1.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
2.
Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
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The Office of Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana is the second highest state office in Louisiana. The current lieutenant governor is Billy Nungesser, a Republican, paul J. Hardy, who served from 1988 to 1992, was the first Republican in the position after the Reconstruction Era. The office was established by the Louisiana Constitution of 1845, prior to that, the successor to the governor in the event of his death or resignation was the President of the Louisiana State Senate. A number of state senate presidents succeeded governors before the 1845 Constitution was adopted, including Henry S. Thibodaux, Armand Beauvais, the lieutenant governor presided over the Louisiana Senate from 1845 until the adoption of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974. Today, the lieutenant governor exercises powers delegated to him or her by the governor as provided by law. She or he also serves as governor in the event of a vacancy in the office, additionally, the lieutenant governor serves as commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. The most recent death of a former U. S. lieutenant governor of Louisiana was that of Robert Bobby Freeman, who died on May 16,2016
3.
Alvin Olin King
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Alvin Olin King was a Louisiana politician allied with the popular Long faction of the state Democratic Party. King was born in Leoti in Wichita County in western Kansas– not to be confused with Wichita and he attended Tulane University Law School in New Orleans and began the practice of law. King was elected to the Louisiana State Senate from Calcasieu Parish in the part of the state. When Huey Pierce Long, Jr. vacated the governorship for a seat in the United States Senate, during his brief tenure, he called for a reduction in highway spending, since the Great Depression made it difficult to finance bonds at an acceptable rate. This was also during the time of construction of the Huey P, signs above the roadway entrance to the bridge proclaim that it was built during the administrations of Huey Long and Oscar K. Allen, no mention is made of Kings tenure. After leaving office, King reverted to his legal profession, before his death in Lake Charles, King had become president of the Louisiana Bar Association. Alvin Olin King 1932, State of Louisiana - Biography
4.
James A. Noe
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James Albert Noe, Sr. of Monroe served for three and a half months as the 43rd Governor of Louisiana after the death of Oscar K. Allen on January 28,1936. Noe was born in tiny Evans Landing in Harrison County, Indiana, to John M. Noe and he also lived as a child in the area of West Point in Hardin County in Kentucky. His education was limited to county schools, in 1971, he received an honorary LL. D. degree from the University of Louisiana at Monroe, then known as Northeast Louisiana University, to commemorate his lifetime achievements. He served in World War I as a first lieutenant with the 369th Infantry in France and he relocated to Louisiana and garnered a fortune as an independent oilman, both as producer and overriding royalty owner in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Noe was elected to the state Senate, District 29 and he became a legislative floor leader at the request of Governor Huey P. Long, Jr. He was chosen president pro tempore of the state Senate and succeeded to the governorship to finish out Allens term because the lieutenant governor. Fournet, had resigned on his election to the Louisiana Supreme Court, during Noes brief tenure, he appointed Huey Longs widow, Rose McConnell Long, to finish Longs seat in the U. S. Senate. He also worked toward getting federal money for highways and establishing a state welfare office. Noe thereafter returned to the state Senate and served until 1940, in the fall of 1936, Noe joined the Reverend Gerald L. K. Noe charged that Leche sold out to Roosevelt to finance Social Security. In 1940, both he and sitting Governor Earl Kemp Long lost to Sam Houston Jones of Lake Charles in the pivotal Democratic primary. Charles E. McKenzie, who went on to serve as a Representative in Louisianas 5th Congressional District was named as the campaign manager for Noe. Noe and Earl Long later buried their differences, a Noe confidant, state Senator Joe T. Cawthorn of Mansfield, switched to the Long faction and undercut the Jones administration through his position as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. In 1959, Noe and Long ran as an intraparty ticket for governor and lieutenant governor, Noe finished fourth in the primary and stood with DeLesseps Story Morrison, then the mayor of New Orleans in the pivotal runoff election against former Governor Jimmie Davis. Earl Long, however, supported Davis because of Longs continuing personal dislike of Morrison, three Louisiana State University scholars describe Noes last campaign, accordingly, Noe had always been a Huey Long stalwart. Noe is a businessman from Monroe. Who carries a strong streak of Populist liberalism in his appeals, the strongest asset in Noes campaign was the presence on his ticket of Earl Long himself as a candidate for lieutenant governor. The Noe-Long combination was soundly repudiated by the states Democratic voters, who brought back the administration of Jimmie Davis. Noe finished fourth in the 1959 gubernatorial primary with 97,654 votes, behind state Senator William M. Rainach, Long lost out to conservative former Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives Clarence C
5.
Louisiana State Legislature
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The Louisiana State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is a body, comprising the lower house, the Louisiana House of Representatives with 105 representatives, and the upper house. Members of both houses are elected from single-member constituencies, the State Legislature meets in the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge. Members of both houses of the serve a four-year term, with a term limit of three terms. Term limits were passed by voters in a constitutional referendum in 1995 and were subsequently added as Article III, §4. The year 2007 saw legislators termed out of office for the first time, the term limits are consecutive rather than lifetime. The officers of each house of the Legislature are elected at the beginning of term to serve for four-year terms. The Louisiana House of Representatives elects from among its members a speaker and speaker pro tempore, although the procedure is not mandated constitutionally, the speaker of the House is traditionally recommended by the governor of Louisiana to the body. The current speaker, Taylor Barras, a Republican, presides over the House, the House also elects its chief clerical officer, the clerk of the House, who is not an elected member. The Louisiana Senate elects its presiding officer, the President of the Senate, from among its membership, the current President is John Alario. Each house provides for the election of its officers, originally the Lieutenant Governor presided over the Louisiana Senate from 1853 until the adoption of the Louisiana constitution of 1974. Today, the Lieutenant Governor exercises powers delegated to him by the Governor as provided by law and he also serves as governor in the event of a vacancy in the office, if the Governor is unable to act as governor, or is out of the state. Since the Lieutenant Governor no longer serves as president of the Senate, he has made an ex-officio member of each committee, board. Additionally, the Lieutenant Governor serves as head of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, in even-numbered years, a state legislature convenes at noon on the last Monday in March to extend for no longer than 60 legislative days during a period of 85 days. In odd-numbered years, a limited jurisdiction session convenes at noon on the last Monday in April for no longer than 45 legislative days during a period of 60 days, the legislature also may convene for extraordinary sessions and for veto sessions. The legislature is required to meet in a session, which cannot exceed three days, on the date its members take office. A special session may be called by the Governor or may be convened by the officers of both houses upon a written petition of a majority of the elected members of each house. A special session is limited to the number of days stated in the proclamation, the power to legislate in a special session is limited to the objects specifically enumerated in the proclamation
6.
Winn Parish, Louisiana
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Winn Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,313, the parish was founded in 1852. It is last in order of Louisianas sixty-four parishes. Winn is separated from Natchitoches Parish along U. S. Highway 71 by Saline Bayou, Winn Parish was established in 1852 from lands which had belonged to the parishes of Catahoula, Natchitoches, and Rapides. During the Civil War, David Pierson, an attorney, was elected to represent the parish at the Secession Convention called in January 1861 in Baton Rouge by Governor Thomas Overton Moore. Pierson voted against secession and refused, along with several others, there was little military action in Winn Parish during the Civil War, but there was a problem with conscripts fleeing into the wooded areas to avoid military duty. The Confederate States Army defeated a Union detachment sent to destroy a salt works in the parish, Winn Parish contributed to the $80,000 raised to build fortifications on the nearby Red River. After the war, bandits roamed the Natchez Trace or Harrisonburg Road that ran through the part of the parish. Among the worst were the West and Kimbrell clan, for seven years they preyed especially on travelers and migrants passing through the area. They attacked freedmen defending the parish courthouse and two Republican officeholders in the aftermath to the gubernatorial election of 1872. Among the 80-150 blacks killed were at least 50 who had surrendered, Winn Parish is the home of the former Long family Democratic political dynasty, started by Huey Long. It is the birthplace of three governors of Louisiana, Governor Earl Long is buried in Winnfield in a public square known as the Earl K. Since 1956, Winn Parish has had three sheriffs named Jordan, R. Sanford Jordan, a Democrat, served from 1956 to 1976. A second but unrelated Jordan, James Edward Buddy Jordan, was the sheriff from 1992 to 2008, subsequently, A. D. Little was forced from office in 2011 and convicted thereafter on federal drug charges. Cranford Jordan, Jr. a nephew of Sanford Jordan, won the office on his attempt in the November 2011 general election. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 957 square miles. The population density was 18 people per square mile, there were 7,502 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile. 0. 87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,35. 9% were of American,7. 2% Irish and 4. 9% English ancestry according to Census 2000
7.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
8.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
9.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
10.
Trinity University (Texas)
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Trinity University is a private liberal arts college in San Antonio, Texas. Founded in 1869, its campus is located in the Monte Vista Historic District adjacent to Brackenridge Park, the campus is three miles north of downtown San Antonio and the River Walk and six miles south of the San Antonio International Airport. The student body consists of approximately 2,300 undergraduate and 200 graduate students, Cumberland Presbyterians founded Trinity in 1869 in Tehuacana, Texas from the remnants of three small Cumberland Presbyterian colleges that had lost significant enrollment during the Civil War. Believing that the school needed the support of a larger community, in 1906, the university, along with many Cumberland Presbyterian churches, affiliated with the United Presbyterian Church. The Stock Market Crash of 1929, however, severely hindered the universitys growth, enrollment declined sharply, indebtedness and faculty attrition mounted, and trustees began using endowment funds to maintain daily operations. Consequently, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools placed Trinitys accreditation status on probation in 1936, once again, its leaders began to consider relocation to a larger community to improve the universitys viability. Meanwhile, in 1942, the Methodist-affiliated University of San Antonio was failing, San Antonio community leaders, who wished to maintain a Protestant-affiliated college in the city, approached Trinity with a relocation offer. The university left Waxahachie and took over the campus and alumni of the University of San Antonio, for the next decade the Woodlawn campus, on the citys near-west side, was Trinitys home while it developed a permanent home. Lacking adequate facilities, the university functioned by using military barracks and Quonset huts to house students and to provide library, in 1945, Trinity acquired a former limestone quarry for a new campus and hired Texas architect ONeil Ford to design a master plan and many of the buildings. Construction began in 1950, and the current campus opened in 1952, when it moved, the campus was largely undeveloped. Yet, under the leadership of Dr. James W. Laurie, Dr. Laurie was responsible for drastically increasing Trinity’s endowment, largely funded by the James A. and Leta M. Chapman Charitable Trust of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The campus continues to be a historically connected member of the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities, Trinitys growth continued under Ronald Calgaard, who followed Lauries successor, Duncan Wimpress. Under Dr. Calgaard, the university implemented a number of changes to raise its profile, for example, Trinity transformed into a residential undergraduate school, requiring all freshmen to live on campus and cutting the number of masters programs offered from more than twenty to four. Calgaards successor, John R. Brazil, focused on replacing outdated campus buildings, the Campaign for Trinity University, which launched in September 2005, sought to raise US $200 million for a variety of purposes. At its conclusion on September 25,2009, the Campaign raised $205.9 million, Dr. Brazil served as Trinitys President in through January 2010. Upon announcement of his retirement, the Board of Trustees awarded him Trinitys Distinguished Service Award, Dennis A. Ahlburg served as president from January 2010 to January 2015. During Ahlburgs presidency, Trinity developed and executed a plan to shape the future of the university. Academically, Trinity refined its curriculum in order to define a liberal arts education, developed an entrepreneurship program
11.
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
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The University of Louisiana at Lafayette is a coeducational, public, research university in Lafayette, in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It has the largest enrollment within the nine-campus University of Louisiana System and has the second largest enrollment in Louisiana, founded in 1898 as an industrial school, the institution developed into a four-year university during the twentieth century and became known by its present name in 1999. UL Lafayette evolved into a research university as noted by its Carnegie R2 categorization as a Doctoral University. It offers Louisianas only Ph. D. in francophone studies, the university has achieved several milestones in computer science, engineering and architecture. It is also home to a distinct College of the Arts,1898 – State legislation passed allowing for creation of Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute. 1899 – Board of Trustees Establish and donation of 25 acres of land by Girard family,1900 – Construction began and Dr. Edwin Stephens named President. 1901 – SLII opened September 18 with 100 students and eight faculty members,1903 –18 students were the first to graduate from SLII in two separate ceremonies. 1920 – Began a four-year course culminating with a bachelor of arts degree,1921 – SLII was changed into the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning. 1960 – SLI became the University of Southwestern Louisiana,1974 — The College of Sciences was officially formed. 1997 – Universitys privately held assets reach $75 million,1999 – USL was renamed the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. 1961 – Established the first university chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery for students. It is named the ACM Alpha Student Chapter 1962 – Offered the first master of science degree in science in the U. S.1994 – Created North Americas first francophone studies Ph. D. program. 2007 – The Cajun Advanced Picosatellite Experiment successfully launches the State of Louisianas first university student built satellite,2008 – Ray Paul Authement, the university president from 1974 to 2008, became the longest serving president of a public university in the United States. The university is a member of the Southeastern Universities Research Association and is categorized as a Carnegie Doctoral University, UL Lafayette reported $51 million in external research funding from state, federal, private and self-generated funds for 2008. The university was rated one of the top 100 public research universities in the according to a 2010 report by The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government. In 2012, it became the first Louisiana university designated as an NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center, UL Lafayettes New Iberia Research Center in New Iberia conducts basic and applied research on several species of nonhuman primates including macaques, grivets, capuchins and chimpanzees. Founded in 1984, the now houses over 6,500 monkeys used for breeding. The center is also a breeding and testing facility, selling animals to other laboratories
12.
List of Governors of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
13.
Huey Long
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A Democrat, he was an outspoken populist who denounced the wealthy and the banks and called for a Share Our Wealth program. As the political leader of the state, he commanded wide networks of supporters and was willing to take forceful action and he established the long-term political prominence of the Long family. Longs Share Our Wealth plan was established in 1934 under the motto Every Man a King and it proposed new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during the Great Depression. To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on public works, schools and colleges and he was an ardent critic of the policies of the Federal Reserve System. Long was assassinated in 1935, and his national movement soon faded, Long, and his brothers, Earl Kemp Long and George S. Long, as well as several other more distant relatives. He remains a figure in Louisiana history, with critics. Long was born on August 30,1893, near Winnfield, the seat of government of Winn Parish and he was the son of Huey Pierce Long, Sr. and the former Caledonia Palestine Tison. As someone who was born and grew up in Winn Parish, Long was the seventh of nine surviving children in a farm-owning middle-class family. He was home-schooled as a child and later attended local schools. In 1908, upon completing the eleventh grade, Long circulated a petition protesting the addition of a 12th-grade graduation requirement, Long won a debating scholarship to Louisiana State University, but he was unable to afford the textbooks required for attendance. Instead, he spent the five years as a traveling salesman, selling books, canned goods and patent medicines. In 1913, Long married Rose McConnell and she was a stenographer who had won a baking contest which he promoted to sell Cottolene, one of the most popular of the early vegetable shortenings to come on the market. The Longs had a daughter, also named Rose, and two sons, Russell B, Long, subsequently a long-term U. S. senator, and Palmer Reid Long, a Shreveport oilman. Long wrote in his autobiography, If the loyalty of a wife and children could have elevated anyone in public life, Long briefly attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law in Norman, Oklahoma, and later Tulane University Law School in New Orleans. In 1915 after only a year at Tulane, he convinced a board to let him take the bar exam. He passed and began practice in Winnfield. Later, in Shreveport, he spent ten years representing small plaintiffs against large businesses and he often said proudly that he never took a case against a poor man. Long won fame by taking on the powerful Standard Oil Company, over the course of his career, Long continued to challenge Standard Oils influence in state politics and charged the company with exploiting the states vast oil and gas resources
14.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
15.
Winn Parish
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Winn Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,313, the parish was founded in 1852. It is last in order of Louisianas sixty-four parishes. Winn is separated from Natchitoches Parish along U. S. Highway 71 by Saline Bayou, Winn Parish was established in 1852 from lands which had belonged to the parishes of Catahoula, Natchitoches, and Rapides. During the Civil War, David Pierson, an attorney, was elected to represent the parish at the Secession Convention called in January 1861 in Baton Rouge by Governor Thomas Overton Moore. Pierson voted against secession and refused, along with several others, there was little military action in Winn Parish during the Civil War, but there was a problem with conscripts fleeing into the wooded areas to avoid military duty. The Confederate States Army defeated a Union detachment sent to destroy a salt works in the parish, Winn Parish contributed to the $80,000 raised to build fortifications on the nearby Red River. After the war, bandits roamed the Natchez Trace or Harrisonburg Road that ran through the part of the parish. Among the worst were the West and Kimbrell clan, for seven years they preyed especially on travelers and migrants passing through the area. They attacked freedmen defending the parish courthouse and two Republican officeholders in the aftermath to the gubernatorial election of 1872. Among the 80-150 blacks killed were at least 50 who had surrendered, Winn Parish is the home of the former Long family Democratic political dynasty, started by Huey Long. It is the birthplace of three governors of Louisiana, Governor Earl Long is buried in Winnfield in a public square known as the Earl K. Since 1956, Winn Parish has had three sheriffs named Jordan, R. Sanford Jordan, a Democrat, served from 1956 to 1976. A second but unrelated Jordan, James Edward Buddy Jordan, was the sheriff from 1992 to 2008, subsequently, A. D. Little was forced from office in 2011 and convicted thereafter on federal drug charges. Cranford Jordan, Jr. a nephew of Sanford Jordan, won the office on his attempt in the November 2011 general election. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 957 square miles. The population density was 18 people per square mile, there were 7,502 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile. 0. 87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,35. 9% were of American,7. 2% Irish and 4. 9% English ancestry according to Census 2000
16.
Springfield, Missouri
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Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County. According to the 2010 census data, the population was 159,498, as of 2015, the population is 166,810. Springfields nickname is the Queen City of the Ozarks and is known as the Birthplace of Route 66 and it is also home of several universities including Missouri State University, Drury University, and Evangel University. The territory known as Missouri was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, soon after, the Delaware Native Americans received treaty land where Springfields Sequiota Park and the antique stores of its Galloway Village stand today. To the west,500 Kickapoo Native Americans built wickiups on the prairie that still bears their name, Missouri became a state on August 10,1821, and in 1833 the legislature designated most of the southern portion as Greene County. Officially, Springfield was founded in 1830, and was incorporated in 1838, the origin of the name, Springfield is unclear, but the most common view is that the city was named for Springfield, Massachusetts. One account holds that James Wilson, who lived in the unnamed city, offered free whiskey to anyone who would vote for the name Springfield, after his home town of Springfield. In 1883, the historian R. I, but such is not a correct version. That same year, Cherokee Native Americans were forcibly removed by the U. S. government from their homelands in Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina and Georgia to the Indian Territory. Their route became known as the Trail of Tears due to the thousands of Cherokee deaths on the journey, the Trail of Tears passed through the Springfield area via what is known today as the Old Wire Road. The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail auto tour route is along Interstate 44 westward to US160, the Old Wire Road, then known as the Military Road, served until the mid-1840s as a connection between Springfield and the garrison at Fort Smith, Arkansas. By 1858, the Butterfield Overland Stage began utilizing the road offering passage to California, two years later, the regions first telegraph line was strung along the road, and it was dubbed the Telegraph or Wire Road. The road proved vital during the Civil War, and its most historic connection is to the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas, while portions of the road exist today, the most easily accessible is within Wilsons Creek National Battlefield. The 1849 charter of the Pacific Railroad, established to construct a line from St. Louis westward across central Missouri, was expanded in 1852 to include a Southwest Branch. However, after defaulting on its obligations, the state seized this branch and sold it, thus creating a new company, commercial and industrial diversification came with the railroads, and strengthened the City of Springfield and North Springfield when the two towns merged 17 years later in 1887. Today visitors can enjoy the view from the Jefferson Avenue Footbridge, with the American Civil War imminent and Missouri a border state, Springfield was divided in its sentiments. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon was killed, the first Union general to die in combat, Union troops fell back to Lebanon, then Rolla, and regrouped. When they returned to Springfield, the Confederates had withdrawn, the First Battle of Springfield, or Zagonyis Charge, occurred on October 25,1861
17.
Waxahachie, Texas
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Waxahachie is the county seat of Ellis County, Texas, United States, and lies just beyond the southern suburbs of Dallas. The population was 29,621 at the 2010 census, with a population of 32,344 in 2014. Some sources state that the name means cow or buffalo in an unspecified Native American language, in the Alabama language, waakasi hachi means calfs tail. That there is a Waxahatchee Creek near present-day Shelby, Alabama, suggests that Waxahachie, Texas, many place names in Texas and Oklahoma have their origins in the Southeastern United States, largely due to migration and/or forced removal of various southeastern Indian tribes. The area in central Alabama that includes Waxahatchee Creek was for hundreds of years the home of the Upper Creek moiety of the Muscogee Creek Nation, again, this would suggest a Muscogee Creek language origin of Waxahachie. Waxahachie therefore may be an anglicized pronunciation of the Muscogee compound word Wakvhvce from the Muscogee words Wakv and the Muscogee word Hvce. A second etymology that has been suggested for the name is insisted on by speakers of Wichita, Wichita people claim the name comes from their word waksahe, tsi. From 1902 to 1942, Waxahachie was the home of Trinity University and its present-day location is San Antonio. The town is the namesake of the former United States Naval Ship Waxahachie.1 miles, seventeen shafts were sunk and 14.6 miles of tunnel were bored before the project was canceled by Congress in 1993. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Waxahachie has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 21,426 people,7,325 households, the population density was 536.1 people per square mile. There were 7,909 housing units at a density of 197.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 70. 45% White,17. 10% African American,0. 76% Native American,0. 40% Asian,9. 33% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 19. 74% of the population. The total estimated population as of June 2014 was 32,287,21. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the family size was 3.18. In the city, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,13. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,19. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $43,213, and the median income for a family was $50,048
18.
Dallas, Texas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
19.
Ellis County, Texas
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Ellis County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 149,610, the county was founded in 1849 and organized the next year. It is named for Richard Ellis, president of the convention that produced the Texas Declaration of Independence, Ellis County is included in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 952 square miles. Interstate 35E Interstate 45 U. S. Route 67 U. S.77 U. S, the population density was 118 people per square mile. There were 39,071 housing units at a density of 42 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 63% White,8. 64% Black or African American,0. 59% Native American,0. 35% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,7. 90% from other races, and 1. 86% from two or more races. 18. 42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the family size was 3.31. A Williams Institute analysis of 2010 census data there were about 3.2 same-sex couples per 1,000 households in the county. In the county, the population was out with 30. 20% under the age of 18,9. 30% from 18 to 24,29. 80% from 25 to 44,21. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 98.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $50,350, and the median income for a family was $55,358. Males had an income of $37,613 versus $26,612 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,212, about 6. 80% of families and 8. 60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 10% of those under age 18 and 10. 40% of those age 65 or over. Ellis is a staunchly Republican county in presidential elections, the last Democratic presidential candidate to carry the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976, and since 2000, Republican presidential candidates have won with more than two-thirds of the vote. Ellis County is part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Television media market in North Central Texas, local News media outlets are, KDFW-TV, KXAS-TV, WFAA-TV, KTVT-TV, KERA-TV, KTXA-TV, KDFI-TV, KDAF-TV, KFWD-TV, and KDTX-TV. Cedar Hill Ferris Glenn Heights Grand Prairie Mansfield Ovilla Bristol Clyde Barrow of Bonnie, won State Heavyweight Title in 1953 - contender for National Heavyweight Title, but lost to Sonny Liston
20.
San Antonio, Texas
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San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populated city in the United States and the second-most populous city in the state of Texas, with a population of 1,409,019. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, the city straddles South Texas and Central Texas and is on the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion known as the Texas Triangle. San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County, recent annexations have extended the citys boundaries into Medina County and, though for only a very tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Due to its placement, the city has characteristics of other urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas. San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area, growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand. San Antonio was named for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, the city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, the city is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the country. The U. S. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, the remaining portions of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, at the time of European encounter, Payaya Indians lived near the San Antonio River Valley in the San Pedro Springs area, calling the vicinity Yanaguana, meaning refreshing waters. In 1691, a group of Spanish Catholic explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Payaya settlement on June 13 and they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. It was years before any Spanish settlement took place, father Antonio de Olivares visited the site in 1709, and he was determined to found a mission and civilian settlement there. He directed Martin de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila and Texas, differences between Alarcón and Olivares resulted in delays, and construction did not start until 1718. The families who clustered around the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béjar, on May 1, the governor transferred ownership of the Mission San Antonio de Valero to Fray Antonio de Olivares. On May 5,1718 he commissioned the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar on the west side of the San Antonio River, one-fourth league from the mission. On February 14,1719, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo proposed to the king of Spain that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the province of Texas. By June 1730,25 families had reached Cuba, and 10 families had sent to Veracruz before orders from Spain came to stop the re-settlement. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland from Veracruz to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, due to marriages along the way, the party now included 15 families, a total of 56 persons. They joined the community established in 1718
21.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
22.
Pleasant Hill, Sabine Parish, Louisiana
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Pleasant Hill is a village in Sabine Parish in western Louisiana, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,232. It is best known as the site of The Battle of Pleasant Hill, Pleasant Hill was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War west of the Mississippi River. Every April, a reenactment of the battle is held and it is one of the few reenactments staged at the actual battlefield of the engagement. These championships were won under the leadership of Coach Sheryl A. Scott, the Pleasant High School Mighty Eagles won the 2011 Class C State Basketball Championship, for the first time in sixteen years. They defeated Family Christian with a score of 79-61 and this championship was won under the leadership of Coach Brian S. Williams. This title was won under the leadership of Coach Jeremy Leach, Pleasant Hill is the birthplace and burial site of the legendary Shreveport minister D. L. Dykes, Jr. who pastored the large First United Methodist Church there from 1955-1984. Dykes was a pioneer of television ministry and a voice for racial harmony during the civil rights movement, Pleasant Hill is located at 31°49′5″N 93°31′0″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 786 people,293 households, the population density was 505.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 337 housing units at a density of 216.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 58. 78% White,35. 11% African American,3. 18% Native American,0. 13% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 91% of the population. 30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.17. In the village, the population was out with 29. 9% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,18. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.6 males, the median income for a household in the village was $18,068, and the median income for a family was $35,625. Males had an income of $38,125 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,188, about 26. 8% of families and 30. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29. 5% of those under age 18 and 43. 6% of those age 65 or over
23.
Sabine Parish
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Sabine Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,233, the seat of the parish is Many. Sabine was one of five parishes created in as many weeks by the Louisiana State Legislature March 7,1843 and it was created from Natchitoches Parish with the Sabine River as the international boundary between the United States and the Republic of Texas as the western boundary. The United States claimed the Sabine River as the border and Spain claimed a line farther east in Louisiana along Arroyo Hondo, a tributary of the Red River. The Neutral Ground Treaty was affected in 1806, declaring the area Sabine Free State, a demilitarized zone, the strip extended, roughly, from Sabine River east to the Calcasieu River, Bayous Kisatchie and Don Manuel, Lac Terre Noir and the Arroyo Hondo. Both nations claimed ownership but neither exercised control, english speaking settlers from the older eastern states began moving into the section during the westward expansion years before the boundary was established. They settled on Spanish grants known as Rio Hondo claims, one of the earliest settlers was Thomas Arthur, who filed a claim for 640 acres on Negreet Creek. In 1819, Spain abandoned all claims to land east of the Sabine River, great caravans of home seekers marched over the old highways and many of them settled in present-day Sabine Parish. In the years followed, small settlements began to make their appearances throughout the parish. Possibly the earliest of these was Negreet, founded in 1822, other settlements were Toro, in the extreme south,1827, and Noble, in the north portion, dating back to the 1830s. Fort Jesup was founded in 1822 by Lieutenant Colonel Zachary Taylor who later became the 12th President of the United States, taylors troops managed to establish law and order in this Neutral Ground. Fort Jesup has served as a part of Sabine Parish over the years. It was an important frontier post until the annexation of Texas in 1845, the two main highways of the southwest traversed the Neutral Strip and ran about four miles apart in the vicinity of Many. The San Antonio Trace and El Camino Real extended from Natchitoches Parish westward directly across Sabine Parish into East Texas, since El Camino Real was older and better known, a number of farmers and villages settled along it. Philip Nolans Trace crossed the Red River above Alexandria and ran through the Kisatchie country to join El Camino Real near the Sabine River crossing, the parish was created at a time when America had entered upon a new era of progress. Steamboats began running on the Sabine River in 1830, and by 1850 heavy traffic was carried on the Sabine, popular landing points were Columbus, East Pendleton and Carters Ferry. About three miles south of Pendleton was the large and flourishing river port of Sabine Town, the influx of settlers reached its zenith just prior to the War Between the States. Sabine Parish was one of the five parishes created in as many weeks by the legislature in 1843 during the administration of Governor Alexander Mouton
24.
Paris, Texas
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Paris, Texas is a city and county seat of Lamar County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 25,171 and it is situated in Northeast Texas at the western edge of the Piney Woods, and 98 miles northeast of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex. Physio-graphically, these regions are part of the West Gulf Coastal Plain, following a tradition of American cities named Paris, the city commissioned a 65-foot replica of the Eiffel Tower in 1993 and installed it in the square. In 1998, presumably as a response to the 1993 construction of a 60-foot tower in Paris, Tennessee, the current tower is at least the second Eiffel Tower replica built in Paris, the first was constructed of wood and later destroyed by a tornado. Lamar County was first settled to the west of Jonesborough and Clarksville, in late 1839, George W. Wright moved from his farm northeast of Clarksville to a hill where he had purchased 1,000 acres of unoccupied land. It was on the old road from the mouth of the Kiomatia River at its confluence with the Red River to the Grand Prairie, Wright opened a general store on the road. By December 1840 the new county was organized, named for Republic of Texas President Mirabeau B, by September 1841, Wrights store was called Paris and served as the local postal office. In August 1844, the county commissioners took Wrights offer of 50 acres, the area of present Lamar County was part of Red River County during the Republic of Texas. By 1840 population growth had demanded organization of a new county and it was organized by elections held on February 1,1841. The county included much of what was separated as Delta County in 1870. The original county seat was Lafayette, a settlement located several miles northwest of the site of present-day Paris. On June 22,1841, John Watson donated forty acres of land to develop a new county seat, the town was platted, no lots were ever sold, and the county court continued to meet at Lafayette. In 1842 the Texas Congress passed a law requiring each county seat to be located within five miles of the center of the county. Accordingly, Mount Vernon was made Lamar county seat in 1843, the following year, George Wright offered to donate fifty acres for a town, if the county commissioners would make it the county seat. The commissioners accepted, and named the town as Paris, the first term of the county court was held there on April 29,1844. The first recorded settlers in the area came in 1826, although settlers were known to have been in the area as early as 1824 and it was incorporated by the Congress of the Republic of Texas on February 3,1845. Paris was on the Central National Road of the Republic of Texas, by the time of Civil War, Paris had 700 residents. The town had become a center of trade for cattle and farming and it is the site of the first municipally owned and operated abattoir in the United States
25.
Lamar County, Texas
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Lamar County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 49,793, the county was formed by the Congress of the Republic of Texas on December 17,1840 and organized the next year. It is named for Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, the president of Texas. Lamar County comprises the Paris, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area, Lamar County, once heavily Democratic, is now represented in the Texas House of Representatives by the Republican Gary VanDeaver of New Boston, Texas. Republican Representative Marsha Farney, reared in Lamar County, represents District 20, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 933 square miles, of which 907 square miles is land and 926 square miles is water. The population density was 53 people per square mile, there were 21,113 housing units at an average density of 23 per square mile. 3. 33% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the family size was 2.99. In the county, the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,8. 60% from 18 to 24,26. 80% from 25 to 44,22. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 91.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $31,609, and the median income for a family was $38,359. Males had an income of $30,539 versus $21,095 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,000, about 12. 80% of families and 16. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 50% of those under age 18 and 14. 30% of those age 65 or over. The following school districts serve Lamar County, Chisum ISD Fannindel ISD Honey Grove ISD North Lamar ISD Paris ISD Prairiland ISD Roxton ISD In addition, Paris Junior College serves the county
26.
Louisiana gubernatorial election, 1928
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The Louisiana gubernatorial election of 1928 was held on January 17,1928. Like in most Southern states between Reconstruction and the civil rights era, Louisianas Republican Party was virtually nonexistent in terms of electoral support and this meant that the Democratic Party primary held on this date was the real contest over who would be governor. The 1928 election resulted in the election of Huey Long as Governor of Louisiana, Long – Huey Long of Winnfield had begun his 1928 campaign for governor shortly after being defeated in the 1924 election. This time around, Long had managed to secure more funding from contributors like New Orleans businessman Robert Maestri. This gave him a significant boost in support in Catholic southern Louisiana and he had also built a reputation due to frequent radio appearances and newspaper stories, and had built a stronger campaign organization than he had in 1924. Riley J. Wilson – Four intervening years had made Louisianas political, consisting of wealthy planters, businessmen, and New Orleanss Regular Democratic Organization political bosses, the political leadership of the state united behind the candidacy of U. S. Congressman Riley J. Wilson of Ruston in July 1927 and his campaign focused on the threat of Longs radicalism, a banner reading It Won’t Be Long Now was featured prominently at Wilsons campaign stops. Oramel H. Simpson – Incumbent governor Oramel H. Simpson of New Orleans also ran for re-election, but his campaign was seen as bland and ineffectual and attracted little support. Having become governor only with the death of Henry L. Fuqua in 1926, like Wilson, Simpsons already lukewarm levels of support suffered after disaffection with his response to the Mississippi flood. He was also handicapped by a reputation for heavy drinking, despite negative coverage by the majority of the states newspapers, Long managed to gain the support of the New Orleans States and the Shreveport Times. The New Orleans Times-Picayune and the Shreveport Caucasian supported Simpson, while the New Orleans Item supported Wilson, Longs seemingly inexhaustible energy gave him an advantage, as he managed to travel extensively across the state, making several stops a day in rural areas neglected by the other candidates. His campaign used the slogan Every Man a King, But No One Wears a Crown and he also campaigned against the corruption and wastefulness of previous administrations. Simpson and Wilson, offering only bland defenses of the status quo, were overwhelmed when appearing alongside Long at debates. A widely publicized fistfight between Long and former governor Jared Y. Sanders during the campaign did nothing to damage Longs popularity. Democratic Primary – January 17,1928 Following the lopsided showings of the first primary, Simpson refused to support Wilson in the runoff, only New Orleans, still firmly controlled by the Regular Democratic Organization, spurned Long in favor of the machines chosen candidate Wilson. In every state election from 1928 to 1960, the legacy of Huey Long would be the primary campaign issue, general Election – April 17,1928 Long was the first Democratic gubernatorial nominee since Reconstruction to face a Republican opponent in the 1928 general election. Etienne J. Caire, a cane farmer and businessman from St. John the Baptist Parish polled 4 percent of the vote. After Caire, the next Republican gubernatorial candidate, Harrison Bagwell, compilation of Primary Election Returns of the Democratic Party, State of Louisiana
27.
La Salle Parish, Louisiana
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LaSalle Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,890, the parish was created in 1910 from the western section of Catahoula Parish and named for René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 662 square miles. The population density was 23 people per square mile, there were 6,273 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. 0. 82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.03. In the parish the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,9. 40% from 18 to 24,27. 20% from 25 to 44,22. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 100.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.20 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $28,189, and the median income for a family was $36,197. Males had an income of $27,431 versus $19,697 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $14,033, about 14. 90% of families and 18. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 70% of those under age 18 and 18. 90% of those age 65 or over. The 1087TH Transportation Company of the 165TH CSS Battalion of the 139TH RSG resides in Jena, Louisiana
28.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
29.
Louisiana Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court of Louisiana is the highest court and court of last resort in the U. S. state of Louisiana. The modern Supreme Court, composed of seven justices, meets in the French Quarter of New Orleans, the Supreme Court, and Louisiana state law, are historically based in the colonial governments of France and Spain during the 18th century. The current Supreme Court traces its roots back to these beginnings, under the colonial governments of France and Spain, the courts of Louisiana existed in several different forms. In 1712, a charter granted by France created a Superior Council with executive, in 1769, Spain gained control over the Louisiana territory, and the Superior Council was replaced with the Cabildo. The Governor of the held the power of having final authority in cases. In 1803, Louisiana became a territory of the United States, in 1804, Congress created a three judge Superior Court for the territory and gave the Legislative Council the power to create other courts. In 1807, the newly elected Legislative Council created courts in each of the territorys nineteen parishes and these courts were courts of general jurisdiction with an appeal lying to the Superior Court. In the first Constitution for the state of Louisiana, one Supreme Court was created, the number of judges was fixed to be not less than three and not more than five who were to be appointed by the Governor. The Court was required to sit in New Orleans and Opelousas, the 1845 Constitution created a Supreme Court composed of one Chief Justice and three Associate Justices appointed by the Governor to eight-year terms. The Court sat in New Orleans, the 1852 Constitution increased the number of Justices on the Court to five, and all became elected by the people. The Chief Justice was elected at-large by the state and the Associate Justices were elected from four districts throughout the state. In 1864, the Justices again became appointed, and their length was decreased to eight years. The 1868 Constitution did not change the makeup or terms of the Supreme Court, however, it did change, the post-Reconstruction Constitution of 1879 substantially modified the organization of the Louisiana judiciary. The Constitution created the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal, District Courts, the Supreme Court retained five justices, but they were now appointed by the Governor and served twelve-year terms. For the first time, the Supreme Court was given power over the inferior courts. It also gave more limitations to the opportunity to vote by people of color, in 1898, the Supreme Courts jurisdiction was further expanded. The Court was given jurisdiction over the bar. New Orleans was fixed as the seat of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice was determined by the senior justice in point of service
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Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana
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Jefferson Davis Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,594, Jefferson Davis Parish is named after the president of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, Jefferson Davis. It is located in southwestern Louisiana and forms a part of the Acadiana region, in 2005, the parish was damaged significantly by Hurricane Rita, which caused much wind damage and flooding in the western part of the parish. The storm also caused Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge to be affected by saltwater intrusion, the first oil in Louisiana was drilled in 1901 in what became Jeff Davis Parish by W. Scott Heywood, who in 1932 was elected to the Louisiana State Senate. Jefferson Davis Parish was one of the last parishes to be organized in the state of Louisiana and it was originally a part of Imperial Calcasieu Parish, which contributed to five other parishes as the population increased in the area. The bill creating Jefferson Davis Parish was passed by the legislature in 1912. Jefferson Davis Parish is part of the large, 22-county Acadiana region of Louisiana and it was named after Jefferson Davis, a prominent planter and the President of the Confederate States of America. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 659 square miles. Jefferson Davis Parish comprises five incorporated towns including Elton, Fenton, Jennings, Lake Arthur, Interstate 10 runs east and west through the center of the parish, providing quick, easy access to local markets. The Jennings Airport, with a length of 5,000 feet, is capable of landing a small jet and is conveniently located next to Interstate 10. Thanks to these and many other attributes within its community, the economic outlook for the parish is promising. Jefferson Davis Parish also attracts sportsmen to the Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge, the population density was 48 people per square mile. There were 12,824 housing units at a density of 20 per square mile. 0. 99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 15% of the population reported speaking French or Cajun French at home. 22. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.18. In the parish the population was out with 29. 30% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,27. 30% from 25 to 44,21. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 92.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $27,736, and the median income for a family was $33,129
31.
Earl Long
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Earl Kemp Long was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Louisiana, serving three non-consecutive terms. Long, known as “Uncle Earl, ” connected with voters through his folksy demeanor and he departed from other southern politicians of his time by promoting a progressive agenda, including expanding school lunch programs, teacher pay, public works projects, and minority voting rights. His sometimes erratic behavior – including a liaison with New Orleans stripper Blaze Starr – appeared to be of consequence to his electoral success. Long served as governor from 1939 to 1940,1948 to 1952 and he was also elected as lieutenant governor and served from 1936 to 1939. Trying to keep a hand in state government, Long failed in three other bids to be elected lieutenant governor,1932,1944, and 1959. Long was born in Winnfield, the seat of government of Winn Parish, in north central Louisiana to Huey Pierce Long, Sr. and the former Caledonia Palestine Tyson and he was the younger brother of U. S. Representative George Shannon Doc Long and Governor and U. S and their younger sister was Lucille Long Hunt, who married John S. Hunt, II, of Ruston, the seat of Lincoln Parish, in north Louisiana. Their son John S. Hunt, III, was one of three members of the Louisiana Public Service Commission, based in Monroe. Long attended Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, where his roommate was John Jones Doles, Sr. a future state senator from Plain Dealing. Long graduated from Loyola University College of Law in New Orleans, Fournet of St. Martinville for lieutenant governor. In his autobiography, Every Man a King, Huey Long said that Earl Longs first candidacy for lieutenant governor brought forth charges of a dynasty in the making. I sought to discourage, stating that it would be disastrous for a brother to undertake to have a brother succeed him or to have him elected as lieutenant governor. It was already being charged that I was a dictator and that I had allowed many relatives to be placed on the state payrolls, to have added a family name to the head of the ticket either for governor or lieutenant governor would have been disastrous to the whole ticket. My brothers and sisters, however, could not see the matter in that light, I gave everyone to understand that I was irrevocably committed to Allen for Governor and Fournet for Lieutenant Governor. Richard W. Leche of New Orleans was elected governor in 1936, but he resigned in scandal in 1939, Long failed to win a gubernatorial term of his own in the election of 1940. During his abbreviated term, Long appointed a cousin, Floyd Harrison Long, Earl Longs brief first tenure corresponded with the Louisiana Hayride scandals that engulfed both Governor Leche and the president of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, James Monroe Smith. Long was defeated in the Democratic primary by the conservative attorney Sam H. Jones of Lake Charles, after the abbreviated governorship, with Coleman Lindsay of Minden as the lieutenant governor, Long was indicted in New Orleans on charges of embezzlement and extortion. The charges involved placing a deadhead on the payroll of a state board
32.
Jennings, Louisiana
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Jennings is a city in and the parish seat of Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana, United States, near Lake Charles. The population was 10,383 at the 2010 census, a decline from the 2000 tabulation. The city is 68 percent white, Jennings is the principal city of the Jennings Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Jefferson Davis Parish. It is also part of the larger Lake Charles-Jennings Combined Statistical Area and it is also part of the large, 22-parish Acadiana region of the state, with a large Francophone population, many descended from early Acadian settlers. The City of Jennings is also the home to artists such as the Hip/Hop duo. Jennings McComb, for whom the town was named, was a Irish contractor of the Southern Pacific Railroad and he built the Jennings depot on a divide peculiar to southwest Louisiana. This became the center of new development based on the railroad, the first settler was recorded as A. D. McFarlain, who came in 1881 from St. Mary Parish and opened a store. McFarlain also became the first rice grower, postmaster, brick maker, prospering with Jennings’ growth, McFarlain was considered one of the town’s prominent businessmen and civic leaders. The Jennings area attracted numerous farmers from Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska. The new settlers of southwest Louisiana were referred to as Yankees by the natives and they had settled along the waterways in the parish, which they had relied on for transportation before the railroad. The Cajuns gave appreciable aid to the settlers in homesteading and homemaking, the people grew rice, cotton, sweet potatoes and corn. Sylvester L. Cary reached this area on February 7,1883 from Iowa and he became known as the towns father, as he persuaded other Iowans to relocate there. He said he was seeking a home there was neither winter or mortgages. So impressed was Cary by the country around the Jennings depot that he shared his findings with others. He attracted fellow Midwesterners to southwest Louisiana by writing to friends in Iowa, when he returned to Iowa to pack up his family for the move to Jennings, he persuaded several neighbors preparing to migrate west, to follow him to Jennings and southwest Louisiana. Much of southwest Louisiana was developed by the North American Land and Timber Co, seaman A. Knapp, president of the Iowa State College of Agriculture, was engaged in 1885 to demonstrate the regions suitability for rice production. Knapp attracted a number of Iowans to settle the area, the land company placed advertisements in newspapers published in the Midwestern states. On May 2,1888 the settlement of Jennings was incorporated as a village, in 1901, a fire destroyed a large portion of the wooden structures in Jennings
33.
Jeff Davis Parish, Louisiana
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Jefferson Davis Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,594, Jefferson Davis Parish is named after the president of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, Jefferson Davis. It is located in southwestern Louisiana and forms a part of the Acadiana region, in 2005, the parish was damaged significantly by Hurricane Rita, which caused much wind damage and flooding in the western part of the parish. The storm also caused Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge to be affected by saltwater intrusion, the first oil in Louisiana was drilled in 1901 in what became Jeff Davis Parish by W. Scott Heywood, who in 1932 was elected to the Louisiana State Senate. Jefferson Davis Parish was one of the last parishes to be organized in the state of Louisiana and it was originally a part of Imperial Calcasieu Parish, which contributed to five other parishes as the population increased in the area. The bill creating Jefferson Davis Parish was passed by the legislature in 1912. Jefferson Davis Parish is part of the large, 22-county Acadiana region of Louisiana and it was named after Jefferson Davis, a prominent planter and the President of the Confederate States of America. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 659 square miles. Jefferson Davis Parish comprises five incorporated towns including Elton, Fenton, Jennings, Lake Arthur, Interstate 10 runs east and west through the center of the parish, providing quick, easy access to local markets. The Jennings Airport, with a length of 5,000 feet, is capable of landing a small jet and is conveniently located next to Interstate 10. Thanks to these and many other attributes within its community, the economic outlook for the parish is promising. Jefferson Davis Parish also attracts sportsmen to the Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge, the population density was 48 people per square mile. There were 12,824 housing units at a density of 20 per square mile. 0. 99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 15% of the population reported speaking French or Cajun French at home. 22. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.18. In the parish the population was out with 29. 30% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,27. 30% from 25 to 44,21. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 92.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $27,736, and the median income for a family was $33,129
34.
Allen J. Ellender
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Allen Joseph Ellender was a U. S. senator from Houma in Terrebonne Parish in south Louisiana, who served from 1937 until 1972 when he died in office in Maryland at the age of eighty-one. He was a Democrat who was allied with Huey Long. As senator, he compiled a conservative record, voting 77 percent of the time with the Conservative Coalition on domestic issues. A staunch segregationist, he voted against the Voting Rights Act of 1965, unlike many conservatives, he was not a hawk in foreign policy and opposed the Vietnam War. Ellender was born in the town of Montegut in Terrebonne Parish and he was the son of Victoria Marie and Wallace Richard Ellender, Sr. He attended public and private schools, and graduated in 1909 from the Roman Catholic St. Aloysius College in New Orleans and he studied law at Tulane University Law School in New Orleans. Admitted to the bar in 1913, he launched his practice in Houma when he was twenty-three, Ellender was appointed as the city attorney of Houma from 1913 to 1915, and then district attorney of Terrebonne Parish from 1915 to 1916. He was a sergeant in the United States Army Artillery Corps during World War I, Ellender was a delegate to the Louisiana constitutional convention in 1921. The constitution produced by that body was retired in 1974, two years after Ellenders death and he served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1924 to 1936. Ellender was the House Speaker from 1932 to 1936, when he was elected to the US Senate. In 1937 he took his Senate seat, formerly held by the fallen Huey Long and slated for the Democratic nominee Oscar Kelly Allen, Sr. of Winnfield, Allen had won the Democratic nomination by a plurality exceeding 200,000 votes, but he died shortly thereafter. The Democrats had so dominated state politics since the disfranchisement of most blacks at the turn of the century, lorris M. Wimberly of Arcadia in Bienville Parish, meanwhile, succeeded Ellender as House Speaker. Wimberly was the choice of Governor Richard Webster Leche and thereafter Lieutenant Governor Earl Kemp Long, Ellender was repeatedly re-elected to the Senate and served until his death in 1972. He gained seniority and great influence and he was the leading sponsor of the federal free lunch program, which was enacted in 1945 and continues, it was a welfare program that helped poor students. Ellender served as the chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee from 1951 to 1953 and 1955 to 1971. He chaired the even more powerful Senate Appropriations Committee from 1971 until his death, denoting his seniority as a Democrat in the Senate, Ellender was President pro tempore of the U. S. Senate from 1971–1972, an honorific position. Ellender was an opponent of Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, Ellender strongly opposed the federal civil rights legislation of the 1960s, which included the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to enforce blacks constitutional rights in voting. Many, particularly in the Deep South, had been disfranchised since 1900 and he did support some Louisiana state legislation sought by civil rights groups, such as repeal of the state poll tax
35.
Houma, Louisiana
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Houma is the only city in and the parish seat of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, and the largest principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area. The citys powers of government have been absorbed by the parish, the population was 33,727 at the 2010 census, an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393. Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma, the largest and it is not included in the citys census counts, and is a separate census-designated place. If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma, the city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people, believed to be related to the Choctaw. The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana, Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographias International Housing Survey. Houma was founded by European Americans in 1834 at a settlement of the Houma people. The city was named after them, the city of Houma was incorporated in 1848. The United Houma Nation and two other Houma tribes have been recognized by the state, Houma is also rated as a medium size city. The area was developed for plantations in the years, which were worked primarily by enslaved African Americans. Since the late 19th century, the area has become industrialized and developed for trade. In 1862, four Union soldiers en route by wagon from New Orleans to Houma were ambushed by armed citizens. Two of the Union men were killed, and the two were seriously wounded. In retaliation, Union officers brought 400 troops into Houma, where began a wholesale arrest of residents. In his 1963 book, the historian John D, winters describes the events, The investigation of the murders lasted several days but failed to reveal the guilty parties. To frighten the citizens, the home of a Doctor Jennings was burned, the soldiers next began to seize sheep, cattle, mules, wagons, and saddle horses. Negroes began to desert their masters and to flock to the protection of the troops, the frightened citizens had no means of resistance, and many found it hard to stand by and see their country despoiled by a few hundred troops. Houma is located at 29°35′15″N 90°42′58″W and has an elevation of 10 feet. BY SQ According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.2 square miles
36.
Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
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Terrebonne Parish is a parish located in the southern part of the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 111,860, the parish was founded in 1822. Terrebonne Parish is part of the Houma-Thibodaux, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is the second-largest parish in the state in terms of land area, and it has been a center of Cajun culture since the 18th century. More than 10% of its residents speak French at home, Terrebonne is represented in the Louisiana House of Representatives by the Republican businessman Gordon Dove of Houma. Doves seat was held by Hunt Downer, a former Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives. Dove vacates the House seat in January 2016 to become Terrebonne Parish president and he was succeeded in the legislature by another Republican, Jerome Zeringue of Houma. Houma was named after the Houma people, the native word houma means red, and the tribes war emblem was the crawfish. Historians say the Houma were related to the Muskogean-speaking Choctaw, and migrated into the area from present-day Mississippi and they first settled near what is now Baton Rouge. They settled in present-day Terrebonne Parish in the mid- to late 18th century and they established a camp known as Ouiski Bayou on the high ground northwest of what later developed as downtown Houma. They were subsequently pushed from the highlands of the north to the regions of the south by the European settlements in the late 1700s and 1800s. Evidence of the Houma Tribe can still be found in area today. One of the southernmost of Louisianas parishes, Terrebonne Parish was established on March 22,1822, from the part of Lafourche Interior. Covering an area of 2100 square miles, it is the second-largest parish in the state, the early French settlers named the parish for the fertility of its soils, terre bonne means good earth. In 1834, Terrebonne Parish founded the city of Houma in order to establish a centrally located, prior to this, the county seat had been set at Williamsburg, approximately four miles northwest of present-day downtown Houma. It was near a settlement of the Houma Tribe of Native Americans. Williamsburg was at the junction of two, Bayou Cane and Bayou Terrebonne, richard H. Grinage and Hubert M. Belanger donated one arpent of frontage along Bayou Terrebonne on March 18,1834 for the new government seat. This land became the foundation around which Houma was developed, because of this significant donation, Grinage and Belanger are considered the Fathers of Houma. Most of the settlers who came to Terrebonne migrated from the Mississippi River, there was an influx of French colonists from New Orleans to the bayou country in 1762 after the Spanish took over rule of the colony following the French defeat by the British in the Seven Years War
37.
Red River of the South
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The Red River, or sometimes the Red River of the South, is a major tributary of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers in the southern United States of America. The river was named for the country of its watershed. It is one of several rivers with that name. The Mexicans and Indians on the borders of Mexico are in the habit of calling any river, the Red River formed part of the US-Mexico border from the Adams-Onís Treaty until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Red River is the second-largest river basin in the southern Great Plains and it rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east, where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma. It forms a border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas, turning south near Fulton, Arkansas and flowing into Louisiana. The total length of the river is 1,360 miles, the Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma. The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas-Oklahoma border, the southern fork, which is about 120 miles long, is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork. It is formed in Randall County, Texas, near the county seat of Canyon, by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek. The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet, then past Newlin, Texas, past that point, it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River. Near Denison, the exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma. The lake is fed by the Washita River from the north. After the river out of the southeastern end of the lake, it runs generally east towards Arkansas. Soon after, the river crosses south into Louisiana and its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico. In 1946, the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height, however, the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria. Willie E. Kees, Jr. the young newly elected mayor of Pineville, the Red Rivers watershed covers 65,590 square miles and is the southernmost major right tributary of the Mississippi, and the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains. Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma and its basin is characterized by flat, fertile agricultural land, with only a few major cities. The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation, as a result, much of the river above the Texas-Oklahoma border is intermittent, and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas, the flow varies widely
38.
Alexandria, Louisiana
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Alexandria is the ninth-largest city in the state of Louisiana and is the parish seat of Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It lies on the bank of the Red River in almost the exact geographic center of the state. It is the city of the Alexandria metropolitan area which encompasses all of Rapides. In 2010, the population was 47,723, an increase of 3 percent from the 2000 census, located along the Red River, the city of Alexandria was originally home to a community which supported activities of the adjacent Spanish outpost of Post du Rapides. In 1805, Fulton and business partner Thomas Harris Maddox laid out the town plan and that same year Fulton was appointed coroner in Rapides Parish by territorial Governor William C. C. Alexandria was incorporated as a town in 1819 and received a city charter in 1832, in the spring of 1863, Alexandria was occupied by Union forces under the command of Admiral David Dixon Porter and General Nathaniel P. Banks. Porter arrived with his gunboats on May 7, later in the day Banks reached Alexandria with his cavalry, whose members had marched twenty-five miles to reach the city that day. According to the historian John D, Banks posted guards and declared martial law. Porter left behind the gunboat USS Lafayette in Alexandria and posted the USS Pittsburg on the Black River to the northeast, in 1864, Admiral Porter, back in the area, and General Banks quarreled over possession of cotton supplies. Porter seized three hundred bales of Confederate cotton from warehouses in Alexandria and stamped it U. S. N. Prize, referring to the United States Navy, Porter sent his sailors into the country to search for unginned cotton. After the crop was located, it was brought to Alexandria to be ginned and baled, the sailors also seized molasses and wool. Winters writes that Porter took all cotton wherever he found it, cotton belonging to the Confederate government, cotton belonging to the rebels, Winters continues, Banks was furious with Porter when he learned that the admiral was scouring the interior for cotton. Since he had no authority to stop Porters speculative activities, Banks could only try to beat him to the remaining cotton, army wagons were sent out in large numbers to collect the cotton. Thousands of bales were brought in by the troops and stored for future shipment, the federal army made itself as comfortable as possible during its long stay in Alexandria. Winters writes that lumber and tools were foraged, and the men busied themselves by building wooden tent floors, benches, Alexandria with a zigzag line of fortifications. Confederate citizens as a whole were most fearful of the Union, according to Winters, most had never before seen a Yankee soldier expected the worse from the invader. Some cried, some cursed, some whined, and some overcome with fear, hid themselves in the woods, negroes were responsible for much of the plunder and pillage
39.
Pineville, Louisiana
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Pineville is a city in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is adjacent to the city of Alexandria, and is part of that citys Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 14,555 at the 2010 census. It had been 13,829 in 2000, population grew by 5 percent over the preceding decade. The Central Louisiana State Hospital, the Pinecrest Supports and Services Center, Long Memorial Hospital, the Alexandria Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the Alexandria National Cemetery are all located in Pineville. Pineville is also home to several large non-government employers including Baker Manufacturing Inc, crest Industries, LLC, and Dresser Industrial Valve, Inc. Louisiana State University was founded by the Louisiana General Assembly in 1853 and it was founded under the name Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy and was located near Pineville. The first session began on January 2,1860, with General William Tecumseh Sherman of Ohio as superintendent, the military opened for its fourth session in November 1862 with 112 students. Superintendent William A. Seay found the task of holding the cadets in class hopeless, winters of Louisiana Tech University, The undisciplined young cadets with their enthusiasm for war were a continuous source of trouble. Around April 1,1863, the decided to close the school. They broke into the kitchen, smashed all the furniture, and seized all the cutlery, dishes, pots and pans, most of the students then went home to volunteer. Professor Seay was able to keep a few students until April 23, Pineville is located at 31°20′20″N 92°24′45″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.1 square miles. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pineville has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,829 people,4,994 households, the population density was 1,204.8 people per square mile. There were 5,448 housing units at a density of 474.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 57% White,26. 08% African American,0. 51% Native American,1. 90% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 1. 55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 14% of the population,32. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
40.
Lead Belly
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Huddie William Ledbetter /ˈhjuːdi/ was an American folk and blues musician notable for his strong vocals, virtuosity on the twelve-string guitar, and the folk standards he introduced. He is best known as Lead Belly, though many releases list him as Leadbelly, he himself wrote it as Lead Belly, which is also the spelling on his tombstone and the spelling used by the Lead Belly Foundation. Lead Belly usually played a guitar, but he also played the piano, mandolin, harmonica, violin. In some of his recordings he sang while clapping his hands or stomping his foot. Lead Bellys songs covered a range, including gospel music, blues about women, liquor, prison life, and racism, and folk songs about cowboys, prison, work, sailors, cattle herding. He also wrote songs about people in the news, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, Jean Harlow, Jack Johnson, Lead Belly was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2008. Lead Belly was born Huddie William Ledbetter on the Jeter Plantation near Mooringsport, Louisiana, the 1900 United States Census lists Hudy Ledbetter as 12 years old, born January 1888, and the 1910 and 1930 censuses also give his age as corresponding to a birth in 1888. The 1940 census lists his age as 51, with supplied by wife. However, in April 1942, when Ledbetter filled out his World War II draft registration, he gave his date as January 23,1889. His grave marker bears the date given on his draft registration, Ledbetter was the younger of two children born to Wesley Ledbetter and Sallie Brown. The pronunciation of his name is purported to be HYEW-dee or HUGH-dee and he can be heard pronouncing his name as HUH-dee on the track Boll Weevil, from the Smithsonian Folkways album Lead Belly Sings for Children. His parents had cohabited for several years, but they married on February 26,1888. When Huddie was five years old, the family settled in Bowie County, by 1903, Huddie was already a musicianer, a singer and guitarist of some note. He performed for nearby Shreveport audiences in St. Pauls Bottoms, the 1910 census of Harrison County, Texas, shows Hudy Ledbetter living next door to his parents with his first wife, Aletha Lethe Henderson. Aletha is registered as age 19 and married one year, others say she was 15 when they married in 1908. It was in Texas that Ledbetter received his first instrument, an accordion from his uncle Terrell, by his early twenties, having fathered at least two children, Ledbetter left home to make his living as a guitarist and occasional laborer. Influenced by the sinking of the Titanic in April 1912, Ledbetter wrote the song The Titanic, his first composed on the twelve-string guitar, which later became his signature instrument. Initially played when performing with Blind Lemon Jefferson in and around Dallas, Texas, Johnson had in fact been denied passage on a ship for being black, but it was not the Titanic
