1.
Acme Corporation
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The name is also used as a generic title in many cartoons, films, TV series, commercials and comic strips. It is used also as a placeholder name. The name Acme became popular for businesses by the 1920s, when alphabetized business telephone directories such as the Yellow Pages began to be widespread, there was a flood of businesses named Acme, including Acme Brick, Acme Markets, and Acme Boots. Early Sears catalogues even contained a number of products with the Acme trademark, including anvils, Warner Brothers animator Chuck Jones has said the name Acme was chosen because of its prevalence, Since we had to search out our own entertainment, we devised our own fairy stories. If you wanted a bow and arrow you got a stick, if you wanted to conduct an orchestra you got a stick. If you wanted a duel you used a stick and you couldnt go and buy one, thats where the terms acme came from. Whenever we played a game where we had a store or something we called it the ACME corporation. Because in the pages if you looked, say, under drugstores. Because AC was about as high as you could go, it means the best, the name Acme also had other connotations for people in Los Angeles at the time. The traffic lights in Los Angeles during the time the Warner Bros. cartoons were being made were manufactured by the Acme Traffic Signal Company, the traffic lights paired “Stop” and “Go” semaphore arms with small red and green lights. Bells played the role of today’s amber or yellow lights, ringing when the flags changed—a process that took five seconds, the Acme semaphore traffic lights were often used in Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons for comedic effect due to their loud bell which was followed by screeching tires. It is a misconception that Acme is an acronym standing for such things as A Company that Makes Everything. Before Road Runner, an Acme Company which controls the production, in the Road Runner cartoon Beep, Beep, it was referred to as Acme Rocket-Powered Products, Inc. based in Fairfield, New Jersey. Many of its products appear to be produced specifically for Wile E. Coyote, for example, sometimes, Acme can also send living creatures through the mail, though that isnt done very often. Two examples of this are the Acme Wild-Cat, which had used on Elmer Fudd and Sam Sheepdog. The Wild Cat was used in the shorts Dont Give Up the Sheep and A Mutt in a Rut, while the bees were used in the short Zoom and Bored. While their products leave much to be desired, Acme delivery service is second to none, Wile E. can merely drop an order into a mailbox, and have the product in his hands within seconds
2.
IBM
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International Business Machines Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries. The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924, IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware, middleware and software, and offers hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a research organization, holding the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years. IBM has continually shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets and focusing on higher-value, also in 2014, IBM announced that it would go fabless, continuing to design semiconductors, but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries. Nicknamed Big Blue, IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the worlds largest employers, with nearly 380,000 employees. Known as IBMers, IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology, in the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of what would become International Business Machines. On June 16,1911, their four companies were amalgamated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint forming a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company based in Endicott, New York. The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York, Dayton, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Washington, D. C. and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr. fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, Watson joined CTR as General Manager then,11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Pattersons pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTRs companies and his favorite slogan, THINK, became a mantra for each companys employees. During Watsons first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million, Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR and in 1924 chose to replace it with the more expansive title International Business Machines. By 1933 most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, in 1937, IBMs tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U. S. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort, in 1949, Thomas Watson, Sr. created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focused on foreign operations. In 1952, he stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm, in 1957, the FORTRAN scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the SABRE reservation system for American Airlines, in 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flight of the Mercury astronauts. A year later it moved its headquarters from New York City to Armonk. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, on April 7,1964, IBM announced the first computer system family, the IBM System/360
3.
Ambiguity
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Ambiguity is a type of uncertainty of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible. It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. The concept of ambiguity is contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted, whereas with information that is vague, context may play a role in resolving ambiguity. For example, the piece of information may be ambiguous in one context. The lexical ambiguity of a word or phrase pertains to its more than one meaning in the language to which the word belongs. Meaning here refers to whatever should be captured by a good dictionary, for instance, the word bank has several distinct lexical definitions, including financial institution and edge of a river. Another example is as in apothecary, one could say I bought herbs from the apothecary. This could mean one actually spoke to the apothecary or went to the apothecary, the context in which an ambiguous word is used often makes it evident which of the meanings is intended. If, for instance, someone says I buried $100 in the bank, however, some linguistic contexts do not provide sufficient information to disambiguate a used word. Lexical ambiguity can be addressed by algorithmic methods that automatically associate the meaning with a word in context. The use of multi-defined words requires the author or speaker to clarify their context, the goal of clear concise communication is that the receiver have no misunderstanding about what was meant to be conveyed. Ambiguity is a tool of political science. More problematic are words whose senses express closely related concepts, good, for example, can mean useful or functional, exemplary, pleasing, moral, righteous, etc. I have a daughter is not clear about which sense is intended. The various ways to apply prefixes and suffixes can also create ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity arises when a sentence can have two different meanings because of the structure of the sentence—its syntax. This is often due to an expression, such as a prepositional phrase. He ate the cookies on the couch, for example, could mean that he ate those cookies that were on the couch, to get in, you will need an entrance fee of $10 or your voucher and your drivers license
4.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
5.
Autolite
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Autolite or Auto-Lite is an American brand of spark plugs and ignition wire sets. Autolite products are sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico, until 2011, the Autolite brand was a part of Honeywells Automotive Consumer Products Group, along with Fram and Prestone. Since then, it has manufactured and marketed by FRAM Group, LLC. Autolite has been the Official Spark Plug of NASCAR since April 2000, the origins of Autolite can be traced to 1911, when Electric Autolite was founded. The company produced a generator to power early day auto lamps or buggy lamps, in 1927, Electric Autolite acquired the Prest-O-Lite Battery Company from The Union Carbide Corporation which produced automotive batteries. In 1935, Royce G. Martin, President of the Electric Autolite Company, robert Twells, a ceramic engineer, led the development team. A few months later, the company was selling their first spark plug, Electric Autolites products were expanded further to include, Starting Motors, Generators, Regulators, Ignition Systems, Wire and Cable Products. Autolite enjoyed instant success, as it had secured supply contracts with leading car manufacturers such as Chrysler, Studebaker, Packard, in a 1940 promotional film, Autolite featured stop motion animation of its products marching past Autolite factories to the tune of Franz Schuberts Military March. An abbreviated version of this sequence was used in television ads for Autolite, especially those on the 1950s CBS program Suspense. Autolite products became standard original factory equipment in Ford vehicles, a federal antitrust lawsuit was filed against Ford, which dragged on through the remainder of the 1960s, and Ford was forced to sell its Autolite-related assets to the Bendix Corporation by 1973. In 1963, the portion of the Autolite company which was not acquired by Ford merged with the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, former Autolite Motor phase of the company became the Prestolite Motor and Ignition Company, later Prestolite Electric. In 1973, the Bendix Corporation had purchased both Fram and Autolite, in 1980, The Eltra Corporation is acquired by the Allied Signal Corporation which became Honeywell in 1999. Bendix was acquired by Allied in 1983, thereby bringing Autolite back to its original parent, Autolite is currently led by President Michael S. Mizusawa and Vice President of Sales and Marketing, Joshua Gordon
6.
Spark plugs
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A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by an insulated wire to the output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plugs shell is screwed into the engines cylinder head. Spark plugs may also be used in applications such as furnaces wherein a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are referred to as flame igniters. In 1860 Étienne Lenoir used a spark plug in his gas engine. Early patents for spark plugs included those by Nikola Tesla, Frederick Richard Simms, helen Blair Bartlett also played a vital role in making the insulator in 1930. The plug is connected to the voltage generated by an ignition coil or magneto. As current flows from the coil, a voltage develops between the central and side electrodes. Initially no current can flow because the fuel and air in the gap is an insulator, once the voltage exceeds the dielectric strength of the gases, the gases become ionized. The ionized gas becomes a conductor and allows current to flow across the gap, spark plugs usually require voltage of 12, 000–25,000 volts or more to fire properly, although it can go up to 45,000 volts. They supply higher current during the process, resulting in a hotter. As the current of electrons surges across the gap, it raises the temperature of the channel to 60,000 K. The intense heat in the channel causes the ionized gas to expand very quickly. This is the click heard when observing a spark, similar to lightning and thunder. The heat and pressure force the gases to react with each other, the size of this fireball, or kernel, depends on the exact composition of the mixture between the electrodes and the level of combustion chamber turbulence at the time of the spark. A small kernel will make the run as though the ignition timing was retarded. A spark plug is composed of a shell, insulator and the central conductor, spark plugs are specified by size, either thread or nut, sealing type, and spark gap
7.
Exide
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Exide Technologies is an American manufacturer of lead-acid batteries, including automotive batteries and industrial batteries. Its four global business groups provide stored electrical energy products and services, exide’s global headquarters are located in Milton, Georgia. It has both manufacturing and recycling plants, the former are located throughout the U. S. Recycling plants are located in Canon Hollow, which is north of Forest City, Missouri, two former recycling plants in Frisco, Texas and Vernon, California have been closed in 2012 and 2013 due to regulatory inspections that found toxic emissions and/or leakages of lead and cadmium. The plants in Reading, Pennsylvania and Baton Rouge, Louisiana have also been closed, transportation markets include original-equipment and aftermarket automotive, heavy-duty truck, agricultural, and marine applications, and new technologies for hybrid vehicles. Their distribution network for solar products covers over 78 distributors and wholesalers, Exides predecessor corporation was the Electric Storage Battery Company, founded by W. W. Gibbs in 1888. Gibbs purchased the ideas and patents of inventor Clement Payen to make the battery a commercial product. Gibbs targeted electric lighting companies so they could use the batteries to provide services to their customers. An important early customer for Electric Storage was the Electric Launch Company, isaac Rice, president of Electric Storage in 1899, was instrumental in founding the Electric Boat Company as a bailout of the Holland Torpedo Boat Company. In 1900, the Electric Storage Battery Company developed a product of greater capacity and this battery was the first to bear the name Exide, short for Excellent Oxide. In 1911, Charles F. Kettering turned to the Electric Storage Battery Company for an automotive battery to complement his new electric starter. This project yielded the first car battery of the modern type, when the United States entered World War I, Exide batteries were used to operate airplane radio sets and power radio stations. In 1938, the Electric Storage Battery Company acquired the Giant Storage Battery Company, during World War II, the Electric Storage Battery Company was a major supplier of batteries for U. S. Navy submarines and primary contractor for batteries used in the Mark 18 electric torpedo. Exide entered the battery industry in 1957 when it acquired the Ray-O-Vac Company. Following the acquisition of the Wisconsin Battery Company, Exide started producing motorcycle, NASA used solar-charged, nickel-zinc Exide batteries on all of the Apollo space missions. In 1972, Exide acquired the Edison Storage Battery Company, which had developed a practical nickel-iron battery in 1901, the production of this type of battery was subsequently discontinued in 1975. In 1987, Exide acquired General Battery Corporation and moved the headquarters to Reading. Exide became a traded company in October 1993
8.
Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH, or Bosch, is a German multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the worlds largest supplier of automotive components measured by 2011 revenues, the company was founded by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart in 1886. Bosch is 92% owned by Robert Bosch Stiftung, Boschs core products are automotive components, industrial products and building products. The history of the started in a backyard in Stuttgart-West as the Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik on November 15,1886. One year later, Bosch presented the first low voltage magneto for gas engines, twenty years later, the first magneto for automobiles followed. The first factory was opened by Bosch in Stuttgart in 1901, in 1906, the company produced its 100, 000-th magneto. In the same year, Bosch introduced the 8-hours day for workers, in 1910, the Feuerbach plant was founded and built close to Stuttgart. In this factory, Bosch started to produce headlights in 1913, in 1917, Bosch was transformed into a corporation. In 1926, Bosch started to produce windscreen wipers, and in 1927, Bosch bought the gas appliances production from Junkers & Co. in 1932. In the same year, the company developed its first power drill, in 1937, Bosch was transformed into a limited liability company. Boschs subsidiary, Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH was a manufacturer in Kleinmachnow. This subsidiary employed forced laborers, prisoners of war and concentration camp detainees, there are two books published by Angela Martin and Hanna Sjöberg that report about Boschs use of slave labor. Since 2006, there is a commemoration in the forced labor camp. On March 12,1942, the founder, Robert Bosch. After the second war, Bosch established a partnership with the Japanese company Denso. In 1964, the Robert Bosch Stiftung was founded, Bosch founded a new development center in Schwieberdingen in 1968, and headquarters moved to Gerlingen in 1970. In 1981, the company participated on an equity basis in the Telefonbau & Normalzeit GmbH that was renamed Telenorma in 1985, in 1994, this part of the company was renamed as Bosch Telecom GmbH. In 2000, Bosch sold the Private Networks area, in 2001, Bosch acquired the Mannesmann Rexroth AG which was later renamed to Bosch Rexroth AG
9.
Fuel injector
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Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector. All diesel engines use fuel injection by design, petrol engines can use gasoline direct injection, where the fuel is directly delivered into the combustion chamber, or indirect injection where the fuel is mixed with air before the intake stroke. On petrol engines, fuel injection replaced carburetors from the 1980s onward, the functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary. All share the task of supplying fuel to the combustion process. Carburetors have the potential to atomize fuel better, Fuel injection also dispenses with the need for a separate mechanical choke, which on carburetor-equipped vehicles must be adjusted as the engine warms up to normal temperature. Furthermore, on spark ignition engines, fuel injection has the advantage of being able to facilitate stratified combustion which have not been possible with carburetors, Fuel injection generally increases engine fuel efficiency. With the improved cylinder-to-cylinder fuel distribution of multi-point fuel injection, less fuel is needed for the power output. Exhaust emissions are cleaner because the precise and accurate fuel metering reduces the concentration of toxic combustion byproducts leaving the engine. The more consistent and predictable composition of the exhaust makes emissions control devices such as catalytic converters more effective, herbert Akroyd Stuart developed the first device with a design similar to modern fuel injection, using a jerk pump to meter out fuel oil at high pressure to an injector. This system was used on the engine and was adapted and improved by Bosch. Fuel injection was in commercial use in diesel engines by the mid-1920s. Another early use of direct injection was on the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925. Hesselman engines use the ultra lean-burn principle, fuel is injected toward the end of the compression stroke and they are often started on gasoline and then switched to diesel or kerosene. Direct fuel injection was used in notable World War II aero-engines such as the Junkers Jumo 210, the Daimler-Benz DB601, the BMW801, German direct injection petrol engines used injection systems developed by Bosch from their diesel injection systems. Later versions of the Rolls-Royce Merlin and Wright R-3350 used single point fuel injection, due to the wartime relationship between Germany and Japan, Mitsubishi also had two radial aircraft engines utilizing fuel injection, the Mitsubishi Kinsei and the Mitsubishi Kasei. Alfa Romeo tested one of the first electronic systems in Alfa Romeo 6C2500 with Ala spessa body in 1940 Mille Miglia. The engine had six electrically operated injectors and were fed by a semi-high-pressure circulating fuel pump system, all diesel engines have fuel injected into the combustion chamber. The invention of mechanical injection for gasoline-fueled aviation engines was by the French inventor of the V8 engine configuration, Leon Levavasseur in 1902, the first post-World War I example of direct gasoline injection was on the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925
10.
Cylinder block
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A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures. The term engine block is used synonymously with cylinder block. In the basic terms of elements, the various main parts of an engine are conceptually distinct. However, it is no longer the way of building most petrol engines and diesel engines, because for any given engine configuration. These generally involve integrating multiple machine elements into one discrete part and this yields lower unit cost of production. Thus engine block, cylinder block, or simply block are the likely to be heard in the garage or on the street. This evolution has occurred throughout the history of reciprocating engines, with instances of every conceptual variation coexisting here and there. The increase in prevalence of ever-more-integrated designs relied on the development of foundry. For example, a practical low-cost V8 engine was not feasible until Ford developed the techniques used to build the Ford flathead V8 engine, which soon also disseminated to the larger society. Today the foundry and machining processes for manufacturing engines are highly automated. A cylinder block is a unit comprising several cylinders, in the earliest decades of internal combustion engine development, monobloc cylinder construction was rare, cylinders were usually cast individually. Combining their castings into pairs or triples was a win of monobloc design. A wet liner cylinder block features cylinder walls that are entirely removable and they are referred to as wet liners because their outer sides come in direct contact with the engines coolant. In other words, the liner is the wall, rather than being merely a sleeve. Wet liner designs are popular with European manufacturers, most notably Renault and Peugeot, dry liner designs use either the blocks material or a discrete liner inserted into the block to form the backbone of the cylinder wall. Additional sleeves are inserted within, which dry on their outside. It is likelier to be scrapped, with new equipment—engine or entire vehicle—replacing it, most early engines, particularly those with more than four cylinders, had their cylinders cast as pairs or triplets of cylinders, then bolted to a single crankcase. As casting techniques improved, a cylinder block of 4,6
11.
Cylinder head
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In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber and this joint is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head also provides space for the passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, the head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors. With a chain drive to a camshaft, the extra length of chain needed for an overhead cam design could give trouble from wear. Early sidevalve engines were in use at a time of simple fuel chemistry, low octane ratings and this made their combustion chamber design less critical and there was less need to design their ports and airflow carefully. One difficulty experienced at this time was that the low compression ratio also implied a low expansion ratio during the power stroke, exhaust gases were thus still hot, hotter than a contemporary engine, and this led to frequent trouble with burnt exhaust valves. A major improvement to the engine was the advent of Ricardos turbulent head design. This reduced the space within the chamber and the ports. Most importantly, it used turbulence within the chamber to thoroughly mix the fuel and this, of itself, allowed the use of higher compression ratios and more efficient engine operation. Despite common knowledge, the limit on performance is not the gas flow through the valves. With high speed engines and high compression, the limiting difficulty becomes that of achieving complete and efficient combustion, modern, efficient engines thus tend towards the pent roof or hemi designs, where the valves are brought close in to the centre of the space. Where fuel quality is low and octane rating is poor, compression ratios will be restricted, in these cases, the sidevalve engine still has much to offer. Such engines remained in production into the 1990s, only being replaced when the fuels available in the field became more likely to be diesel than petrol. In the overhead valve design, the head contains the poppet valves. In the overhead camshaft design, the head contains the valves, spark plugs and inlet/exhaust tracts just like the OHV engine. The number of heads in an engine is a function of the engine configuration. Almost all inline engines today use a cylinder head that serves all the cylinders. A V engine has two heads, one for each cylinder bank of the V
12.
Preservation and restoration of automobiles
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Automobile restoration is the process of repairing the degraded aspect of an automobile to return it to an overall authentic condition. Restorations should be accurate as a representative example of the production model. In the U. S. a non-original restored car may be termed a restomod, a vehicle restoration is the process of reconditioning it from a used condition in an effort to return it to like-new condition. Can be refurbished using either original or reproduction parts and techniques, the objective is to preserve the historical aspects of the vehicle, its components, and assembly. Restoration is sometimes confused with the term restomod, a restomod has portions of the car as they were when the car was first offered for sale as well as significant changes. If any part of the car is updated, the car has been restomodded, and not restored, such as a nearly stock-appearing vehicle that has been fitted with late-model chassis, drivetrain, and conveniences. An original restoration puts a car in the condition as when it was first offered for sale. Another process is the re-creation, a vehicle that has modified to appear like another car or truck entirely. Examples include taking a popular model and restoring it to a more desirable, high demand for some special automobiles has also led to sophisticated fake replica versions. Repairs are made to correct problems, as well as for cosmetic reasons. Pressure treatment with preservative may be considered to safeguard against future wood rot, chrome and trim may require stripping and repair/refinishing. Fasteners with tool marks, damaged threads, or corrosion need re-plating or replacement-unless the car was sold that way. The frame must be cleaned and repaired if necessary. Abrasive blasting using less abrasive soda or crushed walnut shells is less likely than sandblasting to cause damage to fragile items, the interior of the vehicle should be examined and repaired or replaced to match those that were available from the factory. The seats must be repaired before being re-upholstered and the coil springs repaired, replaced, developments in technology have made it possible to salvage the original automobiles interior by various restoration processes. Examples of this include leather seat, dash, console, steering wheel, door panel, as part of the automotive restoration process, repair of the cars frame is important since in serves as the foundation for the entire car. Any problems must be repaired, which can be a costly process, for many popular cars, replacement frames can be purchased from parts suppliers specializing in that make of vehicle. This is often a better option than investing money into a severely damaged frame, depending on the frame construction, mud and water can make their way inside the frame and cause rusting from the inside out, so it can be seriously weakened with little or no external sign
13.
Collecting
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The hobby of collecting includes seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing, and maintaining whatever items are of interest to the individual collector. The scope of collecting is unlimited, which is expressed in the expression, If something exists. The most obvious way to categorise collections is by the type of objects collected, most collections are of manufactured commercial items, but natural objects such as birds eggs, butterflies, rocks, and seashells can also be the subject of a collection. Some collectors may not a specific type of object, but instead objects with specific properties, for example. Among collections of manufactured items, the objects may be antique, antiques are collectible items at least 100 years old, while collectibles can be arbitrarily recent. Collectors and dealers may use the vintage to describe older collectibles. Items which were once everyday objects but may now be collectible since almost all those once produced have been destroyed or discarded are called ephemera, philately, phillumeny, and deltiology are forms of collecting which can be undertaken at minimal expense. Some collectors are generalists with very broad criteria for inclusion, while others focus on a subtopic within their area of interest, the monetary value of objects is important to some collectors but irrelevant to others. Some collectors maintain objects in pristine condition, while others use the items they collect, collecting is for some people a childhood hobby, but for others a lifelong pursuit or one that begins in adulthood. Collectors who begin early in life often modify their aims when they get older, the emergence of the internet as a global forum for different collectors has resulted in many isolated enthusiasts finding each other. Collecting is a practice with an old cultural history. The Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty collected books from all over the world at the Library of Alexandria. The collecting hobby is a descendant of the cabinet of curiosities which was common among scholars with the means. Planned collecting of ephemeral publications goes back at least to George Thomason in the reign of Charles I, collecting engravings and other prints by those whose means did not allow them to buy original works of art also goes back many centuries. The involvement of larger numbers of people in collecting activities comes with the prosperity and that is when collecting such items as antique china, furniture and decorative items from oriental countries becomes established. The retail price of a collectible is valid only at the moment it was purchased, once the collectible comes into the buyer’s possession, its value is linked to what is called the secondary market. There is no market for an item unless someone is willing to buy it. Depending on various factors, individuals, auctioneers, and secondary retailers may sell a collectible for more and these factors include, but are not limited to, condition, age, supply, and demand
14.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
15.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
16.
Product key
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A product key, also known as a software key, is a specific software-based key for a computer program. It certifies that the copy of the program is original, activation is sometimes done offline by entering the key, or with software like Windows 8.1, online activation is required to prevent multiple people using the same key. Computer games use product keys to verify that the game has not been copied without authorization, likewise, one is not allowed to play online with two identical product keys at the same time. Product keys consist of a series of numbers and/or letters and this sequence is typically entered by the user during the installation of computer software, and is then passed to a verification function in the program. This function manipulates the key sequence according to a mathematical algorithm, standard key generation, where product keys are generated mathematically, is not completely effective in stopping copyright infringement of software, as these keys can be distributed. The overall effectiveness of product keys in enforcing software copyrights requires further study, in addition, with improved communication from the rise of the Internet, more sophisticated attacks on keys such as cracks and product key generators have become common. Because of this, software publishers are increasingly turning to alternative methods of verifying that keys are both valid and uncompromised. One method, product validation, assigns a key based on a unique feature of the purchasers computer hardware. Other newer methods may involve requiring periodical validation of the CD key with an internet server, the validation can then be performed on the server side, preventing cracks tampering with it. The server can also keep a blacklist of all CD keys known to be invalid or which have explicitly been banned, some of the most effective CD key protection is very controversial, due to inconvenience, strict enforcement, harsh penalties and, in some cases, false positives. CD key protection has been likened to Digital Rights Management, in that it uses uncompromising digital procedures to enforce the license agreement, Product keys are somewhat inconvenient for end users. Not only do they need to be entered whenever a program is installed, loss of a product key usually means the software is useless once uninstalled. Product keys also present new ways for distribution to go wrong, if a product is shipped with missing or invalid keys, then the CD itself is useless. For example, all copies of Splinter Cell, Pandora Tomorrow originally shipped to Australia without CD keys, there are many cases of permanent bans enforced by companies detecting usage violations. It is common for a system to immediately blacklist a CD key caught running cracks or, in some cases. This results in a permanent ban, players who wish to continue use of the software must repurchase it. This has inevitably led to criticism over the motivations of enforcing permanent bans, particularly controversial is the situation which arises when multiple products keys are bound together. If products have dependencies on other products, it is common for companies to ban all bound products, for example, if a fake CD key is used with an expansion pack, the server may ban legitimate CD keys from the original game
17.
Dell
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Dell Inc. is a multinational computer technology company based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. The company is a subsidiary of Dell Technologies, which was formed by the 2016 merger of Dell Inc. eponymously named after its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 103,300 people worldwide. Dell sells personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players, and electronics built by other manufacturers. Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence, Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2015, it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo, Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue and it is the second largest non-oil company in Texas – behind AT&T – and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a traded company, as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P500. On September 7,2016, Dell Inc. acquired EMC Corporation to form Dell Technologies, Michael Dell founded PCs Limited while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components, Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, Dell appeared in PCs Limited advertisements in national magazines, asking readers to give us a chance to show you what can do. Selling directly to consumers custom-assembled computers according to a selection of options, in 1986, Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker, a 51-year-old venture capitalist, as president and chief operating officer, to serve as mentor and to implement Dells ideas for growing the company. Walker was also instrumental in recruiting members to the board of directors when the company went public in 1988, the company dropped the PC’s Limited name in 1987 to become Dell Computer Corporation and began expanding globally. In June 1988, Dells market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3.5 million shares at $8.50 a share. In 1992, Fortune magazine included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the worlds 500 largest companies, making Michael Dell the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company ever. In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run. Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the channel in 1994. Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company President, Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days
18.
Hewlett-Packard
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The Hewlett-Packard Company or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. The company was founded in a garage in Palo Alto by William Bill Redington Hewlett and David Dave Packard. HP was the worlds leading PC manufacturer from 2007 to Q22013 and it specialized in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. HP also had services and consulting business around its products and partner products.4 billion in 2008, in November 2009, HP announced the acquisition of 3Com, with the deal closing on April 12,2010. On April 28,2010, HP announced the buyout of Palm, on September 2,2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer, which Dell declined to match. On October 6,2014, Hewlett-Packard announced plans to split the PC and printers business from its enterprise products, the split closed on November 1,2015, and resulted in two publicly traded companies, HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise. William Redington Hewlett and David Packard graduated with degrees in engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The company originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor, Terman was considered a mentor to them in forming Hewlett-Packard. In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard in Packards garage with a capital investment of US$538. Hewlett and Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett, HP incorporated on August 18,1947, and went public on November 6,1957. Of the many projects they worked on, their very first financially successful product was an audio oscillator. This allowed them to sell the Model 200A for $54.40 when competitors were selling less stable oscillators for over $200, the Model 200 series of generators continued until at least 1972 as the 200AB, still tube-based but improved in design through the years. They worked on technology and artillery shell fuses during World War II. Hewlett-Packards HP Associates division, established around 1960, developed semiconductor devices primarily for internal use, instruments and calculators were some of the products using these devices. HP partnered in the 1960s with Sony and the Yokogawa Electric companies in Japan to develop several high-quality products, the products were not a huge success, as there were high costs in building HP-looking products in Japan. HP and Yokogawa formed a joint venture in 1963 to market HP products in Japan, HP bought Yokogawa Electrics share of Hewlett-Packard Japan in 1999. HP spun off a company, Dynac, to specialize in digital equipment. The name was picked so that the HP logo hp could be turned upside down to be a reverse image of the logo dy of the new company
19.
Asus
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AsusTek Computer Inc. is a Taiwanese multinational computer hardware and electronics company headquartered in Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan. The company is also an original equipment manufacturer, Asus is the worlds 4th-largest PC vendor by 2015 unit sales.3 billion. Asus has a listing on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the ticker code 2357. The company is referred to as Asus or Huáshuò in Chinese. According to the website, the name Asus originates from Pegasus. Only the last four letters of the word were used in order to give the name a high position in alphabetical listings, the companys slogan/tagline was Rock Solid. Persistent Perfection. and is currently In Search of Incredible, persistent Perfection In Search of Incredible Asus was founded in Taipei in 1989 by T. H. Tung, Ted Hsu, Wayne Hsieh and M. T, liao, all four having previously worked at Acer as hardware engineers. At this time, Taiwan had yet to establish a position in the computer-hardware business. According to the legend, the created a prototype for a motherboard using an Intel 486. When Asus approached Intel to request a processor to test it, Asus solved Intels problem and it turned out that Asus own motherboard worked correctly without the need for further modification. Since then, Asus was receiving Intel engineering samples ahead of its competitors, in September 2005 Asus released the first PhysX accelerator card. In December 2005 Asus entered the LCD TV market with the TLW32001 model, in January 2006 ASUS announced that it would cooperate with Lamborghini to develop the VX series. On 9 March 2006 Asus was confirmed as one of the manufacturers of the first Microsoft Origami models, together with Samsung, on 8 August 2006 Asus announced a joint venture with Gigabyte Technology. On 5 June 2007 Asus announced the launch of the Eee PC at COMPUTEX Taipei, on 9 September 2007 Asus indicated support for Blu-ray, announcing the release of a BD-ROM/DVD writer PC drive, BC-1205PT. ASUS subsequently released several Blu-ray based notebooks, in January 2008, Asus began a major restructuring of its operations, splitting into three independent companies, Asus, Pegatron, and Unihan Corporation. In the process of the restructuring, a highly criticized pension-plan restructuring effectively zeroed out the existing pension balances, the company paid out all contributions previously made by employees. On 9 December 2008, the Open Handset Alliance announced that Asus had become one of 14 new members of the organization, on 1 June 2010, Asus spun off Pegatron Corp
20.
Acer Inc.
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Acer Inc. is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation specializing in advanced electronics technology and is headquartered in Xizhi, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Acers products include desktop PCs, laptop PCs, tablets, servers, storage devices, Virtual Reality devices, displays, smartphones, Acer also sells gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator sub brand. In 2015, Acer was the sixth-largest personal computer vendor in the world, Acer was founded by Stan Shih, his wife Carolyn Yeh, and a group of five others as Multitech in 1976, headquartered in Hsinchu City, Taiwan. It began with eleven employees and US$25,000 in capital, initially, it was primarily a distributor of electronic parts and a consultant in the use of microprocessor technologies. The company was renamed Acer in 1987, in 1998, Acer reorganised into five groups, Acer International Service Group, Acer Sertek Service Group, Acer Semiconductor Group, Acer Information Products Group, and Acer Peripherals Group. The restructuring resulted in two units, brand name sales and contract manufacturing. In 2001 the company got rid of its units, BenQ and Wistron to focus resources on design. Acer increased worldwide sales while simultaneously reducing its labor force by identifying and using marketing strategies that best utilized their existing distribution channels, by 2005, Acer employed a scant 7,800 people worldwide. Revenues rose from US$4.9 billion in 2003 to US$11.31 billion in 2006, Acers North American market share has slipped over the past few years, while in contrast, the companys European market share has risen. Acer grew quickly in Europe in part by embracing the use of traditional distribution channels targeting retail consumers when some rivals were pursuing online sales. Acer has been striving to become the worlds largest PC vendor, in the belief that the goal can help it achieve economy of scale, but such a reliance on the high-volume, low-value PC market made Acer exposed when buying habits changed. In November 2013 Chairman and CEO J. T. Wang, Wang had been reportedly due to leave Acer at year end, and was supposed to have been succeeded by Wong. Acer co-founder Stan Shih took over as chairman and interim president after the departure of Wang and Wong and began to search for new candidates to assume the roles of CEO. On December 23 Acer named Jason Chen, vice president of sales and marketing at Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, as its new president and CEO. Entertainment industry executive and former actress Nancy Hu was named CFO, in 1988, Acer acquired Counterpoint Computers. In 1990, Acer acquired Altos Computer Corporation, in 1997, Acer acquired Texas Instruments notebook computer business. On 27 August 2007, Acer announced plans to acquire its US-based rival Gateway, Acers former chairman, J. T. Wang, stated that the acquisition completes Acers global footprint, by strengthening our United States presence. Included in this acquisition was the eMachines brand, in January 2008, Acer announced that it had acquired a controlling interest of 75% of Packard Bell
21.
Lenovo
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It designs, develops, manufactures and sells personal computers, tablet computers, smartphones, workstations, servers, electronic storage devices, IT management software, and smart televisions. Since 2013, Lenovo is the worlds largest personal computer vendor by unit sales and it markets the ThinkPad line of notebook computers, IdeaPad and Yoga lines of notebook laptops, and the IdeaCentre and ThinkCentre lines of desktops. Lenovo has operations in more than 60 countries and sells its products in around 160 countries. S and it operates a joint venture with EMC called LenovoEMC, which sells network-attached storage solutions. It also has a joint venture with NEC, Lenovo NEC Holdings, Lenovo was founded in Beijing in 1984 as Legend and was incorporated in Hong Kong in 1988. Lenovo acquired IBMs personal computer business in 2005 and agreed to acquire its Intel-based server business in 2014, Lenovo entered the smartphone market in 2012 and as of 2014 was the largest vendor of smartphones in Mainland China. In January 2014, Lenovo agreed to acquire the mobile handset maker Motorola Mobility from Google. Lenovo is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index, Lenovo is a portmanteau of Le- and novo, Latin ablative for new. The Chinese name means association or connected thinking, for the first 20 years of its existence, the companys English name was Legend. In 2002, Yang Yuanqing decided to abandon the Legend brand name to expand internationally, Legend was already in use by many businesses worldwide, making it impossible to register in most jurisdictions. In April 2003, the publicly announced its new name, Lenovo, with an advertising campaign including huge billboards. Lenovo spent 18 million RMB on a television advertising campaign. The billboards showed the Lenovo logo against blue sky with copy that read, by the end of 2003, Lenovo had spent a total of 200 million RMB on rebranding. In 2015, Lenovo revealed a new logo at Lenovo Tech World in Beijing, Lenovos new logo, created by Saatchi, New York, can be changed by its advertising agencies and sales partners, within restrictions, to fit the context. It has a lounging e and is surrounded by a box that can be changed to use a relevant scene, Lenovos Chief Marketing Officer David Roman said, When we first started looking at it, it wasnt about just a change in typography or the look of the logo. We asked If we really are a net-driven, customer-centric company and we came up with the idea of a digital logo first … designed to be used on the internet and adaptable to context. Liu Chuanzhi founded Lenovo in 1984 with a group of ten engineers in Beijing with 200,000 yuan, Lenovo officially states that it was founded on 1 November 1984. The Chinese government approved Lenovos incorporation on the same day, jiǎ Xùfú, one of the founders of Lenovo, indicates the first meeting in preparation for starting the company was held on 17 October of the same year. Eleven people, the entirety of the staff, attended
22.
Wistron
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Wistron Corporation is a major original design manufacturer in Taiwan. It was the arm of Acer Inc. before being spun off in 2000. Wistron employs over 60,000 people worldwide, as an ODM Wistron designs and manufactures products for other companies to sell under their own brand name. Wistron focuses on ICT products, including notebook PCs, desktop PCs, servers, storage, LCD TVs, Wistron provides a variety of technology services within the design, manufacturing, and after-sales service functions tailored to meet customers specific requirements. In September 2011, Wistron signed a patent licensing agreement with Intellectual Ventures, list of companies of Taiwan Official website Wistron Global Operations Wistron expected to ship seven million notebooks in 3Q09
23.
Inventec
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Inventec Corporation is a Taiwan-based Original Design Manufacturer making notebook computers, servers and mobile devices. Originally established in 1975 to develop and manufacture electronic calculators, the company has grown significantly to become one of the worlds top computer manufacturers. Major customers include Hewlett-Packard, Toshiba, Acer, and Fujitsu-Siemens, Inventec Corporation has major development and manufacturing facilities in China, and is one of Chinas largest exporters. The company opened its first development center in China in 1991, in addition, the company has configuration and service centers in the United States, Europe and Mexico. The company has a force of over 23,000 employees. It partially owns a Japan-based mini notebook brand vendor, Kohjinsha which was established in Yokohama, BESTA has now become one of the leading consumer brands in Asia, and has expanded its product line to PDAs, tablet computers and translators in multiple languages. BESTA currently produces over 30 models on the market in Taiwan, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Thai distributor CyberDict offers customized products with additional Thai dictionaries. In the US, BESTA products are sold under the BESTA or OPTIMEC labels, in Canada, BESTA products are exclusively distributed and serviced by Modick Electronics. Their showroom and retail stores are found in Toronto and Markham, several BESTA models come with slots for inserting SD/MMC data cards containing additional specialized dictionaries. It has been ranked in 1st place for Taiwans Ideal Electronic Dictionary Brand for twelve consecutive years, Inventec Besta became a listed company in Taiwan Stock Exchange in 2007. Key Development of Inventec Besta Co, Year 1989—Inventec Besta Co, Year 1994—Won the prize of National Award of Excellence by Ministry of Economic Affairs. Ltd Year 2000—Won the Excellent Product Awards by Consumers Association Year 2005—Earned Invention and Creation Contribution Award issued by Ministry Of Economic Affairs, Year 2006—Ranked the 1st for Taiwans Ideal Electronic Dictionary Brand for eleven consecutive years. Amazon Kindle Fire Barnes & Noble Nook N18C Lyon OKWAP J98 PHS-I99 PHS-PG900 PHS-PG901 PHS-I92 PHS-i501 List of companies of Taiwan Official website Inventec Appliance - Smart handheld products
24.
Super Micro Computer, Inc.
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Super Micro Computer, Inc. or Supermicro develops and provides green computing solutions for cloud computing, datacenter, enterprise IT, big data, embedded, and high performance computing customers. Supermicro was founded in 1993 by Charles Liang, Sara Liu, over the years Supermicro has evolved into an enterprise that provides complete optimized end-to-end solutions for compute, network and storage applications. The company, incorporated in Delaware in August 2006, is headquartered in the heart of Silicon Valley, in San Jose, next to the headquarters location Supermicro is developing a 2.5 million square foot Green Computing Park and manufacturing space. Supermicro has further expanded operations, with manufacturing spaces in the Netherlands and a Science and Technology Park in Taiwan. A publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ with ticker symbol SMCI, as an OEM supplier, Supermicro is able to provide custom solutions to many large technology companies, in various sectors. All research & development efforts are performed in-house, because of this, Supermicro can streamline the development process to accelerate time to market. In October 1993, engineer Charles Liang founded Supermicro in California, following is a brief history of Supermicro,1995, Introduced the world’s first x86 DP serverboard based on the Orion chipset 1996, Expanded operations to Taipei, Taiwan. Supermicro is known for the worlds first double-sided storage chassis that featured 36 hot-swap 3.5 hard drive trays with 24 in the front and 12 in the rear, the chassis, offered in 2009, was roughly the size of the ordinary desktop. SuperBlade® Solutions In 2007, Supermicro introduced a blade server range called SuperBlade and these systems are self-contained servers designed to share a common computing infrastructure. SuperBlade® solutions include GPU/Xeon Phi™ Blade, TwinBlade®, NVMe StorageBlade, PCI-E Blade, MicroBlade™ Solutions Supermicro released the MicroBlade™ system in 2014. This houses 14/28 hot-swappable blade servers in a 3U/6U enclosure, the architecture incorporates networking, storage and unified remote management in a high-density enclosure and was developed for scale-out or parallel workloads. Twin Family, In 2007, Supermicro launched a patented Twin architecture, at the time, this technology was the first of its kind. Each node in the system maintains independent, full-function system control, the range is wholly deployed in HPC/Data Center environments and has expanded to include 1U Twin, 1U TwinPro™, 2U TwinPro²™, 2U TwinPro™, 2U Twin, 2U Twin2®, FatTwin™ and BigTwin™ since launching. GPU Supercomputing Servers, In March 2010, Supermicro announced a range of servers that combined parallel GPUs with multi-core CPUs, in 2016, Supermicro debuted the industry’s first 1U 4x GPU server, optimized for Parallel Computing and HPC applications. MicroCloud, The Supermicro MicroCloud is a server system which provides 8,12 or 24 independently operated server nodes in a single chassis. This range is found in cloud computing, web hosting. SuperWorkstations, The company’s range of workstations are marketed for content creation and multimedia applications and include compact, high-end, embedded, Supermicro’s range of embedded solutions includes servers, chassis, motherboards, Atom™ solutions and IoT Gateway solutions. SuperStorage The companys range of servers are known as SuperStorage
25.
Compal Electronics
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It also licenses brands of its clients. It is the second-largest contract laptop manufacturer in the world behind Quanta Computer, the company is known for producing select models for Dell, Hewlett-Packard and Compaq, and Toshiba. Compal has designed and built laptops for all of the brands as well as custom builders for over 22 years. The company is listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange, as of 2008, revenues were $12.83 billion USD, with a total workforce of 30,000. The companys headquarters is in Taipei, Taiwan, with offices in the Peoples Republic of China, South Korea, the United Kingdom, compals main production facility is in Kunshan, China. Compal is the second largest notebook manufacturer in the world, after Quanta Computers and it is one of the main supporters of Intels Common Building Block initiatives. Compal was founded in June 1984 as a computer peripherals supplier and it went public in April 1990. In September 2011, Compal announced it would form a joint venture with Lenovo to make laptops in China, the venture was expected to start producing laptops by the end of 2012. In January 2015, Toshiba announced that due to price competition it will stop selling televisions in the USA. Compal subsidiary, Compal Communications, is a manufacturer of mobile phones. The phones are produced on an ODM basis, i. e. the handsets are sold though other brands, in 2006, CCI produced 68.8 million handsets, and was the largest mobile handset ODM in the world. CCIs largest customer by far was Motorola, year by year, Motorolas volumes have been reduced, and CCIs volumes have followed. In 2007, the volume was 48.7 million, list of companies of Taiwan Company website
26.
Foxconn
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Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. Ltd. trading as Foxconn Technology Group, is a Taiwanese multinational electronics contract manufacturing company headquartered in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Foxconn is the worlds largest contract manufacturer, and the third-largest information technology company by revenue. Foxconn is primarily a manufacturer, its clients include major American, Canadian, Finnish. Notable customers and products the company manufactures include BlackBerry, iPad, iPhone, iPod, Kindle, Nintendo 3DS, Nokia, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Foxconn has been involved in several controversies relating to how it manages employees in China. There has been a history of suicides at its factories blamed on working conditions, in January 2012, about 150 Foxconn employees threatened to commit mass-suicide in protest of their working conditions. Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. Ltd. was founded in 1974 by Terry Gou as a manufacturer of electrical components, Foxconn was originally a trade name of Hon Hai, and a subsidiary later received the name. Hon Hais first manufacturing plant in mainland China opened in Longhua Town, Shenzhen, in 2001, Intel switched its manufacture of Intel-branded motherboards from Asus to Foxconn. In November 2007, Foxconn announced plans to build a new US$500 million plant in Huizhou, in January 2012, Foxconn named Tien Chong Cheng chief executive, he soon resigned, citing health problems. In September 2012, Foxconn announced plans to invest US$494 million in the construction of five new factories in Itu, Brazil, in 2014, the company purchased Asia Pacific Telecom as well as winning at auction some spectrum licenses allowing it to operate 4G telecommunications equipment in Taiwan. On February 25,2016, Sharp accepted the ¥700 billion takeover bid from Foxconn that acquires over 66 percent of Sharps voting stock, however, hours later the deal was put on hold after contingent liabilities. Worth perhaps billions of dollars. came to light, a joint press statement released on 30 March 2016 finalised the deal but at a price significantly lower than a month earlier. In 2016, Foxconn, together with Tencent and luxury-car dealer Harmony New Energy Auto founded Future Mobility, Foxconn has factories in Asia, Brazil, Europe, and Mexico that, as of 2012, together comprise approximately 40 percent of all consumer electronics products sold. Foxconn has 12 factories in nine Chinese cities—more than in any other country, another of Foxconns factory cities is Zhengzhou Technology Park in Zhengzhou, Henan province, where a reported 120,000 workers are employed as of 2012. Foxconn continues to expand, and planned factories include sites at Wuhan in Hubei province, Haizhow, Kunshan in Jiangsu province, Tianjin, Beijing, and Guangzhou in Guangdong province, China. On May 25,2016, the BBC reported that Foxconn fired 60,000 employees because it had automated many of the tasks associated with our operations. The company is considering more investments in Brazil, Foxconn has factories in Hungary, Slovakia, Turkey and the Czech Republic. Foxconn factories are located in Europe to ensure rapid fulfillment for its customers. It is the second-largest exporter in the Czech Republic, Foxconn has had operational units since 2006 in the Special Economic Zone of Chennai, Tamil Nadu
27.
Pegatron
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Pegatrons principal executive offices and many assets are located in Taiwan. As of March 2010, Pegatron had approximately 5,646 employees stationed in Taiwan,89,521 in China,2,400 in the Czech Republic,200 in each of the United States, Mexico and Japan. Pegatron has manufacturing plants in Taiwan, the Czech Republic, Mexico, and China, as part of the corporate restructuring of ASUSTeK Computer starting in 2007, Pegatron acquired Unihan Corporation from ASUSTeK in January 2008. Since 2008, the Unihan Corporation has been a subsidiary of Pegatron Corporation that designs and manufactures computers, computer peripherals, Pegatron acquired ASRock in 2010 shortly before it was spun off. On May 18,2010, the board of directors at Pegatron unanimously approved to appropriate a sum within 0. 5% of net income every year to charity, PEGA Design and Engineering is Pegatrons design team that was originally branched off from the ASUSTeK design team. The PEGA D&E helps Pegatrons clients with product development, including research, conceptualization, product design, materials study. In addition to 3C electronic products, Pegatron designs home appliances and home decor products such as LCD TVs, LED lightings, phones and more. These non-IT products include home appliances, fashion accessories, vehicle accessories, building design and building materials, multimedia ads and marketing. In December 2014 a BBC investigation exposed poor working conditions and employee mistreatment at Pegatron factories making Apple products near Shanghai, list of companies of Taiwan http, //www. pegacasa. com/en/index. html Official website
28.
Jabil
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Jabil Circuit, Inc. is a US based global manufacturing services company. Headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida, it is one of the largest companies in the Tampa Bay area, Jabil has 90 facilities in 23 countries, and 175,000 employees worldwide. The companys name derives from those of its two founders, James Golden and Bill Morean, who founded the company in 1966, in the 1980s, the company was making parts for PC companies like Dell, and this continued through the mid 1990s. The company went public in 1993, in 1998, Jabil began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange under ticker symbol JBL. The company was added to the S&P500 Index in 2001, the company was moved from the S&P500 Index to the S&P MidCap 400 Index in 2014. On March 1,2013, Jabil appointed William E. Peters as President and William D. Muir, both had been with Jabil for more than 20 years. On the same day, Mark Mondello was appointed to CEO, replacing Timothy Main, the appointments were sparked by the retirement of Board Chairman William Morean whose father founded Jabil in 1966. The company reports on its website that it operates 90 plants in 23 different countries, the company was moved from the S&P500 Index to the S&P MidCap 400 Index in 2014. Jabil announced that it is closing its first European international plant in Livingston,266 employees will be losing their jobs in Livingston, UK. Jabil layed off approximately 400 people in Sept 2016,100 of those being corporate employees located in St. Petersburg Florida and its services include design engineering, manufacturing and supply chain services for the EMS and consumer industries, and materials technology services. Jabil diversifies their business into three areas, Jabil is involved in design engineering services. The company has industrial design services that concentrate on designing the look and feel of plastic and metal enclosures that house printed circuit board assemblies, mechanical design services of Jabil include dimensional design and analysis of electronic and optical assemblies. Computer assisted design from Jabil includes printed circuit board assembly design testing and verification, Jabil has an industry-specific design team for each of the industries that they supply including computer and storage, digital home, healthcare and instrumentation, point of sale, and mobile. Jabil has assisted many Fortune 500 companies with design and engineering including inventing the Sandy Creek, Jabil also assisted Cisco with value engineering by placing RFID in circuit boards to store data about the host board. Jabil provides supply chain and logistic services, examples of the companys supply chain and logistics management were seen during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Jabil was able to do the same during the 2010 and 2011 Thailand floods, over the years, Jabil has received awards for its community engagement and business practices. Jabil’s organizational culture supports numerous social and environmental responsibility initiatives and embraces lean thinking throughout the organization, the company also has its own university that it uses to promote employees from within the company. The university has programs for Operator To Supervisor, Blue Collar to White Collar, Jabils company culture uses the concept of lean manufacturing which is the process of driving improvement and innovation by reducing waste and increasing process speed
29.
Flextronics
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Flex Ltd. is an American multinational technological manufacturer. It is the second largest global electronics manufacturing services, original design manufacturer company by revenue, Flex is headquartered in Singapore and has manufacturing operations in over 40 countries, totaling approximately 200,000 employees. In 1969, the company was founded in Silicon Valley as Flextronics, in 1980, the company was sold to Bob Todd, Joe Sullivan and Jack Watts. In 1981, Flextronics became a publicly held company, in 1990, the company returned to being a private company in a leveraged buyout and was renamed as Flextronics International, Ltd. with Singapore as its new base. In 1993, the company received venture capital funding through Sequoia Capital, the company closed its contract electronic manufacturing plant in Richardson, Texas in 1996. The company acquired two companies in Hong Kong, Astron Group and FICO Plastics Ltd. and a Swedish-based company, in 2000, the company ranked third on 100 Best-Managed Companies by IndustryWeek. In 2005, the company purchased the division of Nortel Networks. In 2006 Flextronics took over a part of the production of Lego, on June 4,2007, Flextronics offered to purchase Solectron for US$3.6 billion and thus making Solectron a subsidiary of Flextronics. The acquisition of Solectron was completed by end of October 2007, on March 18,2009, Flextronics was invited to ring the NASDAQ stock market opening bell, signifying the day’s start of trading and celebrated 15-year NASDAQ-listed anniversary. Mike McNamara and a group of top executives represented the company at the ringing of the bell, on September 2,2009, Flextronics announced that Multek received Danaher Test and Measurements 2009 Outstanding Supplier Award. The award was based on quality, delivery performance, engineering support. In 2010, the signed an agreement with Lenovo to provide manufacturing for Europe. That same year, Flextronics also signed an agreement with Brammo to provide acquisition and manufacturing in North America, Asia, in 2012, Flextronics incubated Elementum, a start-up supply chain management company based in Mountain View, California. In 2014, Elementum was spun off from Flextronics as its own separate entity, in 2014, Flextronics was named as the manufacturer of the Fitbit Force by the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission in the context of a recall of the product due to rashes developing on the wrists of its users. In July 2015 the company announced that it change the company name from Flextronics to just Flex. In November 2015, Flex, acquired Wink smart home platform to bring the Intelligence of Things Home, the 17,000 square feet facility will employ 25 people and be located in a former military storehouse in the Seaport, now called the Innovation and Design Building. In 2013, Flextronics launched Lab IX, a program based out of Milpitas
30.
Hardware virtualization
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Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of a computing platform from the users, presenting instead another abstract computing platform. At its origins, the software that controlled virtualization was called a control program, the term virtualization was coined in the 1960s to refer to a virtual machine, a term which itself dates from the experimental IBM M44/44X system. The creation and management of machines has been called platform virtualization, or server virtualization. Platform virtualization is performed on a hardware platform by host software, which creates a simulated computer environment. The guest software is not limited to applications, many hosts allow the execution of complete operating systems. The guest software executes as if it were running directly on the physical hardware, access to physical system resources is generally managed at a more restrictive level than the host processor and system-memory. In the case of server consolidation, many small physical servers are replaced by one physical server to increase the utilization of costly hardware resources such as CPU. Although hardware is consolidated, typically OSs are not, instead, each OS running on a physical server becomes converted to a distinct OS running inside a virtual machine. The large server can host many such guest virtual machines and this is known as Physical-to-Virtual transformation. Consolidating servers can also have the benefit of reducing energy consumption. A typical server runs at 425 W and VMware estimates a reduction ratio of up to 15,1. A virtual machine can be easily controlled and inspected from outside than a physical one. This is very useful in development and for teaching operating system courses. A new virtual machine can be provisioned as needed without the need for an up-front hardware purchase, a virtual machine can easily be relocated from one physical machine to another as needed. For example, a salesperson going to a customer can copy a virtual machine with the software to his laptop. Likewise, an error inside a virtual machine does not harm the host system, because of the easy relocation, virtual machines can be used in disaster recovery scenarios. There are several approaches to platform virtualization, evaluating an alternate operating system, The new OS could be run within a VM, without altering the host OS. Server virtualization, Multiple virtual servers could be run on a physical server
31.
Motherboard
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A motherboard is the main printed circuit board found in general purpose microcomputers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit and memory. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice, the Central Processing Unit, memory, and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplate. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an example of type of backplane system. During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move a number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds, laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after the turn of the century, memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems. A motherboard provides the connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems. A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, an important component of a motherboard is the microprocessors supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard, modern motherboards include, Sockets in which one or more microprocessors may be installed. In the case of CPUs in ball grid array packages, such as the VIA C3, as of 2007, some graphics cards require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply. Connectors for hard drives, typically SATA only, disk drives also connect to the power supply. Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used devices, such as USB for mouse devices. Early personal computers such as the Apple II or IBM PC included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard, occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard, for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PC Jr. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards, given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat. Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called computer form factor, however, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2007, most desktop computer motherboards use the ATX standard form factor — even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers, a cases motherboard and PSU form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases
32.
Windows Vista
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Windows Vista is an operating system by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs. Development was completed on 8 November 2006, and over the three months, it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers. On 30 January 2007, it was released worldwide and was available for purchase. It was succeeded by Windows 7, which was released to manufacturing on 22 July 2009, Vista aimed to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network, using peer-to-peer technology to simplify sharing files and media between computers and devices. Windows Vista included version 3.0 of the. NET Framework, Microsofts primary stated objective with Windows Vista was to improve the state of security in the Windows operating system. One common criticism of Windows XP and its predecessors was their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities and overall susceptibility to malware, viruses, Microsoft stated that it prioritized improving the security of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above finishing Windows Vista, thus delaying its completion. While these new features and security improvements have garnered positive reviews, Vista has also been the target of much criticism, as a result of these and other issues, Windows Vista had seen initial adoption and satisfaction rates lower than Windows XP. In May 2010, Windows Vistas market share had a range from 15% to 26%. On 22 October 2010, Microsoft ceased sales of copies of Windows Vista. As of March 2017, Vistas market share was 0. 72%, Microsoft stopped providing mainstream support for Windows Vista on 10 April 2012. Extended support will end on 11 April 2017, Microsoft began work on Windows Vista, known at the time by its codename Longhorn, in May 2001, five months before the release of Windows XP. It was originally expected to ship sometime late in 2003 as a step between Windows XP and Blackcomb, which was planned to be the companys next major operating system release. Gradually, Longhorn assimilated many of the important new features and technologies slated for Blackcomb, in some builds of Longhorn, their license agreement said For the Microsoft product codenamed Whistler. Many of Microsofts developers were also re-tasked to build updates to Windows XP, faced with ongoing delays and concerns about feature creep, Microsoft announced on 27 August 2004, that it had revised its plans. Longhorn became known as Vista in 2005, the early development stages of Longhorn were generally characterized by incremental improvements and updates to Windows XP. After several months of relatively little news or activity from Microsoft with Longhorn, Microsoft released Build 4008 and it was also privately handed out to a select group of software developers. An optional new taskbar was introduced that was thinner than the previous build, the most notable visual and functional difference, however, came with Windows Explorer. The incorporation of the Plex theme made blue the dominant color of the entire application, the Windows XP-style task pane was almost completely replaced with a large horizontal pane that appeared under the toolbars
33.
Windows 7
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Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems, Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22,2009, and became generally available on October 22,2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time, Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows Aero with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be pinned to it, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the system, including libraries, the new file sharing system HomeGroup. A new Action Center interface was added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player. Windows 7 was a success for Microsoft, even prior to its official release. Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP, major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed Longhorn, was announced for 2003, by the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. Development of Longhorn was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004, a number of features were cut from Longhorn. Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006, as such, adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low. In July 2007, six months following the release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7. Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more user-centric, Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements. Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP, an estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into core operating system and Windows client experience, in October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system. The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, at PDC2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. On December 27,2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent. According to a performance test by ZDNet, Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents
34.
Windows 8
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Windows 8 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. Development of Windows 8 started before the release of its predecessor, Windows 7 and it was announced at CES2011, and followed by the release of three pre-release versions from September 2011 to May 2012. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 1,2012, Windows 8 added support for USB3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Windows 8 was released to a critical reception. Despite these shortcomings,60 million Windows 8 licenses were sold through January 2013, on October 17,2013, Microsoft released Windows 8.1. It addressed some aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and early adopters, Windows 8 was ultimately succeeded by Windows 10 in July 2015. Support for Windows 8 RTM ended on January 12,2016, per Microsoft lifecycle policies regarding service packs, Windows 8.1 must be installed to maintain support, Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. Three milestone releases of Windows 8 leaked to the general public, milestone 1, Build 7850, was leaked on April 12,2011. It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left and it was also probably the first appearance of the Metro-style font, and its wallpaper had the text shhh. Lets not leak our hard work, however, its detailed build number reveals that the build was created on September 22,2010. The leaked copy was Enterprise edition, the OS still reads as Windows 7. Milestone 2, Build 7955, was leaked on April 25,2011, the traditional Blue Screen of Death was replaced by a new black screen, although this was later scrapped. This build introduced a new ribbon in Windows Explorer, Build 7959, with minor changes but the first 64-bit version, was leaked on May 1,2011. The Windows 7 logo was replaced with text displaying Microsoft Confidential. On June 17,2011, build 7989 64-bit edition was leaked and it introduced a new boot screen featuring the same fish as the default Windows 7 Beta wallpaper, which was later scrapped, and the circling dots as featured in the final. It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was also scrapped, on June 1,2011, Microsoft unveiled Windows 8s new user interface, as well as additional features at both Computex Taipei and the D9, All Things Digital conference in California. The Building Windows 8 blog launched on August 15,2011, featuring details surrounding Windows 8s features, Microsoft unveiled more Windows 8 features and improvements on the first day of the Build conference on September 13,2011. Microsoft released the first public build of Windows 8, Windows Developer Preview at the event
35.
Windows 8.1
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Windows 8.1 is an upgrade for Windows 8, a computer operating system released by Microsoft. Windows 8.1 is available free of charge for copies of Windows 8. However, unlike previous service packs, Windows 8.1 cannot be acquired via Windows Update, Windows 8.1 also added support for such emerging technologies as high-resolution displays, 3D printing, Wi-Fi Direct, and Miracast streaming, as well as the ReFS file system. Despite these improvements, Windows 8.1 was still criticized for not addressing all digressions of Windows 8, as of March 2017, the market share of Windows 8.1 is 6. 66%. com, and SkyDrive. Lending credibility to the reports, Foley noted that a Microsoft staff member had listed experience with Windows Blue on his LinkedIn profile, a post-RTM build of Windows 8, build 9364, was leaked in March 2013. Shortly afterward on March 26,2013, corporate president of corporate communications Frank X. In early May, press reports announcing the upcoming version in Financial Times, the theme was then echoed and debated in the computer press. Shaw rejected this criticism as extreme, adding that he saw a comparison with Diet Coke as more appropriate, on May 14, Microsoft officially announced that Blue would be named Windows 8.1. Following a keynote presentation focusing on this version, the beta of Windows 8.1 was released on June 26,2013 during Build. Build 9600 of Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27,2013, however, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9,2013. Prior to the release of Windows 8.1, Microsoft premiered a new television commercial in late-September 2013 that focused on its changes as part of the Windows Everywhere campaign, shortly after its release, Windows RT8. On October 21,2013, Microsoft confirmed that the bug was limited to the original Surface tablet, the company released recovery media and instructions which could be used to repair the device, and restored access to Windows RT8.1 the next day. It was also found changes to screen resolution handling on Windows 8. Users also found the issues to be pronounced when using gaming mice with high resolution and/or polling rates. Microsoft released a patch to fix the bug on certain games in November 2013, on April 8,2014, Microsoft released the Windows 8.1 Update, which included all past updates plus new features. It was unveiled by Microsoft vice president Joe Belfiore at Mobile World Congress on February 23,2014, and detailed in full at Microsofts Build conference on April 2. Belfiore noted that the update would lower the minimum requirements for Windows. Unlike Windows 8.1 itself, this update is distributed through Windows Update
36.
Windows 10
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Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, privacy concerns were also voiced by critics and advocates, as the operating systems default settings and certain features require the transmission of user data to Microsoft or its partners. Up to August 2016, Windows 10 usage was increasing, with it then plateauing, the operating system is running on more than 400 million active devices and has an estimated usage share of 27. 72% on traditional PCs and 12. 53% across all platforms. We won’t have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, in December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed Threshold, after a planet in Microsofts Halo video game franchise. Similarly to Blue, Foley called Threshold a wave of operating systems across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7s design by using only a portion of the screen, the second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that changes would occur in a future update. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs, despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-oriented interface would evolve as well on 10. He also joked that they could not call it Windows One because Windows 1.0 already existed.1, further details surrounding Windows 10s consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21,2015, entitled Windows 10, The Next Chapter. Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the Universal Windows Platform concept were revealed and discussed during Microsofts developers conference Build, among them were the unveiling of Islandwood, which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective-C based software to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. On June 1,2015, Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29,2015. The commercials focused on the tagline A more human way to do, the campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, which celebrated the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10. Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device, and addresses shortcomings in the interface that were introduced in Windows 8. Windows 10 Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1, shares some user interface elements, the Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform. These universal apps are made to run across platforms and device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles. Developers can allow cross-buys, where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the users compatible devices, on Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove Music, and Movies & TV. Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store, desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, the menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode
37.
Economies of scale
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Often operational efficiency is also greater with increasing scale, leading to lower variable cost as well. Economies of scale apply to a variety of organizational and business situations and at levels, such as a business or manufacturing unit. Some economies of scale, such as capital cost of manufacturing facilities and friction loss of transportation, the economic concept dates back to Adam Smith and the idea of obtaining larger production returns through the use of division of labor. Diseconomies of scale are the opposite, Economies of scale often have limits, such as passing the optimum design point where costs per additional unit begin to increase. Common limits include exceeding the nearby raw material supply, such as wood in the lumber, pulp, a common limit for low cost per unit weight commodities is saturating the regional market, thus having to ship product uneconomical distances. Other limits include using energy less efficiently or having a defect rate. Large producers are usually efficient at long runs of a product grade and they will therefore avoid specialty grades even though they have higher margins. Often smaller manufacturing facilities remain viable by changing from commodity grade production to specialty products, the simple meaning of economies of scale is doing things more efficiently with increasing size or speed of operation. Economies of scale often originate with fixed capital, which is lowered per unit of production as design capacity increases, in wholesale and retail distribution, increasing the speed of operations, such as order fulfillment, lowers the cost of both fixed and working capital. Other common sources of economies of scale are purchasing, managerial, financial, marketing, each of these factors reduces the long run average costs of production by shifting the short-run average total cost curve down and to the right. Economies of the scale is a concept that may explain real world phenomena such as patterns of international trade or the number of firms in a market. The exploitation of economies of scale helps explain why companies grow large in some industries, a lone car maker may be profitable, but even more so if they exported cars to global markets in addition to selling to the local market. Economies of scale play a role in a natural monopoly. There is a distinction between two types of economies of scale, internal and external, conversely, an industry exhibits an external economy of scale when costs drop due to the introduction of more firms, thus allowing for more efficient use of specialized services and machinery. Instead, he believes that economies will come from improving the flow of a service, in trying to manage and reduce unit costs, firms often raise total costs by creating failure demand. This law has an effect on the capital cost of such things as buildings, factories, pipelines, ships. In structural engineering, the strength of beams increases with the cube of the thickness, drag loss of vehicles like aircraft or ships generally increases less than proportional with increasing cargo volume, although the physical details can be quite complicated. Therefore, making them larger usually results in fuel consumption per ton of cargo at a given speed
38.
Rebranding
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Often, this involves radical changes to a brands logo, name, legal names, image, marketing strategy, and advertising themes. Rebranding can be applied to new products, mature products, or even products still in development, rebranding can also refer to a change in a company/ corporate brand that may own several sub-brands for products or companies. Rebranding has become something of a fad at the turn of the millennium, the rebranding of Philip Morris to Altria was done to help the company shed its negative image. Other rebrandings, such as the British Post Offices attempt to itself as Consignia, have proved such a failure that millions more had to be spent going back to square one. According to Sinclair, business the world over acknowledges the value of brands. “Brands, it seems, alongside ownership of copyright and trademarks, computer software and specialist know-how, are now at the heart of the intangible value investors place on companies. ”As such, companies in the 21st century may find it necessary to relook their brand in terms of its relevancy to consumers and the changing marketplace. Successful rebranding projects can yield a better off than before. Due to the impact that renaming and rebranding a company can have, it is critical to take the client through the process with great sensitivity. The new company identity and brand should also be launched in a subtle and methodical manner in order to avoid alienating old customers, marketing develops the awareness and associations in consumer memory so that customers know which brands best serve their needs. Corporations often rebrand in order to respond to external and/or internal issues, firms commonly have rebranding cycles in order to stay current with the times or set themselves ahead of the competition. Companies also utilize rebranding as a marketing tool to hide malpractices of the past. Corporations such as Citigroup, AOL, American Express, and Goldman Sachs all utilize third-party vendors that specialize in brand strategy, companies invest valuable resources into rebranding and third-party vendors because it is a way to protect them from being blackballed by customers in a very competitive market. Dr. Roger Sinclair, an expert on brand valuation and brand equity practice worldwide stated, “A brand is a resource acquired by an enterprise that generates future economic benefits. ”Once a brand has negative connotations associated with it, it can only lead to decreased profitability. Companies differentiate themselves from competitors by incorporating practices from changing their logo to going green, differentiating from competitors is important in order to attract more customers and an effective way to draw in more desirable employees. The need to differentiate is especially prevalent in saturated markets such as the services industry. Organisations may rebrand intentionally to shed negative images of the past, research suggests that concern over external perceptions of the organisation and its activities can function as a major driver in rebranding exercises. In a corporate context, managers can utilize rebranding as a marketing strategy to hide malpractices and avoid or shed negative connotations. Corporations such as Philip Morris USA, Blackwater and AIG rebranded in order to shed negative images, in 2008, AIGs image became damaged due to its need for a Federal bailout during the financial crisis
39.
Private label
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Private-label products or services, also known as phantom brands, are typically those manufactured or provided by one company for offer under another companys brand. Private-label goods and services are available in a range of industries from food to cosmetics to web hosting. Growing market shares and increasing variety of private label consumer packaged goods is now a global phenomenon, however, private label market shares exhibit widespread diversity across international markets and product categories. Empirical research on private label products has been of substantial interest to both marketing academics and managers, bJs Wholesale Club and Shaws Supermarkets. Another example is the Cott Corporation, which manufactures private-label beverages for supermarket chains, mcBride plc is a Europe-based provider of private-label household and personal care products. Small, quality manufacturers who specialize in particular product lines and concentrate on producing store brands almost exclusively, often these companies are owned by corporations that also produce national brands. Major retailers and wholesalers that own their own manufacturing facilities and provide products for themselves. Regional brand manufacturers that produce products for specific markets. Retailers have extended the concept of private label to identify a brand with a store and this can be far more profitable than selling nationally advertised brands. Sourcing from a specialty company that has made such investments. The same basic concepts apply to the service industry, Private labels may be behind the decision of some companies to enter the market with products that are quite different, but somehow associable, to those that have made them famous. Private labels may be profitable for companies with a dominant market share. As sophisticated technologies become widespread in emerging countries, sourcing of a range of products can be made at very low cost. These same products may have prices that allow for net margins to account up to several times the cost of the goods sold, customers may be unaware of this business practice and may be paying higher prices for products that differ little from others with less famous brands. On the other hand, some companies do provide additional guarantees to these products offering better quality, customer support and this can be done by performing certification and audits, inspections, hygiene monitoring, and testing of food, beverages, and packaging. The use of products by small companies has grown. Small companies usually do not have any input in the recipes or packaging of the products they buy and they buy from a specialty food company that uses their recipes and simply label for the individual retail store. Small companies do this for advertising benefits, for example, if Johns Farm Market sells jams or salsas, each time the consumer uses the product they are reminded of their visit to Johns Farm Market, where they will have to return to repurchase it
40.
Store brand
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Store brands are a line of products strategically branded by a retailer within a single brand identity. They bear a similarity to the concept of brands, private label brands in the United States, own brands in the UK. They are distinct in that a brand is managed solely by the retailer for sale in only a specific chain of store. The retailer will design the manufacturing, packaging and marketing of the goods in order to build on the relationship between the products and the customer base. Store-brand goods are cheaper than national-brand goods, because the retailer can optimize the production to suit consumer demand. Goods sold under a store brand are subject to the regulatory oversight as goods sold under a national brand. Consumer demand for store brands might be related to characteristics such as demographics. A store brand is a way of relating to different customers, different types of store brands can relate to a customer through the choice of branding and building a relationship with the consumer. Store brands can relate to a consumer through various characteristics such as different demographics, the store brand is the only brand in which the retailer has the full responsibility of control such as development, sourcing, warehousing, merchandising and marketing. Whereas retailers make different decisions about national brands and leave it up to the manufacturer, with a store brand it is more important for the retailer as it plays a more definite role in the achievement or failure of its own label. This information is based on data from 34 food categories at 106 major supermarket chains, although national brands have long dominated the retail scene, retailers generally use their national brands to draw customers to their stores. Recently department stores, supermarkets, service stations, clothiers and chemists have started to more store brands. Studies show that consumers are buying more and more store brands, Store brands are generally cheaper than national brands, which, with consumers becoming more price-conscious and less brand conscious, has increased store brand sales. Some marketers have predicted that store brands will eventually knock out all the strongest national brands, Store brands have a tendency to generate higher margins than national brands. Retailers in the USA and Europe have made investments to launch store brands with the main object of securing significant financial benefits. Retailers have developed store brands in almost every category and their economic value is constantly increasing. Store image, store loyalty and store satisfaction have a impact on the acceptance of store brand extensions. Sometimes the retailer’s brand image depends on the images that the store brands set, although the store brands have positive impacts on the retailers image
41.
Electronics manufacturing services
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The concept is also referred to as electronics contract manufacturing. Many consumer electronics are built in China, due to maintenance cost, availability of materials, quality, cities such as Shenzhen have become important production centres for the industry, attracting many consumer electronics companies such as Apple Inc. The EMS industry took off after the late 1970s when Solectron was established, at the time, most electronics manufacturing for large-scale product runs was handled by in-house assembly. These new companies offered flexibility and eased human resources issues for smaller companies doing limited runs and this frees up the customer who does not need to manufacture and keep huge inventories of products. Therefore they can respond to sudden spikes in demand more quickly and efficiently, the development of Surface Mount Technology on printed circuit boards allowed for the rapid assembly of electronics. The early 1990s saw OEMs rapidly installing SMT lines, EMS players like SCI and Avex struggled to exist as OEMs would pull contract or change vendors constantly. By the mid-1990s the advantages of the EMS concept became compelling, by the end of the 1990s and early 2000s many OEMs sold their assembly plants to EMS aggressively vying for market share. A wave of consolidation followed, as the more cash-flush firms were able to buy up quickly both existing plants as well as smaller EMS companies. The EMS industry is divided into Tiers by their revenue, Tier 1, >$800m/1Billion Tier 2, $250/300m to $1B Tier 3. Other categories have been suggested by StepBeyond/EMSinsider, Tier 4 <10m and Tier Mega referring to the Big 2, Foxconn, another distinction is drawn between EMS that specialize in High Mix Low Volume and High Volume Low Mix. Mix refers generally to the complexity or different models of the PCB assembly, Volume refers the number of units built, with products like consumer electronics on the high end and prototype, medical electronics or machinery on the low end. Typically, lower Tier EMS provide HMLV and higher Tier provide HVLM, during technologys late-1990s heyday, EMS players routinely acquired assets in high-cost locations. EMS players largely focused on printed circuit board fabrication, leaving system assembly to the OEMs, EMS companies largely disdained industries outside the world of information processing and communications. EMS have also started to design services used in conceptual product development advice and mechanical, electrical. Testing services perform in-circuit, functional, environmental, agency compliance, electronics manufacturing services are located throughout the world. They vary in terms of capabilities and comply with various quality standards
