1.
Rostock
–
Rostock is the largest city in the north German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Rostock is on the Warnow river, the district of Warnemünde 12 kilometres north of the city centre is directly on the Baltic Sea coast, Rostock is home to one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Rostock, founded in 1419. The city territory of Rostock stretches for about 20 km along the Warnow to the Baltic Sea, the largest built-up area of Rostock is on the western side of the river. The eastern part of its territory is dominated by industrial estates, Rostock is considered as the only regiopolis in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In the 11th century Polabian Slavs founded a settlement at the Warnow river called Roztoc, the Danish king Valdemar I set the town aflame in 1161. Afterwards the place was settled by German traders, initially there were three separate cities, Altstadt around the Alter Markt with St. Petri, Mittelstadt around the Neuer Markt with St. Marien and Neustadt around the Hopfenmarkt with St. Jakobi. In 1218, Rostock was granted Lübeck law city rights by Heinrich Borwin, during the first partition of Mecklenburg following the death of Henry Borwin II of Mecklenburg in 1226, Rostock became the seat of the Lordship of Rostock, which survived for almost a century. In 1251, the city became a member of the Hanseatic League, in the 14th century it was a powerful seaport town with 12,000 inhabitants and the biggest city of Mecklenburg. Ships for cruising the Baltic Sea were constructed in Rostock, the formerly independent fishing village of Warnemünde at the Baltic Sea became a part of Rostock in 1323, to secure the citys access to the Baltic Sea. In 1419, one of the earliest universities in Europe, the University of Rostock, was founded and they took advantage of a riot known as Domfehde, a failed uprising of the impoverished population. Subsequent quarrels with the dukes and persistent plundering led ultimately to a loss of economic, in 1565 there were further clashes with Schwerin that which had far-reaching consequences. Among other things, was the introduction of a beer excise that favoured the dukes. John Albert I advanced on the city with 500 horsemen, after Rostock had refused to take the oath of allegiance. The citizens slighted the fortress the following spring, from 1575 to 1577 the city walls were rebuilt, as was the Lagebusch tower and the Stein Gate in the Dutch Renaissance style. The inscription sit intra te concordia et publica felicitas, which can still be read on the gate, in 1584 it finally came to the Second Rostock Inheritance Agreement, which resulted in a further loss of former tax privileges. At the same time, these inheritance contracts put paid to Rostocks ambition of achieving imperial immediacy as Lübeck had done in 1226, the strategic location of Rostock provoked the envy of its rivals. Danes and Swedes occupied the city twice, first during the Thirty Years War, later, the French, under Napoleon, occupied the town for about a decade until 1813. In nearby Lübeck-Ratekau, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who was born in Rostock and this was only after furious street fighting in the Battle of Lübeck, in which he led some of the cavalry charges himself
2.
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
–
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is a federal state in northern Germany. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is the sixth largest German state by area, and the least densely populated, three of Germanys fourteen national parks are in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in addition to several hundred nature conservation areas. Major cities include Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg, Stralsund, Greifswald, Wismar, the University of Rostock and the University of Greifswald are among the oldest in Europe. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was the site of the 33rd G8 summit in 2007, due to its lengthy name, the state is often abbreviated as MV or shortened to MeckPomm. In English, it is translated as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or literally Mecklenburg-Cispomerania. Inhabitants are called either Mecklenburger or Pomeranians, the form is never used. The full name in German is pronounced and this is because the digraph <ck> marks a preceding short vowel in High German. Mecklenburg however is within the historical Low German language area, another explanation is that the c comes from a mannerism in High German officialese of writing unnecessary letters, a so-called Letternhäufelung. Human settlement in the area of modern Mecklenburg and Vorpommern began after the Ice Age, about two thousand years ago, Germanic peoples were recorded in the area. Most of them left during the Migration Period, heading towards Spain, Italy, in the 6th century Polabian Slavs populated the area. While Mecklenburg was settled by the Obotrites, Vorpommern was settled by the Veleti, along the coast, Vikings and Slavs established trade posts like Reric, Ralswiek and Menzlin. In the 12th century, Mecklenburg and Vorpommern were conquered by Henry the Lion and incorporated into the Duchy of Saxony, all of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was settled with Germans in the Ostsiedlung process, starting in the 12th century. In the late 12th century, Henry the Lion, Duke of the Saxons, conquered the Obotrites, subjugated its Nikloting dynasty, in the course of time, German monks, nobility, peasants and traders arrived to settle here. After the 12th century, the territory remained stable and relatively independent of its neighbours, Mecklenburg first became a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire in 1348. Though later partitioned and re-partitioned within the dynasty, Mecklenburg always shared a common history. The states of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz became Grand Duchies in 1815, Vorpommern, litererally Fore-Pomerania, is the smaller, western part of the former Prussian Province of Pomerania, the eastern part became part of Poland after the end of World War II. In the Middle Ages, the area was ruled by the Pomeranian dukes as part of the Duchy of Pomerania, Pomerania was under Swedish rule after the Peace of Westphalia from 1648 until 1815 as Swedish Pomerania. Pomerania became a province of Prussia in 1815 and remained so until 1945, wartime In May 1945, the armies of the Soviet Union and the Western allies met east of Schwerin
3.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
4.
Seating capacity
–
Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
5.
Deutsche Mark
–
The Deutsche Mark, abbreviated DM or D-Mark, was the official currency of West Germany and unified Germany until the adoption of the euro in 2002. In English, but not in German, it is called the Deutschmark. Mark coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002. However, in 2012, it was estimated that as many as 13.2 billion marks were in circulation, with polls showing a narrow majority of Germans favouring the currencys restoration. The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all German marks in form may be changed into euros indefinitely. Banknotes and coins can even be sent to the Bundesbank by mail, on 31 December 1998, the Council of the European Union fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM1.95583 = €1. One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 Pfennig, a mark had been the currency of Germany since its original unification in 1871. Before that time, the different German states issued a variety of different currencies, though most were linked to the Vereinsthaler, a silver coin containing 16 2⁄3 grams of pure silver. Although the mark was based on rather than silver, a fixed exchange rate between the Vereinsthaler and the mark of 3 marks =1 Vereinsthaler was used for the conversion. The first mark, known as the Goldmark, was introduced in 1873, with the outbreak of World War I, the mark was taken off the gold standard. The currency thus became known as the Papiermark, especially as inflation, then hyperinflation occurred. The Papiermark was replaced by the Rentenmark from November 15,1923, due to the strains between the Allies each zone was governed independently as regards monetary matters. The US occupation policy was governed by the directive JCS1067, as a consequence a separate monetary reform in the U. S. zone was not possible. Each of the Allies printed its own occupation currency, the Deutsche Mark was officially introduced on Sunday, June 20,1948 by Ludwig Erhard. Large amounts were exchanged for RM10 to 65 Pfennig, in addition, each person received a per capita allowance of DM60 in two parts, the first being DM40 and the second DM20. A few weeks later Erhard, acting against orders, issued an edict abolishing many economic controls which had been implemented by the Nazis. He did this, as he confessed, on Sunday because the offices of the American, British. He was sure if he had done it when they were open
6.
F.C. Hansa Rostock
–
F. C. Hansa Rostock is a German association football club based in the city of Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. They have emerged as one of the most successful clubs from the former East Germany and have made appearances in the top-flight Bundesliga. After being in the Bundesliga for ten years, from 1995 to 2005, in 2012, the club was relegated to the 3. Liga for the time and is now playing there for the fifth consecutive season. The club was established on 1 November 1954 as the multi-sport Sportclub Empor Rostock, the wholesale transfer of the Lauterers to Rostock part way through the 1954–55 season led to the disappearance of that association from play. A new club was formed in 1956 as BSG Motor Lauter and on 1 August 1990, newly formed SC Empor Rostock took the place of the former Lauter-based club in first division play in November 1954. They finished second the season, but in 1956 plunged to 14th place and were relegated. The new clubs name acknowledged Rostocks history as one of the trading centres of northern Europes Hanseatic League. This is their top flight title to date in play in East Germany or the unified Germany. They also captured the last ever East German Cup with a 1–0 win over FC Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt, Hansa, however, was unable to stay up and was relegated after falling just a single point shy of SG Wattenscheid 09. Three seasons of tempering in the 2, Bundesliga would return the club to the top flight for the 1995–96 season. In ten years spent in the Bundesliga, the teams best results were a pair of sixth-place finishes. In spite of frequent placings in the bottom-half of the league table, on 1 December 2002, Rostock became the first club to field six foreigners from the same country in a Bundesliga match. Rostock had a poor first half in the 2004–05 season. After two years in the 2, Bundesliga, the club returned to the top-flight for the 2007–08 season, but was again relegated. The clubs poor form continued in 2009–10 and they finished third-last, with this season, a new promotion/relegation format accompanied the introduction of the 3. Liga and Rostock found itself in a playoff versus the third place third division club FC Ingolstadt, Hansa lost both legs of the contest and was sent down to the 3. Liga, while Ingolstadt won promotion to the 2, Bundesliga alongside the top two third tier teams which advanced automatically by virtue of their finishes
7.
Baltic Sea
–
The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic countries, and the North European Plain. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, the sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. The Baltic Sea is connected by waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal. Traffic history Historically, the Kingdom of Denmark collected Sound Dues from ships at the border between the ocean and the land-locked Baltic Sea and they were collected in the Øresund at Kronborg castle near Helsingør, in the Great Belt at Nyborg. In the Little Belt, the site of intake was moved to Fredericia, the narrowest part of Little Belt is the Middelfart Sund near Middelfart. Oceanography Geographers widely agree that the physical border of the Baltic is a line drawn through the southern Danish islands, Drogden-Sill. The Drogden Sill is situated north of Køge Bugt and connects Dragør in the south of Copenhagen to Malmö, it is used by the Øresund Bridge, including the Drogden Tunnel. By this definition, the Danish Straits are part of the entrance, but the Bay of Mecklenburg, another usual border is the line between Falsterbo, Sweden and Stevns Klint, Denmark, as this is the southern border of Øresund. Its also the border between the shallow southern Øresund and notably deeper water, hydrography and biology Drogden Sill sets a limit to Øresund and Darss Sill, and a limit to the Belt Sea. The shallow sills are obstacles to the flow of salt water from the Kattegat into the basins around Bornholm. The Kattegat and the southwestern Baltic Sea are well oxygenated and have a rich biology, the remainder of the Sea is brackish, poor in oxygen and in species. While Tacitus called it Mare Suebicum after the Germanic people called the Suebi, the origin of the latter name is speculative. Adam of Bremen himself compared the sea with a belt, stating that it is so named because it stretches through the land as a belt and he might also have been influenced by the name of a legendary island mentioned in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder. Pliny mentions an island named Baltia with reference to accounts of Pytheas and it is possible that Pliny refers to an island named Basilia in On the Ocean by Pytheas. Baltia also might be derived from belt and mean near belt of sea, meanwhile, others have suggested that the name of the island originates from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhel meaning white, fair. This root and its meaning were retained in both Lithuanian and Latvian. On this basis, a related hypothesis holds that the name originated from this Indo-European root via a Baltic language such as Lithuanian, yet another explanation is that the name originally meant enclosed sea, bay as opposed to open sea. Some Swedish historians believe the name derives from the god Balder of Nordic mythology, in the Middle Ages the sea was known by variety of names
8.
University of Rostock
–
The University of Rostock is a public university located in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Founded in 1419, it is the third-oldest university in Germany and it is the oldest and largest university in continental northern Europe and the Baltic Sea area, and 8th oldest in Central Europe. It was the 5th university established in the Holy Roman Empire, the university has been associated with five Nobel laureates. Famous alumni include Nobel laureates, Albrecht Kossel, Karl von Frisch and it is a member of the European University Association. The language of instruction is usually German, but English for postgraduate studies and it was founded in 1419 by confirmation of Pope Martin V and thus is the oldest university in Northern Europe. In Germany, there are five universities that were founded before, while only Heidelberg and Leipzig operated continuously since then, Heidelberg, Cologne, Erfurt, Würzburg. That makes Rostock University the third oldest German university in continuous operation, throughout the 15th century, the University of Rostock had about 400 to 500 students each year, a large number at that time. Rostock was among the largest universities in Germany at the time and many of its students came from the Low Countries. In the course of political struggles and pressure from the church, from 1487 to 1488 teaching took place in Lübeck. A few years later the city of Rostock, its university also became Protestant in 1542, humanism and Lutheranism were defining characteristics of the university. After the Thirty Years War, the University of Rostock played only a regional role, when the ownership of the university moved from the city to the state in 1827, however, things changed for the better. The end of the 19th century saw generous building activity in Rostocks alma mater, on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the university, Albert Einstein and Max Planck received honorary doctorates on 12 November 1919. This made the University of Rostock the worlds first institute of learning to award this honour to Einstein. Interestingly enough, the doctorate was not revoked during the Nazi rule in Germany, the reason for this remains unknown. David Katz, Hans Moral and others lost their posts in 1933, the end of the Second World War in 1945 brought many changes. The university, now finding itself in the Soviet Zone of Germany, was re-opened on 24 February 1946, the Faculty of Law was closed in 1951, aFaculty of Agriculturewas introduced in 1950 and in 1951 saw the opening of a Department of Shipbuilding. The University of Rostock was the first traditional university in Germany to open a technical faculty, in 1952, the Faculty of Aviation was opened, but eventually relocated to Dresden. In 1976 the university was renamed Wilhelm-Pieck-Universität after Wilhelm Pieck, the first president of the German Democratic Republic, the renaming was annulled after the German reunification
9.
Ice hockey
–
Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
10.
Public transport
–
Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
11.
S-train
–
The S-train is a type of hybrid urban-suburban rail serving a metropolitan region. Some of the larger S-train systems provide service similar to transit systems. There is no definition of an S-train system. S-trains are, where they exist, the most local type of railway stopping at all existing stations inside and they are slower than mainline railways but usually serve as fast crosstown services within the city. Most S-train systems are built on older local railways, or in some cases parallel to an existing dual track railway. Most use existing local mainline railway trackage, but a few branches can be purpose built S-train lines, S-trains typically use overhead lines or a third rail for traction power. In Hamburg the S-trains use both the methods, depending on which line is powered. Busy S-train corridors sometimes have sections of exclusive trackage of their own, a good example of this is the part of Berlins S-Bahn, which is regarded as a tourist attraction and has a special name, Berliner Stadtbahn. However, in more lightly used sections outside the city center, the S-trains stop at all stations, while other mainline trains only stop at the largest stations. S-trains are generally service the hinterland of a city, rather than connecting different cities. The S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland constitutes the main railway system for Leipzig but also connects to Halle. The Rostock S-Bahn is an example of a smaller S-Bahn system, many of the larger S-train systems also have central sections that individual suburban branches feed into, creating high frequency corridors. For instance, on weekdays, the section of the Copenhagen S-train has five services connecting to. Further out from the parts of a city the individual services branch off into lines with distances between stations can exceed 5 km, similar to commuter rail. This allows the S-train to serve a dual purpose, local transport within a city center. The rolling stock used in S-Trains reflect its hybrid purpose. The interior is designed for short journeys with provision for standing passengers but may have space allocated to larger. Integration with other local transport for ticketing, connectivity and easy interchange between lines or other system like metros is typical for S-trains
12.
Lux
–
The lux is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square metre, in photometry, this is used as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. In English, lux is used as both the singular and plural form, illuminance is a measure of how much luminous flux is spread over a given area. One can think of flux as a measure of the total amount of visible light present. A given amount of light will illuminate a surface more dimly if it is spread over a larger area, however, the same 1000 lumens, spread out over ten square metres, produces a dimmer illuminance of only 100 lux. Achieving an illuminance of 500 lux might be possible in a kitchen with a single fluorescent light fixture with an output of 12000 lumens. To light a factory floor with dozens of times the area of the kitchen would require dozens of such fixtures, thus, lighting a larger area to the same level of lux requires a greater number of lumens. As with other SI units, SI prefixes can be used, for instance, a star of apparent magnitude 0 provides 2.08 microlux at the earths surface. A barely perceptible magnitude 6 star provides 8 nanolux, the unobscured sun provides an illumination of up to 100 kilolux on the Earths surface, the exact value depending on time of year and atmospheric conditions. This direct normal illuminance is related to the solar illuminance constant Esc, the illumination provided on a surface by a point source equals the number of lux just described times the cosine of the angle between a ray coming from the source and a normal to the surface. The number of lux falling on the surface equals this cosine times a number that characterizes the source from the point of view in question and it differs from the luminance, which does depend on the angular distribution of the emission. A perfectly white surface with one lux falling on it will emit one lux, like all photometric units, the lux has a corresponding radiometric unit. The weighting factor is known as the luminosity function, the lux is one lumen per square metre, and the corresponding radiometric unit, which measures irradiance, is the watt per square metre. The peak of the luminosity function is at 555 nm, the eyes image-forming visual system is sensitive to light of this wavelength than any other. Other wavelengths of visible light produce fewer lux per watt-per-meter-squared, the luminosity function falls to zero for wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. For a light source with mixed wavelengths, the number of lumens per watt can be calculated by means of the luminosity function and this means that white light sources produce far fewer lumens per watt than the theoretical maximum of 683.002 lm/W. The ratio between the number of lumens per watt and the theoretical maximum is expressed as a percentage known as the luminous efficiency. For example, an incandescent light bulb has a luminous efficiency of only about 2%
13.
East Germany national football team
–
The East Germany national football team was from 1952 to 1990 the football team of East Germany, playing as one of three post-war German teams, along with Saarland and West Germany. In 1949, before the GDR was founded and while regular private clubs were banned under the Soviet occupation. Helmut Schön coached selections of Saxony and the Soviet occupation zone before moving to the West, on 6 February 1951, the GDR applied for FIFA membership, which was protested against by the German Football Association, which was already a full member. FIFA accepted the GDR association on 6 October 1951 as a provisional member, the first international game, not competitive but rather a display of good will, took place on 21 September 1952 against Poland in Warsaw, losing 3-0 in front of a crowd of 35,000. The first home game was on 14 June 1953 against Bulgaria, only three days later, the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany would have prevented the permitted assembly of that many Germans. On 8 May 1954 games resumed, with a 1-0 loss against Romania, the East Germans had not even considered to enter the World Cup which was won by the West Germans two months later. The GDR entered the qualification for the WC1958 and were hosts to Wales on 19 May 1957 at the Zentralstadion in Leipzig,500,000 tickets were requested, officially 100,000 were admitted, but 120,000 in the crowded house witnessed a 1-0 victory. East Germany was not as successful as its Western counterpart in World Cups or European Championships and it never qualified for the finals of the European Championship and only qualified for one World Cup, in 1974. However, they were serious contenders in qualifying throughout their history. That tournament was staged in West Germany, and both German teams were drawn in the group in the first round. With successful games against Chile and Australia, both German teams had qualified early for the round, with the inter-German game determining first. Despite this lack of pressure to succeed, the match on 22 June 1974 in Hamburg was politically and emotionally charged, East Germany beat West Germany 1-0, thanks to a goal by Jürgen Sparwasser. This was rather a Pyhrric victory, as the DFV wound up in the possibly stronger second round Group A, the GDR lost to Brazil and the Netherlands, but secured 3rd place in a final game draw with Argentina. East Germany did however achieve significantly greater success in Olympic football than the teams fielded by the Western NOC of Germany. In 1956,1960, and 1964 both states had sent a United Team of Germany, for 1964, the East German side had beaten their Western counterparts in order to be selected. They went on to win Bronze for Germany, as GDR, they won Bronze in 1972 in Munich, Gold in 1976, and Silver medal in 1980 in Moscow, In absence of boycotting Western nations. East Germany nearly secured qualification for the 1990 World Cup, needing only a draw versus Austria in Vienna in their group match on 15 November 1989 to achieve a place in Italy. However, Toni Polster scored three times as Austria won 3-0 and advanced to the finals instead, millions of East Germans had moved to the West before the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961, and some escaped in a successful Republikflucht attempts also afterwards
14.
Poland national football team
–
The Poland national football team represents Poland in association football and is controlled by the Polish Football Association, the governing body for football in Poland. Polands home ground is the Stadion Narodowy in Warsaw and their current head coach is Adam Nawałka, the most renowned Polish team was the one of the mid-1970s that held England to a draw at Wembley Stadium to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. They defeated Brazil 1–0 to claim third place in the tournament, Poland also finished third in the 1982 tournament, beating France 3–2 in the third-place play-off. Poland also won the medal in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, the silver medal in 1976 in Montreal. Their Olympic success was helped by an amateur squad, similar to other nations behind the Iron Curtain. Poland first qualified for the UEFA European Championship in 2008 and they also qualified automatically for Euro 2012 by virtue of being joint hosts alongside Ukraine. They finished bottom of their group on both occasions and their first win in the Euros was on 12 June 2016 in a group stage match of Euro 2016 against Northern Ireland. They went on to reach the quarterfinals, the Polish Football Federation was established on 20 December 1919 in Warsaw. Poland would play its first official match on 18 December 1921 in Budapest. Their first international win would come on 28 May 1922 where they took on Sweden in Stockholm and beat them 2–1. Poland qualified for their first ever World Cup in 1937 when they beat Yugoslavia 4–0, during their debut in the World Cup, Poland would play Brazil in a match which would become one of the most memorable matches in World Cup history. Despite Brazil not being regarded as the top team in the 1930s. Under these circumstances, the Polish team – which had never participated on such a level – was expected to lose the game against the South Americans. Thus, the defeat was not a sensation, however, all fans were surprised at the style with which the Poles played their lone game of the tournament. The white and reds got to the time, only then losing 5–6. Ernest Wilimowski, who played for Ruch Chorzów at the time, scored four of Polands five goals, Poland played what would be their last international match before the outbreak of World War II against Hungary, the runners-up in the 1938 World Cup. The match stands out as an achievement as Poland defeated the strongly favored Hungarian side 4–2, on 11 June 1946, following the aftermath of World War II, Poland played their first international friendly match, against Norway in Oslo, a 3–1 defeat. The biggest success in the years after the war was the victory against one of Europes best at the time
15.
Finland national football team
–
The Finland national football team represents Finland in international football competitions and is controlled by the Football Association of Finland. Unfortunately, after a few years of bad performances, they dipped to a FIFA ranking of 101, Finland played its first international match on October 22,1911, losing to neighboring Sweden 2–5 in Helsinki. Finland also took part in European Championship qualifying since the 1968 event, the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki saw the Finnish hosts lose to Austria in the first round. Finland did, however, win the unofficial Nordic championship in 1964 and 1966, the results of the team improved somewhat in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Finland missed out on qualification for Euro 1980 by just a point, Finland was invited to take part in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow after many Western countries announced they would boycott the games, but failed to progress from its group. By the mid-1990s Finland started to have more players in high-profile European leagues, in 1996 Danish Euro 1992 winning coach Richard Møller Nielsen was hired to take Finland to the 1998 World Cup. The team enjoyed mixed fortunes in the campaign, high points of which were a draw, going into the last match, Finland would have needed a win at home to Hungary to earn a place in the play-offs. They led the game 1–0 going into injury time, but scored an own goal, Møller Nielsen also tried to lead Finland to Euro 2000. In this campaign the Finns recorded a win away to Turkey. Antti Muurinen succeeded Møller Nielsen as coach in 2000, in the end, however, England and Germany proved too strong, and the Finns finished third in the group, but were the only team in that group not to lose at home. Hopes were high going into qualification for Euro 2004 after the promising last campaign and friendly wins over the likes of Norway, Belgium, however, Finland started the campaign by losing to Wales and Yugoslavia. These losses were followed by two defeats by Italy, and a 3–0 home win over Serbia and Montenegro was little consolation, as the Finns finished fourth in the group. In qualification for the 2006 World Cup Finland failed to score a point in six matches against the top three teams in their group, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Romania. Muurinen was sacked in June 2005, and he was replaced by caretaker Jyrki Heliskoski, in August 2005, it was announced that Roy Hodgson would become the new Finland coach in 2006, and he started in the job in January of that year. Hodgson stepped down as manager after they failed to qualify for Euro 2008 and his replacement was a Scotsman, Stuart Baxter, who signed a contract until the end of the 2012 European Championship qualification campaign. With this squad Finland was closer to reach the tournament stage than ever before, Finland would only have needed three more points from the Euro 2008 qualifying to reach the Euro 2008 competition. Finland was placed in Group A together with Portugal, Poland, Serbia, Belgium, Armenia, the team started the campaign very well, beating Poland 3–1 away and earning a 1–1 draw with Portugal at home. The Finns then gained four points from their difficult away ties against Armenia and Kazakhstan, drawing 0–0 with the former, on 15 November 2006, Finland beat Armenia 1–0 at home, thus remaining undefeated in the qualifying
16.
Egypt national football team
–
The team plays its home games at Borg El Arab Stadium in Alexandria, and their current head coach is Héctor Cúper. Egypt has also been as high as ninth in the FIFA World Rankings, despite their continental record, Egypt has so far made only two appearances in the World Cup, failing to win a game on both occasions. The Egypt national team was the first African and Middle Eastern team to qualify for the World Cup, the first Egyptian national football team was constituted in 1920 to compete in the Summer Olympics in Belgium. The opening match of their campaign was a loss against the Italians, Egypt qualified to the FIFA world cup twice in 1934 and 1990. Egypt was the first African country to qualify to the World Cup and lost to the Hungary 4–2 in their first and they only scored one goal in the 1990 World Cup scored by Magdy AbdelGhany to give the Egyptians their first point of the tournament. Egypt first participated in the first Africa Cup of Nations tournament in 1957, in their first game, which was a semi-final, they faced Sudan, winning 2–1 with goals from Raafat Attia and Ad-Diba, enabling Egypt to play in their first final. In the final, they faced Ethiopia, in which Egypt won 4–0, with goals being scored by Ad-Diba. The top scorer of tournament was Ad-Diba from Egypt with five goals. In their second participation in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1959, there were only three teams in that tournament, being Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt itself. Egypt again was undefeated in tournament, like in the previous tournament in 1957. Their fourth appearance came in 1963 in Ghana, Egypt was placed in Group B with Sudan and Nigeria, winning Nigeria with a score of 6–3, but drawing 2–2 against Sudan. Despite being undefeated in the stage, they were ranked second, behind Sudan by goal difference. Egypt, as runners-up in Group B, participated in the 3rd place match, playing against Ethiopia, for the 1965 Africa Cup of Nations, Egypt did qualify for the tournament, but they withdrew because of their diplomatic relationship with Tunisia, who were hosts of the tournament. Again, Egypt withdrew from the 1968 Africa Cup of Nations, in the 1970 Africa Cup of Nations, hosted again in Sudan, Egypt were in Group B along with Ghana, Guinea, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as Congo-Kinshasa back then. In their opening match, Egypt defeated Guinea by a score of 4–1, in which Ali Abo Greisha scored twice, Hassan El-Shazly scored once, and Taha Basry also scored once during that game. Egypts next game was against Ghana, which ended as a 1–1 draw, with Ibrahim Sunday scoring for Ghana, in their third game in this tournament, they faced Congo-Kinshasa, in which Egypt won 1–0 by a goal from Abo Greisha. Egypt ended being in first place, thus advancing to the next round, however, in the third place match, they won Ivory Coast by a score of 3–1, making Egypt become third place again in this tournament. For the 1972 Africa Cup of Nations, Egypt failed to qualify for the first time in this tournament after being eliminated by Morocco by a score of 5–3
17.
Uruguay national football team
–
The Uruguay national football team represents Uruguay in international association football and is controlled by the Uruguayan Football Association, the governing body for football in Uruguay. The current head coach is Óscar Tabárez, the Uruguayan team is commonly referred to as La Celeste. The Uruguayan team recently won the 2011 Copa América and they have won the Copa América 15 times, being the team that has won the tournament on most occasions. The team has won the FIFA World Cup twice, including the first World Cup in 1930 as hosts and they won their second title in 1950, upsetting host Brazil 2–1 in the final match, which received an attendance higher than any football match ever. They have won the Gold Medals in football at the Summer Olympics twice, in 1924 and 1928 recognized by FIFA as World Cup, Uruguay also won the 1980 Mundialito, a tournament among former World Cup champions. In total, Uruguay have won 20 official titles, a record for the most international titles held by any country. Another unique achievement of Uruguay is that it´s the only nation in football to organize multiple major international tournaments in own country. La Celeste won 7 Copa América tournaments,1 World Cup and Mundialito and their success is amplified by the fact that the nation has a very small population of around 3.4 million inhabitants. Uruguay is by far the smallest country in the world to have won a World Cup in terms of population,1.75 million inhabitants in 1930. The second-smallest country, by population, to have won the World Cup is Argentina with a population of nearly 28 million people in 1978, in 1901, Uruguay played against Argentina in their first ever match, a close contest won by Argentina 3–2. Prior to 1916, Uruguay played more than 30 matches, of which all, the inaugural Copa America provided Uruguay with more varied opposition. Victories over Chile and Brazil, along with a tie against Argentina, the following year Uruguay hosted the competition, and retained the title by winning every game. The 1919 Copa América saw Uruguays first defeat in the tournament, in 1924, the Uruguay team traveled to Paris to become the first South American team to compete in the Olympic Games. In contrast to the style of the European teams of the era, Uruguay played a style based around short passes. In the 1928 Summer Olympics, Uruguay went to Amsterdam to defend their title, FIFA assumed the responsibility of the organization of the Football Games to be played by FIFA rules and the tournaments would be recognized as World Championships. It only happened twice until the creation of its own FIFA World Championship, following the double Olympic triumph, Uruguay was chosen as the host nation for the first World Cup, held in 1930, the centenary of Uruguays first constitution. During the World Cup, Uruguay won all its matches, for the 1938 World Cup, France was chosen as host, contrary to a previous agreement to alternate the championships between South America and Europe, so Uruguay again refused to participate. Uruguay again won the World Cup in 1950, beating hosts Brazil in one of the biggest upsets in World Cup history, the decisive match was at the Maracanã Stadium in Brazil
18.
Norway national football team
–
The Norway mens national football team represents Norway in international association football and is controlled by the Football Association of Norway, the governing body for football in Norway. Norways home ground is Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo and their coach is Lars Lagerbäck. It is, as of March 2017, ranked by FIFA as the 81st best national team in the world, Norway has participated three times in the FIFA World Cup, and once in the UEFA European Championship. Norway is also notable as the national team that has never lost any of the matches it has played against Brazil. In four matches played, Norway has a 2–0–2 record against Brazil, Norways performances in international football have usually been weaker than those of their Scandinavian neighbours Sweden and Denmark, but they did have a golden age in the late 1930s. An Olympic team achieved third place in the 1936 Olympics, after beating the hosts Germany earlier in the tournament, Norway also qualified for the 1938 FIFA World Cup, where they lost 2–1 after extra time against eventual champions Italy. This turned out to be Norways last World Cup finals appearance in 56 years, in the post-war years, up to and including the 1980s, Norway was usually considered as one of the weaker nations in Europe. They never qualified for a World Cup or European Championship in this period, Norway had their most successful period from 1990 to 1998 under the legendary coach Egil Drillo Olsen. At its height in the mid-90s the team was ranked second on the FIFA World Rankings. In the 1994 World Cup in the United States, Norway was knocked out at the stage after a win against Mexico, a defeat against Italy. Former under-21 coach Nils Johan Semb replaced Olsen after the retirement of the latter. Under Sembs guidance, Norway qualified for Euro 2000, which remains their last finals appearance to date, Semb resigned at the end of an unsuccessful qualifying campaign in 2003, and was replaced by Åge Hareide. Under Hareide, Norway came close to reaching both the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008, but ultimately fell short on both occasions, then, in 2008, it all fell apart as Norway failed to win a single game the entire calendar year. Hareide resigned at the end of 2008 and his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, was the returning Egil Olsen, who began his second spell in charge with an away win against Germany, and subsequently signed a three-year contract. Olsen resigned in September 2013 after Norway lost at home to Switzerland and he was replaced with Per-Mathias Høgmo. Norways best single result is arguably the 2–1 win against Brazil on 23 June 1998 in the World Cup group stage, Norway is in fact the only team in the world that has played against Brazil and never lost. In its four matches all-time against Brazil, Norway have won twice, Norway used the national flag on a white circle as their badge from the 1920s onwards. In May 2008 the NFF unveiled a new crest, a Viking-style Dragon wrapped around the NFF logo, after massive public pressure the crest was dropped
19.
Soviet Union national football team
–
The Soviet Union national football team was the national football team of the Soviet Union. After the breakup of the Union the team was transformed into the CIS national football team, the Soviet Union failed to qualify for the World Cup only twice, in 1974 and 1978, and attended seven finals tournaments in total. Their best finish was fourth in 1966, when they lost to West Germany in the semifinals, the Soviet Union qualified for five European Championships, winning the inaugural competition in 1960 when they beat Yugoslavia in the final, 2–1. They finished second three times, and fourth once, when, having drawn with Italy in the semi-final, the Soviet Union national team also participated in number of Olympic tournaments earning the gold medal in the 1956 and 1988. The Soviet team continued to field its national team players in Olympic tournaments despite the prohibition of FIFA in 1958 to field any national team players in Olympics, however, in 1960 and in 1964 the Soviets were fielding its second national team. The first international played by a Soviet team came in August 1923, nine months after the establishment of the Soviet Union. The first formally recognised match played by the Soviet Union took place a year later, the 1952 Olympics was the first competitive tournament entered by the Soviet Union. In the preliminary round, Bulgaria were defeated 2–1, earning a first round tie against Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia led 5–1, but a Soviet comeback in the last 15 minutes resulted in a 5–5 draw. The match was replayed, Yugoslavia winning 3–1, the Soviet Union entered the World Cup for the first time at the 1958 tournament, following a qualification playoff against Poland. Drawn in a group with Brazil, England and Austria, they collected three points in total, one from England and two from Austria, Soviet Union and England went to a playoff game, in which Anatoli Ilyin scored in the 67th minute to knock England out. The Soviet Union were then eliminated by the hosts of the tournament, Sweden, the inaugural European Championships in 1960 marked the pinnacle of Soviet footballing achievement. Easily progressing to the quarter-finals, the team were scheduled to face Spain, in the semi-final, the Soviet team defeated Czechoslovakia 3–0 and reached the final, where they faced Yugoslavia. In the final, Yugoslavia scored first, but the Soviet Union, led by legendary goalkeeper Lev Yashin, after 90 minutes the score was 1–1, and Viktor Ponedelnik scored with seven minutes left in extra time to give the Soviets the inaugural European Championship. In the 1962 World Cup, the Soviet team was in Group 1 with Yugoslavia, Colombia, the match between Soviet Union and Colombia ended 4–4, Colombia scored a series of goals. Star goalkeeper Lev Yashin was in poor form both against Colombia and Chile and his form was considered as one of the main reasons why Soviet Union team did not gain more success in the tournament. In 1964, the Soviet Union attempted to defend their European Championship title, defeating Italy in the last 16, after two matches against Sweden, the Soviet side won on aggregate. The Soviet Union team went to Spain where the finals were held. In the semi-finals, the Soviet Union defeated Denmark 3–0 in Barcelona but their dreams of winning the title again were dashed in the final when Spain, the 1966 FIFA World Cup was the tournament which the Soviet Union team reached their best result by finishing in fourth place
20.
Germany national football team
–
The Germany national football team is the mens football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association, founded in 1900, ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany. Both have been absorbed along with their records by the current national team, the official name and code Germany FR was shortened to Germany following the reunification in 1990. Germany is one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a total of four World Cups. They have also been three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976, Germany is the only nation to have won both the mens and womens World Cups. At the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any football team in history. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas, the current manager of the national team is Joachim Löw. Germanys first championship title was won in Switzerland. At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach, the first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, in 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June, this united German team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and that early exit stands as Germanys worst World Cup result. During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942, when national team games were suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. After the Second World War, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950, the DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states — West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland — entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers. The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, with recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950, West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup. The Saarland, under French control between 1947 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones and it sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic was founded
21.
United States men's national soccer team
–
The United States mens national soccer team, often referred to as the USMNT, represents the United States in international soccer. It is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF, the team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups and hosted the 1994 edition. They achieved their best result when they reached the semi-final at the 1930 World Cup, finishing third, this remains the highest finish of any team outside of the UEFA and CONMEBOL confederations. After qualifying for the 1934 World Cup, and withdrawing in 1938, after 1950, the U. S. did not qualify for the World Cup again until 1990. Following the 1990 World Cup, the U. S. qualified automatically as hosts of the 1994 World Cup, the team has qualified for all five World Cups since, reaching the quarter-finals of the 2002 tournament, where it lost to Germany 1–0. In 2009 it finished runner-up at the Confederations Cup, eliminating top-ranked Spain 2–0 in the semi-finals before losing to Brazil 3–2 in the final, the teams current head coach is Bruce Arena, who took over in November 2016 and previously managed the team from 1998 to 2006. The first United States national team was constituted in 1885, when it played Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom, Canada defeated the U. S. 1–0 in Newark, New Jersey. The United States had its revenge the following year when it beat Canada 1–0, also in Newark, the United States played its first official international match under the auspices of U. S. Soccer August 20,1916, against Sweden in Stockholm, where the U. S. won 3–2, the U. S fielded a team in the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay, the first ever World Cup to ever be played. The U. S. began group play by beating Belgium 3–0, the U. S. then earned a 3–0 victory over Paraguay, with FIFA crediting Bert Patenaude with two of the goals. In November 2006, FIFA announced that it had accepted evidence that Patenaude scored all three goals against Paraguay, and was thus the first person to score a hat trick in a World Cup, in the semifinals, the U. S. lost to Argentina 6–1. Using the overall tournament records, FIFA credited the U. S. with a third-place finish ahead of fellow semi-finalist Yugoslavia. The finish remains the U. S. teams best World Cup result, there was no official soccer tournament in the 1932 Olympic Games. In an informal tournament, the United States finished first, followed by Mexico, the U. S. qualified for the 1934 World Cup by defeating Mexico 4–2. The team played Italy and lost 7–1, eliminating them from the tournament, the Olympic soccer tournament was reinstated in the 1936 Olympic Games. The 1950 World Cup in Brazil was the United Statess next World Cup appearance, the U. S. lost its first match 3–1 against Spain, but then won 1–0 against England at Independência Stadium in Belo Horizonte. Striker Joe Gaetjens was the goal scorer, the result is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the World Cups. Months before the famous World Cup loss to the U. S, England had beaten an all-star rest of Europe side 6–1 in an exhibition match
22.
Georgia national football team
–
The Georgia national football team is the national association football team of Georgia and is controlled by the Georgian Football Federation. The Georgian teams first match took place in 1990, while Georgia was still part of the Soviet Union, the team have attempted to qualify for each major tournament from Euro 1996 onwards, but have not achieved qualification yet. Home games are played at the Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena in Tbilisi, the history of Georgia national football team began in 1990, when the team played their first international match against Lithuania, the first country to accept an invitation. The match was held on May 27,1990 on national stadium, Georgia were coached by Givi Nodia. The friendly match ended in a 2–2 draw and this was the only match prior to the declaration of independence on April 9,1991. Soon afterwards the team played friendly match against Moldova. The Georgian Football Federation became a member of both UEFA and FIFA in 1992, enabling Georgia to play competitive matches, the first of these came in September 1994, a 1–0 defeat to Moldova as part of the qualifiers for Euro 1996. Georgia finished third in their group, ahead of Moldova and Wales, Georgia failed to qualify for 1998 FIFA World Cup in France, obtaining 10 points and finishing in fourth place, level on points with Poland. At this time Georgia reached forty-second place in FIFA rankings, in the Euro 2000 qualifying Georgia national team won one match, drew two and finished bottom of the group with five points. This marked the beginning of a period of decline for Georgian football, the team finished fifth with seven points in their qualifying group for Euro 2004, although they defeated Russia with a goal scored by Malkhaz Asatiani. In the FIFA World Cup 2006 qualifiers Georgia beat Albania 2–0 at home and they finished sixth with ten points in Group 2. Georgia were sixth out of seven teams in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying group with ten points and they defeated Scotland 2–0 at home and the Faroe Islands 6–0 away and 3–1 at home. Héctor Cúper became the manager of Georgia in August 2008, during the qualification round for the FIFA2010 World Cup Georgia failed to win any matches and finished sixth with three points. Cuper didnt extend his contract and on November 6,2009 Temur Ketsbaia was appointed as the coach of the Georgian national football team. Ketsbaia resigned as manager after a 4–0 defeat at home to Poland in the Euro 2016 qualifiers on November 14,2014, in June 2016, Georgian team made a stunt by winning against reigning European champions Spain 1–0. The following players have not been called up for the matches but have been called up for the team in the last 12 months. INJ Withdrew due to an injury, lists of 10 players with the most caps and top goalscorers for Georgia, as of 24 March 2017, As of 28 March 2017 As of 28 March 2017 Georgias kit are currently supplied by German brand Adidas. They replaced German company Jako who supplied Georgias kits between 2008 and 2013
23.
FDGB-Pokal
–
The FDGB-Pokal was an elimination football tournament held annually in the former East Germany. It was the second most important national title in East German football after the DDR-Oberliga championship, the founder of the competition was East Germanys major trade union. The inaugural FDGB Pokal was contested in 1949, four years before the initial DFB-Pokal was played in the half of the country. The first national cup competition had been the Tschammerpokal introduced in 1935, each football club which participated in the East German football league system was entitled to enter the tournament. Clubs from the lower leagues played in qualification rounds, with the winners joining the teams of the DDR-Oberliga and DDR-Liga in the main round of the tournament of the following year. Each elimination was determined by a game held on the ground of one of the two participating teams. Until the mid-80s the field of competition was made up of as many as sixty teams playing in five rounds due to the number of eligible clubs in the country. Beginning in 1975 the final was held each year in the Berliner Stadion der Weltjugend and drew anywhere from 30,000 to 55,000 spectators. The last cup final, played in 1991 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, was a 1–0 victory by Hansa Rostock over Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt, the most successful side in 42 years of competition was 1. FC Magdeburg which celebrated seven FDGB Cup wins, one of those wins ultimately led to victory in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup 1973-74, the only winners of the competition to reach the final of the DFB-Pokal since the re-unification of the country are 1. FC Union Berlin, who appeared in the 2001 German Cup final, to date the only other former East German club to appear in the German Cup final is Energie Cottbus. The performance of clubs is shown in the following table, Notes,1 Also known as SC Rotation Leipzig. 2 Also known as Motor Jena,3 Also known as SG Planitz, Horch Zwickau, Motor Zwickau and Sachsenring Zwickau. 4 In 1953, the club was picked up from Leipzig and moved to East Berlin to play as ZSK Vorwärts Berlin, later ASK Vorwärts Berlin, in 1971, the club was picked up and moved again, this time from the capital to Frankfurt, Brandenburg. The team was known as FC Vorwärts Frankfurt,5 Also known as FC Sachsen Leipzig and SC Lokomotive Leipzig. 6 Also known as SG Freiimfelde Halle and Hallescher FC Chemie,7 Also known as Empor Rostock. 8 Also known as SG Aue, BSG Pneumatik Aue, Zentra Wismut Aue, in 1954 the team moved from Aue to Chemnitz. After German reunification in 1990, the club was renamed FC Wismut Aue before taking on its current name,9 Also known as BSG KWU Erfurt, Fortuna Erfurt, Turbine Erfurt
24.
Sportpark Unterhaching
–
The Sportpark Unterhaching, currently known as the Alpenbauer Sportpark following a sponsorship deal in 2013, is the home of Munich football club SpVgg Unterhaching. It is used almost exclusively for first-team games and occasionally for reserve-team games and it has a capacity of 15,053 –6,874 seated and 8,179 standing. The stadium is owned by the town of Unterhaching, with the club well-established in the 2. Bundesliga, the stadium was constructed in the early 1990s to provide a suitable home for the team. In 1999, following the promotion of the team to the Bundesliga. Prior to the expansion, the Sportpark had a capacity of 11,000. Promotion to the Bundesliga in 1999 necessitated improvements in safety, security and capacity, during first construction phase, prior to season 1999/2000, the capacity of the Nordtribüne – which contains the area for visiting supporters – was significantly increased. In addition, a small standing curve was created in the north-east corner of the stadium, during season 1999/2000, the Nordtribüne was further expanded. After these modifications, the capacity was 10,300, this reduction in capacity was the result of converting standing areas to seating in the Ostribüne. As a result of the architecture, development of the Südtribüne. In addition, a VIP house was situated at the north-west end. Following the successful 1999/2000 season, a curve was constructed between the Südtribüne and Haupttribüne, the Osttribüne was further reinforced and a roof was added, following these modifications, the stadium could then fulfill the 15,000 minimum capacity stipulated by the German Football Association. Outside the stadium, the ground was leveled to create more parking spaces, additional artificial and grass pitches were laid as part of a move to improve training facilities. However, further ground improvements – such as increasing the capacity of the Südtribüne – were quickly shelved, the first game to sell-out at the stadium was the game against VfB Stuttgart in season 1999/2000, attended by 10,300, which ended in a 2-0 victory. Later that season, there were derbies against city rivals 1860 München, the games were originally planned to take place at the 69,000 capacity Olympic Stadium, until the then-sponsor Erich Lejeune made a compensatory payment, allowing the game to be played at home. In May 2000, Bayer 04 Leverkusen came to the Sportpark needing to win to clinch the Bundesliga championship on the day of the season. Haching won the game 2-0, following an own-goal by Michael Ballack, leverkusens defeat allowed local rivals FC Bayern to win the championship. In 2010, the German U-21 team defeated Ukraine 2-1, with two goals from André Schürrle, despite the upgrade, the stadium still has several charming idiosyncrasies, for example the two-storey clubhouse behind the Südtribüne and the players tunnel that also comes out of the south stand
25.
Brita-Arena
–
The BRITA-Arena is a football stadium in Wiesbaden, Germany. It is the ground of 3rd Liga side SV Wehen Wiesbaden. The stadium is named after its main sponsor Brita, a German company specialised in producing water filters. The stadium has a capacity of 13,500 seats. The BRITA-Arena opened on 11 October 2007 with a match which SV Wehen lost 2-1 to Borussia Dortmund. The first competitive match in the stadium was played on 21 October 2007 between SV Wehen and 1, FSV Mainz 05, with Mainz celebrating a 3-1 victory
26.
Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld
–
The Ernst Abbe Sportfield is a sports facility in Jena, Germany. It was dedicated on August 24,1924 and was named after entrepreneur Ernst Abbe 15 years later, the facility is in southern Jena, directly on the Saale River. The City of Jena purchased the stadium from the Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung in 1991, the soccer and track stadium in the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld is the home field of FC Carl Zeiss Jena. It was homestead for famous sprints, javelin throw and long jump athletes like Petra Felke and Heike Drechsler, when Sport-Club Motor Jena still existed, there are 6,540 seats with 4,010 covered seats in the main stands. The spectator capacity will be increased to 14,000,1997 saw the replacement of the original wooden bleachers from 1924 with the new, modern stands to accommodate more spectators. The stadiums lights were mounted on four massive, hollow steel towers and were the result of the 1974 and 1994 renovations of the facility, the steel towers were taken down in 2013. The electronic scoreboard was installed in 1978 and was the first of its kind in East Germany, the attendance record was set in 1962. Despite the then capacity of 16,000 spectators, approximately 27,500 visitors found the way into the stadium for the UEFA Cup Winners Cup semi-final versus Atlético Madrid. Next to the stadium are facilities for soccer, track. The world record for the throw was set at the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld on May 25,1996 by Jan Železný
27.
Flyeralarm Arena
–
The Flyeralarm Arena is a football stadium in Würzburg, Germany. Würzburger Kickers use this stadium for their home games, the stadium was opened in 1967 and renamed to Flyeralarm Arena due to sponsorship reasons in 2013. The stadium complex consists of two fields and one artificial field. Visitor guide with pictures and directions at GermanFootballGrounds. com
28.
MDCC-Arena
–
The MDCC-Arena is a multi-purpose stadium in Magdeburg, Germany. It has been completed and opened to the public in December 2006 and it is mostly used for football matches and hosts the home matches of 1. The stadium is a fully covered football-only stadium, i. e. without an athletics track and it has a capacity of 27,250 people, of these a capacity of 4,800 is standing room. For all-seater matches the standing room can be converted to 2,650 seats, in addition, there are 15 boxes with a total of 180 seats as well as 430 business seats. The stadium also has 64 seats for persons with disabilities, furthermore,40 press seats are available. The maximum distance from the pitch is 32 meters, the floodlight is attached to the stadiums roof, as well as the two 30m2 screens. The pitch is 105 metres long and 68 metres wide, it has under-soil heating, total cost of construction was 31 million Euros. The first stadium at this location had been inaugurated on April 14,1912 as the home of SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg, in 1914 it hosted the final to the German championship between Spielvereinigung Fürth and VfB Leipzig. In 1937 it was bought by the Allianz insurance company after Victoria had gone bankrupt, during World War II the stadium was completely destroyed by bombing. After World War II the city of Magdeburg planned to erect a sports center consisting among others of a stadium with a capacity for 80,000 people, however, the city was unable to acquire the site originally intended and so the project was abandoned. Instead, the city decided to build a new stadium east of the Elbe river, in order to erect the stands, about 5.3 million cubic ft of rubble were transported from the ruins of the city. The stadium was equipped with a track and was opened in front of a crowd of 40,000 on September 18,1955. Over the years, it was upgraded several times, parts of the stands were put under a roof, however, after the reunification of Germany the stadium fell into disrepair and in 2004 the city council decided to build a new one at the same site. The Ernst-Grube-Stadion was demolished between March and June 2005, and construction of the new stadium began on July 4,2005, the first match was held on December 19,2006. In front of a crowd of 13,279, hosts 1, FC Magdeburg came to a nil-all draw against Eintracht Braunschweig. FC Magdeburg lost 0-3 to Bundesliga side SV Werder Bremen, this time 24,300 spectators had come, in the remaining matches of the season,10,800 spectators came to see 1. The first international match was held on July 29,2007 when the German womens national team beat their Danish counterparts 4-0 in front of 10,735 spectators, in 2009 the stadium hosted the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship final. In July 2009, local ISP and cable TV company MDCC announced they had signed a sponsorship agreement with the stadium operator under which the stadium would be known as MDCC-Arena
GDR
Poland
Finland
Egypt
Uruguay
Norway
Soviet Union
Germany
United States
Georgia
