1.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
2.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
5.
Charles Herbert Mackintosh
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Mackintoshs paternal grandfather was Captain Duncan Mackintosh, a Scotsman who had been sent to Ireland with the British Armys Highland regiment during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Mackintoshs mother was Leonora Sophia, daughter of Col. Dickinson, of Jamaica, in addition to C. H. H. M. which happen to coincide with those of the present subject. Details in this second mans biography indicate that the elder and younger C. H. Mackintoshes were possibly uncle and nephew, or, at least, related. Educated at Galt Grammar School and Caradoc Academy, he first began the study of law but instead, in 1862 and he first served as city editor of the London Free Press, later acting as city editor of the Hamilton Times. He edited the Parkhill Gazette, and served as managing editor of the Chicago Journal of Commerce, during his time in Strathroy, Ontario, he was editor and proprietor of the Strathroy Dispatch. In 1874, he acquired the Ottawa Daily Citizen, serving as its owner and he was owner and editor of the Canadian Parliamentary Companion from 1877 to 1882. On 6 August 1875, he won the gold and silver medals offered by the St. Patricks Society during the OConnell centenary at Majors Hill Park in Ottawa for a poem entitled. He was also president of the Parliamentary Press Gallery, Ottawa and he served as chairman for the Dominion Exhibition in 1879, and as president of the Agricultural Association in 1881. After only one year,1873, on the Strathroy town council, elected as a Conservative, he was returned as a Member of Parliament for the riding of Ottawa City in the Canadian House of Commons from 1882 to 1887 and again from 1890 to 1893. He was unsuccessful in contesting the constituency of Russell, Ontario in the 1887 Dominion election and he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories in 1893, serving in that capacity until his resignation in 1898. W. T. For these services he was presented with an oil portrait of himself in August 1895, in 1898, he became Canadian manager of the British American Mining Company, Rossland, British Columbia, later becoming a broker and financial agent in Victoria, British Columbia. In 1898, he sold the Le Roi mining property, in 1901, on behalf of the miners of British Columbia, he presented two unusual gold nuggets to King Edward VII and, his wife, Queen Alexandra. The Montreal Gazette described him as a tactful, capable and experienced man, while the Toronto Telegram declared him to be warm hearted, amiable. He was a director of the Carleton County Protestant Home for the Aged in Ottawa. In politics he was a Liberal-Conservative, being noted as an imperialist of no uncertain sound, in religion, he was an Anglican. He was a member of two clubs, the Union Club, Victoria, British Columbia, and of the Vancouver Club, Vancouver. He was author of the Liberal-Conservative Handbook, and wrote an essay entitled Potential Resources of British Columbia. For the Canadian Magazine, he wrote articles including one entitled
6.
Conrad Black
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Conrad Moffat Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour, KSG is a Canadian-born British former newspaper publisher and author. He is a life peer. In 2004, a prosecution of Black began in the United States. Over $80 million in assets were alleged to have improperly taken and/or spent by Black. He was convicted of three counts of fraud and one count of obstruction of justice in a U. S. court in 2007 and sentenced to six and a half years imprisonment. In 2011, two of the charges were overturned on appeal and he was re-sentenced to 42 months in prison on one count of mail fraud, Black was released on 4 May 2012, after serving 37 months in prison. Black was born in Montreal, Quebec, to a family originally from Winnipeg. His father, George Montegu Black, Jr. a Chartered Accountant, became the president of Canadian Breweries Limited, biographer George Toombs said of Blacks motivations, He was born into a very large family of athletic, handsome people. He wasnt particularly athletic or handsome like they were, so he developed a different skill – wordplay, Black has written that his father was cultured humorous and that his mother was a natural, convivial, and altogether virtuous person. Black was first educated at Upper Canada College, during time, at age eight. Six years later, he was expelled from UCC for selling stolen exam papers and he then attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, where he lasted less than a year, being expelled for insubordinate behaviour. Though he successfully completed the year as an extra-mural student, Black went on to a small, now defunct, private school in Toronto called Thornton Hall, continuing on to post-secondary education at Carleton University. He attended Torontos Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, and he completed a law degree at Université Laval, and in 1973 completed a Master of Arts degree in History at McGill University. Blacks thesis, at McGill would become the first half of his first book of Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis, Black subsequently had the principal items from the papers copied and microfilmed, and donated copies to McGill, York, and Windsor universities. Blacks first marriage was in 1978 to Joanna Hishon of Montreal, the couple had two sons and a daughter. Their divorce was finalized in 1992, that same year Black married British-born journalist Barbara Amiel, Black described Amiel, in the first volume of his autobiography as beautiful, brilliant, ideologically a robust spirit and chic, humorous and preternaturally sexy. Courtroom evidence revealed that the couple exchanged over 11,000 emails, but she has, and no one can know, and it is beyond my power adequately to express here, what her constancy has meant to me. For more than four years before I was sent to prison, she toiled with me against the heavy odds generated by the legal and she endured an avalanche of abuse directed at her as extravagant, flakey, apt to bolt, domineering, and what Kafka called nameless crimes
7.
National Post
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The National Post is a Canadian English-language newspaper. The paper is the publication of Postmedia Network, and is published Mondays through Saturdays. It was founded in 1998 by Conrad Black, as of 2006, the Post is no longer distributed in Canadas Atlantic provinces and the territories. Black built the National Post around the Financial Post, a newspaper in Toronto which he purchased from Sun Media in 1997. Financial Post was retained as the name of the new business section. The Post became Blacks national flagship title, and Ken Whyte was appointed editor, when the Post launched, its editorial stance was conservative. It advocated a unite-the-right movement to create an alternative to the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien. The Posts op-ed page has included dissenting columns by ideological liberals such as Linda McQuaig, as well as conservatives including Mark Steyn and Diane Francis, and David Frum. Original members of the Post editorial board included Ezra Levant, Neil Seeman, Jonathan Kay, Conservative Member of Parliament John Williamson, the Posts magazine-style graphic and layout design has won awards. The original design of the Post was created by Lucie Lacava, the Post now bears the motto Worlds Best-Designed Newspaper on its front page. The Post was unable to maintain momentum in the market without continuing to operate with annual budgetary deficits, at the same time, Conrad Black was becoming preoccupied by his debt-heavy media empire, Hollinger International. CanWest Global also owned the Global Television Network, izzy Asper died in October 2003, and his sons Leonard and David Asper assumed control of CanWest, the latter serving as chairman of the Post. Editor-in-chief Matthew Fraser departed in 2005 after the arrival of a new publisher, frasers deputy editor, Doug Kelly succeeded him as editor. Pyette departed seven months after his arrival, replaced by Gordon Fisher, the newspaper continued its erosion in 2008 with the announcement that weekday editions and home delivery would no longer be available in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Politically, the Post has retained a conservative editorial stance although the Asper family has long been a supporter of the Liberal Party of Canada. Izzy Asper was once leader of the Liberal Party in his province of Manitoba. The Aspers had controversially fired the publisher of the Ottawa Citizen, Russell Mills, however, the Post endorsed the Conservative Party of Canada in the 2004 election when Fraser was editor. The Conservatives narrowly lost that election to the Liberals, the paper switched camps again in the runup to the 2006 election
8.
Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)
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Reform movement, sometimes erroneously referred to as the Reform Party, began in the 1830s as the movement in the English speaking parts of British North America. It agitated alternately for republicanism or responsible government, in Maritime Canada, these movements were also referred to as Liberal, and later became the Liberal parties in those colonies. The most prominent Reformer in the Maritimes was Joseph Howe, in Upper Canada, the Reform movement was formed in opposition to the Family Compact. It was led initially by William Lyon Mackenzie, who became the figure in the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837. Mackenzie went into exile as a result of the failed rebellion, the uprising led to the 1839 Durham Report, which recommended responsible government and the union of Upper and Lower Canada as a means of assimilating Francophones. Only the union of the Canadas was to be immediately implemented, in 1841, the Act of Union went into effect. Upper Canada became Canada West, forming with Canada East the United Province of Canada, the leaders of the Reform movement in Canada West at this point were Robert Baldwin and Francis Hincks. The Reformers were more a movement than a party. Individual members voted independently on various issues and this was the basis of what was to become the Conservative Party. Left wing Reformers, along with the Clear Grits, promoted electoral reform, the Reform Movement Province of Canada Liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Liberalism worldwide List of liberal parties Liberal democracy Liberalism in Canada
9.
Conservatism in Canada
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The first party calling itself Conservative in what would become Canada was elected in the Province of Canada election of 1854. Canadian conservatism had always been rooted in a preference for the traditional and established ways of doing things, even as it had shifted in economic, foreign and social policy. It is for that reason that unlike the conservatives in the United States, originally, Canadian conservatism tended to be traditionalist. Conservative governments in Canada, such as those of Sir John A. Macdonald, Sir Robert Borden, Canadian conservatism thus mirrored British Conservatism in its values and economic and political outlooks. Canadian conservatives have generally favoured the continuation of old political institutions, the conservative movement in Canada evolved from relatively informal pre-Confederation political movements or parties, gradually coalescing into the Conservative Party of Canada. This party was the dominant political force in Canadian politics from 1867 to 1935, thereafter, the party spent more time in opposition than in government. During the twentieth century rival small-c conservative movements appeared, most notably the federal Social Credit, Conservatism was divided until the merger of the Progressive Conservatives and the Canadian Alliance in 2003. These conservatives took their cues from British Tories, especially Burke and they supported royal privilege, and were avowedly anti-democratic. Tory supporters were often descended from loyalists who had fled the United States during the American Revolution and they were wary of emulating the USs mob rule and preferred a strong role for traditional elites such as landowners and the church in politics. Many were Anglicans who supported keeping the Anglican Church of Canada as Canadas established church, in each colony, Tories contested elections as the personal party of the governor. Business elites who surrounded the governor also hoped to gain patronage, in Upper Canada this was the Family Compact, in Lower Canada the Chateau Clique. Opposition to the rule of these resulted in the Rebellions of 1837. This new arrangement, called responsible government, mirrored earlier changes that had occurred in Britain and they campaigned for and won responsible government by creating broad coalitions that took in liberals, moderates, and conservatives. The only way for conservatives as a party to regroup was to accept the consequences of responsible government, they abandoned the idea of being the governors party, at the same time the coalition that had won responsible government began to break up in the 1850s. This presented an opening for more moderate conservatives such as John A. Macdonald, the MacDonald-Cartier coalitions prestige was only strengthened by the creation of the new Canadian Confederation in 1867. Their coalition dominated the politics of the new state. The greatest strain in this came during the Riel Rebellions of 1869 and 1885. After Macdonalds death, the coalition faltered and the Liberal Party rose to dominate Quebec, the death of Macdonald left a large power vacuum in the Conservative Party, leading to the short tenure of John Abbott, who was the Protestant compromise choice
10.
Liberal Party of Canada
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The Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum, the Liberal Party is traditionally positioned to the left of the Conservative Party of Canada and to the right of the New Democratic Party. During the beginning of the 21st century, the party lost a significant amount of support, in the present times, the Liberal party has favoured a variety of big tent policies from both right and left of the political spectrum. It also legalized same-sex marriage and allowed the use of cannabis for medical purposes, during the 2015 election, the Liberal partys proposed policies included, Cut the middle class tax bracket from 22% to 20.88 per $100 to $1. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, and served as Prime Minister for an additional four years. However the party was able to build a solid support base in Ontario. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition, in their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism and opposition to imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party, Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Partys support for reciprocity made it popular among farmers, Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Lauriers government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, there was no national membership of the party, an individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. The new organization allowed individuals to join the national Liberal Party for the first time. No national convention was held, however, until 1948, the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893,1919 and 1948). Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party, by the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty, after the King–Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931
11.
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
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The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a federal political party in Canada with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues. The party changed its name to the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in December 1942, in 2003, the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada. One member of the Senate of Canada, Elaine McCoy, sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016, the conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name. Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party, which has attracted only marginal support, Canadas first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, belonged to the Liberal-Conservative Party. But in advance of confederation in 1867, the Conservative Party took in a number of defectors from the Liberals who supported the establishment of a Canadian Confederation. Thereafter, the Conservative Party became the Liberal-Conservative Party until the turn of the twentieth century, the federal Tories governed Canada for over forty of the countrys first 70 years of existence. However, the party spent the majority of its history in opposition as the nations number-two federal party, behind the Liberal Party of Canada. From 1896 to 1993 the Tories formed a government only five times—from 1911 to 1921, from 1930 to 1935, from 1957 to 1963, from 1979 to 1980 and from 1984 to 1993. It stands as the only Canadian party to have won more than 200 seats in a feat it accomplished twice. The last meeting of the Progressive Conservative federal caucus was held in early 2004, the Conservative Party of Canada took power in 2006 and was governed under the leadership of Stephen Harper until 2015, being defeated by the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau. Between the partys founding in 1867, and its adoption of the Progressive Conservative name in 1942 and it was most commonly known as the Conservative Party. Several loosely associated provincial Progressive Conservative parties continue to exist in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador. As well, a rump of Senators opposed the merger. The Yukon association of the party renamed itself as the Yukon Party in 1990, the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party changed its name to the British Columbia Conservative Party in 1991. Many Canadians simply continued to refer to the party as the Conservatives, a major weakness of the party since 1885 was its inability to win support in Quebec, estranged significantly by that years execution of Louis Riel. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 exacerbated the issue, the party never fully recovered from the fragmentation of Mulroneys broad coalition in the late 1980s resulting from Anglophone Canadas failure to ratify the Meech Lake Accord. Immediately prior to its merger with the Canadian Alliance, it held only 15 of 301 seats in the Canadian House of Commons, the party did not hold more than 20 seats in Parliament between 1993 and 2003. The Progressive Conservative Party was generally on the centre-right on the political spectrum, from 1867 on, the party was identified with Protestant and, in Quebec, Roman Catholic social values, British imperialism, Canadian nationalism, and constitutional centralism
12.
Free trade
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Free trade is one of the most debated topics in economics of the 19th, 20th, and 21st century. Arguments over free trade can be divided into economic, moral, the World Trade Organization was created to open up markets and promote international trade based on the Free Trade paradigm. The WTO creates and monitors agreements to reduce trade barriers, and arbitrates in disputes over foreign market access and its definition of Free Trade is trade on a level playing field, so that the unlimited exchange of goods between countries is not necessarily Free. Therefore, any import restriction makes the domestic society as a whole worse off than it would be with unlimited imports, the artificial handicap of a foreign subsidy seems much less just to local production than advantages deriving from geography, natural resources, or native skill. Electorates often prefer fairplay to Utilitarian considerations, if trade barriers are already low, the threat of a trade war of tit-for-tat tariff increases may reduce the temptation for either partner in bilateral trade to raise import barriers. It would tend to decrease the power and revenue flowing to government bureaucrats. In the history of trade, two types of arguments have been advanced in favor of allowing purchases from abroad, and free trade in the broader sense. One set of arguments for free trade could be classified as moral arguments listed below, another set of arguments is essentially economic, that free trade will make society more prosperous. These are mostly technical arguments from the discipline of economics, starting especially with Smiths The Wealth of Nations, the 18th and 19th century intellectuals who backed free trade rarely did so under the rubric of increasing material wealth. In many cases this was given as the least important reason for free trade, rather, they argued that international society would be improved by increased commerce. Some of these, and later, sociopolitical arguments are listed here, adam Smith thought that protectionism against free trade was a scam on the public on behalf of producers, carried out in the name of nationalism. Even if overall economic interests had not been harmed by tariffs, classical economic analysis shows that free trade increases the global level of output because free trade permits specialization among countries. Specialization allows nations to devote their resources to the production of the particular goods. The benefits of specialization, coupled with economies of scale, increase the production possibility frontier. An increase in the production possibility frontier indicates that the absolute quantity of goods. Not only are the quantity of goods and services higher. Free trade policies are often associated with general laissez-faire economic politics and parties, voluntary exchange, by virtue of its voluntary nature, is assumed to be beneficial to the parties involved—why else would they engage in the exchange. Thus, the restriction of voluntary exchange restricts commerce and ultimately the accumulation of wealth in the absence of real-world externalities such as infant industry protection, here is the production possibilities frontier for a fictional country, Country A
13.
Reform Party of Canada
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The Reform Party of Canada was a right-wing populist federal political party in Canada that existed from 1987 to 2000. Reform was founded as a Western Canada-based protest movement and eventually became a populist conservative party and it was initially motivated by the perceived need for democratic reforms and by profound Western Canadian discontent with the Progressive Conservative federal government of Brian Mulroney. Led by its founder Preston Manning, Reform rapidly gained momentum in western Canada, in opposition, the party advocated for spending restraint and democratic reform. In the leadup to the 1997 election, the party attempted to make a national breakthrough, however, a Liberal victory and disappointment with the lack of Eastern seats led many members to question the future direction of a party. The party was succeeded by the Canadian Alliance in 2000. With the collapse of the 1984-1993 PC electoral coalition composed of westerners, rural Ontarians and Quebec nationalists and it first entered Parliament in 1989 when Deborah Grey won a by-election in an Edmonton-area riding. The party achieved major breakthrough in the 1993 federal election, when it went from holding 1 seat to 52 and its platform and policies emphasized the rights and responsibilities of the individual, Senate and other democratic reforms, and smaller more fiscally responsible government. However, the party came under persistent partisan attack of being extremist and intolerant due to a number of statements by Reform MPs which were considered to be racist, homophobic, and sexist. In the 1997 election, the Reform Party made only minor gains, the party still failed to present a true challenge to the Liberal government, since its agenda was seen as too extreme for the liking of central and eastern Canada. Reform actually won a seat in Ontario in 1993, but lost it in 1997, demand for unity by the right encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the United Alternative, to create a small-c conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed conservative vote splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, Mannings efforts created a strong debate in the Reform party, and he would even write a letter to the effect that he didnt want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead the new party. Manning won a review with over 75% support quelling his opposition. The new partys platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms, however, it was largely seen as merely a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former Reform members dominated the new party, and the Reform caucus in the Commons essentially became the Alliance caucus, former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called the party Reform in pantyhose, and some opponents referred to the party as the Reform Alliance to enforce this perception. However, the CCRAP nickname was used by its opponents. Grey, the deputy leader of Reform, was chosen as the new interim leader. The federal Progressive Conservatives under Joe Clark refused to participate in these talks, subsequently, at the new partys first leadership convention, Manning was defeated in favour of the younger, more charismatic Stockwell Day, longtime treasurer of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, Gerry St. Germain, joined the new party in October 2000, in the fall of 2000, the Liberals called a snap election that caught the Alliance off-guard
14.
Conservative Party of Canada
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The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum, the partys leader from 2004 to 2015 was Stephen Harper, who served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015. The Conservative Party is the successor to multiple right-wing parties which have existed in Canada for over a century, until 1942, one of the partys predecessors was known as the Conservative Party of Canada, and participated in numerous governments. Before 1942, the predecessors to the Conservatives had multiple names, but by 1942, in 1957, John Diefenbaker became the first Prime Minister from the Progressive Conservative Party, and remained in office until 1963. Another Progressive Conservative government was elected after the results of the 1979 federal election, Clark served from 1979 to 1980, when he was defeated by the Liberal Party after the 1980 federal election. In 1984, the Progressive Conservatives won with Brian Mulroney becoming Prime Minister, Mulroney was Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993, and his government was marked by free trade agreements and economic liberalization. A similar result occurred in 1997, and in 2000, when the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, in 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives merged, forming the Conservative Party of Canada. The party is currently being led by interim leader Rona Ambrose as it is undergoing a leadership election, which will take place in 2017. John Lynch-Staunton served as leader of the newly created Conservative Party of Canada from 8 December 2003 until 20 March 2004. On 19 January 2016, the party announced that a permanent leader will be elected on 27 May 2017, the National Council is the partys national governing body that is elected by the Conservative Party membership at its bi-annual meetings. A National Councillor is elected for a term and cannot serve for more than three consecutive terms. The party president is elected by National Council following their election, since 2016, the President of the Conservative Party has been Scott Lamb, a councillor representing British Columbia. The party President is the conduit between the Party Leader and the National Council, don Plett interim until 2005 John Walsh Scott Lamb The Executive Director answers to the party President, and is responsible for the day-to-day management and operations of the party. From February 2009 to October 2013, the Executive Director was Dan Hilton, from October to December 2013, the Acting Executive Director was Dave Forestell. Dimitri Soudas was named the new Executive Director in December 2013, on 30 March 2014, Soudas was told to resign or be fired from the position after allegedly interfering with the nomination contest taking place in his fiancees riding. On 30 March 2014, Simon Thompson was named as interim Executive Director, Thompson was previously the partys Chief Information Officer. In July 2014, Dustin Van Vugt was brought in as the Deputy Executive Director – a position created specifically for him, in October 2014, Van Vugts position was unanimously ratified by the partys National Council, and Thompson became the Chief Operations Officer. The Director of Political Operations reports to the Executive Director, and is one of the most important positions within the party
15.
Canadian federal election, 2006
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The 2006 Canadian federal election was held on January 23,2006, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 39th Parliament of Canada. The Conservative Party of Canada won the greatest number of seats,40. 3% of seats, or 124 out of 308, up from 99 seats in 2004, and 36. 3% of votes, up from 29. 6% in the 2004 election. The election resulted in a minority government led by the Conservative Party with Stephen Harper becoming the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, by proportion of seats, this was Canadas smallest minority government since Confederation. Despite this it was the minority government overall. An investigation by Elections Canada into improper election spending by the Conservative Party became widely known as the In, charges were eventually dropped in a plea deal. The following morning Martin met with Governor General Michaëlle Jean, who then dissolved parliament, summoned the next parliament, the last set January 23,2006, as election day and February 13 as the date for return of the writs. The campaign was almost eight weeks in length, the longest in two decades, in order to time for the Christmas and New Year holidays. Recent political events, most notably testimony to the Gomery Commission investigating the sponsorship scandal, the first Gomery report, released November 1,2005, had found a culture of entitlement to exist within the Government. Although the next election was not legally required until 2009, the opposition had enough votes to force the dissolution of Parliament earlier, the election was held on January 23,2006. The first polls closed at 7,00 p. m. ET, Harper was reelected in Calgary Southwest, which he has held since 2002, ensuring that he had a seat in the new parliament. Shortly after midnight that night, incumbent Prime Minister Paul Martin conceded defeat and he continued to sit as a Member of Parliament representing LaSalle—Émard, the Montreal-area riding he had held since 1988, until his retirement in 2008. At 9,30 a. m. on January 24, Martin informed Governor General Michaëlle Jean that he would not form a government and intended to resign as Prime Minister. It was announced a month later there would be a Liberal leadership convention later in the year. Later that day, at 6,45 p. m, Jean invited Harper to form a government. Martin formally resigned and Harper was formally appointed and sworn in as Prime Minister on February 6, the elections resulted in a Conservative minority government with 124 seats in parliament with a Liberal opposition and a strengthened NDP. In his speech following the loss, Martin stated he would not lead the Liberal Party of Canada in another election, preliminary results indicated that 64. 9% of registered voters cast a ballot, a notable increase over 2004s 60. 9%. The NDP won new seats in British Columbia and Ontario as their popular vote increased 2% from 2004. The Bloc managed to win almost as many seats as in 2004 despite losing a significant percentage of the vote
16.
Prime Minister of Canada
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Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada
17.
Peace Tower
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The Peace Tower, also known as the Tower of Victory and Peace, is a focal bell and clock tower sitting on the central axis of the Centre Block of the Canadian parliament buildings in Ottawa, Ontario. The present incarnation replaced the 55-metre Victoria Tower after the latter burned down in 1916, along with most of the Centre Block and it serves as a Canadian icon and had been featured prominently on the Canadian twenty-dollar bill directly adjacent the queens visage, until the change to polymer. Designed by Jean Omer Marchand and John A. Pearson, the tower is a campanile whose height reaches 92, the walls are of Nepean sandstone and the roof is of reinforced concrete covered with copper. Near the apex, just below the pitched roof, are the towers 4.8 m diameter clock faces. The mechanical workings of the timepiece were manufactured by the Verdin Company and are set by the National Research Council Time Signal, one level below, running around the circumference of the towers shaft, is an observation deck. This was the highest accessible space in Ottawa until the early 1970s and that limit, however, was later rescinded, leading the Peace Tower to lose its distinction as the citys tallest structure. The towers flagpole holds symbolic significance, acting as the flagpole of the nation, in 1981, a new inclined elevator was installed. It travels on a 10° angle for the first 98 feet, shifting its position horizontally 12 feet 2.25 inches, the elevator car stays level at all times during its movement because it has a gimbal-mounted double frame. Before the installation of the new elevator, the observatory had been reached by taking first one elevator and it thus houses the Memorial Chamber, a vaulted 7.3 m by 7. Stone that architect John Pearson personally collected from the main European battlefields where Canadians were killed is included in the floors, Pearson described the room, also called the Memorial Chapel, as a sacred grove in the middle of the forest. The inscription around this arch is an excerpt from John Ceredigion Jones poem The Returning Man, the walls of the Memorial Chamber are divided into 17 niches designed by Ira Lake and A. Fortescue Duguid. The marble panels themselves originally described the campaigns and battles in the theatres of war between 1914 and 1918. After John Pearson canvassed British artists in stained glass for designs for the Memorial Chambers windows, hollister of Toronto for the task, Hollisters proposal was presented in 1925 to the Department of Public Works for the Governor-in-Councils approval. Each of the three 7 m by 3 and this section also displays the words THOU HAST GIRDED ME WITH STRENGTH UNTO THE BATTLE, from Psalm 18,39. The fourth bay displays a group of men and horses congregating from farms, offices, the fourth quadrant shows Joan of Arc bearing a shield and standing before the royal coat of arms of France. The Dawn of Peace Similar to the windows, this one shows four figures across the top portion. The first of these is the figure of the Victory of Peace, holding both a palm branch and the sword of judgement, while a dove flies overhead. The second person shown is that of Prosperity, who holds a wheat sheaf and a sicle, the fourth figure is Plenty, symbolising the replenishment of both material and spirit through noble pursuit
18.
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year, law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precincts buildings, Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base, a large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance. On 7 May, the Department of Public Works issued a call for proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the second category, $300,000 was allocated for the main building, and $120,000 for each of the departmental buildings. Ground was broken on 20 December 1859, and the first stones laid on 16 April of the following year, the construction of Parliament Hill became the largest project undertaken in North America to that date. By early 1861, Public Works reported that $1,424,882, two years later, the unfinished site hosted a celebration of Queen Victorias birthday, further cementing the areas position as the central place for national outpouring. The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies entered Confederation in 1867, with Ottawa remaining the capital of the new country, thus, the offices of parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill even at that early date. The British military gave a nine-pound naval cannon to the British army garrison stationed in Ottawa in 1854 and it was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and fired on Parliament Hill for many years as the Noonday Gun. By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill were finished, along with the surrounding fence, fire destroyed the Centre Block on 3 February 1916. Eleven years later, the new tower was completed and dedicated as the Peace Tower, the Queen was back on Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year. In April 1989, a Greyhound Lines bus with 11 passengers on board travelling to New York City from Montreal was hijacked by an armed man, a standoff with police ensued and lasted eight hours, though three shots were fired, there were no injuries. The following year, Queen Elizabeth IIs Golden Jubilee was marked on 13 October, on 22 October 2014, several shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. A gunman, after shooting a Canadian Army soldier mounting the ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial. There, he was killed in a shootout with RCMP officers, the gunman also injured one House of Commons constable, who was shot in the foot
19.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Calgary Herald
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The Calgary Herald is a daily newspaper published in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was first published in 1883 as The Calgary Herald, Mining and Ranche Advocate and it is owned by the Postmedia Network. It started as a paper with 150 copies of only four pages created on a handpress that arrived 11 days earlier on the first train to Calgary. When Hugh St. Quentin Cayley became editor 26 November 1884 the Herald moved out of the tent, Cayley quickly became partner and editor. At that time, Braden and Armour found that westerners wanted more updated information about the growing Riel Rebellion in the Northwest Territories, one year later, the Calgary Herald went daily. To meet demand, a new press was purchased that could print up to 400 papers an hour, the paper was still experiencing growing pains and financial uncertainty in 1894, when J. J. Young took over the paper, saving it from near bankruptcy. During those early years, the newspaper was not so much published as improvised, eventually the publishers name was changed to Herald Publishing Company Limited and began publishing the Calgary Daily Herald, a daily version of the newspaper, on 2 July 1885. From February 1890 to August 1893 and December 1894 to September 1895, publication of the daily paper was suspended between 21 September 1893 and 13 December 1894. It was not until fall 1983 that it was published seven days a week, the Calgary Daily Heralds name was changed to the Calgary Herald in February 1939, and continued to be published as an afternoon paper until April 1985. Since then it has delivered in the mornings. In January 1908, the Southam Company purchased a majority interest in the Calgary Herald, in 1996 the paper was sold to the Hollinger Corporation under Conrad Black. In November 2000, the Herald became part of Southam Newspapers, in July 2000, CanWest Global made Canadian media history with its $3. By 2003, Southam was fully absorbed into CanWest Global Communications, by 2003, Izzy Asper had built CanWest Global into a profitable media powerhouse with annual revenues in excess of $2 billion and net earnings of $90 million. Canwest entered bankruptcy protection in late 2009. and announced Tuesday 13 July 2010 that its newspaper subsidiary has successfully emerged from creditor protection with new owners Postmedia, Postmedia purchased the Calgary Herald from Canwest in 2010. Postmedia backed by a New York hedge fund holds some of Canadas largest daily newspapers including the Post, Vancouver Sun, Calgary Herald and Ottawa Citizen. By October 2011 Postmedia had cut about 500 full-time jobs across the newspapers it owns to deal with the debt it inherited with the 2010 purchase. CEP union spokesman Peter Murdoch said, This is hardly of net benefit to Canadians, by 2011 the Calgary Herald newsroom was remodelled to enable teams to work on Herald’s websites, social media platforms such as Twitter as advertising revenue migrated from printed to digital media. The Calgary Herald— like Postmedias 45 other metropolitan and community— was struggling financially, Postmedias print circulation and advertising sales which accounted for 90 percent of its revenue declined, their debt load was heavy and they were forced to aggressively cut costs
22.
Calgary Sun
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The Calgary Sun is a daily newspaper published in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. First published in 1980, the tabloid-format daily replaced the long-running tabloid-size newspaper, the newspaper, like most of those in the Canadian Sun chain, are known for short, snappy news stories aimed primarily at working class readers. The Suns layout is based somewhat upon that of British tabloids, a signature feature of the Calgary Sun—as it is with the other Sun-branded newspapers in the chain—is a daily glamour photograph of a female model entitled the Sunshine Girl. The feature utilizes locally photographed models as well as photographs shot for the national chain, originally situated on Page 3, in the 1990s the feature was relocated to the Sports section. A Sunshine Boy feature appeared sporadically in the 1980s and 1990s, for many years, the Calgary Sun also published a popular local weekly, The Calgary Mirror, which covered community news, the Sun organization purchased the newspaper in the early 1990s. This publication, which originated in the 1950s and was known at one time as North Hill News, was discontinued in 2001. It was succeeded by FYI Calgary In-Print, a weekly newspaper intended to be a print equivalent of the Suns much-publicized FYI Calgary news website. com. On October 2,2006, the Sun underwent a redesign, introducing a new logo. In February 2007, Sun Media launched a Calgary edition of its free daily 24 Hours, Sun Media ceased publishing the Calgary edition of 24 Hours on Tuesday, July 16. The Calgary Sun is the daily newspaper serving the Calgary area. The Calgary Herald was produced on a basis up until 2012 when it ceased printing a Sunday edition. Distribution is done by subscription, direct sale, or by newspaper box, the latter was the target of public debate by City Council in early 2008 when at least one alderman claimed that newspaper boxes were responsible for increased states of litter on public transit. Ottawa Sun Toronto Sun Edmonton Sun Winnipeg Sun List of newspapers in Canada Calgary Sun
23.
Edmonton Journal
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The Edmonton Journal is a daily newspaper in Edmonton, Alberta. It is part of the Postmedia Network, the Journal was founded in 1903 by three local businessmen — John Macpherson, Arthur Moore and J. W. Cunningham — as a rival to Albertas first newspaper, the 23-year-old Edmonton Bulletin. Within a week, the Journal took over another newspaper, The Edmonton Post, in 1912, the Journal was sold to the Southam family. It remained under Southam ownership until 1996, when it was acquired by Hollinger International, the Journal was subsequently sold to Canwest in 2000, and finally came under its current ownership, Postmedia Network Inc. in 2010. In 1905, The Journal began operating from a building on the corner of a lot on 102nd Avenue and its present location at 101st Street and 100th Avenue was established in 1921, and Albertas first radio station, CJCA, began broadcasting from the building a year later. After the Bulletin folded in 1951, the Journal was left as Edmontons oldest, the monopoly continued until The Edmonton Sun began publishing in 1978. Today, the Journal publishes six days a week, with sections including News, Sports, Opinion, A&E, Life. It also supports community events such as the Canspell National Spelling Bee, according to the Canadian Newspaper Association, the Journal boasts a weekly circulation of 583,328 as of 2013. The Journal has also begun operating under a new commitment to digital media in addition to traditional print, list of newspapers in Canada Official website Historical Columnists Blogs Subscription Information
24.
Edmonton Sun
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The Edmonton Sun is a daily newspaper and news website published in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is owned by Postmedia following its 2015 acquisition of Sun Media from Quebecor, once each year, the Edmonton Sun prints a special swimsuit edition. Around Christmas time, they print a holiday lingerie edition, ottawa Sun Calgary Sun Toronto Sun Winnipeg Sun List of newspapers in Canada Official website
25.
Kingston Whig-Standard
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The Kingston Whig-Standard is a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. It is published daily, except on Sunday and it publishes a mix of community, national and international news and is currently owned by Postmedia. The Saturday edition of The Whig features a life and entertainment section, which includes a section, restaurant reviews. The British Whig was founded in 1834 by Edward John Barker and it merged in 1926 with the Kingston Daily Standard to become the Kingston Whig-Standard. The word Kingston was dropped from the name in 1973, but was reinstated in the early 1990s, the present publication is Canadas oldest continuously published daily newspaper. William Rupert Davies Jack Chiang List of newspapers in Canada The Kingston Whig-Standard
26.
Leader-Post
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The Leader-Post is the daily newspaper of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, and now a member of the Postmedia Network. A group of prominent citizens approached lawyer Nicholas Flood Davin soon after his arrival in Regina, Davin accepted their offer – and their $5000 in seed money. The Regina Leader printed its first edition on March 1,1883, published weekly by the mercurial Davin, it almost immediately achieved national prominence during the North-West Rebellion and the subsequent trial of Louis Riel. Davin had immediate access to the story, and his scoops were picked up by the national press. Davins greatest coup was sending his reporter Mary McFadyen Maclean to conduct an interview with Riel. Maclean obtained this by masquerading as a francophone Catholic cleric and interviewing Riel in French under the nose of uncomprehending anglophone watch-house guards and it then moved to a multi-story building across Hamilton Street to the south of the Simpsons department store. It ultimately relocated in the 1960s to east-city outskirts on Park Street at Victoria Avenue, other titles absorbed by the Leader-Post included the Regina Daily Star and The Province. In 1995, the Leader-Post released a version of the newspaper so that subscribers could view their newspapers on the Internet. Electronic and daily print subscribers also enjoy access to content not available to all readers. A company then headed by then-Canadian media baron Conrad Black, within three months, the staffs at each newspaper had been cut by one-quarter, these cuts becoming a cause célèbre in Canadian journalism. The event with substantial elimination of staff and coverage of local news corresponded with one at the Regina television station CKCK-DT, once locally owned, an immediate effect was a significant reduction in coverage of local and provincial news, and a greater coverage of national events. List of newspapers in Canada Regina Public Library, Leader-Post City of Regina Archives historical notes on the Leader-Post
27.
The London Free Press
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The London Free Press is a daily newspaper based in London, Ontario, Canada. It has the largest circulation of any newspaper in Southwestern Ontario, the London Free Press began as the Canadian Free Press, founded by William Sutherland. It first began printing as a newspaper on January 2,1849. In 1852, it was purchased for $500 by Josiah Blackburn, in 1855 Blackburn turned the weekly newspaper into a daily. From 1863 to 1936 The London Free Press competed for readership with the London Advertiser, the Free Press has usually been a morning paper, but for many years, it also published an evening paper. Both morning and evening editions were published from the 1950s through to 1981, the Blackburn family was also involved in other forms of media in London. They established CFPL in 1933, CFPL-FM in 1948 and CFPL-TV in 1953, the radio stations are now owned by Corus Entertainment, and the television station is owned by Bell Media as a CTV Two station. The sudden death of publisher Martha Blackburn in the summer of 1992 due to an attack after water skiing on Lake Huron. In 1997 the Blackburn family sold the newspaper to Sun Media Corporation, with new, later the same year, Sun Media was acquired by Quebecor Inc. However, in September 2007, the move was suspended to allow the Free Press to present a case for the printing department. Thomas Times-Journal, the Stratford Beacon Herald, the Woodstock Sentinel-Review, in 2015, Sun Media was acquired by Postmedia. On May 31,2016 Sun Media announced that they will outsource the printing of The Free Press to Metroland Media Group’s printing facility in Hamilton, victoria Grace Blackburn Morley Safer List of newspapers in Canada The London Free Press
28.
Montreal Gazette
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Founded in 1778 by Fleury Mesplet, The Gazette is Quebecs oldest daily newspaper and Canadas oldest daily newspaper still in publication. The oldest newspaper overall is the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, which was established in 1764 and is published weekly, Fleury Mesplet founded a French-language weekly newspaper called La Gazette du commerce et littéraire, pour la ville et district de Montréal on June 3,1778. It was the first entirely French-language newspaper in Canada, the paper did not accept advertising aside for the various books Mesplet also published. The articles were meant to promote discussion, and focused on literature and philosophy, as well as various articles, poems. The newspaper was shut down in 1779 when Mesplet and the editor, Valentin Jautard were arrested for sedition and imprisoned for three years. Mesplet began a weekly, The Montreal Gazette / La Gazette de Montréal, on August 25,1785. Its offices were located in the house of Joseph Lemoyne de Longueuil on rue de la Capitale, French columns were in the left-hand column and English columns in the right-hand column. The columns were written in French and translated to English by Valentin Jautard. The columns were mostly on education, religion and literature, foreign and local news made up the rest of the paper. The paper took a Voltairian and anti-clerical stance, wanted Quebec to have its own legislative assembly, the newspaper also introduced advertising and announcements, taking up half of four pages. It is the ancestor of the current newspaper. The newspaper did well, and Mesplets operation moved to Notre-Dame Street in 1787, Mesplet continued to operate the newspaper until his death in 1794. Following Mesplets death, his widow published the newspaper for several issues, two rivals, Louis Roy and Edward Edwards fought over the right to publish the newspaper over the course of two years. Edwards eventually won the press and newspaper, and continued operations until his assets were seized in 1808. The newspaper was then the property of James Brown for fourteen years, in 1822, it was sold to businessman Thomas Andrew Turner who converted into an English-only paper in 1822. Under Turner, The Gazette identified with the interests of business leaders in their fight with the Patriote movement. This was among the events leading to the burning of the Parliament Buildings. In 1968, The Gazette was acquired by the Southam newspaper chain, for many years, The Gazette was caught in a three-way fight for the English newspaper audience in Montreal with the tabloid Montreal Herald and the broadsheet Montreal Star
29.
Ottawa Sun
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The Ottawa Sun is a daily tabloid newspaper in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is published by Sun Media and it was first published in the early 1980s as the Ottawa Sunday Herald, until it was acquired by Toronto Sun Publishing Corporation in 1988. In April 2015, Sun Media papers were acquired by Postmedia, the first Sunday edition of the newly named Ottawa Sun was published on September 4,1988 and the first daily edition appeared on November 7,1988. As with its sister papers, it has a Sunshine Girl feature and its editorials are conservative-leaning, and it makes use of editorialized headlines. It is popular especially among commuters because its daily version is 50 cents and it is also distributed in outlying areas for one dollar, both on weekdays and weekends. Past editors include Peter Worthington and Mark Bonokoski, the current editor-in-chief is former Ottawa Citizen city editor Keith Bonnell. List of newspapers in Canada Ottawa Sun Ottawa Sun
30.
The Province
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The Province is a daily newspaper published in British Columbia by Postmedia. It has been a newspaper since 1898. As of December 2001, its average circulation is 167,746 copies a day. Formerly a broadsheet, The Province later became tabloid paper-size, in 1923, the Southam family bought The Province. By 1945 the papers printers went out on strike, the Province had been the best selling newspaper in Vancouver, ahead of The Vancouver Sun and News Herald. As a result of the strike, it lost significant market share. In 1957, The Province and The Vancouver Sun were sold to Pacific Press Limited which was owned by both newspaper companies. At 2 p. m. on March 23,1922, there were news bulletins throughout the day, followed by music. The stations name changed to CKCD in 1923 and it moved to 730 kHz in 1925, in 1933 the paper turned its operations over to the Pacific Broadcasting Co. while continuing to supply news reports to the station. List of newspapers in Canada Official website
