The 37mm wide silk moiré ribbon differs according to the grade of the award
Medal for voluntary military service
–
Gold level medal for voluntary military service (obverse)
Medal for voluntary military service
–
Bronze grade obverse & ribbon
Medal for voluntary military service
Medal for voluntary military service
31.
Military Health Service honour medal
–
The Military Health Service honour medal is a French decoration created 30 August 1962. The medal recognizes individuals who have contributed or lent their support to the French Defence Health service and were marked by their services or their dedication. It is presented in four different levels, gold, vermeil, silver and it may be awarded to members of the military as well as civilians. On the occasion of exceptional circumstances, especially during epidemic periods, no person may be proposed for the grant of a medal if he is already the holder of that of the lower level. However, members of the Order of the Legion of Honor may be awarded the silver or vermeil grades. The recipient receives a certificate noting that it has been awarded for services rendered or the dedication he has shown, the Médaille dhonneur du service de santé des armées is awarded, except in exceptional cases, twice a year, on 1 January and 14 July. Applications and proposals to the management of the health service of the Armed Forces, for transmission to the office of Minister of Defense
Military Health Service honour medal
–
Military Health Service honour medal (obverse)
32.
Saint Helena Medal
–
The Saint Helena Medal was the first French campaign medal. It was established in 1857 by a decree of emperor Napoleon III to recognize participation in the led by emperor Napoleon I. Emperor Napoleon I, creator of the Legion of honour and various other orders, the Saint Helena Medal was awarded to all French and foreign soldiers, from the land armies or naval fleets, who served the Republic or the Empire between the years 1792 and 1815. The Saint Helena Medal was of irregular shape and struck from bronze and it was a 2 cm in diameter circular medallion surrounded by a 50mm wide laurel wreath tied with a bow at the bottom. Atop the medal, a 2 cm wide Imperial Crown, the obverse of the medallion bore the relief image of the right profile of Emperor Napoleon I surrounded by the relief inscription NAPOLEON I EMPEREUR. A ring or small orbs separated the central medallion from the wreath, just below the image of the emperor, a small anchor, the privy mark of the awards designer, Désiré-Albert Barre. The reverse is identical except for the medallion bore the relief circular inscription within a narrow 20mm band CAMPAGNES DE1792 A1815. In the center, the inscription on nine lines A SES COMPAGNONS DE GLOIRE SA DERNIÈRE PENSÉE STE HÉLÈNE5 MAI1821. The medal hung from a 38mm wide green silk moiré ribbon bearing five 1, 8mm wide red stripes spaced 4, 5mm apart. The ribbon passed through a ring itself passing through a lateral hole in the imperial crowns orb atop the medal
Saint Helena Medal
–
Obverse of the medal
Saint Helena Medal
–
General Émile Mellinet, a recipient of the Saint Helena Medal
Saint Helena Medal
–
General Émile Perrodon, a recipient of the Saint Helena Medal
Saint Helena Medal
–
Captain Amédée de Bast, a recipient of the Saint Helena Medal
33.
Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign
–
Early in 1815, there was a powerful popular movement in favour of national unification throughout the Italian peninsula. This idea, championed by the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II, was opposed by Pope Pius IX and the Austrian Empire who occupied the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. In Europe, Italian unification was only supported by Emperor Napoleon III of France who, on 28 January 1859, based on the clauses of the Treaty of Turin, decided to bring aid and support from France. Piedmont being invaded by 100,000 Austrian soldiers on April 26,1859, then, on June 24, the Franco-Piedmontese forces took the village of Solferino after a terrible battle culminating in an armistice signed at Villafranca on July 12. During the three month campaign, French losses amounted to 8,000 dead and 40,000 wounded, to reward all participants and ensure the memory of this glorious military campaign, the Commemorative Medal of the Italian Campaign was created by Imperial Decree on August 11,1859. Nearly 120,000 medals were awarded to all soldiers and sailors who participated in the Italian campaign of 1859. All recipients also received a certificate of award, a revised list of all French naval units who participated in the campaign was submitted on 18 February 1860 resulting in a 22 March 1860 amendment to the disposition of the award to navy recipients. The Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign, a work of Albert Désiré Barre, was a 30 mm in diameter circular silver medal and its obverse bore the left profile of Emperor Napoleon III crowned with a laurel wreath surrounded by the relief inscription NAPOLEON III EMPEREUR. A4 mm wide relief laurel wreath ran along the circumference of both the obverse and reverse of the medal. On the reverse, within the wreath, the circular relief inscription CAMPAGNE D’ITALIE1859. At the centre, the inscription on six lines of the campaigns major battles MONTEBELLO, PALESTRO, TURBIGO, MAGENTA, MARIGNAN. The medal hung from a 36 mm wide silk moiré ribbon bearing six 4 mm wide red stripes, a variant bearing the imperial crown as an integral part of the suspension ring is called variant of the 100 guards
Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign
–
Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign (obverse)
Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign
–
Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign, crowned variant
34.
Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition
–
It was created by imperial decree on 23 January 1861, by Napoleon III. The French Empire, the United States, and the Russian Empire received requests from Britain to form an alliance, france joined the British action against China, prompted by the execution of a French missionary, Father August Chapdelaine, by Chinese local authorities in Guangxi province. The conflict concluded with the 1858 Treaty of Tianjin finally ratified by the brother, Yixin. All recipients also received a certificate of award, the Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition was a 30 mm in diameter circular silver medal designed and engraved by Albert Désiré Barre. Its obverse bore the left profile of Emperor Napoleon III crowned with a wreath surrounded by the relief inscription NAPOLEON III EMPEREUR. A4 mm wide relief laurel wreath ran along the circumference of both the obverse and reverse of the medal. On the reverse, within the wreath, the circular relief inscription EXPÉDITION DE CHINE1860. At the centre, the inscription on four lines of the campaigns major battles TA-KOU, CHANG-KIA-WAN, PA-LI-KIAO. The medal was suspended from a 36 mm wide silk moiré yellow ribbon, at its center, the name of the city of Peking woven in blue Chinese characters
Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition
–
Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition (obverse)
Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition
–
French medal of the China Campaign ("Médaille de la Campagne de Chine"), 1861.
Musée de la Légion d'Honneur.
35.
Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
–
On 7 January 1862, approximately 3,000 French soldiers landed at Vera Cruz. In the capital, an assembly of notables recognized Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg, brother of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, as Emperor of Mexico. In February 1867, Emperor Napoleon III ordered the repatriation of all remaining French troops from Mexico, an abandoned Emperor Maximilian, defeated and captured near the city of Querétaro, was executed in June of that year. The medal was to be worn on the left breast, no minimum time of service was mentioned in the award statute. The Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition was a 30 mm in diameter circular silver medal and its obverse bore the left profile of Emperor Napoleon III crowned with a laurel wreath surrounded by the relief inscription NAPOLEON III EMPEREUR. A4 mm wide relief laurel wreath ran along the circumference of both the obverse and reverse of the medal. On the reverse, within the wreath, the circular relief inscription * EXPEDITION DU MEXIQUE * 1862•1863. At the center, the inscription on five lines of the campaigns major battles CUMBRES CERRO-BORREGO SAN-LORENZO PUEBLA MEXICO
Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
–
Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition (obverse)
Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
–
General Gustave Léon Niox, a recipient of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
–
Major Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, a recipient of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
–
General Vitalis Pacha, a recipient of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
36.
Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
–
The Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal was awarded to all the French soldiers and sailors who took part in the battles of the Tonkin campaign and the Sino-French War between 1883 and 1885. The medal, decreed by a law of 6 September 1885, was minted at the Monnaie de Paris, the medal was later awarded to participants in a number of earlier and later campaigns in Indochina, bringing the total number of recipients to 97,300. The decision to issue a medal was enshrined in a law of 6 September 1885, whose text read as follows. There is hereby established a medal for the Tonkin expedition. The medal shall be of silver,30 millimetres in diameter, the medallion shall be enclosed within a laurel wreath. The persons awarded this medal shall wear it on the side of the chest, attached to a ribbon half green. As stipulated in the law of 6 September 1885, the obverse of the features an effigy of the Republic. In accordance with convention, the Republic is represented as a young woman with the word patrie inscribed on the visor of her helmet. On the reverse of the medal are a list of some of the more notable engagements of the Tonkin campaign, two medal issues were made, one for the army and one for the navy and the troupes de marine. The navy issue medal includes the names, Cau-Giaï, Sontay, Bac-Ninh, Fou-Tchéou, Formose, Tuyen-Quan. The clasp is inscribed with the word Tonkin, the medal, minted at the Monnaie de Paris, was initially distributed to participants in the campaigns in Tonkin, Annam and China between 1883 and 1885. No distinction was made between combatants and non-combatants, administrative and support staff, including cantinières and officials working in the treasury, postal and military telegraphy services, were eligible for the award of the medal. The medal was not awarded to participants whose service records were marred by serious military offences or habitual misconduct, in the cases of men who had died on active service, the medal was awarded as a souvenir to a near relative. Each medal recipient was given a diploma issued by the navy ministry or the army ministry. The medal was issued to all servicemen who had campaigned between 1885 and 1893 in Tonkin, Annam, Cambodia, Siam and the Upper Mekong, bringing the total number of recipients to 97,300. The list of feats of arms commemorated on the reverse of the medal aroused comment, although most of the engagements included were uncontroversial, the commemoration of the French defeat at the Battle of Paper Bridge raised some eyebrows. The government included this engagement as a tribute to the two pre-eminent martyrs of the French conquest of Tonkin, Henri Rivière and Francis Garnier. The battlefield of Cau-Giaï, where Rivière fell on 19 May 1883, was also the scene of the defeat and death of Francis Garnier ten years earlier, on 21 December 1873
Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
–
Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal (obverse)
Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
–
Left: Tonkin medal, navy issue, including the engagement of
Cau-Giaï Right: Tonkin medal, army issue, omitting Cau-Giaï
Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
–
Diplomas issued by the navy ministry (left) and army ministry (right)
37.
Dahomey Expedition commemorative medal 1892
–
The Dahomey Expedition commemorative medal was a French campaign commemorative medal. It was bestowed to the participants of the First Franco-Dahomean War, the troops taking part in this expedition, which lasted five months, defeated the 12,000 warrior strong army of Behanzin at Dogba. France thus reconquered the kingdom of Dahomey and placed at its head, king Behanzin was captured in 1893 and deported to Martinique then to Algiers where he died in 1906. The Law of 24 November 1892 instituted the Commemorative Medal of the Dahomey Expedition for award to the officers, sailors and soldiers who took part in this campaign. The Dahomey Expedition commemorative medal was awarded by the President of France on propositions by the responsible for the service in which the recipient served. It was awarded to all officers, sailors and soldiers who served in the Dahomey campaigns, all recipients were to adhere to the code of conduct as set under the Grand chancellor of the Legion of honour. Posthumous awards were made to the widow or parents of the recipient, no request for the medal may be made fore service rendered after 5 February 1894. The obverse of the features an effigy of the Republic. In accordance with convention, the Republic is represented as a young woman with the word PATRIE inscribed on the visor of her helmet. A small relief Cornucopia trademark is just off the tip of the leftmost flag, the medal hung from a 36 mm wide daffodil yellow silk moiré ribbon bearing four equidistant 4 mm black vertical stripes. Colonel Alfred-Amédée Dodds Captain Joseph Gaudérique Aymerich Lieutenant Antoine Gramat First Franco-Dahomean War Second Franco-Dahomean War French Dahomey Benin Museum of the Legion of Honour
Dahomey Expedition commemorative medal 1892
–
Dahomey Expedition commemorative medal (obverse)
38.
Colonial Medal
–
A decree of 6 June 1962 changed the term colonial to overseas. Introduced by the Finance Act of 23 July 1893, its implementing decree dated 6 March 1894 lists the military carried out by France in its colonies or protectorates. Since then, numerous regulations were made which amend or supplement the award of this medal. The most recent include the decree of June 6,1962 which transformed the Médaille Coloniale to Médaille dOutre-Mer, the colonial medal is closely linked to the existence of the French colonial empire. Article 4 of the Decree of 1894 establishes the design of the medal, the it is 30mm diameter in silver. On the obverse there is the effigy of the Republic with République française engraved above. On the reverse, a world map occupies the central field, the ribbon, is white and blue with vertical stripes. Its length can vary this from 35 to 37 mm, the design of the medal is attributed to Capitaine de frégate Saulnier Pinellas, because the original award was for sailors. The sets were to be delivered complete to the ministries of the Navy, the ribbon, the skewer assembly and assembly were also part of the supply. The two departments then presented the medals to the recipients, with some delay as they were not always immediately available, in 1913, the Monnaie de Paris decided to fully bear the manufacture of the Colonial Medal. The second type sees its official medal redrawn and engraved by G. Lindauer, the engraving of Georges Lemaire is recessed so that the first official type, it was relief. The foliage becomes single-sided pendant ring and the sleeve is formed of two truncated cones, for a very short period Hinged clips are rounded instead of being indented. There were many contemporary manufacturers. france-phaleristique. com/accueil. htm http, //www. phaleristique. net
Colonial Medal
–
French Colonial Medal with multiple clasps
Colonial Medal
–
"Médaille Coloniale" certificate of 1894 for the participation in the
1881 French occupation of Tunisia of Military Doctor Jean-Baptiste Doué.
39.
1901 China expedition commemorative medal
–
The 1901 China expedition commemorative medal was a French military campaign medal established by the law of 15 April 1902 to recognize service in China in 1900 and 1901 during the Boxer rebellion. In May 1900, an uprising throughout Northern China threatened the interests of nations with established concessions in major cities and leased territories in the empire of China. This hostility against these powers was mainly driven by a secret nationalist and xenophobic group called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, allied troops entered Peking on 14 August 1900 but a peace treaty with China was only signed on 7 September 1901. It was also awarded, on the recommendation of the Minister for External Affairs, the 1901 China expedition commemorative medal was a 30mm in diameter circular silver medal. The obverse bore the image of the effigy of the warrior republic in the form of the left profile of a helmeted womans bust. On either side, the inscription along the circumference RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE. The reverse bore a pagoda surrounded with military and naval articles or war, the ribbons suspension loop was adorned with two Chinese dragons. The medal hung from a 36 mm wide silk moiré yellow ribbon with four 4 mm wide equidistant green vertical stripes
1901 China expedition commemorative medal
–
1901 China expedition commemorative medal
1901 China expedition commemorative medal
–
General
Robert Nivelle, a recipient of the 1901 China expedition commemorative medal
1901 China expedition commemorative medal
–
General
Albert d'Amade, a recipient of the 1901 China expedition commemorative medal
40.
Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
–
The Morocco commemorative medal was a French military campaign medal. It was established by the law of 22 July 1909 for award to soldiers participating in the Second Franco-Moroccan War under the command of general Hubert Lyautey, long time French colonial interests in North Africa led to tensions between European nations but particularly disturbed Germany. Early in the new century, France pushed established international agreements to their limits bringing tensions to a point in the Agadir Crisis. These military operations went on until 30 March 1912, the date on which the Treaty of Fez was signed making of Morocco a French Protectorate, article 2 of the law of 22 July 1909 further stated that clasps would be worn on the ribbon. The Morocco commemorative medal was a 30mm in diameter circular silver medal, the obverse bore the relief image of the effigy of the warrior republic in the form of the left profile of a helmeted womans bust, the helmet being adorned by a crown of oak leaves. On either side, the inscription along the circumference RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE. In the background, sand dunes, the wall of a Kasbah, the medal hung from a 36mm wide silk moiré green ribbon with a 7mm white central stripe and two 2mm wide white stripes 1mm from the ribbon edges. The medal suspension ring was adorned by a laurel wreath
Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
–
Medal with three clasps
Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
–
Reverse of the Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
–
Marshal of France
Hubert Lyautey, a recipient of the Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
–
General
Henri Gouraud, a recipient of the Morocco commemorative medal (1909)
41.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
42.
Dardanelles campaign medal
–
First proposed as a new clasp on the Colonial Medal, and then as a distinct medal in June 1917, it is finally and only on 15 June 1926 that this award will be officially established. No minimum time of service is mentioned in the award statute, the Dardanelles campaign medal is a 30mm in diameter circular medal struck from bronze. The obverse bears the image of the warrior republic in the form of the left profile of a helmeted womans bust. On either side, the inscription along the circumference FRENCH REPUBLIC. On some variants, the relief inscription HONNEUR ET PATRIE19151918 can be found on one of the banners, the medal hangs from a ribbon through a ring passing through the medals suspension loop. The ring is adorned by a 24mm in diameter bronze laurel wreath, the silk moiré ribbon is 37mm wide and is white with four equidistant 3mm wide green stripes beginning 3mm from the edges
Dardanelles campaign medal
–
Dardanelles campaign medal (obverse)
Dardanelles campaign medal
–
General Albert d'Amade, a recipient of the Dardanelles campaign medal
43.
Orient campaign medal
–
The Orient campaign medal was a French military medal bestowed for participation in the battles against the Central Powers by the Allied Eastern Army between 1915 and 1918. These battles culminated in the 1918 successful offensive under French general Louis Franchet dEspèrey in Macedonia knocking Bulgaria out of the war and the overrunning of much of the Balkans. First proposed as a new clasp on the Colonial Medal, and then as a medal in June 1917. No minimum time of service is mentioned in the award statute, the Orient campaign medal is a 30mm in diameter circular medal struck from bronze. The obverse bears the image of the warrior republic in the form of the left profile of a helmeted womans bust. On either side, the inscription along the circumference FRENCH REPUBLIC. On some variants, the relief inscription HONNEUR ET PATRIE19151918 can be found on one of the banners, the medal hangs from a ribbon through a ring passing through the medals suspension loop. The ring is adorned by a 24mm in diameter bronze laurel wreath, the ribbon is 37mm wide and is light blue with a yellow central 7mm wide and 2mm wide stripes 2mm from the edges. Maréchal de France Louis Franchet dEspèrey Commandant Georges Cartier Ribbons of the French military and civil awards http, //www. france-phaleristique. com/accueil. htm
Orient campaign medal
–
Orient campaign medal (obverse)
Orient campaign medal
–
Louis Franchet D'Esperey, a recipient of the Orient campaign medal
44.
Medal of French Gratitude
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The Medal of French Gratitude was a French honour medal created on 13 July 1917 and solely awarded to civilians. The creation of this distinction was mainly the result of unsuccessful offensives of General Nivelle in 1917, the French government thus wanted to thank those who, despite the crisis, were always volunteering. It has three classes, bronze, silver, and gold, nearly 15,000 people and communities were recipients of this award. The medal is no longer awarded, the last award was on 14 February 1959, the inhabitants of occupied areas or Alsace and Lorraine who helped these people. The first model was a 30 mm in diameter circular bronze, silver or gilded medal depending on the level of the award, the obverse bore charity personified by France supporting a wounded soldier. On the reverse at centre, the circular inscription RECONNAISSANCE FRANCAISE along the circumference with at centre. The second model is a 32 mm in diameter circular bronze, silver or gilded medal depending on the level of the award, the obverse bears a woman wearing a Phrygian cap representing France offering a palm. On the reverse, the relief inscription RECONNAISSANCE FRANCAISE around a wreath of roses surrounding an escutcheon bearing the initials RF. The medal hung from a 37 mm wide white silk ribbon with tricolour 2 mm wide edge stripes of blue, white and red. New Zealand Mr Maurice James Gresson, Christchurch Barrister and solicitor, New Zealand David Lawrence Nathan, New Zealand businessman. New Zealand Henry Valder OBE, recruiting service South East England military district, annemasse, Thonon et Evian 1921 Céret 1946 Cerbère et Hochfelden 1947 Schaffhausen, Basel, Geneva and Lausanne, Montreux. Norway World War I German occupation of north-east France during World War I Ribbons of the French military and civil awards Chancellery and museum of the Legion of Honour Entente combattants
Medal of French Gratitude
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Medal of French Gratitude (obverse)
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