1.
Istanbul
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Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
2.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
3.
Literature
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Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura was used to refer to all written accounts, developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature. There have been attempts to define literature. Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question What is Literature, with the observation, The quest to discover a definition for literature is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they change over time. In fact, the thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well, definitions of literature have varied over time, it is a culturally relative definition. In Western Europe prior to the century, literature as a term indicated all books. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction and this sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition when it classifies literature as the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing. The formalist definition is that literature foregrounds poetic effects, it is the literariness or poetic of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura learning, a writing, grammar, originally writing formed with letters, in spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. Poetry is a form of art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of. Possibly as a result of Aristotles influence, poetry before the century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition, novel, a long fictional prose narrative. It was the close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance, in most European languages the equivalent term is roman. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the fifteenth century, with the meaning of news, it came to indicate something new
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Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
5.
Postmodern literature
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Postmodern works are seen as a response against dogmatic following of Enlightenment thinking and Modernist approaches to literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, tends to resist definition or classification as a movement, Postmodern works also tend to celebrate chance over craft, and further employ metafiction to undermine the texts authority or authenticity. In the 1910s, artists associated with Dadaism celebrated chance, parody, playfulness, tristan Tzara claimed in How to Make a Dadaist Poem that to create a Dadaist poem one had only to put random words in a hat and pull them out one by one. Another way Dadaism influenced postmodern literature was in the development of collage, artists associated with Surrealism, which developed from Dadaism, continued experimentations with chance and parody while celebrating the flow of the subconscious mind. André Breton, the founder of Surrealism, suggested that automatism and he used automatism to create his novel Nadja and used photographs to replace description as a parody of the overly-descriptive novelists he often criticized. Surrealist René Magrittes experiments with signification are used as examples by Jacques Derrida, Foucault also uses examples from Jorge Luis Borges, an important direct influence on many postmodernist fiction writers. He is occasionally listed as a postmodernist, although he started writing in the 1920s, the influence of his experiments with metafiction and magic realism was not fully realized in the Anglo-American world until the postmodern period. Ultimately, this is seen as the highest stratification of criticism among scholars, other early 20th-century novels such as Raymond Roussels Impressions dAfrique and Locus Solus, and Giorgio de Chiricos Hebdomeros have also been identified as important postmodern precursor. Both modern and postmodern literature represent a break from 19th century realism, in addition, both modern and postmodern literature explore fragmentariness in narrative- and character-construction. The Waste Land is often cited as a means of distinguishing modern and postmodern literature, the poem is fragmentary and employs pastiche like much postmodern literature, but the speaker in The Waste Land says, these fragments I have shored against my ruins. Postmodernists, however, often demonstrate that this chaos is insurmountable, the artist is impotent, gertrude Steins playful experiment with metafiction and genre in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas has been interpreted as postmodern, as with all stylistic eras, no definite dates exist for the rise and fall of postmodernisms popularity. 1941, the year in which Irish novelist James Joyce and English novelist Virginia Woolf both died, is used as a rough boundary for postmodernisms start. Irish novelist Flann OBrien completed The Third Policeman in 1939 and it was rejected for publication and remained supposedly lost until published posthumously in 1967. A revised version called The Dalkey Archive was published before the original in 1964, notwithstanding its dilatory appearance, the literary theorist Keith Hopper regards The Third Policeman as one of the first of that genre they call the postmodern novel. The prefix post, however, does not necessarily imply a new era, rather, it could also indicate a reaction against modernism in the wake of the Second World War. It could also imply a reaction to significant post-war events, the beginning of the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement, postcolonialism, some further argue that the beginning of postmodern literature could be marked by significant publications or literary events. For others the beginning is marked by moments in critical theory, Jacques Derridas Structure, Sign, though postmodernist literature does not include everything written in the postmodern period, several post-war developments in literature have significant similarities
6.
The White Castle
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The White Castle is a novel by Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk. The events of this take place in 17th century Istanbul. The story is about a young Italian scholar sailing from Venice to Naples who is taken prisoner by the Ottoman Empire. Soon after, he becomes the slave of a known as Hoja, a man who is about his own age. Hoja reports to the Pasha, who asks him questions about science. Gradually Hoja and the narrator are introduced to the Sultan, for whom they eventually design an enormous iron weapon, the slave is told to instruct the master in Western science and technology, from medicine to astronomy. But Hoja wonders why he and his slave are the persons they are and whether knowledge of each others most intimate secrets. Faruk recalls finding the story that follows in a room while looking through an archive in the governor’s office in Gebze. He takes the transcript, fascinated by its presence in such a place, during his breaks from work, he begins trying to find a source for the tale, hoping to authenticate its events and author. He is able to connect the author to Italy, but is unable to make any further progress. An acquaintance tells him that such as the one he found could be found throughout the many old, wooden houses of Istanbul, mistaken for ancient Korans. With some encouragement, he decides to publish the manuscript, the story proper begins with an unnamed narrator being captured by the Turkish fleet while sailing from Venice to Naples. When the captain hesitates, the ship is taken, and the narrator, the narrator, fearing for his life, claims to be a doctor. Using basic anatomy, he’s able to successfully, but he is still imprisoned when the ship arrives. During his imprisonment, he is brought before the pasha, who has fallen ill and he admits finally that he is not a doctor, but nonetheless manages to cure the pasha. Though he is still a slave, he begins to gain preferential treatment among the slaves, when prisoners from Spain arrive, he tries to get word of home, to no avail. The pasha commissions him to work on a display for his son’s wedding. He is surprised when the man he is to work with looks the same as he, the narrator works with Hoja, believing that he’ll have nothing useful to share with Hoja
7.
The Black Book (Pamuk novel)
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The Black Book is a novel by Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk. It was published in Turkish in 1990 and first translated by Güneli Gün, in 2006, it was translated into English again by Maureen Freely. The protagonist, an Istanbul lawyer named Galip, finds one day that his wife Rüya has mysteriously left him very little explanation. He wanders around the city looking for his clues to her whereabouts and he suspects that his wife has taken up with her half-brother, a columnist for Milliyet named Celal, and it happens that he is also missing. The story of Galips search is interspersed with reprints of Celals columns, Galip starts getting mysterious phone calls from one of Celals obsessed fans, who displays an astonishing familiarity with the columnists writings. It turns out that Celal and the woman had had an affair, Galip finally agrees to meet both of them at a public location, a store called Aladdins that figures in much of the narrative. Soon after, Celal is shot to death in the street, Rüya is found also shot in Aladdins store. The identity of the killer is never discovered for certain, the novel ends with the postmodern twist of the author revealing his presence in the narrative. The story is concerned with exploring the nature of story-telling as a means of constructing identity than with a straightforward plot. As such, it is full of stories within the main story, in 1992 Kara Kitap üzerine Yazılar was published as an anthology of critical essays. The main theme of the novel is identity, and it returns on many levels, Galip for example, is clearly not happy with who he is. He dislikes his life as a lawyer, and has envied the successful Celal for years, the plot shows how he gradually changes his identity to become Celal, living in his flat, wearing his clothes and even writing his columns. We know however, that Celal longs to become someone else as well, Rüya remains quite enigmatic in the novel, the only picture we get of her is through the subjective lens of Galip. She sleeps during the day, and reads detective novels in the evenings and at night and it seems that she prefers to escape from reality to the world of her detective novels, although Galip doesnt seem to think much of these. This strange lifestyle can imply that she is not satisfied with who she is, or how her life turned out. The questions of who we are and whether its possible to change who we are return on at least two levels, Istanbuls identity as a city, and the identity of the Turkish people. As Galip wanders the streets of Istanbul, we get to many of the citys different neighborhoods. This is a city were East and West, antiquity and the modern, Islam and the secular, the rich and the poor, the pashas, the question always lingers, what is the true identity of this city
8.
My Name Is Red
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My Name Is Red is a 1998 Turkish novel by writer Orhan Pamuk translated into English by Erdağ Göknar in 2001. Pamuk would later receive the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, the novel, concerning miniaturists in the Ottoman Empire of 1591, established Pamuks international reputation and contributed to his Nobel Prize. The influences of Joyce, Kafka, Mann, Nabokov and Proust, the French translation won the French Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger and the Italian version the Premio Grinzane Cavour in 2002. The English translation, My Name Is Red, won the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award in 2003, in recognition of its status in Pamuks oeuvre, the novel was re-published in Erdağ Göknars translation as part of the Everymans Library Contemporary Classics series in 2010. BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of the novel in 2008 and it has been translated into more than 60 languages since publication. The main characters in the novel are miniaturists in the Ottoman Empire, from this point, Pamuk — in a postmodern style reminiscent of Jorge Luis Borges — plays with the reader and with literary conventions. The novel incorporates metafiction in such ways as making frequent reference to the reader, each chapter of the novel has a different narrator, and usually there are thematic and chronological connections between chapters. In addition, unexpected voices are used, such as the corpse of the murdered, each of these unusual narrators is contributed by specific characters, who detail the philosophical system of 16th century Istanbul. The novel blends mystery, romance, and philosophical puzzles, illustrating the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat III during nine snowy winter days in 1591. Enishte Effendi, the uncle of Kara, is reading the Book of the Soul by Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, a Sunni commentator on the Quran. Part of the novel is narrated by Elegant Effendi, the murdered miniaturist, Al-Jawziyya argues, in the same fashion as Islamic doctrine, that the souls of the dead remain on earth and can hear the living. Pamuk suggests that to some of the characters, viewing miniatures or perfected art is a way to achieve a kind of glimpse of eternity. Thus Shekure seeks to look upon the reader like women who view miniatures of a distant time and place do, thereby escaping time, Elegant Effendi accused his murderer of producing sacrilegious illustrations that offend Allah. Elegant Effendi, murdered miniaturist who speaks from the afterlife to the reader in the opening chapter, recently returned from 12 years away in Persia. Enishte Effendi, maternal uncle of Black, who is in charge of the creation of a book for the Sultan in the style of the Venetian painters. Shekure, Enishtes beautiful daughter with whom Black is in love, hasan, the younger brother of Shekures husband. Hayriye, slave girl in Enishtes household, Enishtes concubine, master Osman, head of the Sultans workshop of miniaturists. This character is based on Nakkaş Osman, butterfly, one of three miniaturists suspected for the murders
9.
Snow (Pamuk novel)
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Snow is a novel by Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk. Published in Turkish in 2002, it was translated into English by Maureen Freely, the story encapsulates many of the political and cultural tensions of modern Turkey and successfully combines humor, social commentary, mysticism, and a deep sympathy with its characters. Kar is the word for Snow, but the character also abbreviates his name to Ka. An opening theme concerns reasons behind a suicide epidemic among teenage girls and this narrator sometimes provides the reader with information before Ka knows it or foreshadows later events in the story. At times, the action seems somewhat dream-like, the story is set in the city of Kars which creates a sense of alienation for Ka as the city is unlike anywhere else in Turkey, due to its history as a Russian garrison town. Ka is a poet, who returns to Turkey after 12 years of exile in Germany. He has several motives, first, as a journalist, to investigate a spate of suicides, in the midst of this, love and passion are to be found. Temporarily closed off from the world, a coup is staged and linked melodramatically to a stage play. The main discussion concerns the interface of secularism and belief but there are references to all of Turkeys twentieth century history, Ka reunites with a woman named İpek, whom he once had feelings for, whose father runs the hotel he is staying in. İpek is divorced from Muhtar, partly due to Muhtars newfound interest in political Islam, after the incident, Ka visits Muhtar, who tells him about his experience of finding Islam, which relates to a blizzard and meeting a charismatic sheikh named Saadettin Efendi. The police pick up Ka and Muhtar due to the killing of the educationalist, Ka is questioned and Muhtar is beaten. Though he has suffered from writers block for a number of years, Ka suddenly feels inspired and composes a poem called Snow, which describes a mystic experience. At İpeks suggestion, Ka goes to see Sheikh Saadettin and confesses that he associates religion with a backwardness that he not want himself or Turkey to fall into. But he feels a sense of comfort with the sheikh and begins to accept his new poems as gifts from God, through Kadife, he meets another head-scarf girl, Hande, who suggested suicide to Teslime but insists she did not intend for the girl to follow through. Ka is impressed by Necip, a student at the high school. The narrator lets the reader know that Necip will die soon, growing tensions between secularists and Islamists explode during a televised event at the National Theater, during which one secular group puts on a classic play condemning head scarves. During the play, a number of soldiers take positions on stage, the leader of the theatre group receives a messenger and announces the death of director of the Institute of Education. Immediately after this the soldiers on stage start firing at the audience, the police and military establish martial law, and Ka is taken in for questioning because he has been seen with Islamists
10.
Istanbul: Memories and the City
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Istanbul, Memories and the City is a largely autobiographical memoir by Orhan Pamuk that is deeply melancholic. It talks about the vast cultural change that has rocked Turkey – the unending battle between the modern and the receding past and it is also a eulogy to the lost joint family tradition. Most of all, it is a book about Bosphorus and Istanbuls history with the strait and it was translated into English by Maureen Freely in 2005. Pamuk wrote the book when he was on the verge of depression, I thought if I were to be weak I would have a depression. But every day I would wake up and have a shower and sit down and remember and write. His family was furious about their portrayal, especially his brother, Pamuk said that he lost him because of the book, and agreed that he may have hurt the feelings of his mother also. The personal memories of the author are intertwined with literary essays about writers, a whole chapter is dedicated to Antoine Ignace Melling, a 19th-century Western artist who made engravings about Constantinople. His favourite Western travelogue writers play a role like Gérard de Nerval, Théophile Gautier. The book is illustrated by the photographs of Ara Güler, among other professional photographs, several pictures of Pamuk, alone or with members of his family, are also included. NY Times Review of Istanbul Guardian Review of Istanbul
11.
The Museum of Innocence
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The Museum of Innocence is a novel by Orhan Pamuk, Nobel-laureate Turkish novelist published on August 29,2008. The book, set in Istanbul between 1975 and 1984, is an account of the story between the wealthy businessman Kemal and a poorer distant relative of his, Füsun. Pamuk said he used YouTube to research Turkish music and film while preparing the novel, I love this house, the idea and the imagination that hide behind these walls. They influenced me a lot for the novel I am writing, I am happy to be here for the third time. ”An excerpt, entitled Distant Relations, appeared in The New Yorker on September 7,2009. The English translation, by his long-time collaborator Maureen Freely, was released on October 20,2009 by Alfred A. Knopf. Kemal has been engaged to a pretty girl named Sibel for two months when he meets a girl, Füsun, while buying a handbag for his fiancee. What follows in the month and a half is an intense. Kemals happiest moment of life comes while making love the day Füsun confesses her love for him. Though it is clear that he has fallen completely for Füsun, Kemal keeps denying this to himself, believing that his marriage with Sibel. His reverie is broken when Füsun disappears just after attending his engagement, now he has to come to terms with his deep attachment and love for Füsun. He goes through a painful period for about a year, unable to meet Füsun and deriving consolation from objects and places related to his beloved. His engagement to Sibel breaks off and finally Füsun responds to his letter, Füsun has got married, living with her husband and parents and pretends to meet Kemal just as a distant relation, with undercurrents of anger. Finally after her father’s death, circumstances lead Füsun to divorce her husband, Füsun and Kemal are to be married after a trip around Europe together, but fate has something else in store and they become separated forever after a night of intense love-making. Kemal regards each object related to Füsun and their love, collected over the years and he decides to convert Füsun’s house into a museum of innocence, including all these objects and also other memorabilia related to the period. Pamuks work often deals with clash of culture between East and West, which was cited as part of the reason for him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. This novel continuously references the influence of the West on Istanbuls culture, the book, along with its accompanying museum, continuously refers to museums and collections. The idea of hoarding and collecting as an act that becomes public. One of the key throughout the novel is the role of the female in Turkish culture
12.
International Dublin Literary Award
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The International DUBLIN Literary Award is an international literary award awarded each year for a novel written in English or translated into English. It aims to promote excellence in literature and is solely sponsored by the City of Dublin. At €100,000, the award is one of the richest literary prizes in the world, if the winning book is a translation, the prize is divided between the writer and the translator, with the writer receiving €75,000 and the translator €25,000. The most recent winner of the award is Akhil Sharma for Family Life, the prize is open to novels written in any language and by authors of any nationality, provided the work has been published in English or English translation. The year an award is given is post-dated by two years from the date of publication, thus, to win an award in 2007, the work must have been published in 2005. If it is an English translation, the work must have published in its original language in the same calendar year. Dublin City Public Libraries seek nominations from public libraries from major cities across the world, the longlist is announced in October or November of each year, and the shortlist is announced in March or April of the year following. The longlist and shortlist are chosen by a panel of judges which rotates each year. Allen Weinstein was the chair of the panel from 1996 to 2003. Eugene R. Sullivan is the chair from 2004 to the current date. The winner of the award is announced each June, James Irwin, president of IMPAC established the prize money at €100,000. A trust fund was established to pay for the award and its maintenance, the Award has been administered by Dublin City Public Libraries since its inception. IMPAC went defunct in the late-2000s when its founder and president James Irwin died in 2009, in late 2013, the trust fund became exhausted and there was no money left to run the Award. Dublin City Council agreed to step in and continue funding the Award under the brand name of the now-defunct company while seeking a new sponsor. It was reported in 2015 that Dublin City Council paid in 2015 €100,000 for the prize plus €80,250 in administration costs, the award was renamed the International DUBLIN Literary Award in November 2015. Wins by language Winners and shortlists Official website
13.
Nobel Prize in Literature
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Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here work refers to an authors work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year, the academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the worlds most prestigious literature prize, many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has become seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise, whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them. Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for Swedish professors, as of 2016,16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, Nobels vague wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word translates as either idealistic or ideal. The Nobel Committees interpretation has varied over the years, in recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets,31 million Swedish kronor, to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, the members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed, the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, the Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundations newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II, according to Nobels will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature and it is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 about 220 proposals are returned and these proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, by May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature
14.
Turkish literature
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The Ottoman and Azeri forms of Turkish, which forms the basis of much of the written corpus, are highly influenced by Persian and Arabic literature, and used the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. The history of the broader Turkic literature spans a period of nearly 1,300 years, the oldest extant records of written Turkic are the Orhon inscriptions, found in the Orhon River valley in central Mongolia and dating to the 7th century. For the next 900 years, until shortly before the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, with the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the two traditions came together for the first time. Throughout most of its history, Turkish literature has been sharply divided into two different traditions, neither of which exercised much influence upon the other until the 19th century. The first of two traditions is Turkish folk literature, and the second is Turkish written literature. For most of the history of Turkish literature, the salient difference between the folk and the written traditions has been the variety of language employed. The folk tradition, by and large, was oral and remained free of the influence of Persian and Arabic literature, when the Ottoman Empire arose early in the 14th century, in northwestern Anatolia, it continued this tradition. Out of this confluence of choices, the Ottoman Turkish language—which was always distinct from standard Turkish—was effectively born. This style of writing under Persian and Arabic influence came to be known as Divan literature, Turkish folk literature is an oral tradition deeply rooted, in its form, in Central Asian nomadic traditions. However, in its themes, Turkish folk literature reflects the problems peculiar to a people who have abandoned the nomadic lifestyle. Another example is the mysterious figure of Nasreddin, a trickster who often plays jokes, of a sort. The religion henceforth came to exercise an influence on Turkish society and literature, particularly the heavily mystically oriented Sufi. The word aşık is in fact the term used for members of the Bektashi order. There are three basic genres in the tradition, epic, folk poetry, and folklore, the Book of Dede Korkut endured in the oral tradition of the Oghuz Turks after settling in Anatolia. Alpamysh is an epic, still preserved in the literature of various Turkic peoples of Central Asia in addition to its important place in the Anatolian tradition. The Book of Dede Korkut was the element of the Azerbaijani–Turkish epic tradition in the Caucasus. Concurrent to the Book of Dede Korkut was the so-called Epic of Köroğlu, complicating matters somewhat is the fact that Köroğlu is also the name of a poet of the aşık/ozan tradition. The epic tradition in modern Turkish literature may be seen in the Epic of Shaykh Bedreddin, many of the works of the 20th-century novelist Yaşar Kemal, such as the 1955 novel Memed, My Hawk, can be considered modern prose epics continuing this long tradition
15.
Old Turkic alphabet
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The Old Turkic script is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev and these Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. This writing system was used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan. Words were usually written from right to left, another explanation of the scripts origin aside from derivation from tamgas, an alternate possible derivation from Chinese characters was suggested by Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. The same sources tell that when the Xiongnu noted down something or transmitted a message, they made cuts on a piece of wood, at the Noin-Ula burial site and other Hun burial sites in Mongolia and regions north of Lake Baikal, the artifacts displayed over twenty carved characters. Most of these characters are identical with or very similar to the letters of the Turkic Orkhon script. Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a language by the 6th century. The Book of Zhou, dating to the 7th century, mentions that the Turks had a language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties claim that the Turks did not have a written language, the Old Turkic corpus consists of about two hundred inscriptions, plus a number of manuscripts. The texts are mostly epitaphs, but there are also graffiti, the most famous of the inscriptions are the two monuments which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honor of the Göktürk prince Kül Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kağan. The Tonyukuk inscription, a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier and these inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese, and their liberation by Bilge. They include Irk Bitig, a 9th-century manuscript book on divination, Old Turkic being a synharmonic language, a number of consonant signs are divided into two synharmonic sets, one for front vowels and the other for back vowels. Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign, in these cases, it is customary to use superscript numerals ¹ and ² to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels, respectively. This convention was introduced by Thomsen, and followed by Gabain, Malov, synharmonic sets Other consonantal signs A word separator, is sometimes used. A reading example, transliterated t²ṅr²i, this spells the name of the Turkic sky god, variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between the 8th and 10th centuries, Talas inscriptions include Terek-Say rock inscriptions found in the 1897, Koysary text, Bakaiyr gorge inscriptions, Kalbak-Tash 6 and 12 inscriptions, Talas alphabet has 29 identified letters. The Eurasiatic group is divided into five related alphabets, Achiktash
16.
Book of Dede Korkut
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The Book of Dede Korkut is the most famous among the epic stories of the Oghuz Turks. The stories carry morals and values significant to the lifestyle of the nomadic Turkic peoples. The books mythic narrative is part of the heritage of Turkic countries, including Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan. The epic tales of Dede Korkut are some of the best known Turkic dastans from among a total of well over 1,000 recorded epics among the Mongolian and Turkic language families. According to Barthold, it is not possible to surmise that this dastan could have been written anywhere, from the mid-10th century on, the term Oghuz was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by Turcoman, this process was completed by the beginning of the 13th century. The Turcomans were those Turks, mostly but not exclusively Oghuz, in the dastans, Dede Korkut appears as the aksakal, the advisor or sage, solving the difficulties faced by tribal members. Among the population, respected aksakals are wise and know how to solve problems, in the past, this term designated respected tribal elders, and now is used within families, in many localities of Azerbaijan, it replaces ata. The tales tell of warriors and battles and are grounded in the conflicts between the Oghuz and the Pechenegs and Kipchaks. Many story elements are familiar to those versed in the Western literary tradition, the book also describes in great detail the various sports activities of the ancient Turkic peoples, Dede Korkut clearly referred to certain physical activities and games. The only other manuscript of Dede Korkut was discovered in 1950 by Ettore Rossi in the Vatican Library, until Dede Korkut was transcribed on paper, the events depicted therein survived in the oral tradition, at least from the 9th and 10th centuries. The Bamsi Beyrek chapter of Dede Korkut preserves almost verbatim the immensely popular Central Asian dastan Alpamysh, the stories were written in prose, but peppered with poetic passages. Recent research by Turkish and Turkmen scholars revealed, that the Turkmen variant of the Book of Dede Korkut contains sixteen stories, the work originated as a series of epics orally told and transferred over the generations before being published in book form. There are numerous versions collected of the stories, various dates have been proposed for the first written copies. Cemal Kafadar agrees that it was no earlier than the 15th century since the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and the Ottoman rulers, however, in his history of the Ottoman Empire, Stanford Jay Shaw dates it in the 14th century. At least one of the stories existed in writing at the beginning of the 14th century, from an unpublished Arabic history, Dawadaris Durar al-Tijan, written in Egypt some time between 1309 and 1340. A precise determination is impossible to come by due to the lifestyle of the early Turkic people. The majority of the Turkic peoples and lands described in the Book of Dede Korkut were part of the Soviet Union from 1920 until 1991, the attitude towards the Book of Dede Korkut and other dastans related to the Turkic peoples was initially neutral. Turkish historian Hasan Bülent Paksoy argues that after Stalin solidified his grip on power in the USSR, and especially in the early 1950s and he asserts, Turk scholars and literati were lost to the Stalinist liquidations or to the ideological assault waged on all dastans in 1950–52
17.
Epic of Koroghlu
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The Epic of Koroghlu, is a heroic legend prominent in the oral traditions of the Turkic peoples. The legend typically describes a hero who seeks to avenge a wrong and it was often put to music and played at sporting events as an inspiration to the competing athletes. Koroghlu is the hero of epic with the same name in Azerbaijani. The epic tells about the life and heroic deeds of Koroghlu as a hero of the people who struggled against unjust rulers, the epic combines the occasional romance with Robin Hood-like chivalry. The legend first began to take shape sometime around the 11th century AD, the epic of Köroğlu exists in many variants in a number of different Turkic languages and is common to several different cultures. The story has told for many generations by the Ashik bards of Azerbaijan. A theme common to all versions is that of the hero—Köroğlu, literally son of the blind man, or more directly translated as Blindson. In many of the versions, Köroğlu earns his name from the blinding of his father, an act for which the son takes his revenge. He is portrayed as a bandit and an ozan, a number of songs and melodies attributed to Köroğlu survives in the folk tradition. These songs and melodies differ from most other Turkic folk music in two aspects, they follow a rhythm of 5/8 and they depict heroic acts and persons. The most common version of the tale describes Köroğlu as Rusen Ali, one day, Yusuf comes across a filly which, to his trained eye, is an animal that will turn into a fine beast if well-fed. Bey wants to give good fillies to the Sultan as a present to repair their worsening relationship, however the Bey does not know enough about horses to appreciate the thin, famished animal that is presented to him. Being a man of foul and easily provoked temper, he suspects that he is being mocked and his son, therefore, gains his nickname and harbors an ever-increasing hatred towards the Bey of Bolu in his heart as he grows up. The mare, which he names Kırat, grows up with him and indeed turns into an animal of legendary stature, Yusuf goes to the shore of the river with his son, but his son drinks the foam before he does. As this miracle can give everlasting health and youth to only one man, Yusuf loses his chance to see again, in some versions of the story, neither Yusuf nor his son can drink from the foam. Yusuf is warned by Hızır just before the phenomenon occurs, but being an old and blind man, Köroğlu is by the river when the foam starts flowing, but, as he is ignorant of the significance of the event, he does not drink from the river. Instead, his horse Kırat does and becomes immortal, after his fathers death, Köroğlu takes up arms against the Bey. As he has only a few followers, he not engage the army of Bolu directly
18.
Turkish folk literature
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Turkish folk literature is an oral tradition deeply rooted, in its form, in Central Asian nomadic traditions. However, in its themes, Turkish folk literature reflects the problems peculiar to a people who have abandoned the nomadic lifestyle. Another example is the mysterious figure of Nasreddin, a trickster figure who often plays jokes, of a sort. The word aşık is in fact the term used for members of the Bektashi order. There are three basic genres in the tradition, epic, folk poetry, and folklore, the Book of Dede Korkut continued to survive in the oral tradition after the Oghuz Turks had, by and large, settled in Anatolia. The Book of Dede Korkut was the element of the Turkish epic tradition in Anatolia for several centuries. Another epic circulating at the time, however, was the so-called Epic of Köroğlu. Complicating matters somewhat is the fact that Köroğlu is also the name of a poet of the aşık/ozan tradition. That the epic tradition in Turkish literature may not have died out entirely can be seen from the Epic of Shaykh Bedreddin, published in 1936 by the poet Nâzım Hikmet Ran. Also, many of the works of the 20th-century novelist Yaşar Kemal, such as his long 1955 novel Memed, My Hawk, the folk poetry tradition in Turkish literature, as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sufi and Shia traditions. Furthermore, as evidenced by the prevalence of the aşık/ozan tradition—which is still alive today—the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. Much of the poetry and song of the tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century CE. One major difference from the tradition, however, is that—from the very beginning—the poems of the tekke tradition were written down. The tradition of folklore—folktales, jokes, legends, and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich. Perhaps the most popular figure in the tradition is the aforementioned Nasreddin, I need some to make an ointment with. —No, you cant have any, answered Nasreddin. If I gave my forty-year-old vinegar to whoever wanted some, I wouldnt have had it for forty years, would I. The two workers supposedly spent much of their time entertaining the workers, and were so funny and popular that they interfered with work on the palace
19.
Turkish folklore
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The tradition of folklore—folktales, jokes, legends, and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich, and is incorporated into everyday life and events. Perhaps the most popular figure in the tradition is Nasreddin, who is the character of thousands of jokes. —Yes, I do, answered Nasreddin. —Can I have some, I need some to make an ointment with. —No, you cant have any, answered Nasreddin. If I gave my forty-year-old vinegar to whoever wanted some, I wouldnt have had it for forty years, would I. The two workers supposedly spent much of their time entertaining the workers, and were so funny and popular that they interfered with work on the palace. If they sprout, this means the marriage will be successful, in the Eastern Black Sea region, it is believed that there is an invisible lace between the feet of those children who have trouble walking when theyre young. A lace is tied between the feet of child and the lace is cut by the child of family or the first to leave the mosque after Friday prayer. It is believed that once the invisible lace has been cut, in Turkish folklore, childless women, cows that dont get pregnant, and children wetting their beds are supposedly cured by passing under a blackberry bush known as Avat. “Avat is believed to be a herb of paradise. ”In Trabzon. Desperate patients with diseases are said to have been shown to the moon on a wooden shovel “If that continues I will put you on a shovel. This event can only be explained with the “paganist” beliefs comes from “Caucasia”, at first the police understood that the hunter killed a man called Evliya but later they saw that the “saint” was a tree so they let the hunter go. It was an example of Colchis culture that can be seen today which was mixed with Islam in Trabzon under the name of saint and common before one God religions that people used to believe in nature. It is possible to see things in Hemsheen region of Rize “the branches are praying three days before and during bairam, so we do not cut live branches during bairam. Cemre are three fireballs that come from the heavens to warm earth at the end of each winter, each cemre warms one aspect of the nature. The first cemre falls to air between February 19–20, the second cemre falls to water between February 26–27. The third cemre falls to ground between 5–6 March, taram Baba, the night demon or nightmare which is believed to kidnap children, in some Balkanic Turks tradition. Forty-four Turkish Fairy Tales by Ignácz Kúnos http, //aton. ttu. edu/ the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University
20.
Ottoman Empire
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After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, while the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians. The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society, however, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian Empires. While the Empire was able to hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent. Starting before World War I, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The word Ottoman is an anglicisation of the name of Osman I. Osmans name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān, in Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye, or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti, the Turkish word for Ottoman originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empires military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term Turk was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, the term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish-speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. In Western Europe, the two names Ottoman Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations and this dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. Most scholarly historians avoid the terms Turkey, Turks, and Turkish when referring to the Ottomans, as the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman, osmans early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades, many but not all converts to Islam. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River and it is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period. One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam, in the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans. Osmans son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 and this conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387, the Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe
21.
Turkey
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Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
22.
Silent House (novel)
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The Silent House is Orhan Pamuks second novel published after Cevdet Bey and His Sons. The novel tells the story of a week in which 3 siblings go to visit their grandmother in Cennethisar, the Silent House consists of 32 chapters. Each chapter is narrated from a different narrators point of view in the first person, the names of the five narrators in the novel in turn are Recep, Buyukhanim, Hasan, Faruk and Metin. The narrator of the chapter is Recep and the narrator of the closing chapter is Buyukhanim. Each of the narrators has a different number of chapters to tell, Hasan has eight, Buyukhanim seven, Recep six, Faruk six, and Metin has five chapters. The distribution of the chapters to the narrators are as following, Place, Cennethisar Time, the Silent House takes place just one month before the military coup of September 12 in Turkey. Therefore, the novel carries the influence of the political tension. The novel starts in an old, big and silent house in Cennethisar which is a part of Gebze, the owner of the house is an old, lonely and depressed woman named Fatma Hanim who is also referred to as grandmother and Buyukhanim in the novel. The three grandchildren of Buyukhanim will come to visit her for a week the next day, all the preparation for their arrival has been made. Fatma Hanim thinks about her grandchildren in her bed at night and she plans how and what she is going to talk to them when they arrive. Then she starts to think of the past and she remembers her late husband Selahattin Bey. Dr. Selahattin Bey is a man of free mind and he does not like the government of Committee of Union and Progress which is a political party. Therefore he is forced to go to an exile in Gebze leaving Istanbul behind, the house where Fatma Hanim lives now has been made in those days in exile. His behavior, as Fatma relates, ultimately drove away all of his patients, the grandchildren arrives on the day they are supposed to come. The eldest one is Faruk who is a historian and he works as an associate professor at the university. Nilgun is a student of sociology, Metin is a high school student. He dreams of going to America and getting rich there, while they talk, Recep prepares the dinner table. After the dinner, Faruk and Nilgun start a long conversation, Metin goes out and finds his friend Vedat
23.
Writing
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Writing is a medium of human communication that represents language and emotion through the inscription or recording of signs and symbols. In most languages, writing is a complement to speech or spoken language, Writing is not a language but a form of technology that developed as tools developed with human society. Within a language system, writing relies on many of the structures as speech, such as vocabulary, grammar and semantics. The result of writing is called text, and the recipient of text is called a reader. Motivations for writing include publication, storytelling, correspondence and diary, Writing has been instrumental in keeping history, maintaining culture, dissemination of knowledge through the media and the formation of legal systems. As human societies emerged, the development of writing was driven by pragmatic exigencies such as exchanging information, maintaining financial accounts, codifying laws, in both ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica writing may have evolved through calendrics and a political necessity for recording historical and environmental events. H. G. Wells argued that writing has the ability to put agreements, laws and it made the growth of states larger than the old city states possible. It made a continuous historical consciousness possible, the command of the priest or king and his seal could go far beyond his sight and voice and could survive his death. The major writing systems—methods of inscription—broadly fall into four categories, logographic, syllabic, alphabetic, another category, ideographic, has never been developed sufficiently to represent language. A sixth category, pictographic, is insufficient to represent language on its own, a logogram is a written character which represents a word or morpheme. A vast number of logograms are needed to write Chinese characters, cuneiform, and Mayan, where a glyph may stand for a morpheme, many logograms have an ideographic component. For example, in Mayan, the glyph for fin, pronounced ka, was used to represent the syllable ka whenever the pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated. In Chinese, about 90% of characters are compounds of an element called a radical with an existing character to indicate the pronunciation. However, such phonetic elements complement the elements, rather than vice versa. A syllabary is a set of symbols that represent syllables. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone, phonetically related syllables are not so indicated in the script. For instance, the syllable ka may look nothing like the syllable ki, syllabaries are best suited to languages with a relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include the Linear B script for Mycenaean Greek, Cherokee, Ndjuka, an English-based creole language of Surinam, most logographic systems have a strong syllabic component
24.
American Philosophical Society
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Considered the first learned society in the United States, it has played an important role in American cultural and intellectual life for over 270 years. Philosophical Hall, now a museum, is located just east of Independence Hall in Independence National Historical Park and it was founded two years after the University of Pennsylvania, with which it remains closely tied. Since its inception, the society attracted Americas finest minds, the society also recruited philosophers from other countries as members, including Alexander von Humboldt, the Marquis de Lafayette, Baron von Steuben, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Princess Dashkova. By 1746 the society had lapsed into inactivity, Benjamin Franklin was elected the first president. The canal, which had proposed by Thomas Gilpin, Sr. would not become reality until the 1820s. After the American Revolution, the society looked for leadership to Francis Hopkinson, under his influence, the society received land from the government of Pennsylvania, along with a plot of land in Philadelphia where Philosophical Hall now stands. Illustrious names have continually added to the membership roster, reflecting the societys scope. Charles Darwin, Robert Frost, Louis Pasteur, Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, John James Audubon, Linus Pauling, Margaret Mead, Maria Mitchell, and Thomas Edison became members of the society. Many members of the Society of the Cincinnati were among the APSs first board members and contributors, today the APS, the APS has published the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society since 1771. Currently five issues each year. The Proceedings have appeared since 1838, they publish the papers delivered at the meetings of the society. The society has published the collected papers of Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Henry, William Penn. Jane Aitken bound some 400 volumes for the society, in 2001, it was opened to the public as The American Philosophical Society Museum, hosting revolving, thematic exhibitions that explore the intersections of history, art, and science. In 1789–90, the Library Company of Philadelphia built its headquarters directly across 5th Street from APS, LCP sold its building in 1884, which was demolished for the expansion of the Drexel & Company Building in 1887. This building itself was demolished in the mid-1950s, during the creation of Independence National Historical Park, APS built a library on the site in 1958, and recreated the facade of the old LCP building. APS restored the former Farmers & Mechanics Bank building at 425–29 Chestnut Street and it is the site of meetings and most major events hosted or produced by the society. It now contains offices and the Philadelphia Area Center for History of Science, notable American Women, 1607–1950, A Biographical Dictionary
25.
Grinzane Cavour Prize
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The Grinzane Cavour Prize was an Italian literary award established in 1982 by Francesco Meotto. The annual award ceremony took place in the castle of Grinzane Cavour. The goal of the prize was to young people to read. The voting system was divided into two phases, first, a jury of literary critics selected finalists, and then chose an overall winner from the pool of finalists. Special prizes for best new author and lifetime achievement were also awarded, the Grinzane Cavour Prize Association was dissolved on 31 March 2009 as a result of the implication of the organizations president, Giuliano Soria, in an embezzling scheme. Soria used the Grinzane Cavour Prize to gain €4.5 million in government grants which he appropriated for his personal use. The assets of the organization were acquired by the Monforte dAlba Bottari Lattes cultural foundation at an auction in 2010. Official site Premio Grinzane Cavour - An Award in the hands of children
26.
Armenian Genocide
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Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. Most Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a result of the genocide. Raphael Lemkin was explicitly moved by the Armenian annihilation to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters, Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, denies the word genocide as an accurate term for the mass killings of Armenians that began under Ottoman rule in 1915. It has in recent years been faced with repeated calls to them as genocide. To date,29 countries have recognized the mass killings as genocide, as have most genocide scholars. The western portion of historical Armenia, known as Western Armenia, had come under Ottoman rule following the Peace of Amasya, henceforth, the region was also alternatively referred to as Turkish Armenia or Ottoman Armenia. The Armenian community was made up of three denominations, Armenian Catholic, Armenian Protestant, and Armenian Apostolic, the religion of a vast majority of Armenians. Through the millet system, the Armenian community were allowed to rule themselves under their own system of governance with fairly little interference from the Ottoman government, Ottoman census figures clash with the statistics collected by the Armenian Patriarchate. According to the latter, there were almost three million Armenians living in the empire in 1878, in the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the dhimmi system implemented in Muslim countries, they, like all other Christians and also Jews, were accorded certain freedoms. The dhimmi system in the Ottoman Empire was largely based upon the Pact of Umar, while the Pact of Umar prohibited non-Muslims from building new places of worship, it was not enforced in all regions of the Ottoman Empire. Since there were no laws concerning religious ghettos, the prohibition of non-Muslims building new places of worship led to their clustering around existing ones and it did not mean religious persecution, it meant unutterable contempt. They were dogs and pigs, and their nature was to be Christians, to be spat upon, if their shadow darkened a Turk, to be outraged, in addition to other legal limitations, Christians were not considered equals to Muslims and several prohibitions were placed on them. They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride horses and camels. Their houses could not overlook those of Muslims, and their religious practices were severely circumscribed, from 1839 to the declaration of a constitution in 1876, the Ottoman government instituted the Tanzimat, a series of reforms designed to improve the status of minorities. Nevertheless, most of the reforms were never implemented because the empires Muslim population rejected the principle of equality for Christians. By the late 1870s, the Greeks, along several other Christian nations in the Balkans, frustrated with their conditions, had, often with the help of the great powers. The Armenians remained, by and large, passive during these years, in the mid-1860s and early 1870s this passivity gave way to new currents of thinking in Armenian society. The Ottoman government considered these grievances and promised to punish those responsible, under growing pressure, the government of Sultan Abdul Hamid II declared itself a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and entered into negotiations with the powers
27.
Freedom of speech
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Freedom of speech is the right to articulate ones opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship, or societal sanction. The term freedom of expression is used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas. The right to freedom of expression includes the right to take, concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents. Englands Bill of Rights 1689 legally established the right of freedom of speech in Parliament which is still in effect. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right. The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that, The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, Today, freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right not only the content. The right to freedom of speech and expression is related to other rights. As a general freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor. However greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved, the right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all. However, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech, lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle no money, no voice. Freedom of speech is understood to be fundamental in a democracy, the norms on limiting freedom of expression mean that public debate may not be completely suppressed even in times of emergency. One of the most notable proponents of the link between freedom of speech and democracy is Alexander Meiklejohn and he argues that the concept of democracy is that of self-government by the people. For such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary, in order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. According to Meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power are able to manipulate the electorate by withholding information, Meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. However, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, eric Barendt has called this defense of free speech on the grounds of democracy probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern Western democracies. Emerson expanded on this defense when he argued that freedom of speech helps to provide a balance between stability and change, Freedom of speech acts as a safety valve to let off steam when people might otherwise be bent on revolution
28.
Circassians
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The Circassians mainly speak the Circassian language, a Northwest Caucasian language with three main dialects and numerous sub-dialects. Many Circassians also speak Turkish, Russian, English, Arabic, and Hebrew, having been exiled by Russia to lands of the Ottoman Empire, about 800,000 Circassians remain in historical Circassia, and others live in the Russian Federation outside these republics and krais. The 2010 Russian Census recorded 718,727 Circassians, of whom 516,826 are Kabardian,124,835 are other Adyghe in Adygea,73,184 are Cherkess, the Circassians refer to themselves as Adyghe. The exonym Circassians is occasionally applied to Adyghe and Abaza from the North Caucasus, the Turkic peoples and Russians call the Adyghe Cherkess. Folk etymology usually explains the name Cherkess as warrior cutter or soldier cutter, from the Turkish words çeri, Cherkess, Circassians of Karachay-Cherkessia, one of two indigenous peoples of the republic who are mostly Besleney Kabardians. The name Cherkess is the Russian form of Circassian and was used for all Circassians before Soviet times, Adyghe, the indigenous population of the Kuban including Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Shapsug, the historical inhabitants of Shapsugia. They live in the Tuapse District and the Lazarevsky City District of Sochi, genetically, the Adyghe have shared ancestry partially with neighboring peoples of the Caucasus, with some influence from the other regions. The Circassian language, also known as the Cherkess language, including West Adyghe, Kabardian Adyghe, archaeological findings, mainly of dolmens in Northwest Caucasus region, indicate a megalithic culture in North West caucauses. Around the beginning of the 4th Millennium BCE, the North West Caucasus region, an Adyghe kingdom was founded in about 400 BCE. As a result of Greek and Byzantine influence, Christianity spread throughout the Caucasus between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE, during that period the Circassians began to accept Christianity as a national religion, but did not abandon all elements of their indigenous religious beliefs. From around 400 CE, wave after wave of invaders began to invade the lands of the Adyghe and they were conqered first by the Bulgars. Outsiders sometimes confused the Adyghe with the similarly-named Utigurs, and both peoples were sometimes conflated under misnomers such as Utige, the Bulgar state, with its capital at Phanagoria, reached the apex of its geopolitical sway in 632–668, as Old Great Bulgaria. Under pressure from the Khazars, Great Bulgaria declined quickly and collapsed, the Adyghe, following the dissolution of the Khazar state, were integrated by the Kingdom of Alania. Between the 10th and 13th centuries Georgia had influence on the Adyghe, in the 17th century, under the influence of the Crimean Tatars and of the Ottoman Empire, some Circassians started to adopt Islam. However, former Bahri Mamluk dynasty was composed mainly of Cumans, during the 13th century the Mamluks seized power in Cairo, and as a result the Mamluk kingdom became the most influential kingdom in the Muslim world. The majority of the leaders of the Mamluk kingdom were of Adyghe origin, even after the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1517, the Adyghes continued to rule in Egypt until the 18th century. With the rise of Muhammad Ali Pasha, most senior Mamluks were killed, until the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt in the 1950s, the Adyghe formed an élite group in the country
29.
Robert College
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Robert College of Istanbul is an independent private high school in Turkey. The 154-year-old institution is the oldest American school still in existence in its location outside the United States. Robert College is accredited by the New York State Association of Independent Schools, the School is a member of the G20 Schools group. In 1863, Robert College was founded in Bebek by Christopher Robert, a wealthy American and a philanthropist, and Cyrus Hamlin, the first building of the school was named Hamlin Hall in memory of Cyrus Hamlin. A few years after the foundation of Robert College, in 1878, according to the article, A Millionaires Will, published in New York Times, Robert left a great portion of his wealth to the College. A College Catalog was compiled in 1878–1879, giving general information, after Hamlin, Robert College was administrated by George Washburn and Caleb F. Gates. Robert College, in the past had junior high school, high school, since 1971, the school has functioned only as a high school on its Arnavutköy campus, yet it retains the title of College. The Bebek campus and academic staff were turned over to the Republic of Turkey for use as Boğaziçi University,1863, September 16, Robert College opened with 31 students at Bebek Seminary School. 1922, President C. Gates and Hüseyin Pektaş attended the Conference of Lausanne representing foreign educational institutions in the Ottoman Empire,1932, With Dr. Paul Monroe, joint Presidency system was adapted by Robert College and American College for Girls. Robert Academy was the school for Robert College, which had a reputable Engineering School. Instruction was bilingual, in Turkish and English, Robert Academy continued on the Bebek campus as a private high school. 1971, Robert College Yüksek was officially ended on May 18 It was renamed Bogazici University, Robert Colleges Bebek campus was donated to the Republic of Turkey. Boğaziçi University was established as a university in this campus. 1998, With the adoption of the law for eight years of uninterrupted primary education in Turkey,2004, The last junior high school students graduated and junior high school section was officially closed. Now, Robert College has Prep, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th grades, Robert College stands as a token of the close cooperation between Turkey and the USA. It is an institution which has important contributions to the cultural life of this country and will continue to play a valuable part in the promotion of culture. I have come to express Americas solidarity with the Turkish people at a time of national tragedy and we have been friends for a very long time. In 1863, the first American college outside the United States, Robert College and it was the only foreign institution allowed along the Bosphorus, precisely because America had never encroached upon Turkish sovereignty
30.
Istanbul Technical University
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Istanbul Technical University is an international technical university located in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the worlds third-oldest technical university dedicated to engineering sciences as well as social sciences recently, ITU is ranked 108th worldwide and 1st nationwide in the field of engineering/technology by THES - QS World University Rankings in 2009. Graduates of İstanbul technical university have received many TUBITAK science and TUBA awards, numerous graduates have also become members of the academy of sciences in the U. S. A, Britain and Russia. The universitys basketball team, ITUSpor, is in the Turkish Basketball Second League, the university has 39 undergraduate,144 graduate programs,13 colleges,346 labs and 12 research centers. Considered as the third institution of higher learning specifically dedicated to engineering education, Istanbul Technical University has a long. ITU was founded by Sultan Mustafa III as the Imperial School of Naval Engineering, in 1795 the scope of the school was broadened to train technical military staff for the modernization of the Ottoman army. In 1845 the engineering function of the school was further widened with the addition of a devoted to the training of architects. By 1928 the institution had gained recognition as a university of engineering which provided education in both engineering and architecture. Engineers and architects trained at Istanbul Technical University have played significant roles in the construction of Turkey, alumni also played a significant role in Turkish politics. The structure of faculty at ITU is comparable to those of colleges in the U. S. institutions. Besides of these are listed below. Dr, also ITUs faculty of architecture is accredited by NAAB and faculty of maritime is accredited by IMO. Minimum score of 213 from TOEFL CBT, or success in the English proficiency exam is one of the prerequisites to register the Bachelor, Master, instruction is both in English and Turkish. Master and Doctorate courses are held in English. ITU is highly recognized institution in the area of engineering science in the Europe, so, ITU provides a broad range of options to its students for the Erasmus Mobility. It has five campuses, which are located in the most important areas of Istanbul, among ITUs five campuses, the main campus of Maslak is a suburban campus, covering a total area of 2.64 km². The University Rectorate, swimming pool, stadium, along with most of the faculties, student residence halls, another suburban campus of ITU is the Tuzla Campus. It serves the Maritime Faculty students and faculty members and it is located in the Tuzla district of Istanbul, which is a dockyard area. The three urban campuses are near to one another and are situated close to Taksim Square, Taşkışla campus is where the Faculty of Architecture is located
31.
Journalism
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels. Concepts of the role for journalism varies between countries. In some nations, the media is controlled by a government intervention. In others, the media is independent from the government. In the United States, journalism is protected by the freedom of the clause in the First Amendment. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the media, has undergone changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, for instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, in the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists, the Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who receive free promotional gifts, then write about products, must disclose that they received the products for free. This is to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers, fake news is news that is not truthful or is produced by unreliable media organizations. Fake news is spread on social media. Readers can determine fake news by evaluating whether the news has been published by a news organization. In the US, a news organization is an incorporated entity, has an editorial board. All of these organizations have codes of ethics that members abide by, many news organizations have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists professional publications. The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous, when they write stories, journalists are concerned with issues of objectivity and bias. Some types of stories are intended to represent the authors own opinion, in a physical newspaper, information is organized into sections and it is easy to see which stories are supposed to be opinion and which are supposed to be neutral. Online, many of these distinctions break down, readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalists intent
32.
Istanbul University
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Istanbul University is a prominent Turkish university located in Istanbul. The main campus is adjacent to Beyazıt Square in Fatih, the district of the province. Istanbul University was established in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, education in a number of sciences and fields became available, and, until the 19th century, they were instrumental in educating the ruling cadres of the Ottoman society. An institution of higher education named the Darülfünûn-u Osmanî was created in 1863 and its first rector was Hasan Tahsini, regarded as one of the most important Ottoman scholars of the 19th century. In 1874 the Imperial University started classes in law in French, the Imperial University, now known as Darülfünûn-u Şahâne was refounded in 1900, with the departments of theology, arts, mathematics, science and philology. In 1924, the faculties of law, medicine, arts and sciences were established in Istanbul University, islamic theology was added in 1925, but in 1933 the university was reorganized without the latter. Starting from 1874, some classes of Literature, Law and Applied Sciences were given at the building of Galatasaray High School, on 1 September 1900, the school was renamed and reorganized as the Darülfünûn-u Şahâne with courses on Mathematics, Literature and Theology. On 1 August 1933, İstanbul Darülfünûnu was reorganized as İstanbul Üniversitesi following the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Classes officially began on 1 November 1933, the main campus building with its landmark gate was previously used as the headquarters of the Harbiye Nezareti by the Ottoman government. Located on the grounds is the Beyazıt Tower, a 85 m tall fire-watch tower, the grounds were previously the location of the Ottoman era Eski Saray. Some Roman and Byzantine ruins are visible on the grounds. The university has a staff of 2,000 professors and associates and 4,000 assistants. More than 60,000 undergraduate and 8,000 postgraduate students follow the courses offered by Istanbul University every year, the main gate was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknotes of 1971–1984
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Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France)
Légion d'honneur Officier (France)[63]
