1.
Dunedin
–
Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the Otago region. It is named for the capital of Scotland, generally Anglicised as Edinburgh, Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland on the creation of the Auckland Council in November 2010. Dunedin was the largest city in New Zealand by population from the 1860s until about 1900, the city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246. The Dunedin urban area lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago, the harbour and hills around Dunedin represent the remnants of an extinct volcano. The city suburbs extend out into the valleys and hills, onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula, and along the shores of the Otago Harbour. The citys most important activity in economic terms centres around tertiary education – Dunedin is home to the University of Otago, New Zealands first university, and the Otago Polytechnic. Students account for a proportion of the population,21.6 percent of the citys population was aged between 15 and 24 at the 2006 census, compared to the New Zealand average of 14.2 percent. In 2014 Dunedin was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Literature, archaeological evidence shows the first human occupation of New Zealand occurred between AD 1250–1300, with population concentrated along the southeast coast. A camp site at Kaikai Beach, near Long Beach, has dated from about that time. There are numerous sites in what is now Dunedin, several of them large and permanently occupied. The population contracted but expanded again with the evolution of the Classic culture which saw the building of several pā, fortified settlements, notably Pukekura at, there was a settlement in what is now central Dunedin occupied as late as about 1785 but abandoned by 1826. Maori tradition tells first of a people called Kahui Tipua living in the area, then Te Rapuwai, semi-legendary, the next arrivals were Waitaha followed by Kāti Mamoe late in the 16th century and then Kai Tahu who arrived in the mid 17th century. These migration waves have often represented as invasions in European accounts. They were probably migrations like those of the European which incidentally resulted in bloodshed, the sealer John Boultbee recorded in the 1820s that the Kaika Otargo were the oldest and largest in the south. Lieutenant James Cook stood off what is now the coast of Dunedin between 25 February 1770 and 5 March 1770, naming Cape Saunders and Saddle Hill and he reported penguins and seals in the vicinity, which led sealers to visit from the beginning of the 19th century. Permanent European occupation dates from 1831, when the Weller brothers founded their whaling station at Otago, modern Otakou, epidemics badly reduced the Maori population. By the late 1830s the Harbour had become an international whaling port, johnny Jones established a farming settlement and a mission station, the South Islands first, at Waikouaiti in 1840. After inspecting several areas around the eastern coast of the south island, the name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland
2.
New Zealand
–
New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
3.
Otago Harbour
–
Otago Harbour is the natural harbour of Dunedin, New Zealand, consisting of a long, much-indented stretch of generally navigable water separating the Otago Peninsula from the mainland. They join at its southwest end,21 km from the harbour mouth and it is home to Dunedins deep water port facilities on its western shores in the suburb of Port Chalmers. The harbour was formed from the remnants of a giant shield volcano. The remains of this violent origin can be seen in the basalt of the surrounding hills, the last eruptive phase ended some ten million years ago, leaving the prominent peak of Mount Cargill. Substantial container port facilities exist at Port Chalmers,9 km along the shore from the harbour mouth. A channel along the side of the harbour is regularly dredged, allowing vessels with a draught of 12.5 m to Port Chalmers. New Zealands frozen meat export trade was inaugurated at Port Chalmers in 1882, the dredging of this channel, the Victoria Channel, was a major undertaking for the settlement of Dunedin in the 19th century. The eastern side of the harbour is shallow, with large sandbanks exposed at low tide, two islands form a line between Port Chalmers and Portobello in the lower harbour—Goat Island and Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua. A smaller island known as Pudding Island lies close to the Peninsula shore, Portobello is home to one of New Zealands leading marine research establishments, the Portobello Marine Laboratory, a department of the University of Otago. This lies at the edge on the tip of a small arm of the Otago Peninsula. Near the mouth of the lies the township of Aramoana, infamous for a massacre of 13 people by a gunman, David Gray. This is also the site twice projected for New Zealands second aluminium smelter, the proposals, in the mid-1970s and early 1980s, were abandoned after major public protest. The harbour is tidal, shallow and seldom rough and for that reason is popular for sports such as yachting and windsurfing. A significant area at the head of the harbour has been reclaimed since the founding of Dunedin, smaller portions have also been reclaimed at a number of places around the harbour, including Port Chalmers, Macandrew Bay, and Broad Bay. As a part of the famous Otago Peninsula, the water is known for various rare wildlife. The area is the home of many species of wading birds, other bird species which visit the harbour include two species of penguins, little penguin and famous yellow-eyed penguins. Taiaroa Head, at the tip of the Otago Peninsula, is home to a colony of northern royal albatrosses, the bay and peninsula provides a critical habitat for Hookers sea lions and New Zealand fur seal. Southern elephant and leopard seals are occasional visitors into the harbor, in total, four species of pinnipeds, and at least nine or more species of cetaceans are known to inhabit or migrate through the area
4.
Seabird
–
Seabirds are birds that are adapted to life within the marine environment. The first seabirds evolved in the Cretaceous period, and modern seabird families emerged in the Paleogene, in general, seabirds live longer, breed later and have fewer young than other birds do, but they invest a great deal of time in their young. Most species nest in colonies, which can vary in size from a few birds to millions. Many species are famous for undertaking long annual migrations, crossing the equator or circumnavigating the Earth in some cases and they feed both at the oceans surface and below it, and even feed on each other. Seabirds can be highly pelagic, coastal, or in some cases spend a part of the year away from the sea entirely, Seabirds and humans have a long history together, they have provided food to hunters, guided fishermen to fishing stocks and led sailors to land. Many species are threatened by human activities, and conservation efforts are under way. There exists no single definition of which groups, families and species are seabirds, and most definitions are in some way arbitrary. In the words of two scientists, The one common characteristic that all seabirds share is that they feed in saltwater. However, by all of the Sphenisciformes and Procellariiformes, all of the Pelecaniformes except the darters. The phalaropes are usually included as well, since although they are waders, loons and grebes, which nest on lakes but winter at sea, are usually categorized as water birds, not seabirds. Although there are a number of sea ducks in the family Anatidae that are truly marine in the winter, many waders and herons are also highly marine, living on the seas edge, but are also not treated as seabirds. Seabirds, by virtue of living in a depositional environment, are well represented in the fossil record. In the Paleogene the seas were dominated by early Procellariidae, giant penguins, modern genera began their wide radiation in the Miocene, although the genus Puffinus might date back to the Oligocene. The highest diversity of seabirds apparently existed during the Late Miocene, Seabirds have made numerous adaptations to living on and feeding in the sea. Wing morphology has been shaped by the niche an individual species or family has evolved, so that looking at a wings shape, longer wings and low wing loading are typical of more pelagic species, while diving species have shorter wings. Seabirds also almost always have webbed feet, to aid movement on the surface as well as assisting diving in some species. The Procellariiformes are unusual among birds in having a sense of smell, which is used to find widely distributed food in a vast ocean. Salt glands are used by seabirds to deal with the salt they ingest by drinking and feeding, the excretions from these glands are almost pure sodium chloride
5.
Pinniped
–
Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae, Otariidae, and Phocidae, there are 33 extant species of pinnipeds, and more than 50 extinct species have been described from fossils. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two lines, molecular evidence supports them as a monophyletic lineage. Pinnipeds belong to the order Carnivora and their closest living relatives are bears and musteloids, Seals range in size from the 1 m and 45 kg Baikal seal to the 5 m and 3,200 kg southern elephant seal, which is also the largest carnivoran. They have streamlined bodies and four limbs that are modified into flippers, though not as fast in the water as dolphins, seals are more flexible and agile. Otariids use their front limbs primarily to themselves through the water, while phocids. Otariids and walruses have hind limbs that can be pulled under the body, by comparison, terrestrial locomotion by phocids is more cumbersome. Otariids have visible ears, while phocids and walruses lack these. Pinnipeds have well-developed senses—their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and they have a tactile system in their whiskers or vibrissae. Some species are adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water, although pinnipeds are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They spend most of their lives in the water, but come ashore to mate, give birth, molt or escape predators, like sharks. They feed largely on fish and marine invertebrates, but a few, like the seal, feed on large vertebrates, such as penguins. Walruses are specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling mollusks, male pinnipeds typically mate with more than one female, although the degree of polygyny varies with the species. The males of land-breeding species tend to mate with a number of females than those of ice- or water-breeding species. Male pinniped strategies for reproductive success vary between defending females, defending territories that attract females and performing ritual displays or lek mating, pups are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear almost all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a short period of time while others take foraging trips at sea between nursing bouts. Walruses are known to nurse their young while at sea, Seals produce a number of vocalizations, notably the barks of California sea lions, the gong-like calls of walruses and the complex songs of Weddell seals
6.
Volcano
–
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Earths volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of plate hypothesis volcanism, Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the boundary,3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two plates slide past one another. Erupting volcanoes can pose hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines, the word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology, at the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore, most volcanic activity is submarine, black smokers are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the temperature of the overlying mantle wedge. This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high content, so it often does not reach the surface. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed, typical examples of this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is eventually re-formed as the plate advances over the postulated plume and this theory is currently under criticism, however. The most common perception of a volcano is of a mountain, spewing lava and poisonous gases from a crater at its summit, however. The features of volcanoes are more complicated and their structure. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater while others have features such as massive plateaus
7.
Hoopers Inlet
–
Hoopers Inlet is one of two large inlets in the Pacific coast of Otago Peninsula, in the South Island of New Zealand. The origin of the name is a confused, there was an early settler family called Hooper who lived nearby. The inlet was on a traditional Māori route for collecting shellfish, the Māori name for the inlet was Puke-tu-roto, meaning either hills standing around a lake or hills standing inland. Like its near neighbour, Papanui Inlet, Hoopers Inlet is known for its bird life. The inlet lies 2 km to the south of Portobello and can be reached by road from there and the city of Dunedin, the centre of which lies 15 kilometres to the west. Both inlets are shallow, becoming predominantly sand and mud flats at low tide, the mouth of Hoopers Inlet is narrowed by a large spit, the seaward coast of which forms Allans Beach. Behind this beach is a significant area of wetland and swamp, Hoopers Inlet is separated from Papanui Inlet by a strip of land which is the isthmus to a hilly peninsula containing Cape Saunders and the peninsulas highest point, the 408-metre Mount Charles
8.
Papanui Inlet
–
Papanui Inlet is the northernmost of two large inlets in the Pacific coast of Otago Peninsula, in the South Island of New Zealand. The inlets name is of Māori origin, and means large plain, the name originally referred to the area of dunes and mudflats immediately to the north of the inlet, but was transferred to the inlet itself at the time of European settlement on the peninsula. The inlet was known by Māori as Makahoe. Like its near neighbour, Hoopers Inlet, Papanui Inlet is known for its bird life. The inlet lies 3 km to the east of Portobello, a short road linking the two inlets enables Papanui Inlet to be reached by road from both Portobello and the city of Dunedin, the centre of which lies 18 kilometres to the west. Both inlets are shallow, becoming predominantly sand and mud flats at low tide, the mouth of Papanui Inlet opens to the east, directly into the Pacific Ocean. While the southern shore of the inlet is flanked by steep hills, beyond this lies Wickliffe Bay, which is bordered by Victory Beach, Otago Peninsulas longest beach. This flat land effectively narrows the mouth of the inlet. The remains of the 1861 wreck of the SS Victory are still close to the inlets mouth at low tide. Both this wreck and a historic midden close to the shore of the inlets mouth are registered as Category II historic sites by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Papanui Inlet is separated from Hoopers Inlet by a strip of land which is the isthmus to a peninsula containing Cape Saunders and the peninsulas highest point. A road, leading to Cape Saunders, skirts the shore of the inlet
9.
Cape Saunders
–
Cape Saunders is a prominent headland on the Pacific Ocean coast of the Otago Peninsula in New Zealands South Island. It is home to the Cape Saunders Lighthouse, the Cape was named by Captain James Cook in 1770, in honour of Sir Charles Saunders, under whom Cook had served in Canada. & Peat, N. Dunedin, North and South Otago
10.
Taiaroa Head
–
Taiaroa Head is a headland at the end of the Otago Peninsula in New Zealand, overlooking the mouth of the Otago Harbour. It lies within the city limits of Dunedin, the nearest settlement, Otakou, lies three kilometres to the south. The cape is home to a lighthouse, built in 1864, and a colony of over 100 northern royal albatrosses, there is also the Royal Albatross Centre. The headland is named for Te Matenga Taiaroa, a 19th-century Māori chief of the Ngai Tahu iwi, pukekura, a significant Māori pā was located on the headland, having been established about 1650 and still occupied by Māori in the 1840s. It is associated with a warrior called Tarewai who was active in the 18th century. Pilots Beach was formerly known as Hobart Town Beach from the whaling tryworks established there in 1836 by the Weller brothers employing men from Hobart, previously it was called Measly Beach from its being a place where Māori went to bathe when afflicted by a measles epidemic in 1835. Historically, several commercial whaling stations established on the peninsula and the number of whales in this area were heavily exploited. Ruins of former coastal defences are located nearby, notably a restored Armstrong disappearing gun emplacement built in 1886 following a scare that New Zealand might be invaded by the Russians, at Pilots beach is the largest colony of little or blue penguins remaining on the Otago Peninsula. Nearby are important breeding habitats of the threatened yellow-eyed penguin, there may also be seen a number of dusky dolphins, orcas and migratory large whales such as southern rights and humpbacks. Their sightings in these areas are on the increase and Taiaroa Head may be one of the best vintage points along Otago coasts, the part of Taiaroa Head where northern royal albatrosses breed is managed by the NZ Department of Conservation as a nature reserve with restricted entry. On adjacent land the Otago Peninsula Trust manage a visitor centre, Pilots Beach is managed as a recreation reserve by the Dunedin City. The first albatross egg at the head was discovered in 1919, since they first successfully raised a chick at Taiaroa Head, royal albatross numbers have increased due to intensive management by reserve rangers. As time has progressed intensive wildlife husbandry methods such as are found in any threatened species programme have been developed and refined, intensive methods include predator control for cats, ferrets, stoats and weasels. Also in the early 1990s a new blowfly arrived and caused the death of a number of chicks by laying eggs in them while the chick was still attempting to hatch, removing eggs from young or inexperienced parents has also occurred with these eggs being hatched in brooders. & Peat, N. Dunedin, North and South Otago, behold the Moon the European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770-1848. Herd, J. & Griffiths, G. J. Discovering Dunedin
11.
Seabird colony
–
A bird colony is a large congregation of individuals of one or more species of bird that nest or roost in proximity at a particular location. Many kinds of birds are known to congregate in groups of varying size, colonial nesting birds include seabirds such as auks and albatrosses, wetland species such as herons, and a few passerines such as weaverbirds, certain blackbirds, and some swallows. A group of birds congregating for rest is called a communal roost, evidence of colonial nesting has been found in non-neornithine birds, in sediments from the Late Cretaceous of Romania. Approximately 13% of all bird species nest colonially, nesting colonies are very common among seabirds on cliffs and islands. Nearly 95% of seabirds are colonial, leading to the usage, seabird colony, many species of terns nest in colonies on the ground. Herons, egrets, storks, and other large waterfowl also nest communally in what are called heronries, colony nesting may be an evolutionary response to a shortage of safe nesting sites and abundance or unpredictable food sources which are far away from the nest sites. What exactly constitutes a colony is a matter of definition, tufted puffins, for example, are pelagic birds that nest on the steep slopes and rocky crevices on coastal cliffs, often on islands. Each pair excavates its own burrow, a congregation of puffin burrows on a marine island is considered a colony. Sand martins are seldom, if ever, observed to nest in solitude, a more extreme example of colonial nesting is found in the weaverbird family. These structures resemble haystacks hanging from trees, and have likened to apartment buildings or beehives. Some seabird colonies host thousands of nesting pairs of various species, triangle Island, for example, the largest seabird colony in British Columbia, Canada, is home to auks, gulls, cormorants, shorebirds, and other birds, as well as some marine mammals. Many seabirds show remarkable site fidelity, returning to the burrow, nest or site for many years. This increases breeding success, provides a place for returning mates to reunite, young adults breeding for the first time usually return to their natal colony, and often nest very close to where they hatched. Individual nesting sites at seabird colonies can be widely spaced, as in an albatross colony, in most seabird colonies several different species will nest on the same colony, often exhibiting some niche separation. Seabirds can nest in trees, on the ground, on cliffs, in burrows under the ground, colony size is a major aspect of the social environment of colonial birds. Some birds are known to nest in colonies when conditions are suitable, the white-winged dove of southwestern North America was known to nest in large colonies when foraging areas could support such numbers. In 1978, in Tamaulipas, Mexico, researchers counted 22 breeding colonies of white-winged doves with a population size of more than eight million birds. But as habitat was transformed through urbanization or agriculture, the doves apparently spread out into smaller, today, these doves are observed to nest singly and colonially in both urban and rural areas
12.
Northern royal albatross
–
The northern royal albatross or toroa, Diomedea sanfordi, is a large seabird from the albatross family. Albatrosses belong to Diomedeidae family and come from the Procellariiformes order, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, first, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill, the bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce an oil made up of wax esters. This is used against predators as well as a rich food source for chicks. The northern royal albatross was first described as Diomedea sanfordi by Robert Cushman Murphy, in 1917, the northern royal albatross is typically about 115 cm, weighs 6.2 to 8.2 kg and has a wingspan from 270 to 305 cm. The juvenile has a head, neck, upper mantle, rump. There is dark speckling on the crown and rump and its lower mantle and back are white with more black speckling than the crown, and it has dark black-brown upper wings with white flecks on its covert. Its tail is white with a tip, as are its underwings. There is a band behind the leading edge of its wings between the carpal joint and the tip. As they age, its head, back, rump, tail, all ages have a pink bill with a black cutting edge on the upper mandible, along with pale pink legs. The northern royal albatross can be distinguished from the southern at sea by its upper wings, the two species also differ in behavior. The northern royal albatross feeds on fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, salps, squid is an important part of their diet and can make up 85% of it. They will perform a very extensive mutual or group display, sometimes in the air or on the water, once they form a bond, the displays lose extravagance. They nest biennially, and will build their nests on flat summits of the islands that they frequent and they prefer to be in grass or herbs, and their nest is a low mound of vegetation, mud, and feathers. A single egg is laid, in October or November, which both parents around 80 days to incubate. The chick is brooded for a month, and is ready to fledge after around 240 days and their colonies are denser than those of any other great albatross. Northern royal albatrosses nest on the Chatham Islands, Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands, the Taiaroa Head colony is the only albatross colony found on a human-inhabited mainland in the Southern hemisphere
13.
Ecotourism
–
It means responsible travel to natural areas conserving the environment and improving the well being of the local people. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism. Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with components of the natural environments. Ecotourism focuses on responsible travel, personal growth, and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists insight into the impact of human beings on the environment, and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of tourism on the environment. For these reasons, ecotourism often appeals to advocates of environmental and social responsibility, the term ecotourism, like sustainable tourism, is considered by many to be an oxymoron. Like most forms of tourism, ecotourism generally depends on air transportation, additionally, the overall effect of sustainable tourism is negative, where, like ecotourism, philanthropic aspirations mask hard-nosed immediate self-interest. An ecotourist is different from a tourist in the sense that, he or she is mindful of his environment, Ecotourism is a responsible tourism which conserves the environment and sustains the well being of local people. For many countries, ecotourism is not simply a marginal activity to finance protection of the environment, for example, in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nepal, Kenya, Madagascar and territories such as Antarctica, ecotourism represents a significant portion of the gross domestic product and economic activity. Ecotourism is often misinterpreted as any form of tourism that involves nature, self-proclaimed practitioners and hosts of ecotourism experiences assume it is achieved by simply creating destinations in natural areas. According to critics of this commonplace and assumptive practice, true ecotourism must, above all, sensitize people to the beauty and these critics condemn some operators as greenwashing their operations, using the labels of green and eco-friendly”, while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways. Currently, there are moves to create national and international ecotourism accreditation programs. National ecotourism certification programs have been put in place in such as Costa Rica, Australia, Kenya, Estonia. Ecotourism is a late 20th-century neologism compounded from eco- and tourism, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, ecotour was first recorded in 1973 and ecotourism, probably after ecotour, in 1982. One source claims the terms were used earlier, claus-Dieter Hetzer, an academic and adventurer from Forum International in Berkeley, CA, supposedly coined ecotourism in 1965 and ran the first ecotours in the Yucatán during the early 1970s. The failure to acknowledge responsible, low-impact ecotourism puts legitimate ecotourism companies at a competitive disadvantage, many environmentalists have argued for a global standard of accreditation, differentiating ecotourism companies based on their level of environmental commitment, creating a standard to follow. The decisions of the board would be sanctioned by governments, so that non-compliant companies would be required to disassociate themselves from the use of the ecotourism brand
14.
Yellow-eyed penguin
–
The yellow-eyed penguin or hoiho is a penguin native to New Zealand. Previously thought closely related to the penguin, molecular research has shown it more closely related to penguins of the genus Eudyptes. Like most other penguins, it is mainly piscivorous, the species breeds around the South Island of New Zealand, as well as Stewart Island, Auckland Islands, and Campbell Islands. Colonies on the Otago Peninsula are a popular tourist venue, where visitors may closely observe penguins from hides, trenches, the yellow-eyed penguin is the sole extant species in the genus Megadyptes. Previously thought closely related to the penguin, new molecular research has shown it more closely related to penguins of the genus Eudyptes. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests it split from the ancestors of Eudyptes around 15 million years ago, the yellow-eyed penguin was described by Jacques Bernard Hombron and Honoré Jacquinot in 1841. This is a penguin, measuring 62–79 cm long. Weights vary through the year being greatest,5.5 to 8 kg, just before moulting and least,3 to 6 kg, the males are larger than the females. It has a yellow head and paler yellow iris with black feather shafts. The chin and throat are brownish-black, there is a band of bright yellow running from its eyes around the back of the head. The juvenile has a head with no band and their eyes have a grey iris. The yellow-eyed penguin may be lived, with some individuals reaching 20 years of age. Males are generally longer lived than females, leading to a sex ratio of 2,1 around the age of 10–12 years. This penguin usually nests in forest or scrub, among native flax and lupin, on slopes or gullies, or the shore itself and these areas are generally sited in small bays or on headland areas of larger bays. It is found in New Zealand, on the south-east coast of the South Island most notably on Otago Peninsula, Foveaux Strait, Stewart Island, and sub-Antarctic islands of Auckland and Campbell Islands. It expanded its range from the islands to the main islands of New Zealand after the extinction of the Waitaha penguin several hundred years ago. This species of penguin is endangered, with a population of 4000. It is considered one of the worlds rarest penguin species, the main threats include habitat degradation and introduced predators
15.
Spoonbill
–
Spoonbills are a group of large, long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, which also includes the ibises. The genus name derives from Latin and means broad, referring to the distinctive shape of the bill. Six species are recognised, all placed in a single genus or three genera. They are most closely related to the Old World ibises, all spoonbills have large, flat, spatulate bills and feed by wading through shallow water, sweeping the partly opened bill from side to side. The moment any small aquatic creature touches the inside of the insect, crustacean. Spoonbills generally prefer fresh water to salt but are found in both environments and they need to feed many hours each day. Spoonbills are monogamous, but, so far as is known, most species nest in trees or reed beds, often with ibises or herons. The female lays a clutch of three smooth, oval, white eggs and both parents incubate, chicks hatch one at a time rather than all together. The newly hatched young are blind and cannot care for themselves immediately, chicks bills are short and straight, and only gain the characteristic spoonbill shape as they mature. Their feeding continues for a few weeks longer after the leaves the nest. The primary cause of brood failure appears not to be predation but starvation, the six species of spoonbill are distributed over much of the world. However, as the six species were so similar morphologically, keeping them within the one made more sense. Spoonbill videos on the Internet Bird Collection
16.
Plover
–
Plovers are a widely distributed group of wading birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae. There are about 66 species in the subfamily, most of them called plover or dotterel, the closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, comprises another 20-odd species. Plovers are found throughout the world, with the exception of the Sahara and the polar regions and they hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipes do. They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates, depending on habitat, the plover group of birds has a distraction display subcategorized as false brooding. Examples include, pretending to change position or to sit on an imaginary nest site, a group of plovers may be referred to as a stand, wing, or congregation. A group of dotterels may be referred to as a trip, the Icelandic media always covers the first plover sighting, which in 2017, took place on March 27,2017. Plover videos, photographs & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
17.
Heron
–
The herons are the long-legged freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae, with 64 recognised species, some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons. Egrets are not a distinct group from the herons. Although egrets have the build as herons, they tend to be smaller. Herons, by evolutionary adaptation, have long beaks, similarly, the relationship of the genera in the family is not completely resolved. However, one species formerly considered to constitute a monotypic family Cochlearidae. Although herons resemble birds in other families, such as the storks, ibises, spoonbills and cranes, they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted. They are also one of the groups that have powder down. Some members of this group nest colonially in trees, while others, notably the bitterns, the herons are medium to large sized birds with long legs and necks. They exhibit very little sexual dimorphism in size, the smallest species is usually considered the little bittern, which can measure under 30 cm in length, although all the species in the Ixobrychus genus are small and many broadly overlap in size. The largest species of heron is the Goliath heron, which stand up to 152 cm tall, the necks are able to kink in an S-shape, due to the modified shape of the sixth vertebrae of which they have 20-21. The neck is able to retract and extend, and is retracted during flight, the neck is longer in the day herons than the night herons and bitterns. The legs are long and strong and in almost every species are unfeathered from the part of the tibia. In flight the legs and feet are held backward, the feet of herons have long thin toes, with three forward pointing ones and one going backward. The bill is long and harpoon like. It can vary from fine, as in the agami heron. The most atypical bill is owned by the boat-billed heron, which has a thick bill. The bill, as well as other parts of the body, is usually yellow, black or brown coloured. The wings are broad and long, exhibiting 10–11 primaries feathers, the feathers of the herons are soft and the plumage is usually blue, black, brown, grey or white, and can often be strikingly complex
18.
Pacific Ocean
–
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
19.
Boulder Beach
–
Boulder Beach is a rocky beach which is located on the Pacific side of the Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. Boulder Beach can be accessed by a number of walking tracks and these tracks begin at Braidwood Road, Paradise Road, Buskin Road, Seal Point Road, and Karetai Road. All these tracks are linked and create the Bolder Beach walking track system, the beach is located west of Sandfly Bay which is easier to access. Unlike Sandfly Bay Boulder Beach is very rocky with only one section which is composed of sand, video of Boulder Beach Dunedin walks
20.
Victory Beach
–
Victory Beach is located on the Pacific Ocean coast of the Otago Peninsula, in the South Island of New Zealand,24 kilometres by road from Dunedin city centre. The longest beach on the peninsula, Victory Beach is located northeast of the entrance to Papanui Inlet and it is backed by a series of high sand dunes. The beachs name derives from the wreck of the SS Victory on the beach in 1861, the beach and headlands to the north and south form Wickliffe Bay. Administered partly by the Otago Peninsula Trust, the beach is a habitat for rare species. Other notable birds found in the area include spoonbills, and the beach is located close to the Royal Albatross breeding colony at Taiaroa Head, both Hookers sealions and New Zealand fur seals are also found in the area. At the end of the road, a 2 kilometre walking track leads to the beach past two large outcrops of columnar basalt known as The Pyramids, the southern, smaller outcrop is called Little Pyramid, or Te Matai O Kia. The beach was used as a location for the television movie Out of Ashes, the steamship SS Victory departed Port Chalmers bound for Melbourne at 4,30 pm on 3 July 1861, carrying passengers, mail and cargo. It ran aground at the end of the beach at about 6 pm. Captain James Toogood ran the full astern for around 90 minutes. Hand was found guilty of being intoxicated and in neglect of duty, on 24 July and the following day the ships cargo, equipment and hull were auctioned off on the beach, recovering around £1,900 from an estimated value of £25,000
21.
Sandfly Bay
–
Sandfly Bay is a sandy bay with large dunes, located on the eastern side of the Otago Peninsula, New Zealand,15 km east of central Dunedin. The bay is accessed from Seal Point Road or a track from Sandymount. The beach is a site for the Hookers sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri. It is also an excellent site for washed up Durvillea antarctica to be found, the bay is often thought by locals to have been named for a small biting insect known as the sandfly, but this is incorrect. It was named for the sand which, given the nature of this coast. A small island lies at the northeastern end of the bay is known as Lion Rock or Lions Head Rock. A distinctive landmark, it can be seen in good weather from Second Beach. Walking track information Dunedin Walks — Otago Peninsula Dann, C. and Peat, N. Dunedin, North and South Otago
22.
Dune
–
In physical geography, a dune is a hill of loose sand built by wind or the flow of water. Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes, formed by interaction with the flow of air or water, most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter slip face in the lee of the wind. The valley or trough between dunes is called a slack, a dune field is an area covered by extensive sand dunes. Dunes occur, for example, in deserts and along some coasts. Some coastal areas have one or more sets of dunes running parallel to the shoreline directly inland from the beach, in most cases, the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential ravages by storm waves from the sea. Although the most widely distributed dunes are those associated with coastal regions, Dunes can form under the action of water flow, and on sand or gravel beds of rivers, estuaries and the sea-bed. The modern word dune came into English from French c,1790, which in turn came from Middle Dutch dūne. Crescent-shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long, the slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, some types of crescentic dunes move more quickly over desert surfaces than any other type of dune. A group of dunes moved more than 100 metres per year between 1954 and 1959 in Chinas Ningxia Province, and similar speeds have been recorded in the Western Desert of Egypt. The largest crescentic dunes on Earth, with mean crest-to-crest widths of more than three kilometres, are in Chinas Taklamakan Desert. They may be composed of clay, silt, sand, or gypsum, eroded from the floor or shore, transported up the concave side of the dune. Examples in Australia are up to 6.5 km long,1 km wide and they also occur in southern and West Africa, and in parts of the western United States, especially Texas. Straight or slightly sinuous sand ridges typically much longer than they are wide are known as linear dunes and they may be more than 160 kilometres long. Some linear dunes merge to form Y-shaped compound dunes, many form in bidirectional wind regimes. The long axes of these dunes extend in the resultant direction of sand movement, linear loess hills known as pahas are superficially similar. These hills appear to have formed during the last ice age under permafrost conditions dominated by sparse tundra vegetation. Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the center of the mound
23.
Larnach Castle
–
Larnach Castle, is a mock castle on the ridge of the Otago Peninsula within the limits of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand, close to the small settlement of Pukehiki. It is one of a few houses of this scale in New Zealand, the house was built by prominent entrepreneur and politician, William Larnach. The Castle is now owned by the Barker Family. The Castle and Grounds are open daily to members of the public, the Larnach Castle gardens are one of only five gardens nationwide to have been given the rating of Garden of International Significance by the New Zealand Gardens Trust. These were the first gardens in the South Island to receive the title, Larnach Castle was built as the private residence of William James Mudie Larnach. Land for the construction of Larnach Castle was purchased in 1870, the site was clear-felled and levelled, allowing construction to begin in 1871. Approximately 200 workmen were used to complete the structure, using imported materials from around the world. Much of the used for the Castle came from a basalt quarry nearby. The Godfrey family carved many of the buildings ceilings, a single ceiling in the main foyer took six. In 1875, twenty tonne of glass was imported from Venice, the addition of the 3000 square foot ballroom was made in 1887, a 21st birthday present for Larnachs eldest daughter Kate. The resulting complex eventually contained 43 rooms and required a staff of 46 servants. The complex included 35 acres reserved for grounds, including a vinery, and a farm of 300 acres with its own farmstead including a cow byre for 300 cows, stables. The building, which Larnach himself simply called The Camp, was coined a Castle by local press on 8 December 1874, after a series of personal and financial setbacks he died by suicide in New Zealands Parliament Buildings in October 1898. Following bitter legal battles over Larnachs will, the Larnach Family sold the house in 1906, throughout the 20th Century, Larnach Castle went through constant changes of ownership and usage. The building fell into disrepair, and in 1967 was bought by Barry, norcombe Barker became Larnach Castle Executive Director in 1990. Significant restoration work has since carried out by the Barker Family. The gardens were not a feature of William Larnachs home. Funded by its operation, upkeep of the building is a continuous operation—in 2015 the music room underwent a $100,000 refurbishment
24.
Cairn
–
A cairn is a human-made pile of stones. The word cairn comes from the Scottish Gaelic, càrn, cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes, from prehistoric times to the present. In modern times, cairns are often erected as landmarks, a use they have had since ancient times. Cairns are used as markers in many parts of the world, in uplands, on moorland, on mountaintops, near waterways and on sea cliffs, as well as in barren deserts. They vary in size from small stone markers to entire artificial hills, cairns may be painted or otherwise decorated, whether for increased visibility or for religious reasons. An ancient example is the inuksuk, used by the Inuit, Inupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, inuksuit are found from Alaska to Greenland. This region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and has areas with few natural landmarks, different types of cairns exist from rough piles of stones to interlocking dry stone round cylinders. The most important cairns commonly used around the world are interlocking stone survey cairns constructed around a central survey mark about every 30 km on the tallest peaks across a nation. These physical survey mark cairn systems by surveyors as the basis for national survey grids to interconnect individual land survey measurements for entire nations, on occasion these permanent interlocking stone cairns were taken down then reconstructed for survey mark for measurements to increase the accuracy of the national survey grid. They can also be used in unpopulated country as emergency location points, for example, the extensive trail network maintained by the DNT, the Norwegian Trekking Association, extensively uses cairns in conjunction with T-painted rock faces to mark trails. Other examples of these can be seen in the fields of Volcanoes National Park to mark several hikes. Placed at regular intervals, a series of cairns can be used to indicate a path across stony or barren terrain, such cairns are often placed at junctions or in places where the trail direction is not obvious. They may also be used to indicate an obscured danger such as a sudden drop, most trail cairns are small, usually being a foot or less in height. However, they may be built taller so as to protrude through a layer of snow, hikers passing by often add a stone, as a small bit of maintenance to counteract the erosive effects of severe weather. North American trail marks are sometimes called ducks or duckies, because they sometimes have a beak pointing in the direction of the route. The expression two rocks do not make a duck reminds hikers that just one rock resting upon another could be the result of accident or nature rather than intentional trail marking. The building of cairns for recreational purposes along trails, to ones personal passage through the area. This distracts from cairns used as navigational guides, and also conflicts with the Leave No Trace ethic
25.
Waverley, Dunedin
–
Waverley is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It was named after Sir Walter Scotts novel Waverley, first novel in a known as the Waverley Novels, among the most popular. Waverley is located at the start of the Otago Peninsula,2.4 kilometres southeast of the city centre, the suburb is connected to central Dunedin by several streets of which Larnach Road is the most prominent. This descends from the suburb to link with Marne Street on the shore of the Andersons Bay Inlet. The suburb stands on land which was owned by Dunedin early settler The Reverend Thomas Burns, whose dairy farm, the farm was named for Burnss wife, whose maiden name was Grant. Today, the name is best known as that of a football team, Grants Braes AFC. This strip follows a straight course as far as Vauxhall Yacht Club. Waverley continues to follow the higher slopes past Burns Point, in the early years of Dunedin, The cliffhead overlooking Andersons Bay Inlet was the site of a colourful and notorious recreation area, the Vauxhall Gardens. The 23-acre site included a gymnasium, bandstands, dancing areas, a menagerie contained koalas, kangaroos, vultures and Tasmanian devils. The gardens were popular, but also became known for the rowdiness and drunkenness of the parties. The gardens did not survive the end of the gold rush. and were closed in 1870, no trace remains of them today. The land was subdivided and today Vauxhall is a residential suburb. Two notable buildings stand in the stretch of Vauxhall. The Vauxhall Yacht Club is housed in a building at the southern end of the small bay which lies immediately to the south of Burns Point. Beyond it, in the centre of the bays coast at the foot of Doon Street, is The White House and this building was owned by William Larnach and occupied by him during the construction of Larnach Castle. Larnachs intention was to turn the house into a hotel, the Dandie Dinmont Hotel, the building has been in a state of neglect for many years, but as of 2009 is undergoing a major restoration. Grants Braes School is a decile 10 and it is a state co-educational primary school for year 1 to 6 children, with seven classrooms and has a roll of around 180 pupils. The school was opened in 1950, rotary Park School, another decile 10 school in the area, was closed in 2012 after declining enrolments
26.
Shiel Hill
–
Shiel Hill is a residential suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. As the name suggests, it is situated on the slopes of a hill at the start of the ridge runs along the spine of the peninsula. More accurately, the name is that of a cliff which lies on the Pacific coast of the peninsula 4 kilometres east of Shiel Hill, the suburb is almost entirely residential, though there are some retail premises on the suburbs main road, Highcliff Road. These include a small nexus of shops at the edge of Shiel Hill. At this point, there is a junction, with the western end of Highciff Road meeting four other roads, notably Silverton Street. Notable features of Shiel hill include Rotary Park, a public reserve surrounding reservoirs which serve the Peninsula hill suburbs. This park is located above steep slopes which drop 166 metres to the waters of the Otago Harbour close to The Cove, half a kilometre to the north of the park. From Rotary Park, views can be obtained across and along the harbour to central Dunedin to the northwest, Signal Hill to the north, and Port Chalmers to the northeast. The suburb of Shiel Hill hit the headlines in Dunedin in 1995 after one of Dunedins most notorious crimes was committed in Every Street, close to the boundary of Shiel Hill. David Bain was found guilty and served 13 years of a life sentence before succeeding in having the case reopened and his retrial, in 2009, resulted in a verdict of not guilty. Most parts of the peninsula between central Dunedin and Portobello which do not lie on the Otago Harbour coast are accessible from this road. These places include Sandfly Bay, Pukehiki, Boulder Beach, a second road to Ocean Grove, Centre Road, meets Highcliff Road 1.6 kilometres east of Shiel Hill. Though winding and often narrow, Highcliff Road is a route with tourists, as its location allows for spectacular views across the peninsula. Prominent features of Highcliff Road which lie near Shiel Hill include the Otago Peninsula Fallen Soldiers Memorial and this 10-metre-tall monument was designed by E. H. Walden and R. A. Hosie, and stands on a promontory known as Cadzow Rock. It was unveiled in March 1923, owing to its location, at the top of the peninsulas westernmost promontory, it is visible from much of central Dunedin
27.
Macandrew Bay
–
Macandrew Bay is located on the Otago Peninsula in the South Island of New Zealand. It is situated on the edge of Otago Harbour, and is named for pioneer settler James Macandrew who lived here during his later life, early residents of the area called the bay The Hundreds, due to the large number of boulders which covered the foreshore. It is both a commuter and a retreat from the city. Macandrew Bays 2001 population was 1131, the settlement centres on an area around the junction of Portobello Road and Greenacres Street, the latter a narrow road which rises steeply towards the interior of the Peninsula. Greenacres Street roughly follows the valley of the small Rodgers Creek, the community hall lies on the lower part of Greenacres Street close to its junction with Portobello Road, and the settlements few shops lie immediately to the southwest of the junction. Behind these shops lie the communitys primary school and cemetery, the latter of which includes the grave of James Macandrew, the bay has a small beach opposite the shops, which is well-used by the public. The beach was created artificially, with sand brought to the bay from the nearby Pacific coast, the area around the beach has been turned into a small public park, and landscaping of this was completed in 1979. Macandrew Bay is the largest of several settlements which lie on the harbour coast of Otago Peninsula, between it and Dunedin lies Glenfalloch, a private gardens open to the public. Beyond Macandrew Bay to the northeast lie Company Bay and Raynbirds Bay and to the southwest is Colinswood and these small settlements could be considered suburbs of Macandrew Bay. Beyond Raynbirds Bay lie Broad Bay and Portobello and these settlements are connected to each other and to Dunedins city centre by Portobello Road, a winding road which runs along the harbour coast of the peninsula. Both the road and the sea wall which lies along the edge were constructed by prison labour in the 1860s. A second route, Castlewood Road, rises from Company Bay to meet with Highcliff Road, Castlewood Road also connects with Camp Road, which lead to the stately home Larnach Castle, situated above Broad Bay
28.
Portobello, New Zealand
–
Portobello is a village beside the Otago Harbour halfway along the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin City, New Zealand. It lies at the foot of a peninsula between Portobello Bay and Latham Bay. Like scores of Dunedin features, it was named after a locality, Portobello, at the end of Portobello Peninsula sits a marine research station, the Portobello Marine Laboratory, which is part of the University of Otago. Close to the end of this peninsula lies Saint Martins/Quarantine Island, a more convoluted but scenic route, Highcliff Road, connects Portobello with Dunedin city centre via the ridge of the peninsula. Boating is a focus for Portobello. The Boating Club owns the remnants of the jetty and a slipway a short distance from the centre of the village. In the past, Portobello residents caught the ferry to the city, Portobello Community Inc. is the local community group, which works to improve Portobello for its community. Media related to Portobello, New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
29.
Otakou
–
The settlement of Ōtākou lies within the boundaries of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. It is located 25 kilometres from the city centre at the end of Otago Peninsula. Though a small fishing village, Ōtākou is important in the history of Otago for several reasons, the name Ōtākou is thought to come from Māori words meaning either single village or place of red earth. Prior to the standardisation of Māori spelling in the 1840s, the name was written as Otago and this prestandardised form was adopted by European settlers as the name for the surrounding area, the Otago region, and it is commonly mistaken as a European corruption of Ōtākou. The old Māori names for the Māori settlements were Te Ruatitiko, Tahakopa, Omate, Ōtākou was probably also the city of Otago burnt by Captain Kelly in December 1817 during the Sophia incident. Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the place was a prominent Māori settlement, by the early 19th century, the three Māori iwi of Ngāi Tahu, Ngāti Māmoe and Waitaha had blended into a single tribal entity. The Treaty of Waitangi was signed nearby in 1840 on the H. M. S Herald by two important chiefs, who were descended from all three tribes, Ōtākou remains an important centre of Ngāi Tahu life. Ōtākou is located close to Taiaroa Head, the site of a colony and other wildlife such as seals. & Peat, N. Dunedin, North and South Otago, behold the Moon, the European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770-1848. ISBN 0-473-05591-0 Goodall, M. & Griffiths, G. Māori Dunedin
30.
Whaling
–
Whaling is the hunting of whales for their usable products like meat, oil and blubber. Its earliest forms date to at least circa 3000 BC, various coastal communities have long histories of subsistence whaling and harvesting beached whales. By the late 1930s, more than 50,000 whales were killed annually In 1986, contemporary whaling is subject to intense debate. Pro-whaling countries, notably Japan, Norway, and Iceland, wish to lift the ban on certain whale stocks for hunting, anti-whaling countries and environmental groups oppose lifting the ban. Whaling began in times and was initially confined to coastal waters. Early whaling affected the development of disparate cultures – such as Norway. The Basques were the first to catch whales commercially, and dominated the trade for five centuries, spreading to the far corners of the North Atlantic and even reaching the South Atlantic. Although prehistoric hunting and gathering is considered to have had little ecological impact. Whale oil is used today and modern commercial whaling is primarily done for food. The primary species hunted are the common minke whale and Antarctic minke whale, recent scientific surveys estimate a population of 103,000 in the northeast Atlantic. International cooperation on whaling began in 1931 and culminated in the signing of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling in 1946. Its aim is to, provide for the conservation of whale stocks. The International Whaling Commission was set up under the ICRW to decide hunting quotas, non-member countries are not bound by its regulations and conduct their own management programs. The IWC voted on July 23,1982, to establish a moratorium on commercial whaling beginning in the 1985–86 season. Since 1992, the IWCs Scientific Committee has requested that it be allowed to give proposals for some whale stocks. At the 2010 meeting of the International Whaling Commission in Morocco, Japan, Norway and Iceland have urged the organisation to lift the ban. A coalition of anti-whaling nations has offered a plan that would allow these countries to continue whaling. Their plan would also completely ban whaling in the Southern Ocean, opponents of the compromise plan want to see an end to all commercial whaling, but are willing to allow subsistence-level catches by indigenous peoples
31.
Harington Point
–
The settlement of Harington Point lies within the boundaries of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. It is located at the end of Otago Peninsula, close to the entrance of Otago Harbour. Harington Point is located between Taiaroa Head, the site of the only mainland royal albatross colony in the world, despite its small size, Harington Point offers accommodation ranging from holiday houses to self-contained motel units. The settlement of Harington Point is the closest residential area to the albatross colony, between Harington Point and Taiaroa Head is Pilots Beach, where little blue penguins are seen returning to nest at dusk. Over the hills southwest of Harington Point is the Penguin Place Conservation Reserve, all three offer public tours of the respective wildlife colonies. Wellers Rock wharf, just south of Harington Point, is the base for cruises and tours exploring the sea
32.
Mount Cargill
–
Mount Cargill, known in Māori as Kapukataumahaka, is a volcanic outcrop which dominates the skyline of northern Dunedin, New Zealand. The peak is named for Captain William Cargill, a leader of the Province of Otago. Panoramic views of Dunedin and its area are visible from the summit, making it a popular, if difficult to access. A single rough road ascends to the peak, and several walking tracks also ascend the slopes. Mount Cargill is topped by a station and mast, the Mount Cargill Transmitting Station. The mast is Dunedins tallest man-made structure, Mt. Cargill is situated some 15 kilometres north of the city centre, and dominates the citys northern skyline. It rises to a height of 676 metres, to the north and east of Mount Cargills peak are several smaller peaks including Mount Zion, Mount Holmes and Buttars Peak. These tracks pass through regenerating native bush and volcanic outcrops before a sharp climb along the northern flank immediately below the summit, the tracks pass two significant points of interest. One of these is a prominent formation of columnar jointed basalt known as the Organ Pipes, similar outcrops are found elsewhere in the Dunedin area, at Blackhead near Waldronville and at Second Beach, Saint Clair. The second point of interest is the temperate cloud forest which dominates the vegetation of the upper slopes. Though not a cloud forest, in that it is not tropical, it bears many of the hallmarks of true cloud forest, with abundant moss. The cloud forest is protected within a 1. 8-square-kilometre reserve, although the tracks are easy, care should be taken by walkers, as the weather conditions on Mount Cargill are notoriously unpredictable and can change very rapidly. The peak is, along with the similarly high Flagstaff one of the highest points surrounding Dunedin, particularly notable is the view of the Otago Peninsula and Otago Harbour, the entire length of which can be seen from the summit. Mount Cargill, and the smaller peaks are among the youngest parts of the massive extinct Dunedin shield volcano and was formed some 10 million years ago. Buttars Peak and Mt. Zion are similar, smaller domes, Mt. Holmes is a more distinct plug, featuring the columnar jointed basalt of the Organ Pipes. The Mount Cargill transmitting station sits atop the mountain, broadcasting television and FM radio to Dunedin, the station was completed in 1970, and features a 104. 6-metre mast, the tallest structure in Dunedin. AA Guide to Walkways, South Island, New Zealand, media related to Mount Cargill at Wikimedia Commons
33.
Quarantine Island / Kamau Taurua
–
Quarantine Island / Kamau Taurua is the largest island in Otago Harbour, close to the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. The island is known locally and historically as Saint Martin Island. The island covers an area of 15 hectares, and is mainly a publicly accessible recreation reserve, the major buildings on the island are listed with Heritage New Zealand and owned by the St Martin Island Community. The island served as the station for Otago from 1863 until 1924. When ships arrived in Otago harbour with infectious diseases, the passengers were sent to Quarantine Island until they were well or died, there is a small cemetery on the island. Only one of the buildings from these years is still standing. It has a NZ Historic Places Trust Category 1 classification, after the quarantine station closed the island was leased. For 50 years there has been a deal of, still ongoing, reforestation. In 1996 as part of the Ngai Tahu settlement the name of Kamau Taurua, a smaller island, Goat Island/Rangiriri, lies close to Quarantine Island. Both islands lie across the harbour between the town of Port Chalmers and the laboratory on Portobello Peninsula, part of the Otago Peninsula. List of islands of New Zealand Peat, N & Patrick, B Wild Dunedin, University of Otago Press, Dunedin Russell and McGeorge, P New Zealands Islands, hancock, L Quarantine Island / Kamau Taurua A short history St Martin Island Community, Dunedin. ISBN 978-0-473-14209-4 Nearshore islands Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand The Island Quarantine Island / Kamau Taurua Community Information
34.
Oamaru
–
Oamaru (/ɒməˈruː/, the largest town in North Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand, is the main town in the Waitaki District. It is 80 kilometres south of Timaru and 120 kilometres north of Dunedin, on the Pacific coast, and State Highway 1 and the railway Main South Line connect it to both. With a population of 13,850, Oamaru is the 28th largest urban area in New Zealand, the name Oamaru derives from Māori words meaning the place of Maru. The identity of Maru remains open to conjecture, there are some important archaeological sites around Oamaru. Those at the Waitaki River mouth and at Awamoa both date from the Archaic phase of Māori culture, when New Zealands human population clustered along the south-east coast from about AD1100, the Waitaki River mouth had at least 1,200 ovens. Awamoa saw the first archaeological excavation in New Zealand when W. B. D, mantell dug there at Christmas 1847 and in 1852. Smaller Archaic sites exist at Cape Wanbrow and at Beach Road in central Oamaru, the distinctive Archaic art of the Waitaki Valley rock shelters dates from this period — some of it presumably made by the occupants of these sites. The area also features Classic and Protohistoric sites, from after about AD1500, at Tamahaerewhenua, Tekorotuaheka, Te Punamaru, Papakaio and Kakanui. Māori tradition tells of the ancient people Kahui Tipua building a canoe, Arai Te Uru, on its return it became waterlogged off the Waitaki River mouth, lost food baskets at Moeraki beach and ended up wrecked at Matakaea where it turned into Danger Reef. Modern academics have suggested this tale is an explanation of the fact that kumara will not grow south of Banks Peninsula. On 20 February 1770 James Cook in the Endeavour reached a very close to the Waitaki mouth. He said the land here is low and flat and continues so up to the skirts of the Hills which are at least 4 or 5 Miles in land. The whole face of the Country appears barren, nor did we see any signs of inhabitants and he stayed on this part of the coast four days. Sydney Parkinson, the expeditions artist, described what seems to be Cape Wanbrow, on 20 February he wrote. we were near the land, which formed an agreeable view to the naked eye. The hills were of a height, having flats that extended from them a long way. Māori did live in the area, and sealers visited the coast in 1814, the Creed manuscript, discovered in 2003, records, Some of the people absent on a feasting expedition to meet a great party from Taumutu, Akaroa, Orawenua. The boat passed on to the Bluff 8 miles north of Moeraki where they landed & arranged their boat – & lay down to sleep in their boat. At night Pukuheke, father of Te More, went to the boat and they went with 100 killing 5 Europeans & eat them
35.
Waikouaiti
–
Waikouaiti is a small town in East Otago, New Zealand, within the city limits of Dunedin. The town is close to the coast and the mouth of the Waikouaiti River, today, Waikouaiti is a retail trade and servicing centre for the surrounding district, which has sheep farming as the principal primary activity. Hawksbury,3 km southwest of Waikouaiti, has a factory and shop. Karitane,3 km to the southeast has a fishing port. Prior to the arrival of Europeans the area was occupied by Māori, who had a kaik, or unfortified settlement, at modern Karitane, an 1826 sketch of the east Otago coast, shows the headlands and beaches of what are now Karitane and Waikouaiti. Waikouaiti was the first European settlement in southern New Zealand to be based on farming. From 1837 there had been a whaling station confusingly also called Waikouaiti nearby on the side of the estuary at what is now called Karitane. This was the first farm in the Otago region, Jones himself did not move to Waikouaiti until 1843, after financial losses during an economic depression in Sydney. His original homestead and some of the buildings of his colonial manor farm, known as Matanaka Farm. The farm buildings, though not the homestead, are owned by Heritage New Zealand and are open to the public and they are the oldest surviving farm buildings in New Zealand. Jones moved to Dunedin in 1854 but was influential in the development of Waikouaiti for many years after, the wooden shingle roofed St. Johns Anglican Church in Waikouaiti proper opened in 1858, was funded by Jones. It was designed by Benjamin Mountfort of Christchurch who also designed the Provincial Council Building there, in 1861 Dr. William Chapman, at Jones request, became the first GP for the district. The Presbyterians built a church in 1863. It was moved to Kildare Street in 1876 and still remains and it became the Sunday School when a brick church was built in 1914, designed by J. Louis Salmond but this building closed in 2008 and was demolished in 2009. The name Waikouaiti is Māori, and is believed to come from phrases meaning small bitter waters or braided streamlets and this placename once applied to a whaling station at Karitane, but subsequently drifted to the present location. Waikouaiti is located on State Highway 140 kilometres north of Dunedin city centre and 666 kilometres from Picton, Waikouaiti is serviced by the Dunedin to Palmerston bus service operated by Dunedin Passenger Transport. The bus operates thrice daily each way Monday to Friday, the Main South Line railway between Christchurch and Invercargill passes through Waikouaiti. It was constructed in the 1870s, and daily passenger trains passed through Waikouaiti until the cancellation of the Southerner in February 2002, currently, the only passenger service is a tourist service operated by the Taieri Gorge Railway
36.
Clutha River
–
The Clutha River / Mata-Au is the second longest river in New Zealand and the longest in the South Island. It flows south-southeast 338 kilometres through Central and South Otago from Lake Wanaka in the Southern Alps to the Pacific Ocean,75 kilometres south west of Dunedin. It is the highest volume river in New Zealand, and the swiftest, with a catchment of 21,960 square kilometres, the Clutha River is known for its scenery, gold-rush history, and swift turquoise waters. A river conservation group, the Clutha Mata-Au River Parkway Group, is working to establish a regional river parkway, with a trail, the name of the river was changed to a dual name by the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. The ultimate source of the river is at the head of the Makarora River, close to the saddle of the Haast Pass, which flows into the northern end of Lake Wanaka. The southern end of the drains into the nascent Clutha close to Albert Town, where it is met by its first main tributary, the Hāwea River. It is also met here by the Cardrona River, the river soon narrows as it passes through the Maori Gorge at Queensberry. Shortly thereafter it is joined by another tributary, the Lindis, before widening as it enters Lake Dunstan, fifty kilometres south of Lake Wanaka, the Clutha reaches the town of Cromwell, which was substantially altered when the Clyde Dam project was commissioned in 1992. Here the river is joined by the waters of the Kawarau, prior to the construction of the Clyde Dam, this river junction, known as the Cromwell Junction, was renowned for the difference in colour between the two rivers’ waters. The river then flows southeast through the inundated Cromwell Gorge to Clyde and nearby Alexandra, South of Alexandra the river widens again to form Lake Roxburgh, another artificial lake, behind the Roxburgh Dam, which was commissioned in 1956. The hydroelectric reservoir flooded the Roxburgh Gorge and several large rapids including the Molyneux Falls, the town of Roxburgh sits close to the river,120 kilometres downstream from Lake Wanaka. Beyond here, the river is met by the Tuapeka River at Tuapeka Mouth, at this point the river turns southward, before being met by its last major tributary, the Pomahaka River, which joins the Clutha 30 kilometres from the coast. The river passes the town of Balclutha before widening into the Clutha delta which contains the flat island of Inch Clutha. Here the river divides into two branches, the Matau, which flows past Kaitangata, and Koau. Both branches flow into the Pacific Ocean at Molyneux Bay, the Cluthas average discharge is estimated at 614 cubic metres per second, comparable to many much larger rivers. The highest recorded flow on the Clutha was during heavy storms in June 2015, the waters of the Upper Clutha are clear turquoise, the result of glacial and snow-melt filtering when the water flows through Lake Wanaka. This is a characteristic for a high volume river. Below Cromwell, where the silt-laden Kawarau enters, the waters are less turquoise, such is the nature of the geology of the New Zealand region that the true river tells only half the story of the Cluthas course
37.
Otago Museum
–
The Otago Museum is located in the city centre of Dunedin, New Zealand. It is adjacent to the University of Otago campus in Dunedin North,1,500 metres northeast of the city centre and it is one of the citys leading attractions, with over 480,000 visitors each year, and has one of the largest collections in New Zealand. Natural science specimens and humanities artefacts from Otago, New Zealand, an interactive science centre within the Museum includes a large, immersive tropical butterfly rainforest environment. The Otago Museum first opened to the public in 1868, the initial collection consisted of material from the 1865 New Zealand Exhibition. It was originally located in The Exchange, as the collection began to grow, it soon became clear that a larger, purpose-built site was required, the foundation was laid at the current Great King Street site in December 1874. In August 1877, the new building was opened and remains a part of the Museum today, the original entrance to the Museum, with its Oamaru stone Doric-style pillars, is still visible on Great King Street, though the main entrance is now from the Museum Reserve. Management of the Museum passed to the University of Otago in 1877 and this arrangement lasted until 1955 when a new governance structure was established by the passing of the Otago Museum Trust Board Act. With well over 100 years’ history on the current site, the Museum building is classified by the Historic Places Trust as a Category 1 historic place. The first substantial addition to the original Museum building on the Great King Street site was the Hocken Wing and this collection now forms the basis of the Hocken Collections. Another new wing, named for benefactor Willi Fels was opened in 1930 and today houses the People of the World, a further expansion of the Museum occurred in 1963 when the Centennial Wing was opened to provide additional display space. With all of these developments, the Museum had grown to several times its original floor area. A multi-stage redevelopment project in the 1990s and 2000s largely resolved this, the collection storage area was also redeveloped with specialised shelving and environmentally controlled storerooms. The redevelopment project reached a milestone in 2002 when the Southern Land, Southern People gallery was opened by Sir Edmund Hillary, along with the Governor General, the Museum’s interactive science centre, Discovery World, opened In 1991. During the redevelopment it was moved from its ground floor location to the first floor. The Tropical Forest, an immersive butterfly rainforest environment featuring the flora and fauna of the tropics, Discovery World Tropical Forest has become an important visitor attraction in its own right. A planetarium was an addition to the science centre in 2015. 2013 saw the opening of a redeveloped historic bluestone building on the Museum Reserve, the building was formerly a post office. Largely due to generous benefactors and judicious acquisition strategies, the Otago Museum has one of the most significant museum collections in New Zealand, many of the Museum’s key benefactors were part of the same eminent Dunedin family
38.
Port Chalmers
–
Port Chalmers is a suburb and the main port of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand, with a population of 3,000. Port Chalmers lies ten kilometres inside Otago Harbour, some 15 kilometres northeast from Dunedins city centre, much of Port Chalmers is located on a small hilly peninsula, at the northern end of which is a large reclaimed area which is now the site of Dunedins container port. Close to the shore of this peninsula are a pair of islands. These two islands are Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua and Goat Island, although the harbour beyond Port Chalmers is regularly dredged, most of the port activity is centred on Port Chalmers rather than on central Dunedin. Any big ships venturing into the upper harbour wharfs need to be piloted in with the help of tugs, according to Herries Beattie an old Māori name for Port Chalmers was Potakere or Pou-takere which may have indicated the hill where the tuahu, or altar, was sited. Koputai is a name and refers to an incident in which the tide rose. When a peace was made between Kati Mamoe and Kai Tahu, about 1780, Koputai was one of two southern terminuses of Kai Tahu territory. By February 1839 the Weller brothers of Otago on the side of the harbour had set up a saw pit which appears to have been at Sawyers Bay. By September the following year a big boat, supposedly the schooner Anne, was under construction, the first Christian service at Koputai was held by the Reverend James Watkin, the Wesleyan missionary at Waikouaiti, in 1842. Taiaroas cousin Kohi was living at Koputai Bay in 1843 but, according to Shortland, allowed himself to be strangled by Taiaroa, by 1844 the place was deserted. He nominated Koputai as its deep water port to be called Port Chalmers after the Presbyterian Free Church leader Thomas Chalmers, the sale of the Otago Block from Māori to the Otago Association was concluded at Port Chalmers 31 July 1844. Already, by June 9, there were two whares, Māori-style houses, and a pile of bricks waiting to be turned into Tucketts house, mr. and Mrs. Lethbridge were in residence, David Scott and several others. In December 1844 Alexander McKay and his wife arrived to open the first public house, the town was surveyed by Charles Kettle in 1846 and a Town Board was formed in that year. The first ships of Otago Association settlers, the John Wickliffe, thereafter the town developed as a port for the city and the province, superseding the earlier Otago as the harbours international port. It was first connected by lighter with Dunedin at the head of the harbour, then also by a road from North East Valley to Sawyers Bay. By the 1860s a harbourside road from the city had been formed. In 1866 the Town Board was superseded by a Borough, on 1 January 1873, the first 1,067 mm narrow gauge railway in New Zealand opened, the Port Chalmers Branch, linking Dunedin and Port Chalmers. 1881 saw the opening of the Victoria Ship Channel allowing ocean-going vessels passage up the harbour to central Dunedin,1882 saw the inauguration of New Zealands refrigerated meat trade when the ship Dunedin left Port Chalmers with the first such cargo
39.
James Cook
–
Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 and he saw action in the Seven Years War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society, in three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail, as he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, Cook was attacked and killed while attempting to kidnap the native chief of Hawaii during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in the village of Marton in Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November in the church of St Cuthbert. He was the second of eight children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, in 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his fathers employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years schooling, he work for his father. For leisure, he would climb a hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks Cottage, his parents last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, having moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles to the village of Staithes. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suitable for work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sandersons, John. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade and their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their fleet of vessels. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and his three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea
40.
Mitchell Library
–
The Mitchell Library is a large public library and centre of the City Council public library system of Glasgow, Scotland. Part of the collection came from a purchase in 1874 by Glasgow Corporation of 1800 early books gifted to Glasgow University from the Glasgow philanthropist William Euing. The library contains a public reference library, with 1,213,000 volumes. While composed mainly of material it also has a substantial lending facility which began in 2005. The North Street building, with its copper dome surmounted by Thomas Clappertons bronze statue entitled Literature opened in 1911. The architectural competition for the library took place in 1906 and was won by William B, the Edwardian Baroque building is protected as a category B listed building. The vast majority of the collection however is housed in the Extension Building. Located to the west of the building, it occupies the site of the famed St Andrews Halls. Acquired by Glasgow Corporation in 1890 it was Scotlands pre-eminent venue for concerts and it had a massive and striking classical facade and included a Grand Hall which could hold 4,500 people, two Lesser Halls, further small halls and a large ballroom. As part of an internal refurbishment in 2005, the ground floor of the extension was recreated as an internal street running east to west. A stylish new cafe bar has been incorporated with a learning centre offering free Internet. A new business lounge and a lending library have also been created. Containing five floors, access is open to the public. Non-members can, upon request, use PCs and the Internet as well as printed reference materials, the 1980 extension building incorporates the 418-seat Mitchell Theatre. Mitchell Library Virtual Mitchell The Mitchells digital archive resource
