1.
Acme Corporation
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The name is also used as a generic title in many cartoons, films, TV series, commercials and comic strips. It is used also as a placeholder name. The name Acme became popular for businesses by the 1920s, when alphabetized business telephone directories such as the Yellow Pages began to be widespread, there was a flood of businesses named Acme, including Acme Brick, Acme Markets, and Acme Boots. Early Sears catalogues even contained a number of products with the Acme trademark, including anvils, Warner Brothers animator Chuck Jones has said the name Acme was chosen because of its prevalence, Since we had to search out our own entertainment, we devised our own fairy stories. If you wanted a bow and arrow you got a stick, if you wanted to conduct an orchestra you got a stick. If you wanted a duel you used a stick and you couldnt go and buy one, thats where the terms acme came from. Whenever we played a game where we had a store or something we called it the ACME corporation. Because in the pages if you looked, say, under drugstores. Because AC was about as high as you could go, it means the best, the name Acme also had other connotations for people in Los Angeles at the time. The traffic lights in Los Angeles during the time the Warner Bros. cartoons were being made were manufactured by the Acme Traffic Signal Company, the traffic lights paired “Stop” and “Go” semaphore arms with small red and green lights. Bells played the role of today’s amber or yellow lights, ringing when the flags changed—a process that took five seconds, the Acme semaphore traffic lights were often used in Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons for comedic effect due to their loud bell which was followed by screeching tires. It is a misconception that Acme is an acronym standing for such things as A Company that Makes Everything. Before Road Runner, an Acme Company which controls the production, in the Road Runner cartoon Beep, Beep, it was referred to as Acme Rocket-Powered Products, Inc. based in Fairfield, New Jersey. Many of its products appear to be produced specifically for Wile E. Coyote, for example, sometimes, Acme can also send living creatures through the mail, though that isnt done very often. Two examples of this are the Acme Wild-Cat, which had used on Elmer Fudd and Sam Sheepdog. The Wild Cat was used in the shorts Dont Give Up the Sheep and A Mutt in a Rut, while the bees were used in the short Zoom and Bored. While their products leave much to be desired, Acme delivery service is second to none, Wile E. can merely drop an order into a mailbox, and have the product in his hands within seconds
2.
IBM
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International Business Machines Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries. The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924, IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware, middleware and software, and offers hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a research organization, holding the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years. IBM has continually shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets and focusing on higher-value, also in 2014, IBM announced that it would go fabless, continuing to design semiconductors, but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries. Nicknamed Big Blue, IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the worlds largest employers, with nearly 380,000 employees. Known as IBMers, IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology, in the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of what would become International Business Machines. On June 16,1911, their four companies were amalgamated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint forming a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company based in Endicott, New York. The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York, Dayton, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Washington, D. C. and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr. fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, Watson joined CTR as General Manager then,11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Pattersons pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTRs companies and his favorite slogan, THINK, became a mantra for each companys employees. During Watsons first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million, Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR and in 1924 chose to replace it with the more expansive title International Business Machines. By 1933 most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, in 1937, IBMs tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U. S. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort, in 1949, Thomas Watson, Sr. created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focused on foreign operations. In 1952, he stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm, in 1957, the FORTRAN scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the SABRE reservation system for American Airlines, in 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flight of the Mercury astronauts. A year later it moved its headquarters from New York City to Armonk. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, on April 7,1964, IBM announced the first computer system family, the IBM System/360
3.
Ambiguity
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Ambiguity is a type of uncertainty of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible. It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. The concept of ambiguity is contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted, whereas with information that is vague, context may play a role in resolving ambiguity. For example, the piece of information may be ambiguous in one context. The lexical ambiguity of a word or phrase pertains to its more than one meaning in the language to which the word belongs. Meaning here refers to whatever should be captured by a good dictionary, for instance, the word bank has several distinct lexical definitions, including financial institution and edge of a river. Another example is as in apothecary, one could say I bought herbs from the apothecary. This could mean one actually spoke to the apothecary or went to the apothecary, the context in which an ambiguous word is used often makes it evident which of the meanings is intended. If, for instance, someone says I buried $100 in the bank, however, some linguistic contexts do not provide sufficient information to disambiguate a used word. Lexical ambiguity can be addressed by algorithmic methods that automatically associate the meaning with a word in context. The use of multi-defined words requires the author or speaker to clarify their context, the goal of clear concise communication is that the receiver have no misunderstanding about what was meant to be conveyed. Ambiguity is a tool of political science. More problematic are words whose senses express closely related concepts, good, for example, can mean useful or functional, exemplary, pleasing, moral, righteous, etc. I have a daughter is not clear about which sense is intended. The various ways to apply prefixes and suffixes can also create ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity arises when a sentence can have two different meanings because of the structure of the sentence—its syntax. This is often due to an expression, such as a prepositional phrase. He ate the cookies on the couch, for example, could mean that he ate those cookies that were on the couch, to get in, you will need an entrance fee of $10 or your voucher and your drivers license
4.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
5.
Autolite
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Autolite or Auto-Lite is an American brand of spark plugs and ignition wire sets. Autolite products are sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico, until 2011, the Autolite brand was a part of Honeywells Automotive Consumer Products Group, along with Fram and Prestone. Since then, it has manufactured and marketed by FRAM Group, LLC. Autolite has been the Official Spark Plug of NASCAR since April 2000, the origins of Autolite can be traced to 1911, when Electric Autolite was founded. The company produced a generator to power early day auto lamps or buggy lamps, in 1927, Electric Autolite acquired the Prest-O-Lite Battery Company from The Union Carbide Corporation which produced automotive batteries. In 1935, Royce G. Martin, President of the Electric Autolite Company, robert Twells, a ceramic engineer, led the development team. A few months later, the company was selling their first spark plug, Electric Autolites products were expanded further to include, Starting Motors, Generators, Regulators, Ignition Systems, Wire and Cable Products. Autolite enjoyed instant success, as it had secured supply contracts with leading car manufacturers such as Chrysler, Studebaker, Packard, in a 1940 promotional film, Autolite featured stop motion animation of its products marching past Autolite factories to the tune of Franz Schuberts Military March. An abbreviated version of this sequence was used in television ads for Autolite, especially those on the 1950s CBS program Suspense. Autolite products became standard original factory equipment in Ford vehicles, a federal antitrust lawsuit was filed against Ford, which dragged on through the remainder of the 1960s, and Ford was forced to sell its Autolite-related assets to the Bendix Corporation by 1973. In 1963, the portion of the Autolite company which was not acquired by Ford merged with the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, former Autolite Motor phase of the company became the Prestolite Motor and Ignition Company, later Prestolite Electric. In 1973, the Bendix Corporation had purchased both Fram and Autolite, in 1980, The Eltra Corporation is acquired by the Allied Signal Corporation which became Honeywell in 1999. Bendix was acquired by Allied in 1983, thereby bringing Autolite back to its original parent, Autolite is currently led by President Michael S. Mizusawa and Vice President of Sales and Marketing, Joshua Gordon
6.
Spark plugs
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A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by an insulated wire to the output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plugs shell is screwed into the engines cylinder head. Spark plugs may also be used in applications such as furnaces wherein a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are referred to as flame igniters. In 1860 Étienne Lenoir used a spark plug in his gas engine. Early patents for spark plugs included those by Nikola Tesla, Frederick Richard Simms, helen Blair Bartlett also played a vital role in making the insulator in 1930. The plug is connected to the voltage generated by an ignition coil or magneto. As current flows from the coil, a voltage develops between the central and side electrodes. Initially no current can flow because the fuel and air in the gap is an insulator, once the voltage exceeds the dielectric strength of the gases, the gases become ionized. The ionized gas becomes a conductor and allows current to flow across the gap, spark plugs usually require voltage of 12, 000–25,000 volts or more to fire properly, although it can go up to 45,000 volts. They supply higher current during the process, resulting in a hotter. As the current of electrons surges across the gap, it raises the temperature of the channel to 60,000 K. The intense heat in the channel causes the ionized gas to expand very quickly. This is the click heard when observing a spark, similar to lightning and thunder. The heat and pressure force the gases to react with each other, the size of this fireball, or kernel, depends on the exact composition of the mixture between the electrodes and the level of combustion chamber turbulence at the time of the spark. A small kernel will make the run as though the ignition timing was retarded. A spark plug is composed of a shell, insulator and the central conductor, spark plugs are specified by size, either thread or nut, sealing type, and spark gap
7.
Exide
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Exide Technologies is an American manufacturer of lead-acid batteries, including automotive batteries and industrial batteries. Its four global business groups provide stored electrical energy products and services, exide’s global headquarters are located in Milton, Georgia. It has both manufacturing and recycling plants, the former are located throughout the U. S. Recycling plants are located in Canon Hollow, which is north of Forest City, Missouri, two former recycling plants in Frisco, Texas and Vernon, California have been closed in 2012 and 2013 due to regulatory inspections that found toxic emissions and/or leakages of lead and cadmium. The plants in Reading, Pennsylvania and Baton Rouge, Louisiana have also been closed, transportation markets include original-equipment and aftermarket automotive, heavy-duty truck, agricultural, and marine applications, and new technologies for hybrid vehicles. Their distribution network for solar products covers over 78 distributors and wholesalers, Exides predecessor corporation was the Electric Storage Battery Company, founded by W. W. Gibbs in 1888. Gibbs purchased the ideas and patents of inventor Clement Payen to make the battery a commercial product. Gibbs targeted electric lighting companies so they could use the batteries to provide services to their customers. An important early customer for Electric Storage was the Electric Launch Company, isaac Rice, president of Electric Storage in 1899, was instrumental in founding the Electric Boat Company as a bailout of the Holland Torpedo Boat Company. In 1900, the Electric Storage Battery Company developed a product of greater capacity and this battery was the first to bear the name Exide, short for Excellent Oxide. In 1911, Charles F. Kettering turned to the Electric Storage Battery Company for an automotive battery to complement his new electric starter. This project yielded the first car battery of the modern type, when the United States entered World War I, Exide batteries were used to operate airplane radio sets and power radio stations. In 1938, the Electric Storage Battery Company acquired the Giant Storage Battery Company, during World War II, the Electric Storage Battery Company was a major supplier of batteries for U. S. Navy submarines and primary contractor for batteries used in the Mark 18 electric torpedo. Exide entered the battery industry in 1957 when it acquired the Ray-O-Vac Company. Following the acquisition of the Wisconsin Battery Company, Exide started producing motorcycle, NASA used solar-charged, nickel-zinc Exide batteries on all of the Apollo space missions. In 1972, Exide acquired the Edison Storage Battery Company, which had developed a practical nickel-iron battery in 1901, the production of this type of battery was subsequently discontinued in 1975. In 1987, Exide acquired General Battery Corporation and moved the headquarters to Reading. Exide became a traded company in October 1993
