1.
Croatia
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Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
Croatia
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Branimir Inscription
Croatia
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Flag
Croatia
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Tanais Tablet B, name Khoroáthos highlighted
Croatia
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The
walls of Dubrovnik helped to defend the city since
Middle Ages until the
1991–1992 siege.
2.
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
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The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna is a public art school of higher education in Vienna, Austria. In 1701 he was ennobled by Emperor Joseph I as Freiherr of the Empire, with his death in 1714, the academy temporarily closed. On 20 January 1725, Emperor Charles VI appointed the Frenchman Jacob van Schuppen as Prefect and Director of the Academy, hofakademie der Maler, Bildhauer und Baukunst. Upon Charles death in 1740, the academy at first declined, however during the rule of his daughter Empress Maria Theresa, a new statute reformed the academy in 1751. The prestige of the academy grew during the deanships of Michelangelo Unterberger and Paul Troger, in 1772, there were further reforms to the organisational structure. Chancellor Wenzel Anton Kaunitz integrated all existing art schools into the k. k. vereinigten Akademie der bildenden Künste, the word vereinigten was later dropped. In 1822 the art cabinet grew significantly with the bequest of honorary member Anton Franz de Paula Graf Lamberg-Sprinzenstein and his collection still forms the backbone of the art on display. In 1872 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria approved a statute making the academy the supreme government authority for the arts, a new building was constructed according to plans designed by the faculty Theophil Hansen in the course of the layout of the Ringstraße boulevard. On 3 April 1877, the building on Schillerplatz in the Innere Stadt district was inaugurated. In 1907 and 1908, young Adolf Hitler, who had come from Linz, was denied admission to the drawing class. He stayed in Vienna, subsisting on his allowance. Soon he had withdrawn into poverty and started selling amateur paintings, mostly watercolours, during the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany from 1938–1945, the academy was forced to heavily reduce its number of Jewish staff. After World War II, the academy was reconstituted in 1955 and it has had university status since 1998, but retained its original name. It is currently the only Austrian university that doesnt have the university in its name. The Academy currently has about 900 students, almost a quarter of which are foreign students and its faculty includes stars such as Peter Sloterdijk. 110,000 volumes and its etching cabinet has about 150,000 drawings, the collection is one of the biggest in Austria, and is used for academic purposes, although portions are also open to the general public. Official website website of the Media Server Study in Austria, A Guide
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
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Main entrance on Schillerplatz
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
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Life drawing room at the Vienna academy,
Martin Ferdinand Quadal, 1787
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
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Anatomical room of the Akademie
3.
University of Zagreb Academy of Fine Arts
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The Academy of Fine Arts Zagreb is a Croatian art school based in Zagreb. It is one of the three art academies affiliated with the University of Zagreb, along with the Academy of Dramatic Art, the Academy was established in June 1907 as the Royal College for Arts and Crafts and initially had three departments, for sculpting, painting and art education. Academys first professors were Robert Frangeš-Mihanović, Rudolf Valdec, Robert Auer, Oton Iveković, Bela Čikoš Sesija, Menci Klement Crnčić, the Academy is still based in its original location at 85 Ilica street in Zagreb. Since 1926 the architecture department was active at the academy. The graphic arts department was established in 1956, the department in 1997. Today the academy has six departments, with a total of 365 students enrolled
University of Zagreb Academy of Fine Arts
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Faculties
University of Zagreb Academy of Fine Arts
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Academy of Fine Arts Zagreb
4.
History of Croatia
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Croatia first appeared as a duchy in the late 7th century and then as a kingdom in the 10th century. From the 12th century it remained a state with its ruler and parliament. The period from the 15th to the 17th centuries was marked by struggles with the Ottoman Empire. After being incorporated in Yugoslavia for most of the 20th century, the area known today as Croatia was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Fossils of Neanderthals dating to the middle Palaeolithic period have been unearthed in northern Croatia, with the most famous, remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of the country. The largest proportion of the sites is in the northern Croatia river valleys, the Iron Age left traces of the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La Tène culture. Much later, the region was settled by Liburnians and Illyrians, while the first Greek colonies were established on the Vis, the area north of the Neretva was slowly incorporated into Roman possession until the province of Illyricum was formally established c. The Dalmatia region then part of the Roman province of Illyricum. The province of Dalmatia spread inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps, Dalmatia was the birthplace of the Roman Emperor Diocletian, who, upon retirement from Emperor in AD305, built a large palace near Salona, out of which the city of Split later developed. Historians such as Theodore Mommsen and Bernard Bavant argue that all Dalmatia was fully romanized, the region was then ruled by the Ostrogoths up to 535, when Justinian I added the territory to the Byzantine Empire. Later, the Byzantines formed the Theme of Dalmatia in the same territory, the Roman period ends with Avar and Croat invasions in the 6th and 7th centuries and the destruction of almost all Roman towns. Roman survivors retreated to more sites on the coast, islands. The city of Ragusa was founded by survivors from Epidaurum. Eventually two dukedoms were formed—Duchy of Pannonia and Duchy of Dalmatia, ruled by Liudewit and Borna, the record represents the first document of Croatian realms, vassal states of Francia at the time. The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav two decades later, According to the Constantine VII christianization of Croats began in the 7th century, but the claim is disputed and generally christianization is associated with the 9th century. In 879, under duke Branimir, the duke of Croats, tomislav was the first ruler of Croatia who was styled a king in a letter from the Pope John X, dating kingdom of Croatia to year 925. Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions, spreading the influence of Croatian kings, creation of the Croatian Coat of Arms, According to legend, the Croatian King Stjepan Držislav was once held captive in a Venetian dungeon, after losing a war against the Venetian ruler Peter II. Peter offered the Croatian ruler a deal – a game of chess, the king accepted the challenge and won three times
History of Croatia
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Oton Iveković, The Croats arrival at the Adriatic Sea.
History of Croatia
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Death of the Last Croatian King, by
Oton Iveković
History of Croatia
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Ban Josip Jelačić.
History of Croatia
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Stjepan Radić
5.
Zagreb
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Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of Croatia. It is located in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m above sea level. In the last official census of 2011 the population of the City of Zagreb was 792,875, the wider Zagreb metropolitan area includes the City of Zagreb and the separate Zagreb County bringing the total metropolitan area population up to 1,237,887. It is the biggest metropolitan area in Croatia, and the one with a population of over one million. Zagreb is a city with a history dating from the Roman times to the present day. The oldest settlement located in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, the name Zagreb is recorded in 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a royal town in 1242. In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor, Janko Kamauf, and in 1945 it was made the capital of Croatia when the demographic boom, the city extends over 30 kilometres east-west and around 20 kilometres north-south. The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions, Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies, and almost all government ministries. Almost all of the largest Croatian companies, media, and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city and it is a city known for its diverse economy, high quality of living, museums, sporting, and entertainment events. Its main branches of economy are high-tech industries and the service sector, the etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used of the city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb dioecese since the 12th century. The name is first recorded in a charter by Ostrogon archbishop Felician, dated 1134, the older form of the name is Zagrab, the modern Croatian form Zagreb is first recorded in a 1689 map by Nicolas Sanson. An even older form is reflected in Hungarian Zabrag, for this, Desy proposes the etymology of Chabrag, a well-attested hypocorism of the name Cyprian. The same form is reflected in a number of Hungarian toponyms, the name Agram was used in German in the Habsburg period, this name has been classified as probably of Roman origin but according to Desy it could be an Austrian German reanalysis of *Zugram. In Middle Latin and Modern Latin, Zagreb is known as Agranum, in Croatian folk etymology, the name of the city has been derived from either the verb za-grab-, meaning to scoop or to dig. One folk legend illustrating this derivation ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, in another legend, a city governor is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to scoop water from Manduševac well, using the imperative, zagrabi, Mando. The oldest settlement located near todays Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, now Šćitarjevo, Gradec and Kaptol were united in 1851 by ban Josip Jelačić, who was credited for this, with the naming the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square in his honour
Zagreb
Zagreb
Zagreb
Zagreb
6.
Ferdo Quiquerez
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Ferdinand von Quiquerez-Beaujeu was a Croatian painter of French ancestry. He originally intended to pursue a career in law, but began to study painting with József Ferenc Mücke and his patriotic inclinations led him to specialize in historical and folkloric works. In 1870, a scholarship enabled him to attend the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich where he studied under Johann Leonhard Raab, poor health, however, led him to transfer to the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia where he continued his studies with Pompeo Marino Molmenti. He was still not happy, so he moved about copying the old masters in Florence, during his travels, he met fellow Croatian painter Izidor Kršnjavi, who encouraged him to continue studying ancient art rather than go to Paris, as Quiquerez wanted to do. In 1875, he went to Montenegro where he worked as a war artist during a campaign against the Ottomans, upon his return to Zagreb in 1878, he worked as a drawing teacher in a secondary school. Among his most popular paintings are the Coming of the Croats
Ferdo Quiquerez
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Coming of the Croats (1870)
7.
Christian Griepenkerl
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Christian Griepenkerl was a German painter and professor at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. Griepenkerl was born to one of Oldenburgs leading families, Rahl allowed several of his students to participate in drafting and carrying out his paintings and thereby shaped their individual artistic development. After Rahls death in 1865, he continued and completed the masters unfinished commissions. In 1874, Griepenkerl was appointed a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and his specialty was the allegorical representation using themes from classical mythology and portraiture. Griepenkerl thereby taught a generation of Viennese painters. Among his most famous students are Carl Moll, Alfred Roller, Max Kurzweil, Carl Otto Czeschka, Richard Gerstl, Egon Schiele, and Anton Faistauer. His antiquated views led to repeated protests on the part of his students and later even to withdrawals, Griepenkerl also became famous posthumously for having rejected Adolf Hitlers application to train at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. In 1907, when Hitler was provisionally admitted to prepare a drawing, Griepenkerl disapprovingly noted. And in 1908, his verdict was even clearer, Not admitted, a larger collection are Rahls compositions which Griepenkerl carried out with the help of Eduard Bitterlich in the new municipal opera house. They worked for four years on the ceiling of the auditorium and it was only after the death of Rahl in 1865 that Griepenkerl took on his own monumental assignments. The architect Hansen employed him to decorate the Palace Ephrussi and Palace Epstein, Franz Klein hired Griepenkerl for the castle of Hornstein, vol.2, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1959, p.59 f. List of German painters Media related to Christian Griepenkerl at Wikimedia Commons Entry for Christian Griepenkerl on the Union List of Artist Names
Christian Griepenkerl
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Christian Griepenkerl in 1882
Christian Griepenkerl
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Griepenkerl (ca. 1907), around the time he rejected
Hitler 's application to art school
Christian Griepenkerl
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Academy of Sciences in Athens
8.
History painting
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History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than artistic style. History paintings usually depict a moment in a story, rather than a specific and static subject. The term is derived from the senses of the word historia in Latin and Italian, meaning story or narrative. Most history paintings are not of scenes from history, especially paintings from before about 1850, History paintings almost always contain a number of figures, often a large number, and normally show some type of action that is a moment in a narrative. The genre includes depictions of moments in religious narratives, above all the Life of Christ, as well as scenes from mythology. These groups were for long the most frequently painted, works such as Michelangelos Sistine Chapel ceiling are therefore history paintings, History painting may be used interchangeably with historical painting, and was especially so used before the 20th century. Where a distinction is made historical painting is the painting of scenes from secular history, in the 19th century historical painting in this sense became a distinct genre. In phrases such as historical painting materials, historical means in use before about 1900 and he placed emphasis on the ability to depict the interactions between the figures by gesture and expression. This view remained general until the 19th century, when artistic movements began to struggle against the establishment institutions of academic art, which continued to adhere to it. Scenes from ancient history had been popular in the early Renaissance, and once again became common in the Baroque and Rococo periods, and still more so with the rise of Neoclassicism. In some 19th or 20th century contexts, the term may refer specifically to paintings of scenes from history, rather than those from religious narratives. Scenes from ancient history and mythology were also popular, artists continued for centuries to strive to make their reputation by producing such works, often neglecting genres to which their talents were better suited. The large works of Raphael were long considered, with those of Michelangelo, un Peintre qui ne fait que des portraits, na pas encore cette haute perfection de lArt, & ne peut prétendre à lhonneur que reçoivent les plus sçavans. He who produces perfect landscapes is above another who only produces fruit, a painter who only does portraits still does not have the highest perfection of his art, and cannot expect the honour due to the most skilled. By the late 18th century, with religious and mytholological painting in decline, there was an increased demand for paintings of scenes from history. Classical history remained popular, but scenes from national histories were often the best-received, the unheroic nature of modern dress was regarded as a serious difficulty. When, in 1770, Benjamin West proposed to paint The Death of General Wolfe in contemporary dress and he ignored these comments and showed the scene in modern dress. Although George III refused to purchase the work, West succeeded both in overcoming his critics objections and inaugurating a more historically accurate style in such paintings. M. W, conveniently their clothes had been worn away to classical-seeming rags by the point the painting depicts
History painting
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Diana and Actaeon,
Titian, 1556–1559, a classic history painting, showing a dramatic moment in (mythological story, with elements of figure painting,
landscape painting and
still-life.
History painting
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Judas Returning the Thirty Silver Pieces by
Rembrandt, 1629
History painting
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Jacques-Louis David 's
Oath of the Horatii, 1786, with a scene from ancient history.
History painting
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The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila by
Raphael and his workshop
9.
August Eisenmenger
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August Eisenmenger was an Austrian painter of portraits and historical subjects. At the age of fifteen, Eisenmenger was already a student at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, in 1848, his financial circumstances forced him to leave the Academy. He didnt find a position until he became a student/employee at Carl Rahls studio in 1856. In 1863, he became a teacher at the Protestant School in Vienna. He eventually obtained a professorship at the Academy in 1872 and he also established a private school where he taught Rahls style of monumental painting. Rudolf Ernst was one of his best known pupils there, iHe died in Vienna in 1907. In 1913, a street in Viennas Döbling district was named after him, later, that street was removed for an industrial site and a new street was dedicated to him in the Favoriten district in 1959. Apollo and the Nine Muses, ceiling panels in the Vienna Musikverein, the ceiling panels in the Grand Hotel. The Twelve Months, an oil panel at the Palais Gutmann Ancestral portraits and panels depicting episodes in the lives of Maximilian I and Leopold V, at Hernstein Castle. The frieze medallions at the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna Frieze medallions in the room of the Chamber of Deputies in the Austrian Parliament Building. Werner Kitlitschka, Die Malerei der Wiener Ringstraße, verlag Steiner, Wiesbaden 1981, ISBN 3-515-02484-0. Media related to August Eisenmenger at Wikimedia Commons
August Eisenmenger
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August Eisenmenger (c.1890)
August Eisenmenger
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Portrait of
Johann Strauss, the Younger (1888)
August Eisenmenger
August Eisenmenger
10.
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
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The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich is one of the oldest and most significant art academies in Germany. It is located in the Maxvorstadt district of Munich, in Bavaria, the Academy of Fine Arts was founded 1808 by Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria in Munich as the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The Munich School refers to a group of painters who worked in Munich or were trained at the Academy between 1850 and 1918, the paintings are characterized by a naturalistic style and dark chiaroscuro. Typical painting subjects included landscape, portraits, genre, still-life, from 1900 to 1918 the academys director was Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller. In 1946, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts was merged with the School of arts and crafts, in 1953 its name was changed to the current Academy of Fine Arts. The large 19th-century Renaissance Revival style building complex, designed by Gottfried Neureuther, was completed in 1886 and it has housed the Academy since then. A new Deconstructivist style expansion, designed by the architectural firm Coop Himmelbau as an extension from the building, was completed in 2005
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
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Panoramic view of the 1886 Academy of Fine Arts building.
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
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Renaissance Revival style facade (1886).
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
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Deconstructivist expansion, designed by
Coop Himmelb(l)au (2005).
11.
Ferdinand Keller (painter)
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Ferdinand Keller, or von Keller was a German genre and history painter. His father was a civil engineer, in 1857, when he was fifteen, his father was awarded a contract to design bridges, roads and dams in Brazil. Ferdinand and his brother Franz were able to accompany him, over the course of a four-year stay, he was able to teach himself drawing by sketching the tropical landscape. Shortly after their return, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe, where he studied with Johann Wilhelm Schirmer, after Schirmers death, he studied with Ludwig des Coudres. He was unsatisfied with the Academy, however, and took private lessons the studio of Hans Canon and this was followed, in 1866 and 1867, by study trips to Switzerland and France. He achieved his first recognition with his painting The Death of Philip II at the International Exposition, from 1867 to 1869, he lived in Rome, where he made the acquaintance of Anselm Feuerbach and maintained a joint studio with him. In 1870, he became a teacher of portrait and history painting at the Karlsruhe Academy and was appointed a Professor in 1873, from 1880 to 1913, he served as Director. In addition to his paintings, he provided decorations and curtains for the new Karlsruhe Court Theater. His decorations for the King Carl Hall at the Landesmuseum Württemberg pleased the King so much that he awarded Keller a title of nobility, frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, commissioned him to paint the History of Baden for the National Art Gallery. On a smaller scale, his etchings have been used to illustrate numerous books and he died in 1922 in Baden-Baden. A street in Karlsruhe was named after him in 1964, michael Koch, Ferdinand Keller, Karlsruhe, C. F. Müller,1978 ISBN 3-7880-9618-7 Leo Mülfarth, Kleines Lexikon Karlsruher Maler, Karlsruhe 1987, pgs. 70-72, ISBN 3-7617-0250-7, S. 70-72 Eva-Maria Froitzheim, Ferdinand Keller. Zeichnungen, Karlsruhe 1992, ISBN 3-925212-18-3 Literature by and about Ferdinand Keller in the German National Library catalogue
Ferdinand Keller (painter)
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Ferdinand Keller correcting a student's work. Sketch by his student
Christian Wilhelm Allers
Ferdinand Keller (painter)
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Study on the
Apotheosis of Kaiser
Wilhelm I
Ferdinand Keller (painter)
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Payment (1883)
Ferdinand Keller (painter)
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The Island of Death (1901)
12.
Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe
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The State Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe, situated in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, is one of the smaller art schools in Germany with an average of 300 students. It was founded in 1854 by Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, the first director was the painter of landscapes Johann Wilhelm Schirmer. Today the artist Ernst Caramelle leads it, at the State Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe one can study all kinds of free Fine Art, but also become a teacher at a German high-school. The Academy is placed in three different buildings spread over the city of Karlsruhe, smithies Hans Thoma Christoph Voll Friedrich Wachenhusen Holger Walter Axel Heil, Harald Klingelhöller,150 Years. The History of the Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe in Pictures, die Geschichte der Kunstakademie Karlsruhe in Bildern und Texten. ISBN 3-89929-045-3 Vereinigung der Freunde der Kunstakademie Karlsruhe e. V, homepage of the State Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe
Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe
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The main building of the Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe
13.
Exposition Universelle (1900)
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The style that was universally present in the Exposition was Art Nouveau. The staging of the first International Exhibition in 1855 was motivated by a desire to re-establish pride, the succession of exhibitions followed the same theme, the regeneration of nationality after war. Eight years before the launch of the 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle, countries from around the world were invited by France to showcase their achievements and lifestyles, the Exposition Universelle was a uniting and learning experience. It presented the opportunity for foreigners to realize the similarities between nations as well as their unique differences, new cultures were experienced and an overall better understanding of the values each country had to offer was gained. The learning atmosphere aided in attempts to increase cultural tolerance, deemed necessary after a period of war, the early announcement and the massively positive response disenchanted the interest that had been circling around the first German International Exposition. It is suspected that the Exposition Universelle did not do as well financially as expected because the public did not have the funds to participate in the fair. The 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle was so expensive to organize and run that the cost per visitor ended up being about six hundred more than the price of admission. The exhibition lost a total of 82,000 francs after six months in operation. Many Parisians had invested money in shares sold to raise money for the event, with a much larger expected turnout the exhibit sites had gone up in value. Continuing to pay rent for the sites became increasingly hard for concessionaires as they were receiving fewer customers than anticipated, the concessionaires went on strike, which ultimately resulted in the closure of a large part of the exposition. To resolve the matter, the concessionaires were given a refund of the rent they had paid. The financial consequences of the 1900 Exposition Universelle were devastating for many Parisians, the Exposition Universelle was where talking films and escalators were first publicized, and where Campbells Soup was awarded a gold medal. At the exposition Rudolf Diesel exhibited his engine, running on peanut oil. Brief films of excerpts from opera and ballet were apparently the first films exhibited publicly with projection of both image and recorded sound, the exposition also featured many panoramic paintings and extensions of the panorama technique, such as the Cinéorama, Mareorama, and Trans-Siberian Railway Panorama. The centrepiece of the Palais de lOptique was the 1. 25-metre-diameter Great Exposition Refractor and this telescope was the largest refracting telescope at that time. The optical tube assembly was 60 meters long and 1.5 meters in diameter, light from the sky was sent into the tube by a movable 2-meter mirror. Partly organized by Booker Washington and W. E. B, du Bois, this exhibition aimed at showing African Americans positive contributions to American society. Many of the buildings constructed for the Exposition Universelle were demolished after the conclusion of the exposition, many of the buildings were built on a framework of wood, and covered with staff, which was formed into columns, statuary, walls, stairs, etc
Exposition Universelle (1900)
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Exposition Universelle view
Exposition Universelle (1900)
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Photos of the
Hampton Institute by
Frances Benjamin Johnston, which were displayed in the Exposé nègre to demonstrate Afro-Americans' positive contributions to American society
Exposition Universelle (1900)
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Exposition Universelle
Exposition Universelle (1900)
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Tour du Monde pavilions displaying oriental architectures; such as Siam, Japan, and India
14.
Matica Hrvatska
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Matica hrvatska is the oldest independent, non-profit and non-governmental Croatian national institution. It was founded on February 2,1842 by the Croatian Count Janko Drašković, Matica Hrvatska is also one of the largest and most important book and magazine publishers in Croatia. Magazines issued by Matica are Vijenac, Hrvatska revija and Kolo, Matica Hrvatska also publishes many books in one of its most famous editions called Stoljeća hrvatske književnosti. As of 2015 Matica has 120 branches in, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Germany, Hungary and Serbia. The name Matica is best translated as The Centre, although the term matica in this context translates as queen bee or parent body, according to this, the name of Matica hrvatska can be literally translated into english as Parent body of the Croats. Therefore, Count Janko Drašković proposed founding Matica as a part of the Illyrian reading room that was founded on August 4,1838, Matica hrvatska was officially founded on February 10,1842 in Zagreb as Matica ilirska. It was stated that its purpose was, Publication of old classical Illyrian, especially those from Dubrovnik. From 1846 to 1886, with interruptions, Matica ilirska had its headquarters in the National home palace. In 1862 the same organization as Matica ilirska was founded in Dalmatia, Matica dalmatinska had the same role in Dalmatia as Matica ilirska had in Croatia and Slavonia. Its purpose was to care for croatian cultural and language in Dalmatia as well as to publish books and its first president was Croatian politician from Zadar Miho Klaić. In 1912 Matica dalmatinska mergered into Matica hrvatska, First two books published by Matica were printed in Vienna in 1844 because of the censorship imposed by the central Government on Croatia. 1840s and 1850s were particularly difficult for Matica ilirska, although Statute of Matica was finally approved in 1847 book publishing and cultural life of the nation were not a priority at the moment due to the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Bach encouraged centralization of the Austrian Empire in favor of Vienna, in Croatia, the Government and Parliament were abolished, Croatian counties lost their historical independence while German language became official. Matica ilirska started to work as an independent organization in 1850 after the Illyrian reading room was abolished, in this period Matica was publishing magazine Neven. When the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts was founded in 1866 Matica ilirska joined with it so they could print and publish literary. However, due to many disagreements these institutions gradually ended cooperation, during the presidency of Ivan Mažuranić Matica started to publish literary-science magazine Književnik and Vijenac. Also Hrvatsko kolo and Glas Matice hrvatske were being published, after Matica ilirska ended its cooperation with Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1874 it regained its full independence. In this period the president was Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski during whose presidency Matica ilirska changed its name in Matica hrvatska because the first name lost its role, in this period Matica assert itself as the largest publisher in Croatia because it published approximately 250 books
Matica Hrvatska
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Matica hrvatska
Matica Hrvatska
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Janko Drašković,
Croatian politician who served as the 1st president of Matica hrvatska
Matica Hrvatska
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Matica hrvatska in Zagreb
15.
War correspondent
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A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. They were also called special correspondents in the 19th century and their jobs require war correspondents to deliberately go to the most conflict-ridden parts of the world. Once there, they attempt to get enough to the action to provide written accounts, photos. Thus, being a war correspondent is often considered the most dangerous form of journalism, on the other hand, war coverage is also one of the most successful branches of journalism. Newspaper sales increase greatly in wartime and television news ratings go up, News organizations have sometimes been accused of militarism because of the advantages they gather from conflict. William Randolph Hearst is often said to have encouraged the Spanish–American War for this reason, only some conflicts receive extensive worldwide coverage, however. Among recent wars, the Kosovo War received a deal of coverage. Written war correspondents have existed as long as journalism, before modern journalism it was more common for longer histories to be written at the end of a conflict. The first known of these is Herodotuss account of the Persian Wars, thucydides, who some years later wrote a history of the Peloponnesian Wars was an observer to the events he described. Her description of the events took place in the Marshall House are particularly poignant because she was in the midst of battle. A further modernization came with the development of newspapers and magazines, one of the earliest war correspondents was Henry Crabb Robinson, who covered Napoleons campaigns in Spain and Germany for The Times of London. Another early correspondent was William Hicks who letters describing the Battle of Trafalgar were also published in The Times, early film and television news rarely had war correspondents. Rather, they would simply collect footage provided by sources, often the government. This footage was often staged as cameras were large and bulky until the introduction of small, the situation changed dramatically with the Vietnam War when networks from around the world sent cameramen with portable cameras and correspondents. This proved damaging to the United States as the brutality of war became a daily feature on the nightly news. The discourse in mediated conflicts is influenced by its public character, by forwarding information and arguments to the media, conflict parties attempt to use the media influence to gain support from their constituencies and persuade their opponents. The continued progress of technology has allowed live coverage of events via satellite up-links, the rise of twenty-four hour news channels has led to a heightened demand for coverage. William Howard Russell, who covered the Crimean War, also for The Times, is described as the first modern war correspondent
War correspondent
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Battle council on the
De Zeven Provinciën by
Willem van de Velde the Elder. The prelude to the
Four Days Battle in 1666.
War correspondent
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Western
military attachés and war correspondents with the Japanese forces after the
Battle of Shaho in 1904.
War correspondent
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United States
World War II correspondents
16.
Sochi
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Sochi is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia. The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers, according to the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,334, up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census, making it Russias largest resort city. Being part of the Caucasian Riviera, it is one of the few places in Russia with a subtropical climate, with warm to hot summers. It will also be one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Greater Sochi is elongated along the Black Sea coast for 145 kilometers. Sochi is in the north of Western Asia, falling on the side of the Greater Caucasus. Sochi is approximately 1,603 kilometers from Moscow, from the southwest, it is bordered by the Black Sea. The vast majority of the population of Sochi lives in a strip along the coast and is organized in independent microdistricts. The biggest of these microdistricts, from the northwest to the southeast, are Lazarevskoye, Loo, Dagomys, central Sochi, Khosta, Matsesta, the whole city is located on the slopes of the Western Caucasus which descend to the Black Sea and are cut by the rivers. The biggest rivers in Sochi are the Mzymta, which is in fact the longest Black Sea tributary in Russia, other rivers include the Ashe, the Psezuapse, the Sochi, the Khosta, and the Matsesta. The Psou River makes the border with Abkhazia, the northeastern part of the city belongs to the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve which is a World Heritage Site spanning vast areas in Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. Almost the whole area of the Greater Sochi, with the exception of the coast, Sochi has a humid subtropical climate with mild winters in the period from December to March and warm summers in the period from May to October. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area belonged to the kingdom of Lazica. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading Göktürks, Khazars, Mongols, the northern wall of an 11th-century Byzantine basilica still stands in the Loo Microdistrict. Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the Circassians caused a conflict between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom that occurred in 1836 over the mission of the Vixen. The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron Feodor Tornau investigated the route from Gelendzhik to Gagra. At the outbreak of the Crimean War, the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky in order to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on Cape Adler soon after. The last battle of the Caucasian War took place at the Godlikh river on March 18,1864 O. S. where the Ubykhs were defeated by the Dakhovsky regiment of the Russian Army. On March 25,1864, the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort, the end of Caucasian War was proclaimed at Kbaade tract on June 2,1864, by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II read aloud by Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia
Sochi
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Views of Sochi, Top:Sochi Summer (Zimny) Theater, 2nd left:A monument of Mikhael archangel in Kurorthy Prospekt, 2nd right:Sochi Rail Station, 3rd left:Svobodny Perevlok Cinema, 3rd right:Cathedral of the Sochi Archangel Mikhael, Bottom:Sochi Port
Sochi
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Location of Krasnodar Krai in Russia
Sochi
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Sochi seen from the Black Sea
Sochi
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Plan of Fort Alexandria at the mouth of Sochi, which initiated the city of Sochi
17.
Galicia (Eastern Europe)
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Galicia is a historical and geographic region in Central-Eastern Europe, once a small Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine. The area, which is named after the city of Halych, was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in the year 1206 as Galiciæ. The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within the regions of western Ukraine, Lviv, Ternopil. In the 18th century, territories that became part of the modern Polish regions of Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship. There is considerable overlap between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia, especially a cross-border region that is inhabited by various nationalities, Halych-Volhynia cut a swathe as a mighty principality under the reign of Roman the Great in 1170–1205. After the expulsion of the Hungarians in 1221, Ruthenians took back rule of the area, Romans son Daniel of Galicia was crowned king of Halych-Volhynia. He founded Lviv, named in honour of his son Leo I, the Ukrainian name Halych comes from the Khwalis or Kaliz who occupied the area from the time of the Magyars. They were also called Khalisioi in Greek, and Khvalis in Ukrainian, the Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt and Vysotske cultures. Others assert that the name has Slavic origins – from halytsa, meaning a naked hill, the jackdaw was used as a charge in the citys coat of arms and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia. The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology, although the Hungarians were driven out from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles. In 1527, the Habsburgs inherited those titles, together with the Hungarian crown, in 1772, Empress Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, decided to use those historical claims to justify her participation in the first partition of Poland. In fact, the territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia, Volhynia, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi – after which Lodomeria was named – was taken by Russia, not Austria. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland – Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl, Zamość, Lublin, the full official name of the new Austrian province was Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator. After the incorporation of the Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, each of those entities was formally separate, they were listed as such in the Austrian emperors titles, each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province, the duchies of Auschwitz and Zator were small historical principalities west of Kraków, on the border with Prussian Silesia. Lodomeria, under the name Volhynia, was not ruled by Austria, dale Dwellers, Krakowiacy, Mazury, Grębowiacy, Głuchoniemcy, Bełżanie, Bużanie, Opolanie, Wołyniacy, Pobereżcy or Nistrowianie. During the Great Migration period of Europe, a variety of nomadic groups invaded the area, overall, Slavs came to dominate the Celtic-German population. In the 12th century, a Rurikid Principality of Halych formed there, Galicia and Volhynia had originally been two separate Rurikid principalities, assigned on a rotating basis to younger members of the Kievan dynasty
Galicia (Eastern Europe)
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Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, 1914]]
Galicia (Eastern Europe)
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The legislative
Sejm of the Land was located in the capital city, Lviv
Galicia (Eastern Europe)
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Reconstruction of the historic border (1772-1918) between Austrian Galicia and Austrian Silesia in Bielsko-Biała
Galicia (Eastern Europe)
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Siege of Przemyśl in 1915
18.
Veliki Tabor Castle
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Veliki Tabor is a castle and museum in northwest Croatia, dating from the 12th century. The castles present appearance dates back to the 16th century, most of the castle was built by the Hungarian noble family of Ráttkay, in whose ownership it remained until 1793. It is located in the region of Zagorje near Desinić,8 km west of Pregrada,219 m above sea level, the castle is owned by the state, which manages it as a museum and a tourist site. The oldest part of the castle is the Five-Cornered Tower, built in the twelfth century, the other towers date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The entrance complex was built around 1820, the Croatian painter Oton Iveković owned the castle from 1927 to 1935. The roof consists of different materials. The castle interior has galleries with round pillars, there is a large well,31 m deep, and a former wine cellar. The large hall is decorated with halberds, the castle chapel on the first floor contains the skull of the legendary Veronika of Desinić. Since 2002, Veliki Tabor has been the venue of a festival of short films. The castle has been undergoing renovations since 6 November 2008, and has closed to public since. The renovation works were finished in November 2011, tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Croatia Veliki Tabor Castle Tabor Film Festival Medievalwall
Veliki Tabor Castle
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Veliki Tabor
Veliki Tabor Castle
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Castle courtyard
19.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
20.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
21.
Union List of Artist Names
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The Union List of Artist Names is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages. Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name, the focus of each ULAN record is an artist. Currently there are around 120,000 artists in the ULAN, in the database, each artist record is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each artist record are names, related artists, sources for the data, the temporal coverage of the ULAN ranges from Antiquity to the present and the scope is global. The ULAN includes proper names and associated information about artists, artists may be either individuals or groups of individuals working together. Artists in the ULAN generally represent creators involved in the conception or production of visual arts, repositories and some donors are included as well. Work on the ULAN began in 1984, when the Getty decided to merge, in 1987 the Getty created a department dedicated to compiling and distributing terminology. The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community, although originally intended only for use by Getty projects, the broader art information community outside the Getty expressed a need to use ULAN for cataloging and retrieval. Its scope was broadened to include corporate bodies such as firms and repositories of art. The ULAN was founded under the management of Eleanor Fink, the ULAN has been constructed over the years by numerous members of the user community and an army of dedicated editors, under the supervision of several managers. The ULAN was published in 1994 in hardcopy and machine-readable files, given the growing size and frequency of changes and additions to the ULAN, by 1997 it had become evident that hard-copy publication was impractical. It is now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing, final editorial control of the ULAN is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. The current managers of the ULAN are Patricia Harpring, Managing Editor, entities in the Person facet typically have no children. Entities in the Corporate Body facet may branch into trees, there may be multiple broader contexts, making the ULAN structure polyhierarchical. In addition to the relationships, the ULAN also has equivalent. Contributors to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well
Union List of Artist Names
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Contents
22.
National Library of the Czech Republic
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The National Library of the Czech Republic is the central library of the Czech Republic. It is directed by the Ministry of Culture, the librarys main building is located in the historical Clementinum building in Prague, where approximately half of its books are kept. The other half of the collection is stored in the district of Hostivař, the National Library is the biggest library in the Czech Republic, in its funds there are around 6 million documents. The library has around 60,000 registered readers, as well as Czech texts, the library also stores older material from Turkey, Iran and India. The library also houses books for Charles University in Prague, the library won international recognition in 2005 as it received the inaugural Jikji Prize from UNESCO via the Memory of the World Programme for its efforts in digitising old texts. The project, which commenced in 1992, involved the digitisation of 1,700 documents in its first 13 years, the most precious medieval manuscripts preserved in the National Library are the Codex Vyssegradensis and the Passional of Abbes Kunigunde. In 2006 the Czech parliament approved funding for the construction of a new building on Letna plain. In March 2007, following a request for tender, Czech architect Jan Kaplický was selected by a jury to undertake the project, later in 2007 the project was delayed following objections regarding its proposed location from government officials including Prague Mayor Pavel Bém and President Václav Klaus. Later in 2008, Minister of Culture Václav Jehlička announced the end of the project, the library was affected by the 2002 European floods, with some documents moved to upper levels to avoid the excess water. Over 4,000 books were removed from the library in July 2011 following flooding in parts of the main building, there was a fire at the library in December 2012, but nobody was injured in the event. List of national and state libraries Official website
National Library of the Czech Republic
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Baroque library hall in the National Library of the Czech Republic
National Library of the Czech Republic
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General reading room (former
refectory of the Jesuit residence in
Clementinum)
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Media related to Oton Iveković at Wikimedia Commons
