1.
Ostrogski coat of arms
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Ostrogski is a Polish coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. A variant of the Leliwa and Ogończyk coat of arms, traditional Ostrogski coat of arms was described in his work Kasper Niesiecki, while its iconographic representation is seen on the Ostroh Bible. According to Niesiecki the first Ostrogski coat of arms was Pogoń Ruska coat of arms where the Saint George pierces a dragon. During the Battle of Vedrosha on July 14,1500 the Grand Hetman of Lithuania Konstanty Ostrogski was taken a prisoner by the Muscovite forces and later sent to Vologda. Nikolay Karamzin sites that on October 18,1506 Ostrogski pledged his allegiance to the Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III as a boyar, Ostrogski was sent then to the Sloboda Ukraine to fight Tatars, but managed to escape and returned to Lithuania in 1507. After Konstanty Ostrogski returned from the Muscovite captivity he adopted a new coat of arms, the new coat of arms was created as a mix of Leliwa and Ogończyk coat of arms, in remembrance of his two sons Eliasz and Konstanty. To the similarity of the description points Roman Klymkevych
2.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
3.
Ruthenia
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Ruthenia is a proper geographical exonym for Kievan Rus and other, more local, historical states. It was applied to the area where Ruthenians lived, the word Ruthenia originated as a Latin rendering of the region and people known originally as Rus. A group of Varangians known as the Rus settled in Novgorod in 862 under the leadership of Rurik. In European manuscripts dating from the 13th century, Ruthenia was used to describe Rus, a territory long disputed as an early part of Hungary, and from the 10th century Ruthenia and Poland, formed the Chervian Towns, now mostly in Poland, partly in Ukraine. This laid the foundation of the modern Russian state, the Muscovy population was Eastern Orthodox and used the Greek transcription of Rus, being Rossia, rather than the Latin Ruthenia. Due to their usage of the Latin script rather than the Cyrillic script, other spellings were also used in Latin, English and other languages during this period. The use of the term Ruthenia in the lands of ancient Rus survived longer as a used by Ukrainians for Ukraine. By 1840 the superior term, Малая Русь, Little Rus, or Rus Minora, for Ruthenians became derogative in the Russian Empire, and they began calling themselves Ukrainians, for Ukrayina. In the 1880s and 1900s, the popularity of the ethnonym Ukrainian spread, in time the term Ruthenian became restricted to western Ukraine, an area then part of the Austro-Hungarian state. By the early 20th century, the term Ukraine had replaced Ruthenia in Galicia/Halychyna, rusin has been one of official self-identifications of the Rus population in Poland. Until 1939, for many traditional Ruthenians and Polish, the word Ukrainiec meant a person involved in or friendly to a nationalist movement, however, some other Slavish languages definitely separate the Ruthenian meaning from its Russian neighbour. While Galician Ruthenians considered themselves to be Ukrainians, the Carpatho-Ruthenians were the last East Slavic people that kept the ancient historic name, nowadays, the term Rusyn is used to describe the ethnicity and language of Ruthenians who are not forced to the Ukrainian national identity. Carpatho-Ruthenia formed part of the Hungarian Kingdom from the late 11th century, in May 1919, it was incorporated with nominal autonomy into Czechoslovakia. After this date, Ruthenian people have been divided among three orientations, on 15 March 1939 the Ukrainophile president of Carpatho-Ruthenia, Avhustyn Voloshyn, declared its independence as Carpatho-Ukraine. On the same day Hungarian Army fascist regular troops, allies of Adolf Hitler, in 1944 the Soviet Army occupied Carpatho-Ruthenia, and in 1946, annexed it to the Ukrainian SSR. Officially, there were no Rusyns in the USSR, in fact, Soviet and some modern Ukrainian politicians, as well as Ukrainian government claim that Rusyns are part of the Ukrainian nation. Nowadays some of the population in the Zakarpattya oblast of Ukraine consider themselves Rusyns yet they are still a part of the whole Ukrainian national identity, a Rusyn minority remained after World War II in northeastern Czechoslovakia. According to critics, the Ruthenians rapidly became Slovakized, in 1995 the Ruthenian written language became standardized
4.
Ostroh
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Ostroh is a historic city located in Rivne Oblast of western Ukraine, located on the Horyn River. Ostroh is the center of the Ostroh Raion and is itself designated as a special administrative subordination within the oblast. The current estimated population is around 15,202, the Ostroh Academy was established here in 1576, the first higher educational institution in modern Ukraine. Furthermore, in the 16th century, the first East Slavic books, the Hypatian Codex first mentions Ostroh in 1100, as a fortress of the Volhynian princes. Since the 14th century, it was the seat of the powerful Ostrogski princely family, upon the familys demise in the 17th century, Ostroh passed to the family of Zasławski and then Lubomirski. In the second half of the 14th century, Ostroh, together with the whole of Volhynia, was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Following the Union of Lublin, the became part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Ostroh, known in Polish as Ostrog, received Magdeburg rights in 1585, in the 17th century, the town was surrounded by fortifications, with a moat, a rampart and five bastions. In 1609–1753, it was the capital of the Ostrogski family fee tail, founded by Voivode Janusz Ostrogski, furthermore, the town had a Calvinist academy, among its lecturers was Andrzej Wegierski. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the town was burned by the Cossacks, Ostrog slowly recovered, and in the second half of the 18th century, it became the seat of a Jesuit college. In 1793, the town was annexed by the Russian Empire, railroad lines, built in the 19th century, missed Ostrog, and as a result, the town stagnated. In the interbellum period, Ostrog belonged to County of Zdolbunow, the town was an important garrison of the Polish Army, and the Border Protection Corps. Here, the KOP Battalion “Ostrog” was stationed, as well as the 19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment, on July 7,1920, during the Polish-Soviet War, a battle between a Polish unit under Wincenty Krajowski, and the Bolsheviks of Semyon Budyonny’s 1st Cavalry Army took place. As in 1919 -1939 Ostrog was located in proximity to the Polish - Soviet border. Following the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, Ostrog was annexed by the Soviet Union, an unknown number of the town’s residents were forcibly sent to Siberia. The Nazi German occupation of southern Soviet Union resulted in the establishment of the Reich Commissariat Ukraine, in the autumn of 1941 several large-scale mass murders took place in Volhynia-Poldolia. On 1 September,19412,500 Jews were shot in Ostrog, six weeks later the ghetto was disbanded and another 3,000 people were killed. During the first six months of the German-Soviet war 300,000 Jews were killed in the territory of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, in total 1,430,000 Ukrainian Jews were murdered in the Holocaust
5.
Feodor Ostrogski
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Prince Feodor Ostrogski was a powerful magnate in Volhynia of Rurikid stock, son of Daniil Ostrogski. In some sources hes called Teodor, Fedko or Frederic and he was active in the Hussite Wars and assisted Sigismund Korybut. In 1386 Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila granted him possession of Ostrog castle, in addition to Ostrog, Feodor became owner of Korets, Iziaslav, and other towns. The Crooked Castle was captured and its commander, Karigaila, brother of Jogaila, was killed, the Upper castle, with Polish staff and lower, commanded by Feodor, were rescued. In 1422 Feodor travelled to Bohemia in the entourage of Sigismund Korybut and was sent by him as an ambassador to the Hussites and he fought in the Battle of Ústí. A folk song about this battle mentions Frederic, Ruthenian Prince of Ostrog, in 1430 with Sigismund Korybut and Hussites he captured Gliwice and they made this town their stronghold, their participation in the Hussite assault on Saxony is however doubtful. A year later with Sigismund Korybut he attacked the Hungarian monastery in Lechnica, in the 1430s he supported Grand Duke Švitrigaila and the Teutonic Order in the civil war against Sigismund Kęstutaitis and war against Poland. On 30 November 1432 he was defeated at Kopestrzyn by Ruthenian voivode Wincenty z Szamotuł, in 1433 he led Czech and Polish Hussites from Greater Poland in battles against Poland and Neumark, they captured Drawno, Dobiegniew, Złocieniec and Santok, Gorzów Wielkopolski was rescued. Then they were joined by Hussites from Lesser Poland and after a siege of Chojnice castle captured Tczew. After he captured Jasieniec on 13 September, an armistice was agreed. On expiry of the truce, Ostrogski burned and looted Brest-Litovsk, Castle was not captured, however, due to Masovian Dukes relief. At that time he was imprisoned with Teodor Korybut by their own suzerain, Švitrigaila. It is not certain if Feodor Ostrogski switched sides and because of it was imprisoned and he was probably married to Agata Czurylowna and father to Wasyl Krasny Ostrogski. He died as a monk and was buried at the Kievan Cave Monastery under the name Teodosii and was later canonized, house of Ostrogski Lithuanian nobility List of szlachta
6.
Konstanty Ostrogski
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Kostanty Iwanowicz Ostrogski was a magnate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later a Grand Hetman of Lithuania from 11 September 1497 until his death. As a speaker of the Ruthenian language he is considered to be one of the precursors of the Ukrainian language and he started his military career under king John I of Poland. He took part in campaigns against the Tatars and Muscovy. For his victory near Ochakiv against the forces of Mehmet Girey he was awarded with the title of Grand Hetman of Lithuania and he was the first person to receive this title. However, during a war with Muscovy he was defeated in the Battle of Vedrosha, in 1503 he managed to escape and joined king Sigismund I the Old, who allowed him to resume his post as a Hetman. As one of the military leaders of the alliance he continued to wage war against Muscovy. In 1514 another war with Muscovy started and Ostrogski became the commander in chief of all the Polish, among his subordinates were Jerzy Radziwiłł, Janusz Świerczowski, Witold Sampoliński and the future Hetman of the Crown Jan Tarnowski. On 8 September 1514 he achieved a significant victory in the Battle of Orsha, however, in 1517 his attempt to besiege the Russian fortress of Opochka became a serious defeat that destroyed any hopes to reconquer Smolensk. He had two wives, Tatiana Koretska and Aleksandra Słucka and he had two sons, Ilia Ostrogski with Koretska, and Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski with Słucka. He died in 1530 as a military commander. Despite his steady loyalty to the Catholic monarch as well as an old feud with an Orthodox Muscovy and he gave generously for construction of Orthodox churches and sponsored the creation of many church-affiliated schools for the orthodox children. As one of the wealthiest Orthodox nobles he was buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra in Kiev, the town of Starokostiantyniv still bears his name. He is one of the characters on the painting by Jan Matejko. Lithuanian nobility House of Ostrogski List of szlachta Ostrozky, Kostiantyn family Ostrozki
7.
House of Sanguszko
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Sanguszko is a Polish noble and aristocratic family of the Ruthenian stock from the Gediminid dynasty. Like other princely houses of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, its origin are considered murky, present historical opinion holds in favour of their descent from Algirdas grandson Alexander Feodorovich, lord of Kovel and Liuboml, whose name can be shortened to Sangush. The family supposedly descends from two lines, associated with two of his sons, Alexander and Michael, the senior line, called the Sanguszko-Koszyrski, has been extinct since the death of Adam Aleksander Sanguszko in 1653. Prince Paweł Karol Sanguszko-Lubartowicz, a Court and Grand Marshal of Lithuania, greatly expanded his holdings through his marriage with Marianna Lubomirska. His chief residence at Slavuta was embellished with a collection of Persian carpets. Hieronymous Sanguszko founded the Slavuta stud, establishing the family as breeders of Arabian horses, after partitions of Poland, Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko fought in the Kościuszko Uprising and Napoleons Russian campaign. His son, Prince Roman Sanguszko, was a Polish officer who participated in the November Uprising and his life is the subject of Prince Roman one of Joseph Conrads short stories. With the incorporation of Galicia into Ukraine, the Sanguszkos lost their Gumniska and Slavuta estates, as well as a palace in Lviv, by the later 20th century, the family was represented by a single person, Prince Paul, who resides in São Paulo. His mother came of the Polignac lineage
