1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Experimental music
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The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental musics primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. Also, in America, a distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller. Harry Partch as well as Ivor Darreg worked with other tuning scales based on the laws for harmonic music. For this music they developed a group of experimental musical instruments. Musique concrète, is a form of music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. Elements of experimental music include indeterminate music, in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète, under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer, publication of Schaeffers manifesto was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer was favoring the term recherche musicale, though he never wholly abandoned musique expérimentale. John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955, according to Cages definition, an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen, and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action. Rebners lecture extended the concept back in time to include Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse, nyman opposes experimental music to the European avant-garde of the time, for whom The identity of a composition is of paramount importance. David Cope also distinguishes between experimental and avant garde, describing music as that which represents a refusal to accept the status quo. That is, for the most part, experimental music studies describes a category without really explaining it and this was an attempt to marginalize, and thereby dismiss various kinds of music that did not conform to established conventions. In 1955, Pierre Boulez identified it as a new definition makes it possible to restrict to a laboratory. He concludes, There is no such thing as experimental music … and it is therefore not a genre, but an open category, because any attempt to classify a phenomenon as unclassifiable and elusive as experimental music must be partial. Furthermore, the indeterminacy in performance guarantees that two versions of the same piece will have virtually no perceptible musical facts in common. The term experimental music was used contemporaneously for electronic music, particularly in the early musique concrète work of Schaeffer, a number of early 20th-century American composers, seen as precedents to and influences on John Cage, are sometimes referred to as the American Experimental School. These include Charles Ives, Charles and Ruth Crawford Seeger, Henry Cowell, Carl Ruggles, for this music they both developed custom-built musical instruments often characterized as experimental instruments. La Monte Young is known for using this technique when he began working on his minimal drone pieces which consisted of layers of sounds in different pitches
3.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
4.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
5.
Brian Eno
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Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, RDI is an English musician, composer, record producer, singer, writer, and visual artist. He is best known for his work in rock, ambient, pop. He has been described as one of musics most influential. Born in Suffolk, Eno studied painting and experimental music at art school in the late 1960s before joining glam rock group Roxy Music as synthesizer player in 1971. He took part in frequent collaborations with such as Robert Fripp, Cluster, David Bowie on his Berlin Trilogy. In subsequent decades, Eno continued to record albums, collaborate, and produce for other artists, including U2, Coldplay, Laurie Anderson, James, Grace Jones. He continues to release music, produce, and write, the unusual surname Eno, long established in Suffolk, derives from the French Huguenot surname Hennot. Maria had already had a daughter, and together William and Maria would have two children, Roger and Arlette. In school, Eno used a tape recorder as an instrument and experimented with his first, sometimes improvisational. From that collaboration, he involved in Cornelius Cardews Scratch Orchestra. The first released recording in which Eno played is the Deutsche Grammophon edition of Cardews The Great Learning, Another early recording was the Berlin Horse soundtrack, by Malcom Le Grice, a nine-minute,2 ×16 mm-double-projection, released in 1970 and presented in 1971. He then progressed to appearing on stage as a member of the group. He quit the band on completing the tour for the bands second album, For Your Pleasure, because of disagreements with lead singer Bryan Ferry. If Id walked ten yards further on the platform, or missed that train, or been in the next carriage, during his period with Roxy Music, and for his first three solo albums, he was credited on records only as Eno. Eno embarked on a career almost immediately. Between 1973 and 1977 he created four albums of electronically inflected art pop, Here Come the Warm Jets, Taking Tiger Mountain, Another Green World, and Before and After Science. Tiger Mountain contains the galloping Third Uncle, one of Enos best-known songs and these four albums were remastered and reissued in 2004 by Virgins Astralwerks label. Due to Enos decision not to add any extra tracks of the original material, in 1972, Eno and Robert Fripp developed the Frippertronics tape delay system, a year later, the pair released the proto-ambient album
6.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
7.
Melon: Remixes for Propaganda
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Melon, Remixes for Propaganda is a compilation of remixes released by Irish rock band U2 exclusively to members of the bands magazine/fan club, Propaganda, in spring 1995. Some of the remixes were available on singles and some have been re-released on later singles and compilations. The title Melon is an anagram of Lemon, which is a reference to U2s song of the name that appears on two tracks of the album. The idea behind the album began when U2 lead singer Bono complained how people do not dance to U2 music, the album was then created for the band to develop experimental music and change peoples perceptions of what to think of U2. Prior to its release, rumors about the album circulated for three years, except for copies sent to radio stations, music press outlets, and friends of the band, Melon was only distributed to subscribers of U2s official magazine, Propaganda. At the time of release, Propaganda had around 35,000 subscribers, for those who were not members of the magazine, the album was obtainable by signing up for a one-year subscription to Propaganda for US$18, until supplies were exhausted. The albums rarity made it an item, with copies selling on eBay for £30 as late as 2010. Melon spawned numerous bootleg imitations and was widely bootlegged itself, various releases, known as fruitlegs or fruitboots, have been released as compilations of official and unofficial remixes of various U2 songs. Although they claim to be official with the Remixed for Propaganda subtitle, when promotional copies of Melon were distributed to the music press, Island Records requested they listen to the album, but not publish a review. However, several press outlets did provide some feedback about the release, the Post also had a phone number in which readers could call to hear a sound bite of the album. All lyrics written by Bono, all composed by U2. Lemon previously appeared on the singles for Lemon and Stay, Lemon also appeared on the Lemon single. Salomé first appeared on the Whos Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses single, Mysterious Ways was a B-side for the Mysterious Ways single, while Even Better Than the Real Thing was released on the single for Even Better Than the Real Thing. Numb, Stay, Numb, and Mysterious Ways were all previously unreleased tracks, salomé, Even Better Than the Real Thing, and Numb were later included on the B-sides disc of the compilation album The Best of 1990-2000. In addition to the album on CD, Island Records also officially released a four-track 12 vinyl to disc jockeys, Bono – lead vocals The Edge – guitar, keyboards, vocals Adam Clayton – bass guitar Larry Mullen, Jr. – drums Nick Angel – production U2 discography
8.
Pop (U2 album)
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Pop is the ninth studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Flood, Howie B, and Steve Osborne, the album was a continuation of the bands 1990s musical reinvention, as they incorporated alternative rock, techno, dance, and electronica influences into their sound. Pop employed a variety of techniques that were relatively new to U2, including sampling, loops, programmed drum machines. Recording sessions began in 1995 with various producers, including Nellee Hooper, Flood, Howie B, and Osborne. At the time, drummer Larry Mullen Jr. was inactive due to a back injury, upon Mullens return, the band began re-working much of their material but ultimately struggled to complete songs. After the band allowed manager Paul McGuinness to book their upcoming 1997 PopMart Tour before the record was completed, they felt rushed into delivering it. Even after delaying the release date from the 1996 Christmas and holiday season to March 1997, U2 ran out of time in the studio. In February 1997, U2 released Pops techno-heavy lead single, Discothèque, the record initially received favourable reviews from critics and reached number one in 35 countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. However, the albums sales are among the lowest in U2s catalogue. Retrospectively, the album is viewed by some of the music press, the finished product was not to U2s liking, and they subsequently re-recorded and remixed many of the songs for single and compilation album releases. The time required to complete Pop cut into the bands rehearsal time for the tour, in the first half of the 1990s, U2 underwent a dramatic shift in musical style. The band had experimented with rock and electronic music and the use of samples on their 1991 album, Achtung Baby. In 1995, the groups side-projects provided them an opportunity to even deeper into these genres. Bassist Adam Clayton and drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. recorded Theme from Mission, the recording was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance in 1997 and was an international top-ten hit. In 1995, U2 and Brian Eno recorded an album, Original Soundtracks 1. The project included Howie B, Akiko Kobayashi and Luciano Pavarotti, Bono and the Edge had written a few songs before recording started for Pop in earnest. If You Wear That Velvet Dress, Wake Up Dead Man, Last Night on Earth, Mofo and Staring at the Sun were also partly written already. For the new record, U2 wanted to continue their sonic experimentation from Achtung Baby, to do so, they employed multiple producers to have additional people with whom to share their ideas
9.
Spinner (album)
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Spinner is an instrumental album by British musicians Brian Eno and Jah Wobble, released in 1995. Eno composed most of the soundtrack in his Kilburn studio, working directly onto digital stereo, the music stayed in the film, it was never released as a separate entity. Eno explains I had intended to collect the music as a soundtrack record, in 1995, Eno handed the master-tapes to Wobble. He received from me a number of tapes and did what he does – spanning the gamut from leaving them completely alone, playing along. Eno did not participate in any co-production on Spinner at all, Eno said I didnt even hear it all till it was finished. I had no input at all on stage of it. Everything that he put on, he produced, anything you hear looming around in the back is probably what I produced. Wobble, interviewed on BBC Radio 3 programme Mixing It in January 1998 explained that Eno had specifically asked for his input in creating a standalone CD. Some of Enos thoughts on the album in its final stages can be found in the last section of the appendix of Enos published diary, A Year with Swollen Appendices. This section is a copy of a letter from Eno to Dominic Norman-Taylor of All Saints Records, describing Enos opinions of Jah Wobbles mixes, several of the tracks are given their working titles. The letter gives hints as to the used by Eno and Wobble in creating the album, with Eno providing many of the original tracks. The finished product is a fusion of ambient, instrumental rock, Eno referred to the last track as an example of what he called Unwelcome Jazz. Because for the last 3 or 4 years, really, Ive been writing pieces of music. They dont really sound like jazz, they obviously have some kind of influence from jazz, but most of the people I played them to dont really like them – so I call it Unwelcome Jazz. The tracks Spinner and Left Where It Fell appear on Jah Wobbles 2004 anthology I Could Have Been a Contender, Jah Wobbles homepage Glitterbug IMDB entry
10.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
11.
Miss Sarajevo
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Miss Sarajevo is the only single from the 1995 album Original Soundtracks 1 by U2 and Brian Eno, under the pseudonym Passengers. Luciano Pavarotti makes a guest vocal appearance, singing the opera solo and it also appears on U2s compilation, The Best of 1990-2000, and was covered by George Michael on his album, Songs from the Last Century. While the song did not reach the Billboard Hot 100, it reached No.6 on the UK Singles Chart and was a hit in many other European countries. Bono, the lead vocalist, cites Miss Sarajevo as his favourite U2 song. American journalist Bill Carter suggested to Bono an idea to film a documentary based on Sarajevos underground resistance movement, not only did Bono produce the film, he also provided the funds needed to support the project. The film captures the dark humour of the besieged Sarajevans, their refusal to be demoralised. Original Soundtracks 1 is an album of songs based mostly on non-existent films, however, the film Miss Sarajevo is a documentary by Bill Carter about a beauty pageant held in the midst of war-torn Sarajevo, Bosnia. The winner was a 17-year-old blonde named Inela Nogić, Carter travelled to Sarajevo in the winter of 1993 to offer humanitarian aid and quickly found himself in the heart of the conflict. He lived for six months in an office building, subsisting on baby food and whatever water he could find in the rivers and sewers and delivering food. Carter originally contacted U2 while they were on their Zoo TV Tour to show audiences the real people involved, the link-ups were brief and unedited. Carter had his camera sent to him from his home in California so he could film the documentary with the goal of exposing people to the individuals living through the war. The war is just a backdrop, it could be any war, the point is the vitality of the spirit to survive, laugh, to love, and to move on. The song protests the war in Bosnia, criticising the international community for its inability to stop the war or help those affected by it and it was the only single released from the album. Its video combines clips from Bill Carters documentary with footage from the Passengers first performance of the song at the 1995 Pavarotti and Friends concert in Modena. Clips from the documentary contain striking imagery, such as a shot of beauty pageant contestants holding up a banner with the words DONT LET THEM KILL US, as seen on the singles artwork. Carter and Bono’s documentary collaboration reflects on the accounts of the civilians of Sarajevo. This conflict stems from the struggle between Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Muslim government forces. This is the longest siege of a city in the history of modern warfare
12.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
13.
Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)
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Ghost in the Shell is a 1995 British-Japanese science fiction anime film based on manga of the same name by Masamune Shirow. The film was written by Kazunori Itō and directed by Mamoru Oshii and stars the voices of Atsuko Tanaka, Akio Ōtsuka, the films plot follows the hunt by the public-security agency Section 9 for a mysterious hacker known as the Puppet Master. The overarching philosophical themes of the film include self-identity in a technologically advanced world, the music, composed by Kenji Kawai, includes an ancient Japanese language in a wedding song that serves as a key piece of music leading up to the climax of the film. Widely considered to be one of the greatest anime films of all time, critics praised its visuals. The film has served as inspiration for such as the Wachowskis. In 2004, Oshii directed Ghost in the Shell 2, Innocence which was billed as a separate work, in 2008, Oshii released an updated version of the original film titled Ghost in the Shell 2.0, featuring new audio and updated 3D animation. A live-action remake starring Scarlett Johansson was released in the United States on March 31,2017, in 2029, with the advance of cybernetic technology, the human body can be augmented or even completely replaced with cybernetic parts. Another significant achievement is the cyberbrain, a casing for the human brain that allows access to the Internet. An oft-mentioned term is ghost, referring to the consciousness inhabiting the body, major Motoko Kusanagi is an assault-team leader for the Public Security Section 9 of New Port City in Japan. Following a request from Nakamura, chief of Section 6, she successfully assassinates a diplomat of a country to prevent a programmer named Daita from defecting. The Foreign Ministers interpreter is ghost-hacked, presumably to assassinate VIPs in the upcoming meeting, believing the perpetrator is the mysterious Puppet Master, Kusanagis team follows the traced telephone calls that sent the virus. After a chase, they capture a man and a thug. However, both are only ghost-hacked individuals with no clue about the Puppet Master, the investigation again comes to a dead end. Megatech Body, a manufacturer with suspected close ties to the government, is hacked. The body escapes but is hit by a truck, as Section 9 examines the body, they find a human ghost inside its computer brain. Unexpectedly, Nakamura arrives to reclaim the body and he claims that the ghost inside the brain is the Puppet Master himself, lured into the body by Section 6. The body reactivates itself, claims to be a sentient being, after the Puppet Master initiates a brief argument about what constitutes a human, a camouflaged agent accompanying Nakamura starts a diversion and gets away with the body. Having suspected foul play, Kusanagis team is prepared and immediately pursues the agent, meanwhile, Section 9 researches Project 2501, mentioned earlier by the Puppet Master, and finds a connection with Daita, whom Section 6 tries to keep from defecting the country
14.
Beyond the Clouds (1995 film)
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The film consists of four stories of romantic love and illusion told from the perspective of a wandering film director. In the first story, two young lovers are unable to consummate their passion because the young man desires impossible perfection. In the second story, the director follows a woman who reveals that she murdered her father, in the third story, a man makes an effort to appease both his wife and his mistress. In the fourth story, a man is romantically infatuated with a woman who is soon to enter a convent. This was the final film by Antonioni before his death in 2007. The director is flying to Italy following the conclusion of his latest film, on the airplane, as he looks out beyond the clouds, he begins to think about his next film and the art of filmmaking. Upon landing, he drives through the night through thick fog, story of a Love Affair that Never Existed In Ferrara, Italy, Silvano meets Carmen and asks her where he can find a room for the night. She directs him to a hotel where she is staying, after checking in, Silvano sees her in the hotel restaurant and joins her. Silvano learns that Carmen is a teacher and they are attracted to each other, but they retire to their separate rooms. She undresses and waits for him, but he never comes, the next morning, he finds that she has checked out of the hotel. Two years later in a theater in Ferrara, Silvano sees Carmen again. As they walk past the Castello Estense, she speaks of words that need to be spoken, Silvano walks Carmen to her home, where she reveals that she lived with a man for a year, and only recently he left her. Words do us good, she tells Silvano, even in writing, although seemingly attracted to Silvano, Carmen rebufs his attempted kiss, and he leaves. Later he returns to her room, they undress, and he passes his hand over her skin as if unable to touch her and they move to passionately kiss, but they do not. Finally, he leaves without making passionate love to her, out in the street, he looks back at her watching from a window. The director visits a beach on a dreary day. The wind sweeps the sand across the beach and he finds an old photograph of a seaside town cradled on a hillside. In Portofino, Italy, while exploring the quaint passageways above town, in the shop, she gives him a look of recognition
15.
Luciano Pavarotti
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Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian operatic tenor who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time. As one of the Three Tenors, Pavarotti became well known for his televised concerts, Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others. He died from cancer on 6 September 2007. Luciano Pavarotti was born in 1935 on the outskirts of Modena in Northern Italy, the son of Fernando Pavarotti, a baker and amateur tenor, and Adele Venturi, a cigar factory worker. Although he spoke fondly of his childhood, the family had little money, according to Pavarotti, his father had a fine tenor voice but rejected the possibility of a singing career because of nervousness. World War II forced the family out of the city in 1943, for the following year they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighbouring countryside, where the young Pavarotti developed an interest in farming. After abandoning the dream of becoming a goalkeeper, Pavarotti spent seven years in vocal training. Pavarottis earliest musical influences were his fathers recordings, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day – Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa, at around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. He was interested in pursuing a career as a football goalkeeper. He subsequently taught in a school for two years but finally allowed his interest in music to win out. Recognising the risk involved, his father gave his consent only reluctantly, Pavarotti began the serious study of music in 1954 at the age of 19 with Arrigo Pola, a respected teacher and professional tenor in Modena who offered to teach him without remuneration. According to conductor Richard Bonynge, Pavarotti never learned to read music and he later said that this was the most important experience of his life, and that it inspired him to become a professional singer. At about this time Pavarotti first met Adua Veroni, like Pavarotti, Freni was destined to operatic greatness, they were to share the stage many times and make memorable recordings together. During his years of study, Pavarotti held part-time jobs in order to sustain himself – first as an elementary school teacher. The first six years of study resulted in only a few recitals, all in small towns, when a nodule developed on his vocal cords, causing a disastrous concert in Ferrara, he decided to give up singing. Pavarotti attributed his immediate improvement to the psychological release connected with this decision, Pavarotti began his career as a tenor in smaller regional Italian opera houses, making his debut as Rodolfo in La bohème at the Teatro Municipale in Reggio Emilia in April 1961. He made his first international appearance in La traviata in Belgrade, very early in his career, on 23 February 1963, he debuted at the Vienna State Opera in the same role. In March and April 1963 Vienna saw Pavarotti again as Rodolfo, while generally successful, Pavarottis early roles did not immediately propel him into the stardom that he would later enjoy
16.
Howie B
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Howard Bernstein, professionally known as Howie B, is Scottish musician and producer, who has worked with artists including, Björk, U2, Robbie Robertson, Elisa, Tricky, Mukul Deora and The Gift. Later, he spent a year in Israel working on a kibbutz as part of Jewish cultural youth movement Habonim before living for a period in the United States and he worked his way up there between 1984 and 1986, from teaboy to tape operator to assistant engineer to engineer. I could see myself DJ-ing forever, but I wanted to learn a skill, I wanted to take it seriously, and so I went into apprenticeship in a studio. When I began working there I was so intimidated, I did not know what the hell I was meant to do or what any of the technical stuff meant. Because of this I had a different attitude to equipment. Id often record and mix 40 minutes of music in one day, following the success of this collaboration, he left Lillie Yard to go freelance. At the beginning they were trying to find a role for me he said of the beginning of the project and my original title was DJ and Vibes. It was a bit of a title to be given, because some of the tunes didnt need that kind of input – its not as though theres scratching. Thats a really difficult word to describe, and to put your finger on, so it was a bit ad hoc at first. As we got further and further into the project, the role I was playing came out – I was co-producer, engineer, I gave the band a direct line into club culture and freestyle DJing. Other notable credits include producing Trickys Ponderosa, performing noises on Marlene Kuntzs Ricoveri Virtuali E Sexy Solitudini and he has been releasing music under his own name since the early 1990s, as well as under other various monikers and as part of groups including ambient/electronica Skylab. His productions appeared on seminal electronic labels including MoWax and Eye Q, while he signed to major label Polydor for a deal that spanned four full-length albums, as a DJ, he mostly notably compiled and mixed FabricLive.05 for London nightclub Fabrics nascent label in 2002. A new album, Down with the Dawn, was announced in late 2013, which peaked at No.7 in both the UK and US charts and sold over 500,000 copies. He frequently collaborated with director Run Wrake, who would animate short films and he also soundtracked a pornographic film directed by Jacob Pander. His work for advertising campaigns includes creating music for Maserati, Hyundai, Range Rover, Hugo Boss and he also collaborated with Argentine theatre group De La Guarda on an album produced by one of their members, Gaby Kerpel, who he also mentored. His label, Pussyfoot Records, ran from 1994 to 2002 and released over 20 albums and compilations and he set up HB Records in 2013 to release new album Down with the Dawn
17.
Zooropa
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Zooropa /zuːˈroʊpɑː/ is the eighth studio album by Irish rock band U2. Produced by Flood, Brian Eno, and The Edge, it was released on 5 July 1993 on Island Records, inspired by the bands experiences on the Zoo TV Tour, Zooropa expanded on many of the tours themes of technology and media oversaturation. The record was a continuation of the experimentation with alternative rock, electronic dance music. U2 began writing and recording Zooropa in Dublin in February 1993, during a six-month break between legs of the Zoo TV Tour. The record was intended as an EP to promote the Zooropa leg of the tour that was to begin in May 1993, but during the sessions. Pressed for time, U2 wrote and recorded at a pace, with songs originating from many sources. The album was not completed in time for the tours resumption, Zooropa received generally favourable reviews from critics. Despite none of its three singles—Numb, Lemon, and Stay —being hits consistently across regions, the record sold well upon release, the albums charting duration and lifetime sales of 7 million copies, however, were less than those of Achtung Baby. In 1994, Zooropa won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, although the record was a success and music journalists view the album as one of the groups most creative works, the band regard it with mixed feelings. U2 regained critical favour with their commercially successful 1991 album Achtung Baby, the record was a musical reinvention for the group, incorporating influences from alternative rock, industrial music, and electronic dance music into their sound. The tour was a staged multimedia event that satirised television. The band finished 1992 with one of their most successful years, selling 2.9 million concert tickets and their 73 North American concerts from the year grossed US$67 million, easily the highest amount for any touring artist in 1992. The group concluded the North American Outside Broadcast leg of the tour on 25 November 1992, rather than use the time to rest, lead vocalist Bono and guitarist The Edge were keen to record new material. Following a hectic year of touring, the two did not want to back into domestic life. Bono said, We thought we could live a normal life, but it turns out that your whole way of thinking, your whole body has been geared toward the madness of Zoo TV. So we decided to put the madness on a record, everybodys head was spinning, so we thought, why not keep that momentum going. The Edge also wished to distract himself from the emotions he was feeling after separating from his wife during the Achtung Baby sessions in 1991, the other members, bassist Adam Clayton and drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. ultimately agreed to join them for recording. After handling audio engineering for the recording of Achtung Baby, Robbie Adams was invited by U2 to manage sound mixing on the Zoo TV Tour, Adams also recorded the groups tour soundchecks
18.
Zoo TV Tour
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The Zoo TV Tour was a worldwide concert tour by rock band U2. Staged in support of their 1991 album Achtung Baby, the tour visited arenas, to mirror the new musical direction that the group took with Achtung Baby, the tour was intended to deviate from their past and confound expectations of the band. In contrast to U2s austere stage setups from previous tours, the Zoo TV Tour was a staged multimedia event. It satirised television and media oversaturation by attempting to instill sensory overload in its audience, to escape their reputation for being earnest and overly serious, U2 embraced a more lighthearted and self-deprecating image on tour. Zoo TV and Achtung Baby were central to the groups 1990s reinvention, the tours concept was inspired by disparate television programming, coverage of the Gulf War, the desensitising effect of mass media, and morning zoo radio shows. The stage featured dozens of video screens that showed visual effects, video clips. Channel surfing, prank calls, video confessionals, a belly dancer, on stage, Bono portrayed several characters he conceived, including the leather-clad egomaniac The Fly, the greedy televangelist Mirror Ball Man, and the devilish MacPhisto. In contrast to other U2 tours, each of the Zoo TV shows opened with six to eight new songs before older material was played. Comprising five legs and 157 shows, the began in Lakeland, Florida, on 29 February 1992 and finished in Tokyo, Japan. The first four legs alternated between North America and Europe, before the final leg visited Australasia and Japan, after two arena legs, the shows production was expanded for stadiums for the final three legs, which were branded Outside Broadcast, Zooropa, and Zoomerang/New Zooland, respectively. Although the tour provoked a range of reactions from music critics, along with being the highest-grossing North American tour of 1992, Zoo TV sold around 5.3 million tickets over its five legs. The bands 1993 album Zooropa, which expanded on Zoo TVs mass media themes, was recorded during a break in the tour, the tour was depicted in the Grammy Award–winning 1994 concert film Zoo TV, Live from Sydney. Critics regard the Zoo TV Tour as one of rocks most memorable tours—in 2002, U2s 1987 album The Joshua Tree and the supporting Joshua Tree Tour brought them to a new level of commercial and critical success, particularly in the United States. Like their previous tours, the Joshua Tree Tour was a minimalistic, austere production, the project was criticised as being pretentious, and misguided and bombastic, and U2 were accused of being grandiose and self-righteous. The wild antics of morning zoo radio programmes inspired the band to consider taking a radio station on tour. They were also interested in using video as a way of making themselves less accessible to their audiences, the band developed these ideas in late 1990 while recording Achtung Baby in Berlin at Hansa Studios. While in Berlin, they watched television coverage of the Gulf War on Sky News, when they became tired of hearing about the conflict, they tuned into local programming to see bad German soap operas and automobile advertisements. The band believed that cable television had blurred the lines between news, entertainment, and home shopping over the decade, and they wanted to represent this on their next tour
19.
Peter Greenaway
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Peter Greenaway, CBE is a British film director, screenwriter, and artist. His films are noted for the influence of Renaissance and Baroque painting. Common traits in his film are the composition and illumination. Greenaway was born in Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales, to a teacher mother, greenaways family left South Wales when he was three years old and settled in Chingford, Essex, England. He attended Forest School in northeast London, at an early age Greenaway decided on becoming a painter. He became interested in European cinema, focusing first on the films of Ingmar Bergman, in 1962, Greenaway began studies at Walthamstow College of Art, where a fellow student was musician Ian Dury. Greenaway trained as a muralist for three years, he made his first film, Death of Sentiment, a churchyard furniture essay filmed in four large London cemeteries, in 1965, he joined the Central Office of Information, working there fifteen years as a film editor and director. In that time he created a filmography of experimental films, starting with Train, footage of the last steam trains at Waterloo station, tree, is a homage to the embattled tree growing in concrete outside the Royal Festival Hall on the South Bank in London. By the 1970s he was confident and ambitious and made Vertical Features Remake, the former is an examination of various arithmetical editing structures, and the latter is a journey through the maps of a fictitious country. Greenaways most familiar musical collaborator during this period is composer Michael Nyman, in 1989, he collaborated with artist Tom Phillips on a television serial A TV Dante, dramatising the first few cantos of Dantes Inferno. In the 1990s, he presented Prosperos Books, the controversial The Baby of Mâcon, The Pillow Book, in 1995, Louis Andriessen completed the sixth libretto, Rosa – A Horse Drama. He is currently professor of cinema studies at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee and he also contributed to Visions of Europe, a short film collection by different European Union directors, his British entry is The European Showerbath. Nightwatching and Rembrandts JAccuse two films on Rembrandt which were released in 2007 and 2008 respectively, nightwatching is the first feature in the series Dutch Masters, with the next project titled as Goltzius and the Pelican Company. This was later reprised at the Optronica festival, London, on 12 October 2007, he created the multimedia installation Peopling the Palaces at Venaria Reale at the Royal Palace of Venaria that animates the Palace with 100 videoprojectors. On 3 May 2016, he received a Honoris Causa doctorate from the University of San Martín, in 2006, Greenaway began a series of digital video installations, Nine Classical Paintings Revisited, with his exploration of Rembrandts Night Watch in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The performance consisted of superimposing digital imagery and projections onto the painting with music from the composer Marco Robino, Greenaway exhibited his digital exploration of The Wedding at Cana by Paolo Veronese as part of the 2009 Venice Biennial. The 50-minute presentation, set to a soundtrack, incorporates images of faces from the painting along with animated diagrams revealing compositional relations among the figures. These images are projected onto and around the replica of the painting that now stands at the original site, picassos Guernica, Seurats Grande Jatte, works by Jackson Pollock and Claude Monet, Velázquezs Las Meninas and Michelangelos The Last Judgment are possible series subjects
20.
The Pillow Book (film)
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The Pillow Book is a 1996 drama film written and directed by Peter Greenaway, which stars Vivian Wu as Nagiko, a Japanese model in search of pleasure and new cultural experience from various lovers. The film is a rich and artistic melding of dark drama with idealised Chinese and Japanese cultural themes and settings. The film features full-frontal male nudity and it is also the first film distributed by Lionsgate Films. The films title, The Pillow Book, refers to an ancient Japanese diary written by Sei Shōnagon, actual name believed to be Kiyohara Nagiko, the film is narrated by Nagiko, a Japanese born model living in Hong Kong. Nagiko seeks a lover who can match her desire for carnal pleasure with her admiration for poetry, the roots of this obsession lie in her youth in Kyoto, when her father would write characters of good fortune on her face. Nagiko also learns around this time that her father is in thrall to his publisher, Yaji-san, the publisher arranges Nagikos wedding to his young apprentice. Her husband, an archer, resents Nagikos love for books and her desire to read. He also refuses to indulge in her desires for pleasure, refusing to write on her body, insulted and enraged, Nagiko leaves him for good. Hiding from her husband, Nagiko moves to Hong Kong, in spite of her aversion to the practice, she learns how to type to find work. Outside her apartment, a group of activists regularly protest the publishing industry for the depletion of forests due to the need to make paper. After working as a secretary in the office of a Japanese fashion designer for a while, Nagikos employer takes a liking to her and makes her one of his models. As a successful model, Nagiko hires a maid, as she now finally has the opportunity to explore her sexual desires of being written on. However, after several affairs, she feels dissatisfied with all, either they have great penmanship and are lousy lovers. One day, at the Cafe Typo, Nagikos favourite haunt, she meets Jerome, intrigued by his knowledge, they go to a private space where she has Jerome write on her body in various languages. In spite of her interest, Nagiko dislikes Jeromes handwriting and orders him out, Jerome totally shocks Nagiko, however, when he asks her to teach him, offering her to write on his body. Opening his shirt, he offers Nagiko to Use my body like the pages of a book, Nagiko has never considered this aspect in her desires before, her lovers always write on her body. When she backs out and runs, Jerome laughs at her, frightened but very intrigued by Jeromes suggestion, Nagiko has several one-night stands in which she experiments writing on their bodies. One of the activists, admirer Hoki, a Japanese photographer who adores her and she explains she cant, as his skins no good for writing, whenever she writes on him, the ink smears and runs
21.
Jam session
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A jam session is a relatively informal musical event, process, or activity where musicians, typically instrumentalists, play improvised solos and vamp on tunes, songs and chord progressions. To jam is to music without extensive preparation or predefined arrangements. Original jam sessions, also free flow sessions, are used by musicians to develop new material. Both styles can be used simply as a gathering and communal practice session. Jam sessions may be based upon existing songs or forms, may be based on an agreed chord progression or chart suggested by one participant. When Bing Crosby would attend these sessions, the musicians would say he was jammin the beat, since he would clap on the one, thus these sessions became known as jam sessions. The New York scene during World War II was famous for its after-hours jam sessions, one of the most famous was the regular after-hours jam at Mintons Playhouse in New York City that ran in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Mintons jams had competitive cutting contests, in which soloists would try to keep up with the house band and outdo each other in improvisational skill. During the 1950s these descargas became the basis of a new genre of improvised jams based on the son montuno with notable jazz influences pioneered by the likes of Julio Gutiérrez and Cachao. During the 1960s, descargas played an important role in the development of salsa, however, they can be shorter on the recorded version. Some notable recorded jams and jam-inspired performances in the idiom, Led Zeppelin live shows almost always contained extended, improvised solos. Notable examples include Dazed and Confused from both The Song Remains the Same and How the West Was Won both include 3 way jamming for up to 20 minutes. As a result of this jam, guitarist Duane Allman was invited to join the Dominos after having recorded three songs, and he made a major contribution to the resulting LP. The soundtrack for Tonite Lets All Make Love in London features 2 improvised jams titled Interstellar Overdrive, the latter is complete improvisation around the beat of the drums provided by drummer Nick Mason. The farewell Last Waltz concerts led by The Band in 1976 included two late-night jam sessions featuring Neil Young, Ronnie Wood, Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr and others along with members of The Band. These performances were not included in the film or original recordings of the officially released for the first time as part of a 2002 box set. The third disc of George Harrisons 1970 solo album All Things Must Pass, titled Apple Jam, the Velvet Undergrounds Sister Ray, Some Kinda Love and Foggy Notion, had extensive live versions. Nirvanas improvised hidden track Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip from the album In Utero, bluesbreaker by Brian May and Friends recorded during the Star Fleet Project and featuring Eddie Van Halen, Phil Chen, Alan Gratzer and Fred Mandel
22.
Bono
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Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma
23.
Zooropa (song)
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Zooropa /zuːˈroʊpɑː/ is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their 1993 album Zooropa. The lyrics were written by vocalist Bono, describing two characters in a brightly lit city in a version of European society. Lyrics in the song were based on advertising slogans, and also featured the phrase dream out loud, the song touched on several themes, including moral confusion and the future of European society. Promotional recordings of the song were released in the United States and Mexico, the song was briefly performed at three shows on U2s Zoo TV Tour in 1993. The band had difficulties performing it in 1993, and it was not played again until the U2 360° Tour in 2011, the recording of the song received mostly positive reception from critics, who praised it as the albums opening track. During the Zoo TV Tour in 1992, U2 were trying to create a vision of a future for Europe, as opposed to a negative. Bono has referred to Zooropa as being an album, with a main theme of the exploration of interpellation within the European Union. Bono and guitarist The Edge had been reading works by cyberpunk author William Gibson, Gibson was an influence in the texture of the song, which Bono described as fucked up sci-fi. Bono wanted to use noise to create a setting for the song, similar to Gibsons futuristic world, filled with advertisements on LED displays and neon signs. The closing song on the album, The Wanderer, features Johnny Cash on vocals, the song was written and recorded during the albums sessions at Windmill Lane Studios and The Factory Studios in Dublin, between legs of the Zoo TV Tour from March to May 1993. Zooropa was first developed after The Edge listened to recordings of the bands soundchecks from the tour. Along with the sound engineer Joe OHerlihy, The Edge edited the best parts of the soundchecks to create a song arrangement. The songs introduction was recorded separately from the remainder of the song, the band based the introduction on a jam session in the studio, and producer Flood took parts of the jam and created an ambient mix. The bass guitar during the intro was written and performed by drummer Larry Mullen, the song pieces were then edited into a stereo mix, with the intro mixed in by Flood using a crossfade. Synthesizer sounds were added by producer Brian Eno on a Yamaha DX7 keyboard, including a squishy, the Edge later added guitar tracks, as well as additional sounds to the song using an EMS Synthi A synthesiser. Once the song was almost finished, the band had doubts about the first segment of the backing track. The band had intended on recording an EP during the sessions
24.
A Year with Swollen Appendices
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A Year with Swollen Appendices is a book by Brian Eno. The book published by Faber and Faber in 1996 is divided two sections. The first part is a diary covering the year 1995, the second part, the cover photograph is by Anton Corbijn. The diary covers the year 1995, which proved to be productive for Eno. In addition it covers various other projects Eno was involved in, in particular his opposition to the attacks on Bosnia by Croatia, throughout the diaries there is correspondence between Eno and Stewart Brand, largely dealing with this subject. The appendices, which are delineated by pink paper in the original book, the essays cover subjects closely linked with Eno such as ambient music, generative music, music copyright, the role of an artist and art. In addition there is correspondence, interviews and short stories and it is rumored that the title is a play on words as well. His publicist who worked with him throughout the year suffered a burst appendix by the end of his year at the Pavarotti War Child Concert event in Modena with U2
25.
Tenor
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Tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range is one of the highest of the male voice types. The tenors vocal range lies between C3, the C one octave below middle C, and A4, the A above middle C, in solo work, this range extends up to C5, or tenor high C. The low extreme for tenors is roughly A♭2, at the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to two Fs above middle C. The tenor voice type is divided into the leggero tenor, lyric tenor, spinto tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor. The name tenor derives from the Latin word tenere, which means to hold, in medieval and Renaissance polyphony between about 1250 and 1500, the tenor was the structurally fundamental voice, vocal or instrumental. All other voices were normally calculated in relation to the tenor, until the late 16th century introduction of the contratenor singers, the tenor was usually the highest voice, assuming the role of providing a foundation. It was also in the 18th century that tenor came to signify the male voice that sang such parts, thus, for earlier repertoire, a line marked tenor indicated the parts role, and not the required voice type. Indeed, even as late as the century, partbooks labelled tenor might contain parts for a range of voice types. The vocal range of the tenor is one of the highest of the voice types. Within opera, the lowest note in the tenor repertoire is probably A♭2 in Rossinis rarely performed La donna del lago in the role of Rodrigo di Dhu. Within more frequently performed repertoire, Mime and Herod both call for an A2, a few tenor roles in the standard repertoire call for a tenor C. Some of the few top Cs in the operatic repertoire are either optional or interpolated by tradition. However, the highest demanded note in the standard operatic repertoire is D5. Some operatic roles for tenors require a darker timbre and fewer high notes, in the leggero repertoire, the highest note is F5, therefore, very few tenors can, given the raising of concert pitch since its composition, have this role in their repertoire without transposition. Within the tenor voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories, leggero tenor, lyric tenor, spinto tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, Mozart tenor, Also known as the tenore di grazia, the leggero tenor is essentially the male equivalent of a lyric coloratura. This voice is light, agile, and capable of executing difficult passages of fioritura, the typical leggero tenor possesses a range spanning from approximately C3 to E♭5, with a few being able to sing up to F5 or higher in full voice. In some cases, the chest register of the leggero tenor may extend below C3, voices of this type are utilized frequently in the operas of Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini and in music dating from the Baroque period. Leggero tenor roles in operas, The lyric tenor is a warm voice with a bright, full timbre that is strong but not heavy
26.
Your Blue Room
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Your Blue Room is a song by Passengers, a group composed of rock band U2 and producer Brian Eno. It is the track on the groups only release, the 1995 album Original Soundtracks 1. The track was written for the 1995 Michelangelo Antonioni–Wim Wenders film Beyond the Clouds, though Eno made the majority of creative decisions during the recording sessions, Your Blue Room was one of the few tracks that the members from U2 tried to craft themselves. U2 and producer Brian Eno formed Passengers as a side-project during the recording sessions for U2s 1997 album. Their intention was to record a soundtrack for Peter Greenaways 1996 film The Pillow Book as a warm up before the main Pop sessions, though the plan did not come to fruition, Eno suggested they continue recording for imaginary films. U2 were unsure of the idea at first, but agreed after Eno told them that producing radio hits was not the goal of the collaboration. U2 had frequently improvised in the past, and in the Original Soundtracks 1 sessions they engaged in free-form jamming to video clips from various films, Eno stated, Listening to the original improvisations as they came off the floor, you feel the excitement of the process. You have to be not to disturb the organic flow of the thing. The group brought in producer Howie B to cut down and mix some of the tracks after several hours of jam sessions had been recorded, part of the groups intent in creating Original Soundtracks 1 had been to make a night-time record. Lead vocalist Bono said, It feels like its set on the bullet train in Tokyo. Every record has a location, a place where you enjoy listening to it, whether that be a bedroom or a club, but it has an odd sense of speed in the background. He also noted that when creating works for soundtracks the visual suggestion from the music is more important than the story told by the lyrics, with this in mind the band had tried to create visual music when recording, continuing a trend that began with their 1993 song Zooropa. The song was written for the Michelangelo Antonioni–Wim Wenders film Beyond the Clouds, Bono describes the song as based on the idea that sex is a conversation of sorts but that on another level it is a prayer. He concludes by saying, Its an incredible thing to say to your lover or your maker, Your instructions, the track features U2s bass player Adam Clayton reciting the final verse, and is the only album recording featuring Clayton as vocalist. Your Blue Room was slated as the single release for the album following Miss Sarajevo. In addition to the Passengers album, Your Blue Room was later featured as a B-side on the Staring at the Sun single in 1997, and on the B-sides disc of The Best of 1990–2000 in 2002. Jon Pareles of The New York Times called Original Soundtracks 1 a collection of sketched songs and free-form instrumentals in which Bono stays quiet, Pareles went on to say that Your Blue Room harks back to the Velvet Undergrounds Pale Blue Eyes. Jim Faber of New Yorks Daily News was less receptive to the album saying, in regards to Your Blue Room Faber said it sounds like one of Lou Reeds blander ballads from the 70s
27.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
28.
Two Hearts Beat as One
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Two Hearts Beat as One is a song by rock band U2. It is the track on their 1983 album, War. Two Hearts Beat as One features a bassline by Adam Clayton and achieved moderate success as a single in the UK. Unlike the other videos from the album, it has never included on any of the bands video compilations. It was released as the second single in the US, UK and Australia, as opposed to Sunday Bloody Sunday. Both singles were released in Japan, the song was first played in concert on 26 February 1983, at the first show of the War Tour and was played at almost all concerts on that tour. On the second leg of the War Tour, Two Hearts Beat as One began to follow Surrender and this transition survived to the Unforgettable Fire Tour. However, on the leg of the Unforgettable Fire Tour, Two Hearts Beat as One was separated from Surrender. Its last tour appearance on 29 April 1985, in Atlanta and it made a further subsequent appearance when it was performed as part of the encore at a Lovetown Tour concert on 27 December 1989, in the Point Depot, Dublin. The song was not played again for 25 years until a New York concert during the Innocence + Experience Tour. A live performance of the song at Red Rocks Amphitheatre appears on the DVD release of the concert film Live at Red Rocks, list of covers of U2 songs – Two Hearts Beat as One Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
29.
Music for Films
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Music for Films is the seventh solo studio album by British musician Brian Eno. It is a work intended as a soundtrack for imaginary films. The compositional styles and equipment used also carried over onto Enos work on some of David Bowies 1977 album Low, Alternative 3 appeared in Herbert Veselys Egon Schiele, Excess and Punishment, and was also used as the theme tune for the television programme Alternative 3. Two further Film albums were released, More Music for Films, in 1983 and Music for Films, the album has manifested in several forms, featuring different track-listings and track-times. 1, Promotional LP,1976, issued in a number of 500 copies. There are two versions, A test pressing with 25 tracks, many of those tracks were taken from Another Green World or appeared later on the official 1978 issue. Essentially all of the tracks are available on the Music for Fans, Vol.1 bootleg. The LP packaging featured a finish on the outside with a glossy finish on the inside. The tracks were rearranged into what Eno felt was a more satisfactory sequence and this is now the standard issue. Dark Waters appears on records as Slow Water. All songs composed by Brian Eno, except where noted
30.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
31.
Earth Song
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Earth Song is the third single from Michael Jacksons album HIStory, Past, Present and Future, Book I. It is the song on the second disc of the album. It is a ballad that incorporates elements of blues, gospel, Jackson had a long-standing history of releasing socially conscious material such as We Are the World, Man in the Mirror and Heal the World. However, Earth Song was the first that overtly dealt with the environment, Earth Song was made for the Dangerous album but it failed to make the final cut. The song was written and composed by Jackson, the task of production was split between Jackson, David Foster and Bill Bottrell, Earth Song was accompanied by a lavish music video shot in four geographical regions. It centered on the destruction and rebirth of Earth and went on to receive a Grammy nomination in 1997, the song was a top five hit in most European countries. It remains Jacksons best-selling single in the United Kingdom, and was the countrys number-one Christmas single in 1995, Earth Song was not released as a single in the United States. Jackson went on to recognition from various animal and environmental organizations. In 2011 the song was paired-up with the poem Planet Earth, the song was the last song to be rehearsed by Jackson, shortly after midnight on June 25,2009, making it the final song ever performed by Michael Jackson. Jackson already had a history of writing charitable or socially conscious material. As a child, he had recorded the song In Our Small Way for his first album Got to Be There, as an adult, Jackson used his fame and wealth to promote various causes. In 1985, he co-wrote the charity single We Are the World with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in Africa and the US. The single became one of the singles of all time, with nearly 20 million copies sold. It was also the first time Jackson was seen as a humanitarian, all of the profits from his single Man in the Mirror went to charity. Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992, inspired by his charity single of the same name, following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clintons Inaugural Gala to give money to HIV/AIDS charities. He would go on to perform the song Gone Too Soon for White, Earth Song was originally written and composed by Jackson in the Hotel Imperial in Vienna, Austria under the title What About Us. Production of the song was an effort between Jackson, David Foster and Bill Bottrell
32.
Staring at the Sun (U2 song)
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Staring at the Sun is the second single from U2s 1997 album, Pop. It peaked at No.3 on the UK singles chart, No.1 on the Modern Rock Tracks, No.2 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks, and No.26 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was written with the line Stuck together with Gods glue, which was directly from the title of the album by the Irish band Something Happens. A new mix of Staring at the Sun was released for the compilation, during the summer of 2002 recording sessions in which Electrical Storm and The Hands That Built America were recorded, parts for four U2 songs were re-recorded, including Staring at the Sun. The song has been compared to the work of Oasis, a kaleidoscope bearing the singles logo in gold was distributed to promote the single. Staring at the Sun was played at most of the PopMart Tour shows, however, during the first concert at Las Vegas, U2 failed to time the song correctly and had to start over. Bono singing at the tempo was to blame for the mistake. The song was performed acoustically for most of the rest of that tour and it had several appearances on the Elevation Tour, being the only Pop song to be performed on all three legs of the Elevation Tour. Sometimes it also appeared as a snippet in Discothèque and it has not been played with the full band since October 24,2001 in New York City. It appeared in the live videos/recordings Please, PopHeart Live EP, Please single, PopMart, Live from Mexico City, Hasta la Vista Baby. and U2 Go Home, Live from Slane Castle and these remixes by Brothers in Rhythm originated as bootlegs on 12 vinyl. They use the live Rotterdam performance featured on the Please single rather than the album version, U2 approved it for limited promotional use to coincide with the release of The Best of 1990-2000
33.
Zoo Station (song)
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Zoo Station is a song by Irish rock band U2. As the albums opening track, Zoo Station introduces the new sound, delivering industrial-influenced percussion and several layers of distorted guitars. Similarly, the lyrics suggest the groups new intents and anticipations, Bono was also inspired by the citys Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station and used it as a metaphor for a reuniting Germany. Zoo Station was performed as the song at every concert on U2s Zoo TV Tour. The song received positive reviews critics, many of whom analysed the song as a representation of the bands reinvention. Following difficult recording sessions at Hansa Studios in Berlin in late 1990 and they struggled with the song Lady With the Spinning Head, but three separate tracks, Zoo Station, Ultraviolet and The Fly, were derived from it. The band ultimately decided to take Zoo Station in a more industrial direction than Lady With the Spinning Head, Zoo Station came together near the end of the recording sessions when audio engineer Flood was mixing the song and introduced distortion to the drums. The songs direction was influenced by the production team of Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno. After they distorted his voice to make it sound as if it were coming from a megaphone, Bono was inspired to sing in a persona, Flood mixed the final track with the assistance of Shannon Strong. Along with Robbie Adams, Strong also assisted Flood with engineering, Lanois provided additional guitar during recording. With Achtung Baby, the sought to recover some of the Dadaist characters. U2 had abandoned these ideas for more literal themes in the 1980s, however, for the new album, the band was interested in no longer making obvious sense. Accordingly, the lyrics for Zoo Station were inspired by the surrealism of a story about Berlin during World War II that Bono heard, Bono was also inspired by Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station, also known as Zoo station, previously the main railway station in West Berlin. The station was notorious as a haunt for drug dealers, prostitutes and pimps, pick-pockets and transients, particularly prior to German reunification, during recording, Eno created several prototype mixes of the song. The Edge recalled how these different mixes assisted the band in creating the version of the track. Bottoms is a track and was described by The Edge as a crazy mix. He added Bottoms was done in Japan, and we just built on that mix, sometimes you can end up with something completely distinctive. As the first track on an album that was a reinvention for the band
34.
Achtung Baby
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Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 18 November 1991 on Island Records, thematically, Achtung Baby is darker, more introspective, and at times more flippant than their previous work. Seeking inspiration from German reunification, U2 began recording Achtung Baby at Berlins Hansa Studios in October 1990, the sessions were fraught with conflict, as the band argued over their musical direction and the quality of their material. After tensions and slow progress nearly prompted the group to disband, morale and productivity improved during subsequent recording sessions in Dublin, where the album was completed in 1991. To confound the publics expectations of the band and their music, U2 chose the records facetious title and colourful multi-image sleeve. Achtung Baby is one of U2s most successful records, it received reviews and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 Top Albums. Five songs were released as singles, all of which were chart successes, including One, Mysterious Ways. The album has sold 18 million copies worldwide and won a Grammy Award in 1993 for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Achtung Baby has since been acclaimed by writers and music critics as one of the greatest albums of all time. The record was reissued in October 2011 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of its original release, U2s high exposure and their reputation for being overly serious led to accusations of grandiosity and self-righteousness. By the bands 1989 Lovetown Tour, they had become bored with playing their greatest hits. U2 believe that audiences misunderstood the groups collaboration with blues musician B. B. King on Rattle and Hum and the Lovetown Tour, and they described it as an excursion down a dead-end street. Bono said that, in retrospect, listening to black music enabled the group to create a work such as Achtung Baby, while their experiences with folk music helped him to develop as a lyricist. Towards the end of the Lovetown Tour, Bono announced on-stage that it was the end of something for U2, following the tour, the group began, what was at the time, their longest break from public performances and album releases. Reacting to their own sense of stagnation and to their critics. They wrote God Part II from Rattle and Hum after realising they had excessively pursued nostalgia in their songwriting, the song had a more contemporary feel that Bono said was closer to Achtung Babys direction. Much of the material they wrote was experimental, and according to Bono, ideas deemed inappropriate for the play were put aside for the bands use. During this period, Bono and the Edge began increasingly writing songs together without Mullen or bassist Adam Clayton, in mid-1990, Bono reviewed material he had written in Australia on the Lovetown Tour, and the group recorded demos at STS Studios in Dublin. The demos later evolved into the songs Whos Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses, Until the End of the World, Even Better Than the Real Thing, and Mysterious Ways
35.
Heat (1995 film)
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Heat is a 1995 American crime film written, produced and directed by Michael Mann, and starring Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, and Val Kilmer. De Niro plays Neil McCauley, a thief, while Pacino plays Lt. Vincent Hanna. The story is based on the former Chicago police officer Chuck Adamsons pursuit during the 1960s of a criminal named McCauley, after whom De Niros character is named. Mann originally wrote and filmed the script as a pilot of a television series and it was well received by critics. Career criminals Neil McCauley and his crew, Chris Shiherlis, Michael Cheritto, during the heist, Waingro impulsively kills a guard, infuritating McCauley. As the team attempts to kill Waingro, he escapes, McCauleys fence, Nate, suggests he sell the stolen bonds back to their original owner, money launderer Roger Van Zant. Van Zant agrees, but instructs his men to ambush McCauley at the meeting, McCauley survives the ambush and vows revenge against Van Zant. LAPD Lieutenant Vincent Hanna, working with Sergeant Drucker and Detectives Sammy Casals, Mike Bosko and Danny Schwartz, investigate the heist and they discover their next target to be a precious metals depository. The unit stakes out the depository and observe the crime in progress, Hanna, dissatisfied with the lack of evidence, lets McCauleys crew escape. Despite the increased police surveillance, McCauleys crew agrees to one last brazen bank robbery worth $12 million to secure their financial futures, Waingro approaches Van Zant with information about eliminating McCauleys crew. McCauley starts a relationship with Eady, a designer he meets in a cafe, Hanna moves into a hotel after learning his wife Justine is having an affair. Hanna pulls over McCauley on the freeway and invites him to coffee, both men reaffirm their commitment to their work and to using lethal force if necessary to stop the other. After coffee, Hanna discovers that McCauleys crew have evaded their surveillance, when Trejo withdraws from the robbery, McCauley recruits ex-convict Donald Breedan into the crew. Hannas unit receives a tip and interrupt McCauleys crew in the middle of their bank robbery. In the ensuing gunfight, several officers, including Bosko, are killed, while McCauleys crew loses Breedan. Shiherlis is wounded, but escapes with McCauley, McCauley leaves Shiherlis with a doctor to treat his wounds. He breaks into Trejos house to find Trejo near death, Trejo reveals that Waingro alerted Van Zant to their bank robbery, who subsequently informed the police. McCauley finishes off Trejo at his own request, then kills Van Zant at his home, McCauley approaches Eady, who has accepted his criminal activities, with a plan to flee to New Zealand
36.
Heat (soundtrack)
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Heat is the soundtrack album to the 1995 film Heat. The Einstürzende Neubauten track Armenia was taken from their 1983 album Zeichnungen des Patienten O. T. and was used by Michael Mann again in his 1999 film The Insider, a clip of the track as it was meant to be heard in Heat can be heard below. There is also a version of the score in bootleg form, with several tracks which can be heard in the film but are not on the score released. Goldenthal explained his thinking behind the score, In Heat, Michael Mann and it wasnt a type of score where you needed a big orchestral theme or you had to actually hit certain actions with music at specific times. It was much closer to the European mentality of film scoring, the guitar orchestra, who play most significantly on two of the tracks below, is called Deaf Elk who also worked with Goldenthal for his scores, In Dreams and Titus. The song Always Forever Now was written and performed by U2 and Brian Eno under the alias Passengers, but the version featured on this soundtrack, and quite prominently in the film, is a longer mix with some minor variations
37.
Anagram
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The original word or phrase is known as the subject of the anagram. Any word or phrase that exactly reproduces the letters in order is an anagram. Someone who creates anagrams may be called an anagrammatist, and the goal of a serious or skilled anagrammatist is to produce anagrams that in some way reflect or comment on their subject, Anagrams are often used as a form of mnemonic device. Such an anagram may be a synonym or antonym of its subject, a parody and it sometimes changes a proper noun or personal name into a sentence, such as with William Shakespeare = I am a weakish speller or Madam Curie = Radium came. It can change parts of speech, such as the adjective silent to the verb listen, Anagrams itself can be anagrammatized as Ars magna. Anagrams can be traced back to the time of Moses, as Themuru or changing and they were popular throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, for example with the poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut. They are said to go back at least to the Greek poet Lycophron, in the third century BCE, Anagrams in Latin were considered witty over many centuries. Est vir qui adest, explained below, was cited as the example in Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language, any historical material on anagrams must always be interpreted in terms of the assumptions and spellings that were current for the language in question. In particular, spelling in English only slowly became fixed, there were attempts to regulate anagram formation, an important one in English being that of George Puttenhams Of the Anagram or Posy Transposed in The Art of English Poesie. The origins of these are not documented, Latin continued to influence letter values. There was a tradition of allowing anagrams to be perfect if the letters were all used once. This can be seen in a popular Latin anagram against the Jesuits, Societas Jesu turned into Vitiosa seces, the rules were not completely fixed in the 17th century. When it comes to the 17th century and anagrams in English or other languages, the lawyer Thomas Egerton was praised through the anagram gestat honorem, the physician George Ent took the anagrammatic motto genio surget, which requires his first name as Georgius. James Is courtiers discovered in James Stuart a just master, walter Quin, tutor to the future Charles I, worked hard on multilingual anagrams on the name of father James. Dryden in MacFlecknoe disdainfully called the pastime the torturing of one poor word ten thousand ways, an example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands, where Armand de Richelieu became Ardue main dHercule. Examples from the century are the transposition of Horatio Nelson into Honor est a Nilo. With the advent of surrealism as a movement, anagrams regained the artistic respect they had had in the Baroque period. The German poet Unica Zürn, who made use of anagram techniques, came to regard obsession with anagrams as a dangerous fever
38.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
39.
The Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Globe has been awarded 26 Pulitzer Prizes since 1966, and its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by six Boston businessmen, including Charles H. Taylor and Eben Jordan, the first issue was published on March 4,1872, and cost four cents. Originally a morning daily, it began a Sunday edition in 1877, in 1878, The Boston Globe started an afternoon edition called The Boston Evening Globe, which ceased publication in 1979. By the 1890s, The Boston Globe had become a stronghold, in 1964, Tom Winship succeeded his father, Larry Winship, as editor. The younger Winship transformed The Globe from a local paper into a regional paper of national distinction. He served as editor until 1984, during which time the paper won a dozen Pulitzer Prizes, the Boston Globe was a private company until 1973 when it went public under the name Affiliated Publications. It continued to be managed by the descendants of Charles H. Taylor, in 1993, The New York Times Company purchased Affiliated Publications for US$1.1 billion, making The Boston Globe a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times parent. The Jordan and Taylor families received substantial New York Times Company stock, Boston. com, the online edition of The Boston Globe, was launched on the World Wide Web in 1995. Consistently ranked among the top ten websites in America, it has won numerous national awards. Under the helm of editor Martin Baron and then Brian McGrory, the Boston Globe is credited with allowing Peter Gammons to start his Notes section on baseball, which has become a mainstay in all major newspapers nationwide. In 2004, Gammons was selected as the 56th recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award for outstanding baseball writing, given by the BBWAA, and was honored at the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 31,2005. In 2007, Charlie Savage, whose reports on President Bushs use of signing statements made national news, the Boston Globe has consistently been ranked in the forefront of American journalism. The Boston Globe hosts 28 blogs covering a variety of topics including Boston sports, local politics, on April 2,2009, The New York Times Company threatened to close the paper if its unions did not agree to $20,000,000 of cost savings. Some of the cost savings include reducing union employees pay by 5%, ending pension contributions, the Boston Globe eliminated the equivalent of fifty full-time jobs, among buy-outs and layoffs, it swept out most of the part-time employees in the editorial sections. The papers other three major unions had agreed to concessions on May 3,2009, after The New York Times Company threatened to give the government 60-days notice that it intended to close the paper
40.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
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