1.
Blues
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Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
2.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
3.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
4.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
5.
Music festival
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A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality, or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending, performance art. Many festivals are annual, or repeat at some other interval, some, including many rock festivals, are held only once. Some festivals are organized as for-profit concerts and others are benefits for a specific cause, another type of music festival is the educative type, organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement. The Pythian Games at Delphi included musical performances, and may be one of the earliest festivals known, during the Middle Ages, festivals were often held as competitions. Entrants perform prepared pieces in front of an audience which includes competitors and they also usually receive a certificate, classified according to merit, and some may win trophies. The competitive element is played down, however, as the important aspect is that participants can learn from one another. Such festivals aim to provide a friendly and supportive platform for musicians to share in the excitement of making music, for many, they provide a bridge from lessons and examinations to performing confidently in public. Milwaukee, Wisconsins 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as The Worlds Largest Music Festival, operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts. The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, the largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year. Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, for a more complete listing of active and defunct festivals by region, see Category, Music festivals by country. Some sections may also have links to related lists of music festivals by country, L. my.1 Festival, Biddinghuizen Dekmantel, Amsterdam Festival Mundial, Tilburg Incubate, Tilburg Le Guess Who. Born 1985 Salas Principales Auditorio Alfredo Kraus, Las Palmas y Auditorio Adán Martin, Tenerife. com – The most extensive music festival listings
6.
PNC Financial Services
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PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. is an American financial services corporation, with assets of approximately $366 billion, as well as deposits of approximately $249 billion. PNC is the fifth largest bank by number of offices, sixth largest by deposits, ninth largest by total assets. PNC Financial Services traces its history to the Pittsburgh Trust and Savings Company which was founded in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on April 10,1845. Due to the recovery from the Great Fire of Pittsburgh, PNC was not fully operational until January 28,1852. The bank was renamed The Pittsburgh Trust Company in 1853, in 1858, the company located its corporate offices at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wood Street in Pittsburgh where they remain to this day. The bank changed its name to First National Bank of Pittsburgh in 1863 and it received charter number forty-eight on August 5,1863, with other later banks receiving charters sooner due to paperwork problems and the fact that the bank was already in business. By 1959, after a series of mergers, the bank had evolved into the Pittsburgh National Bank, another branch of the current bank, the Philadelphia based Provident National Corporation, dates back to the mid-19th century. In 1982, Pittsburgh National Corporation and Provident National Corporation merged into a new entity named PNC Financial Corporation and it was the largest bank merger in American history at the time. Between 1991 and 1996, PNC purchased more than ten smaller banks, in 2005, PNC acquired Washington, D. C. based Riggs Bank. PNC completed the acquisition of Maryland-based Mercantile Bankshares on March 2,2007, on June 7,2007, PNC announced the acquisition of Yardville National Bancorp, a small commercial bank centered in central New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. The transaction was completed in March 2008, the transaction was also completed in 2008. On October 24,2008, during the crisis of 2007-2008. The announcement came hours after PNC sold preferred stock to the United States Treasury as part of the $700 billion bailout plan and it also greatly expanded PNCs presence in the Midwest as well as entering the Florida market. PNC then had its footprint stretch from New York City to St. Louis, with branches as far south as Miami, marie, Michigan on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. PNC completed the conversion of the National City branches on June 14,2010, National City’s lack of pricing guidelines resulted in black borrowers being charged an average of $159 more in extra upfront fees or higher interest than white borrowers. Black borrowers also paid an average of $228 more annually over the life of the loan than white borrowers, hispanics paid $125 more upfront and $154 more annually than white borrowers. Under the terms of the settlement, PNC was required to pay victims $35 million, in 2011, PNC bought BankAtlantics Tampa Bay Area branches. Also in 2011, PNC acquired 27 branches in the northern Atlanta suburbs with $240 million in deposits, in 2012, PNC acquired RBC Bank from Royal Bank of Canada for $3.45 billion
7.
Major's Hill Park
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Majors Hill Park is a park in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. The park stands above the Rideau Canal at the point where it enters the Ottawa River. Across the canal to the west are the parliament buildings, to the north of the park is the National Gallery of Canada, and to the east are the United States embassy and the Byward Market. To the south is the Chateau Laurier hotel, built on land that was part of the park. The neighborhood surrounding the park was home to those who constructed the canal. In particular, the area that is now the park was the residence of the Superintending Engineer of the Rideau Canal. The hill was known at the time as Colonels Hill, by was replaced in 1832 by Captain Daniel Bolton who took up residence in Bys house. In 1838 Bolton was promoted to Major, by the time he left the Bytown in 1843, the hill had become known as Majors Hill. Commemorative plaques and a statue of Lieutenant-Colonel By, Major Bolton, the residence was destroyed by fire on October 5,1848, though ruins survive to today. The use of the area as a means that the park has remained a green space since the early days of Ottawa. It is now managed by the National Capital Commission, which has placed historical information in the northwest corner of the park, due to its central location, Majors Hill Park is frequented all year round. It is frequently used as a venue for events, and is central to Ottawas Canada Day celebrations, a more recent addition to the calendar is the annual B In The Park, which precedes the Glengarry Highland Games. Pipe bands and highland dancers from all over the world perform and it is presented by the Sons of Scotland Pipe Band of Ottawa, Canadas oldest civilian pipe band. Bytown Museum page with Hill historical information
8.
Clarence Clemons
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Clarence Anicholas Clemons, Jr. also known as The Big Man, was an American saxophonist, musician and actor. He was reported to be 65 tall, hence his nickname, from 1972 until his death, he was a prominent member of Bruce Springsteens E Street Band, playing the tenor saxophone. He released several albums and in 1985, had a hit single with Youre a Friend of Mine. As an actor Clemons featured in films, including New York, New York. He also made appearances in several TV series, including Diffrent Strokes, Nash Bridges, The Simpsons, My Wife and Kids. Together with his writer friend Don Reo he published his semi-fictional autobiography told in third person, Big Man, Real Life & Tall Tales. Clemons suffered a stroke on June 12,2011, and died of complications from it on June 18, Three years following his death, Clemons, along with the rest of the E Street Band, was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Born in Norfolk County, Virginia, Clemons was the son of Clarence Clemons, Sr. a fish market owner and he was the oldest of their three children. His grandfather was a Southern Baptist preacher and, as a result, when he was nine, his father gave him an alto saxophone as a Christmas present and paid for music lessons. Clemons later switched to saxophone and played in a high school jazz band. His uncle also influenced his musical development when he bought him his first King Curtis album. Curtis, and his work with The Coasters in particular, would become an influence on Clemons. As a youth Clemons also showed potential as a football player and he played as a lineman on the same team as Art Shell and Emerson Boozer and attracted the attention of the Cleveland Browns, who offered him a trial. Clemons also tried out for the Dallas Cowboys, however, the day before, he was involved in a serious car accident which effectively ended any plans of a career in the National Football League. He would eventually be inducted into the universitys Athletics Hall of Fame on February 24,2012. He also performed with Daniel Petraitis, a New Jersey and Nashville legend and these sessions were eventually released in 2007, by Truth and Soul Records as Let Me Be Your Man. While at Maryland State College Clemons also joined his first band, The Vibratones, while still playing with this band he moved to Somerset, New Jersey, where he worked as a counselor for emotionally disturbed children at the Jamesburg Training School for Boys between 1962 and 1970. The story of how Clemons first met Bruce Springsteen has entered into E Street Band mythology, the E Street Shuffle with a monologue about how they met and the event was also immortalized in Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out
9.
John Hiatt
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John Robert Hiatt is an American rock guitarist, pianist, singer, and songwriter. He has played a variety of styles on his albums, including new wave, blues. Hiatt has been nominated for several Grammy Awards and has awarded a variety of other distinctions in the music industry. He remains one of the most respected and influential American singer-songwriters, Hiatt was working as a songwriter for Tree International, a record label in Nashville, when his song Sure As Im Sittin Here was covered by Three Dog Night. The song became a Top 40 hit, earning Hiatt a recording contract with Epic Records, since then he has released 22 studio albums, two compilation albums and one live album. His songs have been covered by a variety of artists in genres, including Aaron Neville. The Dutch singer/songwriter Ilse DeLange recorded the album Dear John with nine of his songs, Hiatt was born in 1952 to Ruth and Robert Hiatt, the sixth of seven children in a Roman Catholic family from Indianapolis. When he was nine years old, Hiatts 21-year-old brother Michael committed suicide, only two years later, his father died after a long sickness. To escape from the stress of his life, Hiatt watched IndyCar racing and listened to Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan. In his youth, Hiatt reports that he and several others stole a Ford Thunderbird and he learned to play the guitar when he was eleven, and began his musical career in Indianapolis, Indiana as a teenager. He played in a variety of clubs, most notably the Hummingbird. Hiatt played with a variety of bands, including The Four-Fifths and he moved to Nashville, Tennessee when he was 18 years old and got a job as a songwriter for the Tree-Music Publishing Company for $25 a week. Hiatt, who was unable to read or write scores, had to record all 250 songs he wrote for the company and he also began playing with the band White Duck, as one of three singer-songwriters within the group. White Duck had already recorded one album before Hiatt joined and he wrote and performed two songs on their second album, In Season, one of which was the hit Train to Birmingham. Hiatt performed live in clubs around Nashville with White Duck. Hiatt met Don Ellis of Epic Records in 1973, and received a deal, releasing his first single, We Make Spirit. That same year Hiatt wrote the song, Sure As Im Sitting Here, which was recorded by Three Dog Night, in 1974 he released Hangin Around the Observatory, which was a critical success but a commercial failure. A year later, Overcoats was released, and when it failed to sell
10.
Buddy Guy
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George Buddy Guy is an American blues guitarist and singer. He is an exponent of Chicago blues and has influenced guitarists including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Keith Richards, Jeff Beck, John Mayer and Stevie Ray Vaughan. In the 1960s, Guy played with Muddy Waters as a house guitarist at Chess Records, Guy was ranked 30th in Rolling Stone magazines 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. His song Stone Crazy was ranked 78th in Rolling Stones list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time, Clapton once described him as the best guitar player alive. In 1999 Guy wrote the book, Damn Right Ive Got the Blues, Guys autobiography, When I Left Home, My Story, was published in 2012. Guy was born and raised in Lettsworth, Louisiana and he began learning to play the guitar using a two-string diddley bow he made. Later he was given a Harmony acoustic guitar, which, decades later in Guys lengthy career, was donated to the Rock, in the early 1950s Guy began performing with bands in Baton Rouge. While living there, he worked as a custodian at Louisiana State University, soon after moving to Chicago on September 25,1957, Guy fell under the influence of Muddy Waters. In 1958, a competition with West Side guitarists Magic Sam, soon afterwards he recorded for Cobra Records. He recorded sessions with Junior Wells for Delmark Records under the pseudonym Friendly Chap in 1965 and 1966, leonard Chess, Chess Records founder, denounced Guy’s playing as noise. In the early 1960s, Chess tried recording Guy as a solo artist with R&B ballads, jazz instrumentals, soul and novelty dance tunes, Guy’s only Chess album, I Left My Blues in San Francisco, was released in 1967. Most of the songs belong stylistically to the eras soul boom, with orchestrations by Gene Barge, Chess used Guy mainly as a session guitarist to back Muddy Waters, Howlin Wolf, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor and others. In 1965, Guy participated in the European tour American Folk Blues Festival, in 1972, he established The Checkerboard Lounge, with partner L. C. Guys career took off during the revival of the late 1980s. It was sparked by Claptons request that Guy be part of the 24 Nights all-star blues guitar lineup at Londons Royal Albert Hall, Guy subsequently signed with Silvertone Records. Guy performs a month of shows each January at his Chicago blues club, in 2015, British blues fan Alan Harper published a book entitled Waiting for Buddy Guy, Chicago Blues at the Crossroads. While Guys music is often labelled Chicago blues, his style is unique and his music can vary from the most traditional, deepest blues to a creative, unpredictable and radical gumbo of the blues, avant rock, soul and free jazz that changes with each performance. As the New York Times music critic Jon Pareles noted in 2004, Mr. Guy,68, mingles anarchy, virtuosity, deep blues and hammy shtick in ways that keep all eyes on him
11.
Robert Cray
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Robert William Cray is an American blues guitarist and singer. A five-time Grammy Award winner, he has led his own band, Robert William Cray was born on August 1,1953 in Columbus, Georgia, while his father was stationed at Fort Benning. His musical beginnings go back to when he was a student at Denbigh High School in Newport News, while there, he played in his first band, The One-Way Street. His family eventually settled in the Tacoma, Washington area, there, he attended Lakes High School in Lakewood, Washington. By the age of twenty, Cray had seen his heroes Albert Collins, Freddie King and Muddy Waters in concert and decided to form his own band, they began playing college towns on the West Coast. In the late 1970s he lived in Eugene, Oregon, where he formed the Robert Cray Band, in the 1978 film National Lampoons Animal House, Cray was the uncredited bassist in the house party band Otis Day and the Knights. After several years of success, Cray was signed to Mercury Records in 1982. His fourth album release, Strong Persuader, produced by Dennis Walker, received a Grammy Award, while the crossover single Smokin Gun gave him wider appeal, under the pseudonym Night Train Clemons, he recorded with Ted Hawkins in 1986. He was invited by Keith Richards to join the band for Chuck Berry in the 1987 film, Chuck Berry. Rock N Roll, directed by Taylor Hackford, by now, Cray was an opening act for such major stars as Eric Clapton and sold out larger venues as a solo artist. Cray has generally played Fender guitars and there are two signature Robert Cray Stratocasters models available from Fender, Cray had the opportunity to play alongside John Lee Hooker on his album Boom Boom, playing the guitar solo in the song Same Old Blues Again. He is also featured on the Hooker album, The Healer, the entire Robert Cray Band backs Hooker on the title track of Hookers 1992 album Mr. Lucky, where Cray plays lead guitar, sings, and banters with Hooker throughout the song. Cray played with Eric Clapton, Buddy Guy, Jimmie Vaughan and this was Stevie Ray Vaughans final performance before he died in a helicopter accident later that night. Cray was invited to play at the Guitar Legends concerts in Seville, Spain at the 1992 Expo, Albert Collins was also on the bill on this blues night of the Legends gigs. Cray continues to record and tour and he appeared at the Crossroads Guitar Festival, and supported Eric Clapton on his 2006-2007 world tour. In Fargo, North Dakota, he joined Clapton on backup guitar for the Cream song Crossroads, in 2011, Cray was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame
12.
Los Lobos
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Los Lobos are a multiple Grammy Award–winning American rock band from East Los Angeles, California, United States. Their music is influenced by rock and roll, Tex-Mex, country, zydeco, folk, R&B, blues, brown-eyed soul, and traditional music such as cumbia, boleros and norteños. They gained international stardom in 1987, when their version of Ritchie Valens La Bamba topped the charts in the U. S. the UK. In 2015, they were nominated for induction into the Rock, pérez recalls, We’re looking at each other, You like this stuff. I thought I was the weird one. So I went over to his one day for about a year, which we spent listening to records, playing guitars. The two borrowed reel-to-reel recorders from a friend and created multitrack recordings of music spanning from parody songs to free-form jazz and they later enlisted fellow students Cesar Rosas and Conrad Lozano to complete the groups lineup in 1973. Their first album, Los Lobos del Este de Los Angeles, was recorded at two studios in Hollywood in 1977 over a period of four months. At that time, they all had jobs, and it was hard to get together for the sessions. Most of the songs were recorded at a studio on Melrose Avenue, located next to the Paramount studios at the time, the band members were unsatisfied with playing only American Top 40 songs and began experimenting with the traditional Mexican music they listened to as children. This style of music received a reaction from audiences, leading the band to switch genres, performing at hundreds of weddings. However, Los Lobos took notice of the groups on the Hollywood music scene. Originally, they called themselves Los Lobos del Este, which was a play on the name of norteño band Los Tigres del Norte, the name was quickly shortened to Los Lobos. The bands first noteworthy public appearance occurred in 1980 at the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, in 1983, the band released an extended play entitled. And a Time to Dance, which was well received by critics but sold only about 50,000 copies. However, the sales of the EP earned the group enough money to purchase a Dodge van, Los Lobos returned to the studio in the summer of 1984 to record its first major-label album, How Will the Wolf Survive. in 1984. The film Colors includes One Time, One Night in the opening credits, in 1986, members of Los Lobos appeared alongside Tomata du Plenty in the punk rock musical Population,1. In 1987, they released an album, By the Light of the Moon. In the same year, they recorded some Ritchie Valens covers for the soundtrack of the film La Bamba, including the title track, in 1988 they followed with another album, La pistola y el corazón, featuring original and traditional Mexican songs
13.
Mitel
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Mitel Networks is a telecommunications company providing unified communications solutions for business. The company previously produced TDM PBX systems and applications but after a change in ownership in 2001 now focuses almost entirely on Voice-over-IP products, Mitel is headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, the capital city of Canada, with offices, partners and resellers worldwide. Michael Cowpland and Terry Matthews founded Mitel in 1972, conventionally, its name is regarded as a combination of the founders’ first names and their first product - MIke and TErrys Lawnmowers. Cowpland is quoted as stating that it stands for MIke and Terrys Electronics and their first shipment of three lawn mowers was lost in shipping, so they quickly adjusted to produce a telephony tone receiver product. Cowpland has also stated that the lawnmowers were not suited to Canadian lawns, following the success of the tone receiver, the founders extended their interest in the telecommunications industry. Early on the pair realized the significance of the then new microprocessor, in 1975, they introduced the SX200 PBX. The company grew at a rate of over 100% per year for several years and they reached the $100 million annual revenue mark by 1981. In 1976, the company expanded into the field with the acquisition of Siltex. This evolved into a division that specialized in mixed signal. The next major product was a large digital PBX called the SX2000 and this was an early attempt to integrate the voice and data functions of office systems. It was conceived as moving beyond the PBX to become an Office Controller which would handle both voice and data applications within an organization. In 1985, due to a crisis in the company. British Telecom left the equipment business a few years later and sold its controlling interest in Mitel to an investment company called Schroder Ventures, schroeder Ventures installed new management which revitalized the company. In the meantime, Mitel continued to diversify its line, introducing the successful SUPERSET line of phone terminals, the GX5000 Central Office. Additionally Mitel developed and marketed a line of telecom-focussed semiconductor products, in 2001, Mitel was split into two parts. The PBX division and the name were sold to co-founder Matthews. Matthews purchased 90% of the PBX division for $300 million Canadian with the company retaining 10%. The PBX division then began a new chapter, under the name Mitel Networks, the original company retained the semiconductor division
14.
Confederation Park
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Confederation Park is a park in downtown Ottawa and a National Historic Site of Canada. Confederation Park is one of the Capital parks in Ottawa maintained by the National Capital Commission and it is an urban park, with paved pathways, monuments and an open lawn on the eastern side for gatherings. It is basically flat in its topology, a large fountain is located in the centre of the park. Constructed of Peterhead granite, it honors Colonel John By, the fountain was relocated from Trafalgar Square, London, where it had played from 1845 to 1948. A twin of the fountain, which had stood in Trafalgar Square, is located in Wascana Park. The park also is the site of a totem pole donated to the City of Ottawa to commemorate British Columbias 1971 centennial, the National Aboriginal Veterans Monument, the park is also home to the Canadian Animals in War Memorial. On November 3,2012, the dedication to Animals in War memorial took place at Confederation Park in Ottawa, the memorial consists of three plaques and sculpture of a dog located next to the South African War Memorial. The memorial was overseen by Lloyd Swick, assisted by Shalindhi Perera, the bronze memorial is created by David Clendining. In 1993 when the airmen were awarded a Polish decoration, a bronze replica of the Polish Home Army Cross. The park is surrounded on all sides by large buildings, on the east, on the other side of the Canal, is the Brutalist office tower of National Defense Headquarters. On the south, across Laurier Avenue is the complex of Ottawa City Hall, on the west, on Elgin, is the large Lord Elgin Hotel. To the north, the National Arts Centre complex can be seen, the area was part of Ottawas downtown for many years, the site of businesses related to the nearby Rideau Canal, such as Deys Boat Works. The location was the site of The Arena from 1908 to 1927, the land bordering the canal was cleared in 1927, including the demolition of the arena. The land was used to build The Driveway roadway along the canal, as part of the 1949 Greber Plan, the site was to be cleared for a Confederation Park along the Canal from Laurier Avenue to Wellington Street surrounded by public buildings. The apartments and a number of buildings were expropriated and demolished by the government to build a National Museum of Science in 1965. The area north of the Mackenzie King bridge had already been cleared as part of the building of Confederation Square and that section was ultimately used for the construction of the National Arts Centre. In 1967, the Museum site was converted to parkland, to commemorate the Canadian Centennial, from 1971 to 1993, the park was home to Ed Zelenaks massive sculpture, Traffic. The controversial work was a brown tube of fiberglass that was compared to a large worm or piece of dung
15.
Dr. John
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He performed a wildly theatrical stage show inspired by medicine shows, Mardi Gras costumes, and voodoo ceremonies. Rebennack has recorded more than 20 albums and in 1973 scored a hit with Right Place Wrong Time. The winner of six Grammy Awards, Rebennack was inducted into the Rock, in May 2013, Rebennack was the recipient of an honorary doctorate of fine arts from Tulane University. He was jokingly referred to by Tulanes president, Scott Cowen, born in New Orleans in 1940, Dr. John has said that his French lineage took root there some time in the early 1800s. Growing up in the Third Ward, he found musical inspiration in the minstrel tunes sung by his grandfather. He did not take lessons before his teens, and only endured a short stint in choir before getting kicked out. Throughout his adolescence his fathers connections enabled him access to the rooms of burgeoning rock artists such as Little Richard. From these exposures he advanced into clubs and onto the stage with varying local artists, most notably, and I thought, Wow, I never seen nobody dressed like this guy. Just everything about the man was totally hip, and he had gloves on him, too, beautiful silk gloves. At age 16 he was hired by Johnny Vincent as a producer at Ace Records, There, he worked with artists like James Booker and Earl King, his musical experience expanding notably. He struggled through intermittent years of high school, while a student at Jesuit High School, he was already playing in night clubs, something the Jesuit fathers disapproved of. They told him to stop playing in clubs or leave the school. According to lore, this was the seed of his classic, Right Place, eventually he focused entirely on music. Thereafter an entry into heavy narcotics use would fuel his desire to get out of New Orleans and move to California where his character and he had a regional hit with a Bo Diddley-influenced instrumental called Storm Warning on Rex Records in 1959. During these days he was an A&R man producing, with Charlie Miller, monophonic singles on 45s for Johnny Vincent and Joe Corona for such labels as Ace, Ron, Ric. For these sessions he oversaw A&R and the section while Miller wrote the horn arrangements. It was a team until Miller decided to move to New York. After the injury, Rebennack concentrated on guitar before making piano his main instrument
16.
Little Feat
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Little Feat is an American rock band formed by singer-songwriter, lead vocalist and guitarist Lowell George and keyboardist Bill Payne in 1969 in Los Angeles. George disbanded the group due to differences in 1979, shortly before his death. Surviving members reformed Little Feat in 1987, remaining intermittently active to the present. Although the band has several changes in its lineup, the music remains an eclectic blend of rock and roll, blues, R&B, boogie, country, folk, gospel, soul, funk. Guitarist Jimmy Page stated Little Feat was his favorite American band in a 1975 Rolling Stone interview, Lowell George met Bill Payne when George was a member of Frank Zappas Mothers of Invention. Payne had auditioned for the Mothers, but had not joined and they formed Little Feat along with former Mothers bassist Roy Estrada and drummer Richie Hayward from Georges previous band, The Factory. Hayward had also been a member of the Fraternity of Man whose claim to fame was the inclusion of their Dont Bogart Me on the million-selling Easy Rider film soundtrack, the name of the band came from a comment made by Mothers drummer Jimmy Carl Black about Lowells little feet. The spelling of feat was an homage to the Beatles, there are three stories about the genesis of Little Feat. The second version has Zappa firing him for playing a 15-minute guitar solo with his amplifier off, the third version says that Zappa fired him because Willin contains drug references. George often introduced the song as the reason he was asked to leave the band, on October 18,1975 at the Auditorium Theater in Rochester New York while introducing the song, George commented that he was asked to leave the band for writing a song about dope. In any version, Zappa was instrumental in getting George and his new band a contract with Warner Bros, the eponymous first album delivered to Warner Bros. was recorded mostly in August and September 1970, and was released in January 1971. When it came time to record Willin, George had hurt his hand in an accident with an airplane, so Ry Cooder sat in. Lowells accident is referenced on the art of the bands 1998 album Under the Radar. Sometime during the recording of the first two albums, the members along with ex-Mothers of Invention drummer Jimmy Carl Black backed soul singer Nolan Porter on his first album. The first two albums received nearly universal acclaim, and Willin became a standard, subsequently popularized by its inclusion on Linda Ronstadts album Heart Like a Wheel. A. In 1972 Little Feat reformed, with bassist Kenny Gradney replacing Estrada, both Barrere and Clayton added vocals on many songs, although all the band members provided backing vocals in various tunes. This new lineup radically altered the sound, leaning toward New Orleans funk. In 1973 Little Feat co-starred with Kathy Dalton on her Amazing album on the DiscReet label produced by Warner Brothers, the whole band chipped in on Palmers 1975 release, Pressure Drop, which contained another George composition, Trouble
17.
Canada Day
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Canada Day is the national day of Canada. Originally called Dominion Day, the holiday was renamed in 1982, Canada Day celebrations take place throughout the country, as well as in various locations around the world, attended by Canadians living abroad. Although Canada existed prior to 1867, within both the French and British empires, Canada Day is frequently referred to as Canadas birthday, Canada became a kingdom within the British Empire in its own right on that date, named the Dominion of Canada. Canada gradually gained increasing independence over the years until finally becoming independent in 1982. Under the federal Holidays Act, Canada Day is observed on July 1, unless that falls on a Sunday. Celebratory events will still take place on July 1, even though it is not the legal holiday. If it falls on a Saturday, any businesses normally closed that day will usually dedicate the following Monday as a day off, there doesnt seem to be a central recipe for how to celebrate it—chalk it up to the nature of the federation. Smaller events are mounted in parks around the city and in Gatineau. Given the federal nature of the anniversary, celebrating Canada Day can be a cause of friction in the province of Quebec and you could wave a different flag, and choose another face paint, and nothing would be lost. Canada Day also coincides with Quebecs Moving Day, when many fixed-lease apartment rental terms expire, Canadian expatriates will often organize Canada Day activities in their local area on or near the date of the holiday. In China, Canada Day celebrations are held at the Bund Beach by the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai, the holiday was initially not dominant in the national calendar, any celebrations were mounted by local communities and the governor general hosted a party at Rideau Hall. No larger celebrations were held until 1917 and then again for a further decade—the golden and diamond anniversaries of Confederation. In 1946, Philéas Côté, a Quebec member of the House of Commons, beginning in 1958, the Canadian government began to orchestrate Dominion Day celebrations. That year, then Prime Minister John Diefenbaker requested that Secretary of State Ellen Fairclough put together appropriate events, Parliament was traditionally in session on July 1, but Fairclough persuaded Diefenbaker and the rest of the federal Cabinet to attend. Official celebrations thereafter consisted usually of Trooping the Colour ceremonies on Parliament Hill in the afternoon and evening, followed by a band concert. Fairclough, who became Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, later expanded the bills to include performing folk, the day also became more casual and family oriented. Into the late 1960s, nationally televised, multi-cultural concerts held in Ottawa were added, after 1980, the Canadian government began to promote celebrating Dominion Day beyond the national capital, giving grants and aid to cities across the country to help fund local activities. Others claimed Dominion was widely misunderstood and conservatively inclined commenters saw the change as part of a larger attempt by Liberals to re-brand or re-define Canadian history
18.
Bell Mobility
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Bell Mobility is a Canadian LTE and HSPA+ based wireless provider and the division of BCE Inc. which sells wireless services across Canada. Bell Mobility and its affiliates combined have 8.381 million subscribers as of the end of Q32016, bell-owned Virgin Mobile Canada as well as Loblaws prepaid PC Telecom, operate as MVNOs on the Bell Mobility network. Some of Bell Canadas regional subsidiaries continue to operate their own wireless networks separate from Bell Mobility, these are Northwestel, Télébec, Bell Mobility is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association. Although both are different and independent from one another, both the CDMA and HSPA+ networks use the 850 and 1900 MHz frequencies, Bells LTE network uses Band 4 Advanced Wireless Services and Band 2 Personal Communications Service in most coverage areas and Band 7 in a few areas. Due to the age and security problems of technology, Bell Mobility discontinued its Advanced Mobile Phone System analog mobile network in February 2008. Bell Mobility maintains a legacy CDMA network and it enabled the Evolution-Data Optimized technology on this network in 2005, and completed shutting down its EV-DO capability on July 1,2015. The network, using largely shared infrastructure, launched on November 4,2009, according to Bell, the single-channel HSPA+ network is available to 96% of the Canadian population. It provides download speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s, with speeds ranging between 3½ and 8 Mbit/s. The dual-channel network, on the hand, began in 2010 and is available to 70% of the Canadian population. It can reach speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s but with typical speeds of 7 to 14 Mbit/s. Bell launched LTE by using the 1700 MHz frequency in Toronto, Bell will use either Band 13 or Band 12 depending on provinces. Bell expects nationwide rollout of LTE to be completed by 2015, steinbach, MB is the largest Canadian community without LTE coverage from Bell. Bell intended of expanding LTE coverage to 98% of the Canadian population by the end of 2015, as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2015, Bell had coverage to 96% of the Canadian population. As of February 2016, Bell Mobility has launched voice over LTE in part in Canada on one smartphone model. Feature phones and smartphones supporting HSPA and LTE are offered by Bell, due to the age of the technology as deployed by Bell, CDMA smartphones are no longer sold by Bell Mobility. The first cell phone conversation in Canada took place on the Bell network between Jean Drapeau and Art Eggleton, the mayors of Montreal and Toronto, on July 1,1985. BlackBerry Internet Service Telephony SMS and MMS Bell offers a service to check account balances, minutes and megabytes of data used, add features. The service is called TCARE, short for text message care and it is used by sending a blank message to the phone number TCARE
19.
CIBC Wood Gundy
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CIBC Wood Gundy is the Canadian retail brokerage division of CIBC Wealth Management, a division of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. CIBC Wood Gundy maintains a network of 1,400 brokers working in over 100 branches across Canada, the business was created in 1988 with the purchase of Wood Gundy by the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. From 1988 through 1997, CIBC Wood Gundy was the name of CIBCs investment banking operations. However, the business was renamed after the acquisition of the investment banking operations of Oppenheimer & Co. in 1997, the business was subsequently renamed CIBC Oppenheimer and later CIBC World Markets. Wood, Gundy & Company was established in Toronto, Ontario in 1905 by George Herbert Wood, the firm first specialized in the distribution and underwriting of government and municipal bonds. CIBC purchased a majority stake in Wood, Gundy & Co. in June 1988 for C$203 million, at the time of its acquisition, Wood Gundy was the leading Canadian investment dealer. Following the acquisition, CIBC formed CIBC Wood Gundy, which offered primarily asset management services for corporate, two years later, in 1990, they continued to expand the Canadian securities business by acquiring much of Merrill Lynch & Companys Canadian business. In 1997, CIBC Wood Gundy acquired the U. S. brokerage house Oppenheimer & Co, after the acquisition the U. S. division took the name CIBC Oppenheimer, eliminating the use of the Wood Gundy brand through much of the bank. The brand was retained for CIBCs retail brokerage operations, in December 2001, CIBC acquired the retail brokerage business of Merrill Lynch, Merrill Lynch Canada, for an estimated $409 million. The acquisition of Merrill Lynch Canada, which it merged with its CIBC Wood Gundy business, greatly increased CIBCs own brokerage network. Wood Gundy CIBC World Markets Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce CIBC Wood Gundy CIBC Wood Gundy
20.
LeBreton Flats
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LeBreton Flats is a neighbourhood in Somerset Ward in central Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It lies to the west of Centretown neighbourhood, and to the north of Centretown West with Nanny Goat Hill as the dividing line, the Ottawa River forms the western and northern limit, with the western side being a wider area of the river known as Nepean Bay. Originally a residential area, most of the Flats are now taken up by the Canadian War Museum, about half of the total area, on the southern side, is undergoing redevelopment. His acquisition of the flats generated a controversy that simmers to this day, the account, according his detractors, goes as follows. LeBreton bought for the land for £499, before Lord Dalhousie had a chance to purchase the territory, LeBreton then offered to sell the land to Dalhousie for £3000. Dalhousie recognized LeBretons scam and was so infuriated he decided to move the canal to Entrance Bay and this significantly raised the cost of the canal, as it was a longer route and additional locks were now required. At the same time, Dalhousie purchased Barracks Hill as part of the agreement, LeBreton presented Dalhousie with a lengthy written defence against the allegations. These arguments Dalhousie somewhat peremptorily dismissed, entrenching the notion of LeBreton as a swindler in local legend, by the mid-19th century, LeBreton Flats developed into a mixed community to serve the lumber mills on the nearby Chaudière and Victoria Islands. A rail line came in with a station and yards, there was also housing for both the workers and owners, as well as hotels and taverns. The area was ravaged by the Great Fire of 1900, which had started across the river in Hull, the fire destroyed the neighbourhood, leaving many homeless. The area was rebuilt, but the lumber barons relocated their dwellings up into the city proper above the escarpment, in the 1960s, expropriation occurred in order to make room for redevelopment, including offices for the Government of Canada. Ottawa Valley artist Ralph Wallace Burton documented the neighbourhood in his Lebreton Flats series of oil sketches, as a result of disputes over the use of the land and soil contamination from the previous industrial uses, the land remained vacant for over forty years. It was used in the winter for piling snow that had removed from Ottawa streets. As a result of the runoff from this snowpile, the became more contaminated. This situation was remedied with an agency called the National Capital Commission acquiring all title to the land. In May 2005, the new home for the Canadian War Museum was opened on LeBreton Flats as the first component of redevelopment, there are plans to use the remainder of the site for housing, commercial space, offices and parkland. The southern part of LeBreton Flats between Albert Street and Nanny Goat Hill escaped the expropriation of the 1960s, in this area, brick houses and townhouses built immediately following the 1900 fire still exist alongside row housing built in the 1970s. The portion of Lorne Avenue which lies below Nanny Goat Hill is an example of the housing which filled LeBreton prior to the 1960s and is a Heritage District designated by the City of Ottawa, the western portion of the Transitway runs through LeBreton Flats, served by Lebreton Station
21.
Royal Canadian Mint
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The Royal Canadian Mint is a Crown corporation of Canada, operating under the Royal Canadian Mint Act. The shares of the Mint are held in trust for the Crown in right of Canada, the Mint produces all of Canadas circulation coins, and manufactures circulation coins on behalf of other nations. The Mint also designs and manufactures, precious and base metal coins, gold, silver, palladium. It further offers gold and silver refinery and assay services, the Mint serves the publics interest but is also mandated to operate in anticipation of profit. Like private-sector companies, the Mint has a board of directors consisting of a chair, the president and CEO of the Mint, traditionally, the President of the Royal Canadian Mint is known as the Master of the Mint. The current president is Ian E. Bennett, who was appointed to the position in June 2006 and was re-appointed to a further three-year mandate effective June 12,2011, the Board of Directors, through the Chair, is accountable to the Minister of Finance. The Minister serves as the link between the Mint, Cabinet and Parliament, the Mint was named one of Canadas Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. for four consecutive years. In March 2012 the Canadian Government decided to cease the production of pennies, the final penny was minted at the RCMs Winnipeg, Manitoba plant on the morning of May 4,2012. In April 2012, the Mint announced that it was developing MintChip, for the first fifty years of Canadian coinage, the coins were struck at the Royal Mint in London, though some were struck at the private Heaton Mint in Birmingham, England. As Canada emerged as a nation in its own right, its need for coinage increased, as a result, a branch of the Royal Mint was authorized to be built in Ottawa in 1901 after being first proposed in 1890. During a short ceremony, Lord Grey and his wife, Lady Grey, activated the presses for the Canadian Mint on January 2,1908, when the facility first opened, it had 61 employees. Three years later the Mint began refining gold by electrolysis in its assay department, since then, the Mint’s refinery has undergone several changes and expansions. Today’s process is a combination of chlorination and electrolysis, the silver is first upgraded in an oxygen converter and then refined by electrolysis. It wasn’t until the Great Depression that the Ottawa Mint negotiated its independence from the British Royal Mint, in 1931, the Ottawa Mint was renamed the Royal Canadian Mint and began reporting solely to the Department of Finance. Although the Mint continued to rely on the Royal Mint to produce the master tools required for the creation of its punches and dies, in 1969, the Government of Canada reorganized the Mint as a Crown corporation. As such, the Mint was no longer a branch of the Department of Finance and it would operate like a corporation with its own Board of Directors and increased decision-making powers. The Mint’s facility in Ottawa is currently responsible for producing collector and commemorative coins, bullion in the form of coins, bars, wafers and grain, medals and medallions. This is also where the master tooling is done to create the dies that strike coin designs for circulation and commemorative issues
22.
Cisco Systems
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Through its numerous acquired subsidiaries, such as OpenDNS, WebEx, and Jasper, Cisco specializes into specific tech markets, such as Internet of Things, domain security, and energy management. Cisco is the largest networking company in the world, the stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8,2009, and is also included in the S&P500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index, NASDAQ-100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. By the time the company went public in 1990, when it was listed on the NASDAQ, Cisco was the most valuable company in the world by 2000, with a more than $500 billion market capitalization. Despite founding Cisco in 1984, Bosack, along with Kirk Lougheed, continued to work at Stanford on Ciscos first product and it consisted of exact replicas of Stanfords Blue Box router and a stolen copy of the Universitys multiple-protocol router software. The software was written some years earlier at Stanford medical school by research engineer William Yeager. Bosack and Lougheed adapted it into what became the foundation for Cisco IOS, in 1987, Stanford licensed the router software and two computer boards to Cisco. In addition to Bosack, Lerner and Lougheed, Greg Satz, a programmer, and Richard Troiano, the companys first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988. In 1988, John Morgridge was appointed CEO, the name Cisco was derived from the city name San Francisco, which is why the companys engineers insisted on using the lower case cisco in its early years. The logo is intended to depict the two towers of the Golden Gate Bridge, on February 16,1990, Cisco Systems went public and was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. On August 28,1990, Lerner was fired, upon hearing the news, her husband Bosack resigned in protest. The couple walked away from Cisco with $170 million, 70% of which was committed to their own charity, although Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell dedicated network nodes, it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols. Classical, CPU-based architecture of early Cisco devices coupled with flexibility of operating system IOS allowed for keeping up with evolving technology needs by means of frequent software upgrades, some popular models of that time managed to stay in production for almost a decade virtually unchanged—a rarity in high-tech industry. This philosophy dominated the companys product lines throughout the 1990s, in 1995, John Morgridge was succeeded by John Chambers. The phenomenal growth of the Internet in mid-to-late 1990s quickly changed the telecom landspe, as the Internet Protocol became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined. In late March 2000, at the height of the bubble, Cisco became the most valuable company in the world. In July 2014, with a cap of about US$129 billion. One of them, Juniper Networks, shipped their first product in 1999, Cisco answered the challenge with homegrown ASICs and fast processing cards for GSR routers and Catalyst 6500 switches. In 2004, Cisco also started migration to new high-end hardware CRS-1, as part of a massive rebranding campaign in 2006, Cisco Systems adopted the shortened name Cisco and created The Human Network advertising campaign
23.
Ottawa Citizen
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The Ottawa Citizen is an English-language daily newspaper owned by Postmedia Network in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. According to the Canadian Newspaper Association, the paper had a 2008 weekly circulation of 900,197, established as The Bytown Packet in 1845 by William Harris, it was renamed the Citizen in 1851. The newspapers original motto, which has recently returned to the editorial page, was Fair play. The paper has been through a number of owners, in 1846, Harris sold the paper to John Bell and Henry J. Friel. Robert Bell bought the paper in 1849, in 1877, Charles Herbert Mackintosh, the editor under Robert Bell, became publisher. In 1879, it one of several papers owned by the Southam family. It remained under Southam until the chain was purchased by Conrad Blacks Hollinger Inc, in 2000, Black sold most of his Canadian holdings, including the flagship National Post to CanWest Global. The editorial view of the Citizen has varied with its ownership, taking a reform, anti-Tory position under Harris, as part of Southam, it moved to the left, supporting the Liberals largely in opposition to the Progressive Conservative Partys support of free trade in the late 1980s. Under Black, it moved to the right and became a supporter of the Reform Party and it endorsed the Conservative Party of Canada in the 2006 federal election. In 2002, its publisher Russell Mills was dismissed following the publication of a critical of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. In 2004 CBC reported that CanWest which owned the Citizen had changed the wording of Associated Press stories, the words insurgent and militant which were originally used in the AP story were swapped for terrorist. The rest of the story stayed the same and this led to the National Council on Canada-Arab Relations to accuse the Citizen of being anti-Muslim. In mid-June 2012 the Citizen went from offering free access online of content to requiring a paid subscription and it published its last Sunday edition on July 15,2012. The move cut 20 newsroom jobs, and was part of a series of made by PostMedia. The logo used to depict the top of the Peace Tower of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, in 2014 it was rebranded, with a new logo showing the papers name over an outline of the Peace Tower on a green background. News World City Sports Arts Business Food Driving Technology List of newspapers in Canada Adam, when we began 1845, For 160 years, the Citizen has been the heartbeat of the community. A History of Journalism in Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Carleton University Press,1984. A Victorian authority, the press in late nineteenth-century Canada
24.
National Post
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The National Post is a Canadian English-language newspaper. The paper is the publication of Postmedia Network, and is published Mondays through Saturdays. It was founded in 1998 by Conrad Black, as of 2006, the Post is no longer distributed in Canadas Atlantic provinces and the territories. Black built the National Post around the Financial Post, a newspaper in Toronto which he purchased from Sun Media in 1997. Financial Post was retained as the name of the new business section. The Post became Blacks national flagship title, and Ken Whyte was appointed editor, when the Post launched, its editorial stance was conservative. It advocated a unite-the-right movement to create an alternative to the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien. The Posts op-ed page has included dissenting columns by ideological liberals such as Linda McQuaig, as well as conservatives including Mark Steyn and Diane Francis, and David Frum. Original members of the Post editorial board included Ezra Levant, Neil Seeman, Jonathan Kay, Conservative Member of Parliament John Williamson, the Posts magazine-style graphic and layout design has won awards. The original design of the Post was created by Lucie Lacava, the Post now bears the motto Worlds Best-Designed Newspaper on its front page. The Post was unable to maintain momentum in the market without continuing to operate with annual budgetary deficits, at the same time, Conrad Black was becoming preoccupied by his debt-heavy media empire, Hollinger International. CanWest Global also owned the Global Television Network, izzy Asper died in October 2003, and his sons Leonard and David Asper assumed control of CanWest, the latter serving as chairman of the Post. Editor-in-chief Matthew Fraser departed in 2005 after the arrival of a new publisher, frasers deputy editor, Doug Kelly succeeded him as editor. Pyette departed seven months after his arrival, replaced by Gordon Fisher, the newspaper continued its erosion in 2008 with the announcement that weekday editions and home delivery would no longer be available in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Politically, the Post has retained a conservative editorial stance although the Asper family has long been a supporter of the Liberal Party of Canada. Izzy Asper was once leader of the Liberal Party in his province of Manitoba. The Aspers had controversially fired the publisher of the Ottawa Citizen, Russell Mills, however, the Post endorsed the Conservative Party of Canada in the 2004 election when Fraser was editor. The Conservatives narrowly lost that election to the Liberals, the paper switched camps again in the runup to the 2006 election
25.
Canadian War Museum
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The Canadian War Museum is Canadas national museum of military history. There is also a storage area displaying large objects from the Museums collection, from naval guns to tanks. Much of the Museums public exhibition space is devoted to its Canadian Experience Galleries and these displays underline the profound effect that war has had on Canadas development and the significant role Canadians have played in international conflicts. Their content is a mixture of some 2,500 objects from war art to armoured vehicles, as well as scores of audio-visual displays. A changing program of temporary or special exhibitions, plus public programs and special events, besides exhibitions, the Museum also supports educational outreach such as Lest We Forget Project. Its current building opened in May 2005 and is located less than 2 km west of Canadas Parliament Buildings, the buildings architecture has received professional and public acclaim. The Museum originated in 1880 as a collection of artifacts in the possession of the Canadian federal government. Its first facility was a series of rooms in the Cartier Square Drill Hall, the collection was later adopted by the Public Archives of Canada. The Canadian War Museum was officially established in 1942, the collection of war artifacts gained its own dedicated facility in 1967 when it moved to the former Public Archives building on Sussex Drive in Ottawa. That location was too small for the Museums growing post-war collection, in the 1990s, the federal government made plans to relocate the War Museum to a new site east of central Ottawa, near the Canada Aviation Museum. The proposed site was criticized for its distance from the core. The new location allowed for ceremonial processions between the National War Memorial and the new War Museum, and was situated in an urban space soon to begin redevelopment. The new, modern building emerges from the ground just west of Booth Street and rises higher at its eastern end. The building rises in the east to a large fin, clad in copper that matches the rooftops of other prominent public buildings in the national capital, the small windows on the fin spell out in Morse code Lest we forget and its French equivalent, Noublions jamais. The copper used on the interior of the building was recovered from the Library of Parliament during refurbishment of the Librarys roof in 2004. On 6 May 2005, Canada Post issued a 50¢ stamp, designed by Tiit Telmet and Marko Barac, in its first year of operation the museum attracted 500,000 visitors and in 2010 there were 470,000 visitors. The Canadian War Museum contains several permanent galleries and other important display spaces and this gallery explores the history of war on Canadian soil and the way in which armed conflict affected the evolution of the country and its peoples. Content includes the Seven Years War, the American Revolution, the War of 1812, Canadian forces went abroad in 1899 and again in 1914 to fight in wars as part of the British Empire
26.
Austin City Limits Music Festival
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The Austin City Limits Music Festival is an annual music festival held in Zilker Park in Austin, Texas on two consecutive three-day weekends. Inspired by the PBS concert series of the name, the festival is produced by Austin-based company C3 Presents. The reputation of the ACL television show helped contribute to the success of the first festival, the ACL Music Festival has eight stages where musical groups from genres including rock, indie, country, folk, electronic and hip hop perform for fans. Approximately 450,000 people attend the festival each year, in addition to the music performances, there are food and drinks, an art market, a kids area for families, and other activities for attendees. Founded in 2002, the festival began as a one-weekend event, on August 16,2012, Austin City Council members voted unanimously to allow the Austin City Limits Music Festival to expand to two consecutive weekends beginning in 2013. Austin is known for its food, and the festival is no different, Austin Eats is the name of the festival food court that was modeled after the Jazz Fest in New Orleans. Austin Eats features all of Austin’s finest restaurants and caters to each individual festivalgoer, with gluten-free and vegetarian options, this food is far from funnel cakes and turkey legs. Restaurants featured include Torchy’s Tacos, Stubbs B-B-Q, and Amy’s Ice Creams, all vendors accept cash and there are ATMs located around the facility. Recycling bins are provided and festivalgoers are encouraged to be conscious when disposing of their food wastes, festivalgoers are given unique opportunities to give back to the community during their time at the festival. ACL Cares is a section of the festival that supports good causes and encourages support from the thousands of attendees of the festival, organizations like KLRU and The Nature Conservancy have been involved in past years. ACL Cares aims to make a difference in the local Austin community, certain organizations that are involved in ACL Cares are HeadCount, United Way for Greater Austin, Austin Music Foundation, Keep Austin Beautiful, and many others. Local artists have a creative and business opportunity to showcase their talent at the ACL Art Market. This section of the aims to support local artists as well as give the festivalgoers the opportunity to walk away from the festival with more than a T-shirt. The market is located in the center of Zilker Park and all booths are open throughout the duration of the festival, the historic Austin City Limits television series focused for many years on Texas singer/songwriters, country and folk performers, and instrument specialists. That has changed as the television series now resembles the Festival lineup and spotlights artists of every musical genre from rhythm and blues to rock, jazz. Now that the festival is a destination, it brings major bands to the television show that might not otherwise have made the trip. In past years, Pearl Jam, My Morning Jacket, Wilco, Austin City Limits Music Festival is held over 2 weekends, September 30 - October 2 and October 7–9,2016. This years lineup features more than 130 artists, including Radiohead, Kygo, Kendrick Lamar, Mumford & sons, LCD Soundsystem, Austin City Limits Music Festival is held over 2 weekends, October 2–4 and October 9–11,2015
27.
B.B. King
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Riley Benjamin King, known professionally as B. B. King, was an American blues singer, electric guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. King introduced a style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. King was known for performing throughout his musical career, appearing at more than 200 concerts per year on average into his 70s. In 1956, he appeared at 342 shows. King was born on a plantation in Berclair, Mississippi. He was attracted to music and the guitar in church, and began his career in juke joints. He later lived in Memphis, Tennessee, and Chicago, King died at the age of 89 in Las Vegas, Nevada, on May 14,2015, from congestive heart failure and diabetic complications. Riley Benjamin King was born on September 16,1925, on a plantation called Berclair, near the town of Itta Bena, Mississippi. He considered the city of Indianola, Mississippi to be his home. When Riley was four years old, his mother left his father for another man, so the boy was raised by his grandmother, Elnora Farr, in Kilmichael. While young, King sang in the choir at Elkhorn Baptist Church in Kilmichael. King was attracted to the Pentecostal Church of God in Christ because of its music, the local minister led worship with a Sears Roebuck Silvertone guitar. The minister taught King his first three chords and it seems that at the age of 12 he purchased his first guitar for $15.00, although another source indicates he was given his first guitar by Bukka White, his mothers first cousin. In November 1941 King Biscuit Time first aired, broadcasting on KFFA in Helena and it was a radio show featuring the Mississippi Delta blues. King listened to it while on break at a plantation, a self-taught guitarist, he then wanted to become a radio musician. In 1946, King followed Bukka White to Memphis, Tennessee, White took him in for the next ten months. However, King returned to Mississippi shortly afterward, where he decided to prepare himself better for the next visit and he performed on Sonny Boy Williamsons radio program on KWEM in West Memphis, where he began to develop an audience. Kings appearances led to engagements at the Sixteenth Avenue Grill in West Memphis
28.
Dixie Chicks
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The Dixie Chicks are an American country music band which has also crossed over into other genres, including pop and alternative country. The band is composed of founding members Martie Erwin Maguire and Emily Erwin Robison, Dixie Chicks were founded by Laura Lynch on upright bass, guitarist Robin Lynn Macy, and the multi-instrumentalist sisters Martie and Emily Erwin in 1989. The Erwin sisters have married and changed their names to Martie Maguire. The four took their name from the song Dixie Chicken by Lowell George of Little Feat, originally playing predominantly bluegrass. All four women played and sang, though Maguire and Robison provided most of the accompaniment for the band while Lynch. Maguire primarily played fiddle, mandolin, and viola, while Robisons specialties included five-stringed banjo and they paid $5,000 for the 14-track album. The album included two instrumental tunes, in 1987, Maguire had won second place, and in 1989, third place in the National fiddle championships held at the Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield, Kansas. A Christmas single was released at the end of the year – a 45 RPM vinyl record titled Home on the Radar Range, with Christmas Swing on one side and the song on the flip side named The Flip Side. The record titles were significant, during period of time, the bandmates dressed up as cowgirls. However, even with an appearance at the Grand Ole Opry, with few exceptions, such as Garrison Keillors radio show A Prairie Home Companion, Robin Lynn Macy was not pleased with their change in sound, however. She left in late 1992 to devote herself to a bluegrass sound, remaining active in the Dallas. It was during this period that professional steel guitarist Lloyd Maines introduced them to his daughter, Natalie and her distinctive voice was a match for Maguires soprano and Robisons alto harmonies. If their show at the Birchmere last week was any indication, new manager Simon Renshaw approached music executive Scott Siman and he signed them to a developmental deal with Sony Music Entertainments Nashville division. The deal was finalized with Sony over the summer of 1995, the Chicks then replaced Lynch with singer Maines. Accounts of the departure have varied, at the time, the sisters stated that Lynch had been considering leaving the band for over a year, weary of touring, and hoping to spend more time with her daughter at home. She offered to stay for the first cuts on the new album for Sony, in a later interview, Lynch said, It cant really be characterized as a resignation. There are three Dixie Chicks, and Im only one, by her own account Lynch has noted that she had no regrets about leaving. With the addition of Natalie Maines, the new lineup had a contemporary sound, as well as a new look, leaving their cowgirl dresses with their past
29.
Blake Shelton
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Blake Tollison Shelton is an American singer, songwriter, and television personality. In 2001, he made his debut with the single Austin, the lead-off single from his self-titled debut album, Austin spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. The now Platinum-certified debut album produced two more top 20 entries. Although the album was released on Giant Records Nashville, he was transferred to Warner Bros. Records Nashville after Giant closed in late 2001 and his second and third albums, 2003s The Dreamer and 2004s Blake Sheltons Barn & Grill, are gold and platinum, respectively. His fourth album, Pure BS, was re-issued in 2008 with a cover of Michael Bublés pop hit Home as one of the bonus tracks and his fifth album, Startin Fires was released in November 2008. Overall, Blake Shelton has charted 32 country singles, including 23 number ones,17 of which were consecutive, the 11th No.1 broke the record for the most consecutive No.1 singles in the Country Airplay charts 24-year history. He is a seven-time Grammy Award nominee, Shelton is also known for his role as a judge on the televised singing competitions Nashville Star, Clash of the Choirs, and The Voice. He has been on The Voice since its inception, and in five of eleven seasons, from 2011 to 2015, Shelton was married to fellow country singer Miranda Lambert. Shelton was born in Ada, Oklahoma, to Dorothy, a beauty salon owner, and Richard Shelton, Shelton began singing at an early age and by age 12, he was taught how to play the guitar by his uncle. By age 15, he had written his first song, by age 16, he had received a Denbo Diamond Award in his home state. On November 13,1990, his older brother Richie Shelton was killed in an automobile accident, after graduating from high school at seventeen, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue a singing career. There he got a job at a publishing company and, in 1997. Some years later in Nashville, he signed to Giant Records in 2001, in 2001, he was slated to release a song entitled I Wanna Talk About Me as a single. Staff at the label considered the song unsuitable for a single, however. Instead, Giant released Austin as Sheltons debut single, shortly after its release, Giant Records was closed, and Shelton was transferred to parent company Warner Bros. Austin spent five weeks at No.1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, Warner released his self-titled debut album, which was produced by songwriter Bobby Braddock. It also produced the top 20 hits All Over Me, which Shelton co-wrote with Earl Thomas Conley and Mike Pyle, although Sheltons rendition of Ol Red was not a major radio hit, he considers it his signature song, and it has become popular in concert. Blake Shelton received a certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 1,000,000 copies
30.
Lady Gaga
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Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She performed initially in theater, appearing in school plays. From there, Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her to sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and her debut album The Fame was a critical and commercial success that produced international chart-topping singles such as Just Dance and Poker Face. A follow-up EP, The Fame Monster, was met with a reception and Bad Romance, Telephone. Her second full-length album Born This Way was released in 2011, topping the charts in more than 20 countries, including the United States, the album produced the number-one single Born This Way. Her third album Artpop, released in 2013, topped the US charts, in 2014, Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek, which became her third consecutive number one in the United States. For her work in the television series American Horror Story, Hotel, with her fifth studio album Joanne, she became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s. In February 2017, Gaga headlined the Super Bowl LI halftime show which had an audience of over 150 million across various platforms worldwide. With global album and single sales of 27 million and 146 million respectively, as of January 2016 and her achievements include twelve Guinness World Records, three Brit Awards, and six Grammy Awards. She is also the first artist to win the Songwriters Hall of Fames Contemporary Icon Award, in 2013, Gaga finished second on Times readers poll of the most influential people of the past ten years, while in 2015, she was named Billboards Woman of the Year. Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28,1986 and she is the elder daughter of Cynthia Louise Cindy and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Joe Germanotta. Gaga has three Italian grandparents and one American grandparent, as well as French Canadian ancestry, Gagas sister Natali is a fashion student. From age 11, she attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart and she described her academic life in high school as very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined but also a bit insecure. I used to get made fun of for being too provocative or too eccentric. I didnt fit in, and I felt like a freak, in 2014, Gaga said she was raped at the age of 19. She stated, I went through some things that Im able to laugh now, because Ive gone through a lot of mental and physical therapy. Gaga later said that she suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder because of the rape, and that support from doctors, family, and friends really saved my life. Gaga began playing the piano at the age of four, wrote her first piano ballad at 13 and she performed lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
31.
Kanye West
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Kanye Omari West is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. Intent on pursuing a career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success. He went on to pursue a variety of different styles on subsequent albums Late Registration, Graduation, and 808s & Heartbreak. In 2010, he released his fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy to rave reviews from critics, West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. His seventh album, The Life of Pablo, was released in 2016, Wests outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy for his conduct at award shows, on social media and he is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. His 2014 marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been subject to media coverage. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time, three of his albums have been included and ranked on Rolling Stones 2012 update of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. He has also included in a number of Forbes annual lists. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015, West was born on June 8,1977 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was three years old, after the divorce, he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, according to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in school, West replied, I got As. West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age and his mother recalled that she first took notice of Wests passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in Chicago, West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene and he started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists
32.
Red Hot Chili Peppers
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Red Hot Chili Peppers, also sometimes shortened to The Chili Peppers or abbreviated as RHCP, are an American funk rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983. The groups musical style consists of rock with an emphasis on funk, as well as elements from other genres such as punk rock. When played live, their music elements of jam band due to the improvised nature of much of their performances. Currently, the band consists of founding members vocalist Anthony Kiedis and bassist Flea, longtime drummer Chad Smith, in 2012, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The bands original line-up, originally named Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem, featured guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons, alongside Kiedis, because of commitments to other bands, Slovak and Irons did not play on the bands self-titled debut album. Slovak performed on the second and third albums, Freaky Styley and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, as a result of his friends death, Irons chose to depart from the group. After short-lived replacements at guitar and drums, John Frusciante and Chad Smith joined in 1988, the line-up of Flea, Kiedis, Frusciante, and Smith was the longest-lasting and recorded five studio albums beginning with Mothers Milk. In 1990, the signed with Warner Bros. Records. This album became the bands first commercial success, but Frusciante grew uncomfortable with it, after two temporary guitarists, Dave Navarro joined the group in 1993 and played on their subsequent album, One Hot Minute. Although commercially successful, the failed to match the critical or popular acclaim of Blood Sugar Sex Magik. Navarro was fired from the band in 1998, Frusciante, fresh out of drug rehabilitation, rejoined the band that same year at Fleas request. The reunited quartet returned to the studio to record Californication, which became the bands biggest commercial success with 16 million copies worldwide. That album was followed three years later by By the Way, and then four years later by the double album Stadium Arcadium, after a world tour, the group went on an extended hiatus. Frusciante announced he was leaving the band in 2009 to focus on his solo career. Klinghoffer, who had worked both as a sideman for the band on their Stadium Arcadium tour and on Frusciantes solo projects, the bands tenth studio album, Im with You, was released in 2011 and topped the charts in 18 different countries. The band released their studio album, The Getaway, in 2016. The album was produced by Danger Mouse, marking the first time since 1989s Mothers Milk that the Red Hot Chili Peppers had not worked with Rubin, and topped the charts in ten different countries. Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis, guitarist Hillel Slovak, bassist Flea, and drummer Jack Irons, all of whom were classmates from Fairfax High School
33.
Cheap Trick
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Cheap Trick is an American rock band from Rockford, Illinois, formed in 1973. As of 2016, the band consists of Robin Zander, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson and Daxx Nielsen. Their biggest hits include Surrender, I Want You to Want Me, Dream Police. They have often referred to in the Japanese press as the American Beatles. In October 2007, the Illinois Senate passed a resolution designating April 1 as Cheap Trick Day in the state, the band was also ranked No.25 in VH1s list of the 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock. In April 2016, the band was inducted into the Rock, in 1961, Rick Nielsen began playing locally in Rockford, Illinois using an ever-increasing collection of rare and valuable guitars. He formed several bands with names like The Boyz and The Grim Reapers. Brad Carlson, later known as Bun E. Carlos, played in a rival Rockford band, finally, Nielsen formed Fuse in 1967 with Tom Peterson, later known as Tom Petersson, who had played in yet another local band called The Bo Weevils. Fuse released an album for Epic Records in 1970, which was generally ignored. With Bun E. Carlos joining on drums, Fuse moved to Philadelphia in 1971 and they began calling themselves Sick Man of Europe in 1972–1973. After a European tour in 1973, Nielsen and Petersson returned to Rockford, randy Xeno Hogan was the original lead singer for Cheap Trick. He left the band shortly after its formation and was replaced by Robin Zander, the name was inspired by the bands attendance of a Slade concert, where Petersson commented that the band used every cheap trick in the book as part of their act. The band recorded, a demo, Hot Tomato, around mid 1974, parts of which would form Ill Be with You Tonight, which was first called Tonight, Tonight. With Robin Zander now on vocals, the recorded their first official demo in 1975 and played in warehouses, bowling alleys. The band was signed to Epic Records in early 1976 by A&R man Tom Werman, at the insistence of producer Jack Douglas who had seen the band perform in Wisconsin. The songs they had written and performed, such as I Want You To Want Me which was first performed on April 17,1975, in Milwaukee, the later-hit song was played that summer, and frequently throughout the spring and summer of 1976 throughout the aforementioned Midwest locations. The band released their first album, Cheap Trick, in early 1977, while favored by critics, the album was not successful in terms of sales. The albums lone single Oh Candy failed to chart as did the album, however, the band began to develop a fan base in Japan and ELO Kiddies was a hit single in Europe. However, the band bemoaned In Colors production and would re-record it many years later, moreover, the album was largely unsuccessful
34.
Robin Zander
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Robin Zander is the lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the rock band Cheap Trick. Zander was born in Beloit, Wisconsin, and grew up in nearby Loves Park and he learned to play guitar by the age of 12, and appearing in high school productions like “Annie Get Your Gun” helped him to develop his stage presence. His early bands included The Destinations, Butterscotch Sundae and The Hoods, covering songs by such as The Animals, The Beatles. In high school, Zander sang for three years in the Madrigals, the most demanding of the three groups at his school, played basketball and football, and had a part-time job at a sandwich shop. In the early 1970s, Zander teamed up with Brian Beebe to form a duo called Zander, the lead singer role was then offered to Randy Hogan, but he left in the fall of 1974, which neatly coincided with Zander’s Dells contract expiring in September of that year. Zander accepted the invitation to join Cheap Trick, and the classic line-up of Zander, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson. With Cheap Trick, Zander has toured the world, released albums and has been widely acknowledged by his peers. Guitarist Rick Nielsen introduces Zander at every Cheap Trick concert as being his …favorite lead singer in the wide world. The May 2009 issue of Classic Rock magazine published a list of the “50 Greatest Singers in Rock”. On Sept.30,2016, Los Angeles rock band Steel Panther released a version of Cheap Trick song Shes Tight. March 4,1983, saw “An Evening with Robin Zander” held at Rockford’s Midway Theater and this solo show included choir and orchestra conducted by Ralph Nielsen, with Zander singing a variety of English ballads, classical pieces, contemporary classics and Cheap Trick songs. Robin Zander released the solo album Robin Zander in 1993, a second solo album, Countryside Blvd. was finally released online in April 2011 but was withdrawn from online music outlets within hours of being available. In January 2013, Zander formed The Robin Zander Band with drummer, the band also includes Mark Hitt on guitar and Larry Hobbs on bass. The band plays occasional shows nationally in the USA when Cheap Trick is off the road, on Sept.26,2014, Robin reunited with old musical partner Brian Beebe for a show at Monk’s in the Wisconsin Dells. As noted in the booklet for Cheap Trick’s 2006 Rockford CD, Zander uses Shure microphones, in 2012, Schecter Guitar Research released a Robin Zander signature Corsair Electric Guitar. Zander lives in Florida with his wife, former Playboy Playmate Pamela Stein and he has two children from a previous marriage, Ian and Holland
35.
Killdeer
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The killdeer is a medium-sized plover. The genus name Charadrius is a Late Latin word for a bird mentioned in the fourth-century Vulgate. It derives from Ancient Greek kharadrios a bird found in ravines, the specific vociferus is Latin and comes from vox, cry and ferre, to bear. The adults have a back and wings, a white belly. The face and cap are brown with a white forehead, the chicks are patterned almost identically to the adults, and are precocial — able to move around immediately after hatching. The killdeer frequently uses a broken wing act to distract predators from the nest and it is named onomatopoeically after its call. Adult killdeer range in length from 23–27 cm with a wingspan averaging 17.5 cm, the largest ringed plover, killdeer weigh 88 g on average. Killdeer have a large, round head, long tail, long flesh-colored legs. The bill is short, dark, and thick, plumage is brownish-tan on dorsal areas and white on the ventral belly and chest, the neck is also surrounded by a white collar. Two large, dark bands surround the upper breast with an additional band located on the head, the tail is brown with a black subterminal band, a white terminal band, and white outer tail feathers. Additional defining plumage characters include a brightly colored red-orange rump that is visible during flight and displays, appearance does not vary between males and females, although breeding females may have additional brown plumage on the head. In addition, Hayman et al. document killdeer use of wetland habitat and savannahs, selecting dry bare ground. Nesting habitat is characterized as having enough nest materials to form a scrape but otherwise having little or no vegetation, during the non-breeding season killdeer use coastal wetland and beach habitat as well as coastal fields. Ogden et al. suggest that coastal open-soil agricultural lands supplement intertidal habitat frequently used by killdeer during the non-breeding season, the range of the killdeer spreads across the Western Hemisphere. In the summer, killdeer live as far north as the Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Killdeer hold a year-round presence across the southern half of the United States and parts of Peru. The killdeer winters throughout Central America, although killdeer are considered shorebirds, they often live far from water. They live in habitats such as fields, meadows. The nest itself is merely a shallow depression or bowl in the ground, the nest is well camouflaged, as the spots of the eggs disguise them as stones, and the simple structure of the nest resembles its surroundings
36.
Migratory Birds Convention Act
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A permit is required to engage in any of these activities. In 1909 the federal government established the Advisory Board on Wildlife Protection, hewitt and James Harkin as prominent members. This board would go on to sign the Migratory Bird Convention with the United States because of both countries had regarding the uncontrolled hunting of waterfowl and shorebirds. The original MBCA law was passed to satisfy the terms of agreement with the United States. The updated version includes stronger enforcement and greater penalties, to establish complete habitat protection, the more stringent requirements of the Canada Wildlife Act are necessary. List of Migratory Bird Sanctuaries of Canada Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, the American law implementing the treaty Migratory Birds Convention Act,1994
37.
Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Its ministerial headquarters is located in les Terrasses de la Chaudière, Gatineau, Quebec. The department is responsible for international environmental issues. CEPA was the piece of Canadas environmental legislation but was replaced when budget implementation bill entered into effect in June 2012. Under the Constitution of Canada, responsibility for management in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial/territorial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for resource management including permitting industrial waste discharges, the federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country. Environment Canada continues to undergo a transformation to centralize authority and decision-making. In 2003, responsibility for Parks Canada was returned to the Minister of the Environment, Environment Canada Enforcement Branch is responsible for ensuring compliance with several federal statues. The Governor-in-Council appoints enforcement officers and pursuant to section 217 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, there are two designations of enforcement officers, Environmental Enforcement and Wildlife Enforcement. The former administers the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and pollution provisions of the Fisheries Act, the latter enforces Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Species at Risk Act and The Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act. All officers wear green uniform with black ties and a badge. Environmental Enforcement Officers only carry baton and OC spray whereas Wildlife Enforcement Officers are also equipped with firearm, on March 4,2009, a bill to increase the enforcement capabilities of Environment Canada was introduced into the House of Commons. The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is, the loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of intact vs functional. A non-functioning electronic device that is intact can be exported under the current legislation, what cant be exported without prior informed consent is a non-functioning but no longer intact electronic device. The principal problem being, the non-functioning but intact electronic device is at risk of being disassembled in some far away e-waste dumping ground. The Canadian governments use of an interpretation of the Basel Convention obligations intact. See Canadian fact sheet and associated links, there have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Electronic waste by country Bill C-38, replaced the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act,2012, by placing the emphasis on jobs, growth and prosperity significant changes have been made to the federal environmental assessment regime and environmental regulatory framework. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020, Environment minister Peter Kent argued that, The Kyoto protocol does not cover the worlds largest two emitters, the United States and China, and therefore cannot work
38.
Music of Canada
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The music of Canada has reflected the diverse influences that have shaped the country. Aboriginals, the Irish, British, and the French have all made contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity, Canadas music industry is the sixth largest in the world producing many internationally renowned artists. Canadas music broadcasting is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences administers Canadas music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which commenced in 1970. For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by Aboriginal peoples from a variety of different cultures, each of the aboriginal communities had their own unique musical traditions. Chanting - singing is popular and most use a variety of musical instruments. They used the materials at hand to make their instruments for thousands of years before Europeans immigrated to the new world and they made gourds and animal horns into rattles, many rattles were elaborately carved and beautifully painted. In woodland areas, they made horns of birchbark and drumsticks of carved antlers, drums were generally made of carved wood and animal hides. These musical instruments provide the background for songs and led to aboriginal dances, for many years after Europeans moved to Canada, First Nations and Inuit peoples were discouraged from practicing their traditional ceremonies. French settlers and explorers to New France brought with them a love of song, dance. Beginning in the 1630s French and Aboriginal children at Quebec City were taught to sing and play European instruments, like viols, violins, guitars, transverse flutes, drums, fifes and trumpets. Ecole des Ursulines and The Ursuline Convent are among North Americas oldest schools, the earliest written record of violins in Canada comes from the Jesuit Relation of 1645. The Jesuits additionally have the first documented organ sale, imported for their Quebec City chapel in 1657, Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral build in 1647 is the primate church of Canada and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. It is the oldest Catholic Episcopal see in the New World north of Mexico, Canada, New France first formal ball was given by Louis-Théandre Chartier de Lotbinière on 4 Feb.1667. Louis Jolliet is on record as one of the first classically trained practicing musicians in New France, although history has recognized him more as an explorer, hydrographer, Jolliet is said to have played the organ, harpsichord, flute, and trumpet. 1700, under British rule at this time, an organ was installed in Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal, historically, music was composed in Canadas colonies and settlements during the 18th century, although very few popular named works have survived or were even published. The French and Indian Wars began and left the population economically drained and ill-equipped to develop cultural pursuits properly, the part-time composers of this period were nonetheless often quite skilled. Printed music was required, for teachers and their pupils
39.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
40.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Landmark
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A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation, a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances. In modern use, the term can also be applied to structures or features. In old English the word landmearc was used to describe a set up to mark the boundaries of a kingdom, estate. 1560, this understanding of landmark was replaced by a general one. A landmark became an object in a landscape. A landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area. For example, the Table Mountain near Cape Town, South Africa is used as the landmark to sailors to navigate around southern tip of Africa during the Age of Exploration. Artificial structures are sometimes built to assist sailors in naval navigation. The Lighthouse of Alexandria and Colossus of Rhodes are ancient structures built to lead ships to the port, in modern usage, a landmark includes anything that is easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the term used to designate places that might be of interest to tourists due to notable physical features or historical significance. Landmarks in the British English sense are often used for casual navigation and this is done in American English as well. In urban studies as well as in geography, a landmark is furthermore defined as a point of reference that helps orienting in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. Landmarks are often used in verbal route instructions and as such an object of study by linguists as well as in fields of study. Landmarks are usually classified as either natural landmarks or man-made landmarks, a variant is a seamark or daymark, a structure usually built intentionally to aid sailors navigating featureless coasts. Natural landmarks can be characteristic features, such as mountains or plateaus, examples of natural landmarks are Table Mountain in South Africa, Mount Ararat in Turkey, Uluru in Australia, Mount Fuji in Japan and Grand Canyon in the United States. Trees might also serve as landmarks, such as jubilee oaks or conifers. Some landmark trees may be nicknamed, examples being Queens Oak, church spires and mosques minarets are often very tall and visible from many miles around, thus often serve as built landmarks. Also town hall towers and belfries often have a landmark character, cultural heritage management National landmark National symbol Media related to Landmarks at Wikimedia Commons
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Architecture of Ottawa
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The architecture of Ottawa is most marked by the citys role as the national capital of Canada. This gives the city a number of structures designed to represent the federal government. It also means that as a city dominated by government bureaucrats, much of its architecture tends to be formalistic, however, the city is also marked by Romantic and Picturesque styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings gothic revival architecture. While the political capital, Ottawa has always heavily influenced from the larger cities of Toronto. This has held true in architecture, and over its history Ottawa has followed the architectural trends popular in Canada. The city is thus a mix of different styles, varying based on what era a building or neighbourhood was constructed in. While founded in the nineteenth century, few buildings survive from that era. Much of the downtown was also transformed in the 1960s and 1970s. The general stereotype of Ottawa architecture is that it is staid, Ottawa Citizen architecture critic Rhys Phillips has echoed these concerns, saying that Ottawa looks like some tired little Prairie town on its last legs. Unlike several other national capitals, such as Paris and Washington, Ottawa was never built to a master plan. However, several commissions have played a role in determining the shape of the city, colonel By envisioned building several grand boulevards but the difficulties of expropriation and demolition prevented this from happening. In the late 1880s, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier developed a 50-year vision of the future development. In 1913, Sir Robert Borden appointed the Sir Henry Holt Commission which was the first to state the need for a national capital region and also the removal of railway lines from the downtown core. Twenty years later, the Federal District Commission and Prime Minister Mackenzie King urged the government to acquire land. In 1939, King invited Jacques Gréber to create a plan for the city. Grébers Plan has mostly been implemented and still affects the city today, in 1958, the National Capital Commission replaced the Federal District Commission. As a federal agency, the NCC worked along with the many municipal governments on the Ontario. The NCC continues to have a role in planning and does have a long range plan for how to showcase the region as a national capital
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Shaw Centre (Ottawa)
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The Shaw Centre, formerly the Ottawa Convention Centre, is located in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In October 2014, the Ottawa Convention Centre and Shaw Communications, entered a ten-year naming right agreement that saw the venue renamed to the Shaw Centre. The Centre replaces the Ottawa Congress Centre, which opened in 1983 and is built on the site of the Ottawa Congress Centre building which was demolished in 2008-2009, the Centre is located on Colonel By Drive, just south of Rideau Street. The facility is owned by the Ontario provincial government, the Shaw Centre has four levels, each with a view of the Rideau Canal and downtown area. The first level features a lobby, as well as the Wall of Three Rivers artwork. This floor consists of eight meeting rooms, a boardroom, a coat room. The third level is a multipurpose hall and can accommodate up to 6,260 people theatre-style,4,600 people banquet-style. The fourth level is a ballroom, reserved for meetings, conferences, the Shaw Centre was built to be as environmentally friendly as possible, and in January 2013, was awarded LEED Gold certification. LEED is a building rating system developed by the U. S Green Building Council in 1998. There are 70 possible LEED points that can be earned and these points are divided into five different categories, Sustainable Site Development, Water Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Material Selection and Indoor Environmental Quality. The OCC saves 969,000 gallons of water year by harvesting rainwater from the roof. This water is used to flush restroom toilets, 97% of materials from the demolished Congress Centre were diverted from landfill. The Shaw Centre used recycled steel to build the roof trusses, because of its panoramic glass design, the OCC saves energy by letting in natural daylight. In May 2013, the Shaw Centre achieved AIPC Quality Standards Gold Certification with the completion of an audit by the designated external auditor for AIPC. The Shaw Centre joined a group of 20 AIPC convention centres worldwide that have achieved this level of international certification. In July 2014, the Shaw Centre finished in a tie for second place for the title of World’s Best Convention Centre, the Shaw Centre was among 27 finalists vying for the award at the 2014 AIPC Annual Conference in Berlin, Germany. The Cairns Convention Centre won the title, followed by the Ottawa Convention Centre, the projects cost was of $170 million CAD, for a four-level 192,000 square feet facility. The cost was shared by three levels of government, $50 million came from the Canadian government, $50 million from the Ontario government, $40 million from the City of Ottawa and the remainder of $30 million was borrowed by the centre itself
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Capital Pathway
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The Capital Pathway, also known informally as the The Bike Path, is a 220-kilometre recreational pathway interlinking many parks, waterways and sites in Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec. Most of the pathway is paved, and allows an almost continuous route through the National Capital Region, the pathway, was mostly the work of the National Capital Commission, a crown corporation created in 1959. The Capital Pathway was a project of the National Capital Commission as part of their improvements to the National Capital Region, the NCC was created by an act of parliament in 1959. The first section built was the Ottawa River Pathway in the early 1970s, the majority of the pathway continues to be maintained by the NCC. The section of the Ottawa River Pathway between Acres Road and Moodie Drive was paved in 2009 and this very long pathway is along the south bank of almost the entire length Ottawas portion of the Ottawa River. In the east it goes to the beach at Petrie Island at Tenth Line Road, going westward, it meets up with the pathway along the Aviation parkway which is at the Aviation Museum. Further along, it goes through Rockcliffe Park to the residence of the Prime Minister at 24 Sussex Drive and it then passes Majors Hill Park on towards the back side of Parliament Hill where it bypasses the pathways on the Rideau Canal. Moving westward, it bypasses the War Museum in LeBreton Flats and goes to first Westboro Beach, then Brittania Beach, Moodie Drive, the most well known of all the sections of the Capital Pathway is the Rideau Canal section. Its downtown location attracts tourists and residents, frequently used for walking, cycling, and running. It continues to be popular in the winter, as the Rideau Canal is widely known as one of the longest skating rinks in the world and its most northerly point is where the canal empties into the Ottawa River. Immediately beside the locks is the Bytown Museum, there actually are two separate paths, on each side of the canal. One encircles Dows Lake and path users frequently cross to the side near Carleton University. The trail extends to Hogs Back Falls which also provides a crossing and this is the point where the canal meets the Rideau river and the trail continues on its east side until Mooneys Bay Park. South of that it resumes, continuing to Ottawas south boundary and this pathway is almost unknown by tourists but frequented by residents. It starts at Rideau Falls where the Rideau River meets the Ottawa River and it goes southward through New Edinburgh then along Riverside Drive until it reaches Billings Bridge. Here is a park where ducks frequent, from Billings Bridge, it continues south until it meets up with the Rideau Canal at the Hogs Back Falls. The more well known part is on the east side of the Rideau River, the bike trail becomes very steep going northwards into Gatineau Park. Pink Lake is directly on the path, other lakes such Kingsmere Lake are accessible
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Rideau Canal
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The Rideau Canal, also known unofficially as the Rideau Waterway, connects the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River to the city of Kingston, Ontario, on Lake Ontario. It is 202 kilometres in length, the name Rideau, French for curtain, is derived from the curtain-like appearance of the Rideau Rivers twin waterfalls where they join the Ottawa River. The canal system uses sections of two rivers, the Rideau and the Cataraqui, as well as several lakes, the Rideau Canal is operated by Parks Canada. The canal was opened in 1832 as a precaution in case of war with the United States and it remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures intact, operated by Parks Canada. The locks on the open for navigation in mid-May and close in mid-October. It is the oldest continuously operated system in North America. Lawrence River, which would have severed the lifeline between Montreal and Kingston, the British built a number of other canals as well as a number of forts to impede and deter any future American invasions of Canadian territory. The initial purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply, westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown, then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario. The objective was to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence bordering New York, the canal also served a commercial purpose. The Rideau Canal was easier to navigate than the St. Lawrence River because of the series of rapids between Montreal and Kingston, as a result, the Rideau Canal became a busy commercial artery from Montreal to the Great Lakes. However, by 1849, the rapids of the St. Lawrence had been tamed by a series of locks, the construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Colonel John By decided to create a canal system instead of constructing new channels. This was an approach as it required fewer workers, was more cost effective. The canal work started in the fall of 1826, and it was completed by the spring of 1832, the final cost of the canals construction was £822,804 by the time all the costs, including land acquisitions costs, were accounted for. Given the unexpected cost overruns, John By was recalled to London and was retired with no accolades or recognition for the tremendous accomplishment hed achieved, once the canal was constructed, no further military engagements took place between Canada and the United States. Although the Rideau Canal never had to be used as a supply route. Tens of thousands of immigrants from the British Isles travelled the Rideau in this period, hundreds of barge loads of goods were shipped each year along the Rideau, allowing Montreal to compete commercially in the 1830s and 40s with New York as a major North American port. In 1841, for instance, there were 19 steamboats,3 self-propelled barges and 157 unpowered or tow barges using the Rideau Canal, as many as one thousand of the workers died from malaria, other diseases and accidents
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Wellington Street (Ottawa)
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Wellington Street is a major street in Ottawa, notable for being one of the first two streets laid out in Bytown in 1826, but also because of the adjacent Parliamentary Precinct. The street runs from Booth Street to the Rideau Canal where it connects with Rideau Street and it is named after the Duke of Wellington, in recognition of his role in the creation of the Rideau Canal, and therefore of Ottawa. Starting at its easternmost point, Wellington forms the edge of Confederation Square. West of the intersection with Bank Street, are located the Confederation Building, beyond Parliament Hill, the Supreme Court of Canada is situated west of the Justice building, and opposite St. Andrews Presbyterian Church. The East and West Memorial Buildings can be next, respectively standing east and west of Lyon Street. West of the Supreme Court is the National Library and Archives of Canada main building, between the Supreme Court and the National Library is a large open area that is today a mix of park land and large parking lots. Until the 1970s this was home to a cluster of buildings that had been erected in the Second World War to provide much needed office space. In the 1970s there was a plan to both a home for the Federal Court and the National Gallery. A design competition was held for the National Gallery. Both sections of Wellington are four-lane historic urban arterial roads with a limit of 50 km/h. A number of proposals have made to change the streets name, some as recent as 2010. From Bronson Avenue until Rideau Street, Wellington is also known as Ottawa Road #34, from Western Avenue to Somerset Street, Wellington is known as Ottawa Road #36. Wellington Street from Bay Street to the Rideau Canal showing the prominent structures located along it, see Downtown Ottawa for a map of the entire area. City of Ottawa map showing Wellington Street downtown, accessed 15 November 2006 West Wellington Community Association, accessed 15 November 2006 List of Ottawa roads
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Sport in Ottawa
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Sport in Ottawa, Canadas capital, has a history dating back to the 19th century. Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the Ottawa 67s junior hockey team and other semi-professional, Ice hockey began in Ottawa with the Stanley Cup in 1893. The city dominated the world during the first quarter of the 20th century. The original Ottawa Senators were one of the members of the National Hockey League which was founded in 1917. The team folded during the Great Depression in 1934, and moved to St. Louis to become the St. Louis Eagles, the Senators returned to the National Hockey League in 1992. They play at the Canadian Tire Centre in Kanata, in junior hockey the city is represented by the Ottawa 67s of the Ontario Hockey League. The team began play in 1967, Canadas centennial year, Ottawa played host to the Memorial Cup tournament in 1972 and 1999. Ottawa also played host to the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Ottawa also has a minor hockey program, and plays host to the Bell Capital Cup each year. The city is home to five teams in the Central Junior Hockey League, four teams in the Eastern Ontario Junior Hockey League and two teams in the Eastern Ontario Junior C Hockey League. The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team that was founded in 1876, five years later, a CFL expansion franchise was granted to the City of Ottawa. The team, called the Ottawa Renegades, began play in 2002, less than two years later, in March 2008, a new franchise was awarded to the Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group, led by Jeff Hunt, to begin play in 2010. The franchise was conditional upon reconstruction of Frank Clair Stadium, leading to a delay for the team. The third iteration of professional football in Ottawa, the Ottawa Redblacks, began play in 2014, the University of Ottawa Gee-Gees football teams have won two Vanier Cups with their first in 1975 and then again in 2000. Carleton University also had a team from 1945–1998, but the program was cancelled after the 1998 season. There have since been efforts to revive the program, with the team being approved for Ontario University Athletics membership beginning in 2013. The rivalry between the two schools was heated, and the game between the two teams was known as the Panda Game. The city also has two junior teams, the Ottawa Sooners play in the Canadian Junior Football League while the Ottawa Junior Riders play in the Quebec Junior Football League. Both Carleton University and the University of Ottawa sport varsity mens teams, the CIS Mens Basketball Championship has been held in Ottawa from 2008 to 2010 and since 2013
