1.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
2.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Bytown
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Bytown is the former name of Ottawa, Ontario, Canadas capital city. It was founded on September 26,1826, incorporated as a town on January 1,1850, the founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Governor General Dalhousie which authorized Lieutenant Colonel John By to divide up the town into lots. Bytown came about as a result of the construction of the Rideau Canal, Bytowns first mayor was John Scott, elected in 1847. Bytown was located where the Rideau Canal meets the Ottawa River, Upper Town, situated to the west of the canal, was situated in the area of the current downtown and Parliament Hill. Lower Town was on the east side of the canal where todays Byward Market, the two areas of town were connected over the Rideau Canal by the Sappers Bridge, constructed in 1827. The town took its name from John By who, as a Colonel in the British Royal Engineers, was instrumental in the construction of the canal. The name Bytown came about, somewhat as a reference during a small dinner party of some officers. The number of houses now built is about 150, most of which are constructed of wood, frequently in a style of neatness, Colonel By laid out the streets of Bytown, a pattern that mostly exists today. Wellington Street, Rideau Street, Sussex and Sparks Street were some of the earliest streets in use, Sappers Bridge actually connected Sparks Street to Rideau Street at that time. Nicholas Sparks owned Bytowns land west of the canal, except for the north of Wellington. The area east of Bank Street to the canal was acquired by the military, Bytown had seen some trouble in the early days, first with the Shiners War in 1835 to 1845, and the Stony Monday Riot in 1849. Some early buildings still stand had been erected in Bytown. In 1826, Thomas McKay was contracted to build the commesariat building, McKay also built Rideau Hall, and parts of the Union Bridge connecting LeBreton Flats to Hull. Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica was also early on in the developing town. The University of Ottawa had its 1846 origins as a college, though administration of Bytown had been conducted by civil authorities since 1828, the town did not become incorporated until much later. Various attempts at incorporation had been initiated since 1845, the Ordnance Department had held lands in the towns core, lands which had been the property of Nicholas Sparks. These lands were considered by many to be blocking economic progress as well as being held for speculative reasons only, when Ordnance eventually returned the lands to Sparks through the Vesting Act, the major obstacle to incorporation was removed. An act of the Legislative Assembly further facilitated the incorporation of municipalities, Richmond Landing was a small settlement started in 1809 with Jehiel Collins store, which preceded Bytown in present day Ottawa
6.
Vanier, Ontario
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Vanier is an historically francophone neighbourhood in the Rideau-Vanier Ward in Ottawa, Canadas east end. The neighbourhood was a city until being amalgamated into Ottawa in 2001. It no longer has a majority francophone population, in fact, in 2012 its francophone population has shrunk to less than 40% from 63% in the early 1980s. To the east of Vanier are the suburbs of Gloucester, Vanier has a relatively small area with a high population density. Montreal Road is the thoroughfare of the community. In 1908, the communities of Janeville, Clarkstown and Clandeboy were joined to form the village of Eastview, in 1913, Eastview was incorporated as a town. Originally it was a destination for civil servants who wished to live at a distance from downtown. It later saw an influx of French Canadians and became the main francophone area in the capital. Significant controversy erupted when Dorothea Palmer was believed to have been distributing birth control information to the poorer, later, in 1963 it became a city, and in 1969 was renamed after the recently deceased Governor General of Canada, Georges Vanier. The City of Eastview erected a memorial at the intersection of Marier Avenue, Dagmar Avenue and it is dedicated to citizens from Eastview who gave their lives in Canadian military conflicts. Starting with a closer to the Rideau River, Vanier is increasingly considered a target for gentrification. It is one of the last relatively inexpensive Ottawa neighbourhoods with a location next to downtown. Vanier offers a choice of retail shops, strip malls, eateries. Both subsidized and self-financed housing is available here, with existing and proposed upscale condominiums. The population on the edge of Vanier closer to the Rideau River. Like nearby Lowertown, Ottawas Vanier neighbourhood is home to a number of French-speaking immigrants from Africa and it is also the site of the urban Maple Sugar Festival held in spring, and home to an outdoor Catholic shrine, the Grotte de Lourdes. Vanier is part of the riding of Ottawa—Vanier, and the Ottawa—Vanier provincial riding. It is traditionally one of the staunchly Liberal ridings in Canada and it is currently without representation federally and provincially, as its long standing MP Mauril Belanger died due to ALS
7.
Ontario Provincial Police
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The Ontario Provincial Police is the Provincial Police service for the province of Ontario, Canada. The OPP is responsible for providing policing services over one million square kilometres of land and 174,000 km2 of water to a population of 2.3 million people. As of 2010, the O. P. P. has over 6,200 uniformed,850 auxiliary and 2,700 civilian personnel. The vehicle fleet consists of 2,290 vehicles,114 marine vessels,286 snow and all-terrain vehicles, rank Structure within the OPP is paramilitary or quasi-military in nature, with several non-commissioned ranks leading to the officer ranks. The OPP is the largest deployed police force in Ontario, the service is responsible for providing policing services throughout the province in areas lacking local police forces. The OPP also works with other agencies, including the Ministry of Transportation and Ministry of Natural Resources to enforce highway safety and conservation regulations. Finally, OPP officers provide security at the Ontario Legislature at Queens Park in Toronto, the OPP is one of three provincial police forces in Canada. The others are the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary in Newfoundland and Labrador, at the First Parliament of Upper Canada on September 17,1792, at Niagara-on-the-Lake, provision was made for the formation of a police system. Initially, policing jurisdictions were limited to districts, townships, in 1845, a Mounted Police Force was created, in order to keep the peace in areas surrounding the construction of public works. It became the Ontario Mounted Police Force after Confederation, in 1877, the Constables Act extended jurisdiction and gave designated police members authorization to act throughout the province. Murray was joined by two detectives in 1897, marking the beginnings of the Criminal Investigation Branch. However, for the most part, policing outside of Ontarios cities was non-existent, with the discovery of silver in Cobalt and gold in Timmins, lawlessness was increasingly becoming a problem in northern Ontario. It consisted of 45 men under the direction of Superintendent Joseph E. Rogers, the starting salary for constables was $400 per annum, increased to $900 in 1912. The first OPP detachment was located in Bala, Ontario, in the 1920s, restructuring was undertaken with the passing of The Provincial Police Force Act,1921. The title of the officer was changed to Commissioner and given responsibility for enforcing the provisions of The Ontario Temperance Act. Major-General Harry Macintyre Cawthra-Elliot was appointed as the first Commissioner, the OPPs first line of duty death occurred in 1923 when escaped convict Leo Rogers shot and killed Sergeant John Urquhart near North Bay. Rogers, who was killed in a shootout with O. P. P. Officers, had already mortally wounded North Bay City Constable Fred Lefebvre, the first OPP motorcycle patrol was introduced in 1928, phased out in 1942 and then reintroduced in 1949
8.
History of Ottawa
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By 1914, Ottawas population had surpassed 100,000 and today it is the capital of a G7 country whose metropolitan population exceeds one million. The origin of the name Ottawa is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, the word refers to the Indigenous Peoples who used the river to trade, hunt, fish, camp, harvest plants, ceremonies, and for other traditional uses. The first maps made of the area started to name the river after these peoples. For centuries, Algonquin people have portaged through the waterways of both the Ottawa River and the Rideau River while passing through the area. French explorer Étienne Brûlé was credited as the first European to see the Chaudière Falls in 1610, no permanent settlement occurred in the area until 1800 when Philemon Wright founded his village near the falls, on the north shore of the Ottawa River. Lt. Colonel John By was an officer of the Royal Engineers commissioned by the British Government in 1826 to superintend the construction of the Rideau Canal. The founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Dalhousie which authorized Colonel By to divide up the town into lots. The town developed into a site for the timber, and later sawed lumber trade, causing growth so that in 1854, Bytown was created a city and its present more appropriate name, Ottawa was conferred. Shortly afterward, Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the capital of Canada, also at this time, increased export sales led it to connect by rail to facilitate shipment to markets especially in the United States. In the early 1900s the lumber industry waned as both supply and demand lessened, growth continued in the 20th century, and by the 1960s, the Greber Plan transformed the capitals appearance and removed much of the old industrial infrastructure. In 2001, the city amalgamated all areas in the former region, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around 10,000 years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The Algonquin people who called the Ottawa River the Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River maintained a route along the Ottawa River for a relatively short time. The word Ottawa is in relation to the Ottawa people, the First Nation who hunted, camped, traded, and traveled in the area, and also lived far to the west along Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. When Étienne Brûlé in 1610 became the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, followed by Samuel de Champlain in 1613, written records show that by 1613 the Algonquins were in control of the Ottawa Valley and the surrounding areas to the west and north. At left is an extract from a map created in 1632 by Samuel de Champlain of the reaches of New France. It shows a portion of the Ottawa River route he took in 1616, with numbers used to indicate sites he visited, significant rapids and aboriginal encampments. Champlain wrote about both the Rideau Falls on the part of the early future town, and the Chaudière Falls in the west. Chaudière was, and still is impassable by any water traffic, so there were portage paths around it on trips from the mouth of the Ottawa River to the lands of the interior, Nicholas Gatineau also traded using the nearby Gatineau River
9.
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year, law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precincts buildings, Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base, a large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance. On 7 May, the Department of Public Works issued a call for proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the second category, $300,000 was allocated for the main building, and $120,000 for each of the departmental buildings. Ground was broken on 20 December 1859, and the first stones laid on 16 April of the following year, the construction of Parliament Hill became the largest project undertaken in North America to that date. By early 1861, Public Works reported that $1,424,882, two years later, the unfinished site hosted a celebration of Queen Victorias birthday, further cementing the areas position as the central place for national outpouring. The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies entered Confederation in 1867, with Ottawa remaining the capital of the new country, thus, the offices of parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill even at that early date. The British military gave a nine-pound naval cannon to the British army garrison stationed in Ottawa in 1854 and it was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and fired on Parliament Hill for many years as the Noonday Gun. By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill were finished, along with the surrounding fence, fire destroyed the Centre Block on 3 February 1916. Eleven years later, the new tower was completed and dedicated as the Peace Tower, the Queen was back on Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year. In April 1989, a Greyhound Lines bus with 11 passengers on board travelling to New York City from Montreal was hijacked by an armed man, a standoff with police ensued and lasted eight hours, though three shots were fired, there were no injuries. The following year, Queen Elizabeth IIs Golden Jubilee was marked on 13 October, on 22 October 2014, several shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. A gunman, after shooting a Canadian Army soldier mounting the ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial. There, he was killed in a shootout with RCMP officers, the gunman also injured one House of Commons constable, who was shot in the foot
10.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
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The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is both a federal and a national police force of Canada. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police with the Dominion Police, the former was originally named the North-West Mounted Police, and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. The RCMP-GRC wording is protected under the Trade-marks Act, larger cities may form their own municipal police departments. The two most populous provinces, Ontario and Quebec, maintain provincial forces, the Ontario Provincial Police, the other eight provinces contract policing responsibilities to the RCMP. The RCMP provides front-line policing in those provinces under the direction of the provincial governments, when Newfoundland joined the confederation in 1949, the RCMP entered the province and absorbed the then Newfoundland Ranger Force, which patrolled most of Newfoundlands rural areas. The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary patrols urban areas of the province, in the territories, the RCMP is the sole territorial police force. Many municipalities throughout Canada contract to the RCMP, thus, the RCMP polices at the federal, provincial, and municipal level. It is the police force of any sort in several areas of Canada. The RCMP is responsible for an unusually large breadth of duties, under their federal mandate, the RCMP police throughout Canada, including Ontario and Quebec. Under provincial and municipal contracts the RCMP provides front-line policing in all areas outside of Ontario, there are detachments located in small villages in the far north, remote First Nations reserves, and rural towns, but also larger cities such as Surrey, British Columbia. There, support units investigate for their own detachments, and smaller municipal police forces, investigations include major crimes, homicides, forensic identification, collision forensics, police dogs, emergency response teams, explosives disposal, and undercover operations. CSIS is not part of the RCMP, but is its own entity, Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald first began planning a permanent force to patrol the North-West Territories after the Dominion of Canada purchased the territory from the Hudsons Bay Company. Reports from Army officers surveying the territory led to the recommendation that a force of between 100 to 150 mounted riflemen could maintain law and order. The Prime Minister first announced the force as the North West Mounted Rifles, however, officials in the United States raised concerns that an armed force along the border was a prelude to a military buildup. Macdonald then renamed the force the North-West Mounted Police when formed in 1873, the force added Royal to its name in 1904. It merged with the Dominion Police, the police force for all points east of Manitoba. As part of its security and intelligence functions, the RCMP infiltrated ethnic or political groups considered to be dangerous to Canada. This included the Communist Party of Canada, but also a variety of minority cultural, the force was also deeply involved in immigration matters, and especially deportations of suspected radicals
11.
Ontario Highway 416
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The 76. 4-kilometre-long freeway acts as an important trade corridor from Interstate 81 between New York and Eastern Ontario via Highway 401, as well as the fastest link between Ottawa and Toronto. Highway 416 passes through a rural area, except near its northern terminus where it enters the suburbs of Ottawa. The freeway also serves communities along its length, notably Spencerville and Kemptville. Highway 416 had two construction phases. Highway 416 North was the 21-kilometre segment starting from an interchange at Highway 417, sections of both opened throughout the late 1990s. Highway 416 was commemorated as the Veterans Memorial Highway on the 54th anniversary of D-Day in 1998, the final link was officially opened by a World War I veteran and local officials on September 23,1999. Highway 416 begins at an interchange with Highway 401, branching to the north near the community of Johnstown in the United Counties of Leeds, proceeding north, the two carriageways of the freeway are separated by a 68-metre-wide forested median. The route is surrounded by thick forests for the next 10 kilometres, as it passes beneath Leeds and Grenville County Road 44, the original routing of Highway 16 south of Spencerville, it exits the forest and enters farm fields. The route travels to the east of the community, access to which is provided by an interchange at County Road 21, and crosses a swamp and the South Nation River. Highway 416 crosses under the Prescott Highway a second time, to the north, South of the community of Kemptville, the Prescott Highway crosses the route a third time, with an interchange connecting the two highways. The freeway curves to the northeast, bypassing Kemptville and featuring an interchange with County Road 43 and it crosses the line of the old Bytown and Prescott Railway, then curves to the northwest, providing an interchange with River Road. At the southeast corner of the River Road interchange is the Veterans Commemorative Park and it crosses the Rideau River and enters the City of Ottawa. Aside from the first couple of kilometres north of the Rideau River, the freeway encounters an interchange with Dilworth Road and thereafter with Roger Stevens Drive, the latter providing access to North Gower. Shortly thereafter is an interchange with Brophy Drive / Bankfield Road, approaching urban Ottawa, the route passes alongside a large quarry, then jogs to the west along an S-curve, crossing the Jock River in the process. After this, an interchange with Fallowfield Road provides access to the suburb of Barrhaven which occupies portions of the land immediately east of the freeway, the route jogs back to the east along a second S-curve and passes through an aesthetically designed bridge while traveling alongside the Stony Swamp. The final section of Highway 416 travels parallel to Cedarview Road, the Stony Swamp lies west of the route while farmland lies to the east. At the northern end of the swamp is an interchange with West Hunt Club Road, the freeway continues through a section of greenspace before descending gently into a trench. It passes beneath Bruin Road and the Ottawa Central Railway while traveling alongside Lynwood Village in Bells Corners, the highway is crossed by Baseline Road and Richmond Road, the former provides an onramp to southbound Highway 416
12.
Ontario Highway 417
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Kings Highway 417, commonly referred to as Highway 417 and the Queensway through Ottawa, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It connects Montreal with Ottawa, and is the backbone of the system in the National Capital Region. Within Ottawa, it part of the Queensway west to Highway 7. Highway 417 extends from the Quebec border to Arnprior, where it continues westward as Highway 17, aside from the urban section through Ottawa, Highway 417 passes through farmland that dominates much of the fertile Ottawa Valley. Within Ottawa, the Queensway was built as part of a plan for the city between 1957 and 1966, and later reconstructed to its present form throughout the 1980s. The eastern section, from Gloucester to the Quebec border, opened in 1975 in preparation for the 1976 Montreal Olympics, sections west of Ottawa have been under construction since the mid-1970s, with the latest section bypassing Arnprior opening on November 29,2012. The freeway has also gradually been extended northwest from Ottawa alongside the old highway to its current terminus in Arnprior, Highway 417 currently has 42 interchanges from the Quebec border to Arnprior, with more planned as the highway is extended westward. Unlike other highways in Ontario and most of North America, exits are numbered from east to west. While a significant portion of Highway 417 is a four lane freeway divided by a grass median. Highway 417 begins at the border between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, east of which the four lane freeway continues as Autoroute 40, the route proceeds west along the former alignment of Highway 17, which it has served to replace. It passes through a forested and agricultural landscape en route to Ottawa, serving the communities of Hawkesbury, Vankleek Hill, Casselman, Limoges, the route later meets the southern terminus of Highway 34 at Exit 27. At this point, the freeway enters The Nation and diverges from the boundary, after crossing a Via Rail line, the route dips south of Casselman and curves to the west at Exit 66. It roughly parallels the Via Rail line several kilometres north of the freeway, though significant deviations bypass the communities of Benoit and Limoges, the latter is served by Exit 79. Near Limoges is the Larose Forest, a man-made forest planted between 1928 and 1980 over the Bourget Desert, itself created as the result of cutting in the 19th century. At Exit 88, Highway 417 enters the city of Ottawa, though the surroundings remain unchanged until Exit 110, the freeway merges with the Queensway at a large multi-level interchange known locally as the Split, curving to the west and into downtown Ottawa. The interchange also provides access to Aviation Parkway from westbound Highway 417, within Ottawa, the Queensway extends from Orleans in the east and passes just south of downtown through central Ottawa to Kanata in the west. The core section of the Queensway is eight lanes wide, four per carriageway, the freeway is elevated on a berm along some central portions of the route, providing views of downtown and the Gatineau Hills to the north. This section was constructed along a former Canadian National Railway railbed, the route bisects central Ottawa with downtown and the Parliament Buildings lay to the north of the highway and residential neighbourhoods including the Glebe to the south
13.
Canadian Armed Forces
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This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence, the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, during the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s, Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as members of French and British forces. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation and these forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias—frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, the first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, the Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War. Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world and its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies, a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. After the 1980s, the use of the Canadian Armed Forces name gave way to Canadian Forces, land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve and they have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force, at the request of the Government of Afghanistan. The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20, the number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition,5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving, if this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queens Regulations and Orders, the 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called core capabilities, in addition, new systems have also been acquired for the Armed Forces
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Canadian Forces Military Police
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CFMP serve the CF community, which includes, Regular and Reserve Force members, DND civilian employees, cadets, and family members residing on military establishments in Canada and abroad. Whether at home on CF bases or abroad on missions, CFMP, in conjunction with civilian and allied military police forces, protect. The international scope of the CF requires that CFMP provide services in Canada, CFMP routinely function within the civilian criminal and military justice systems. They have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, CFMP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a police officer. CFMP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Act on all military bases in Canada contrary to the Government Property Traffic Regulations. The Canadian Military Police Branch can trace its roots to the formation of the Canadian Military Police Corps, the initial establishment was set at 30 Officers and 820 Warrant Officers and NCOs within 13 detachments, designated No.1 through No.13. Only trained soldiers were to be selected and they were required to serve a probationary period before being transferred. Applicants were required to have exemplary service records, the CMPC School was formed at CFB Rockcliffe near Ottawa in June 1918. The first commanding officer of the school was Major Baron Osborne, the basic course was of three weeks duration. Upon successful completion of the course, Privates were promoted to Lance Corporal, the CMPC was disbanded on December 1,1920. The Canadian Provost Corps was formed on June 15,1940 and it originally consisted of No.1 Company and No.2 Provost Company which was formed in early 1940 as part of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. The Royal Air Force, Canada was formed in 1918 and an Assistant Provost Marshal was appointed in Toronto on February 1 of that year, initially, there were approximately 30 Royal Air Force NCOs and airmen on his staff. This number was increased to 50, and two officers were appointed as Deputy Assistant Provost Marshals. The Royal Canadian Air Force Police had its beginnings in March 1940 when Group Captain M. M, sisley was appointed as the first Provost Marshal of the RCAF. Originally called the Guards and Discipline Branch, the name was changed a year later to the Directorate of Provost, the DPSS was subdivided into two branches, Police and Security. These branches supplied gate and perimeter security for airfields and installations, during the Second World War, RCAF Police were known as RCAF Service Police
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Department of National Defence (Canada)
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The Department of National Defence, commonly abbreviated as DND, is a Canadian government department responsible for defending Canadas interests and values at home and abroad. National Defence is the largest department of the Government of Canada in terms of budget as well as staff and it also is the department with the largest number of buildings. The Department is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, who is the Department’s senior civil servant, the Department of National Defence exists to aid the minister in carrying out his responsibilities within the Defence Portfolio, and provides a civilian support system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces is a separate and distinct organization from, and is not part of. The Department of National Defence is currently headed by Deputy Minister John Forster, the Department of National Defence was established by the National Defence Act, which merged the Department of Militia and Defence, the Department of Naval Services, and the Air Board. The National Defence Act was passed by the Parliament of Canada on June 28,1922, the Minister of National Defence, as the member of cabinet responsible to Parliament for National Defence, heads the Defence Team. The Department of National Defence is headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, under the Deputy Minister are a variety of associate deputy and assistant deputy ministers who are responsible for various aspects of the department. The Deputy Minister is appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, there are also a variety of offices and support organizations which report to both the Chief of Defence Staff and the Deputy Minister. The Department is not responsible for all of these organizations itself, the Canadian Forces are a distinct and separate entity from the Department of National Defence
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Transport Canada
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Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of transportation in Canada. It is part of the Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio, the current Minister of Transport is Marc Garneau. Transport Canada has its offices in Ottawa, Ontario, the Department of Transport was created in 1935 by the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King in recognition of the changing transportation environment in Canada at the time. He created a National Harbours Board and Trans-Canada Air Lines, the Department of Transport Act came into force November 2,1936. Transport Canada emerged from this process as a department focused on policy, in 2004, Transport Canada introduced non-passenger screening to enhance both airport and civil aviation security. Transport Canadas headquarters are located in Ottawa, at Place de Ville, each inspector with delegated power from the Minister of Transport receives official credentials to exercise their power, as shown on the right. These inspectors are public officers identified within the Criminal Code of Canada, the Motor Vehicle Safety Act was established in 1971 in order to create safety standards for cars in Canada. The department also acts as the governments funding partner with provincial transport ministries on jointly-funded provincial transportation infrastructure projects for new highways. On June 26,2013, the Fair Rail Freight Service Act became law which was a response to the Rail Freight Service Review’s Final Report, Transport Canada is responsible for the waterways inside and surrounding Canada. As was certain regulatory aspects of Emergency Response Transport Canadas role in aviation seems to be the most detailed, until 1996, Transport Canada was responsible for both regulation of aviation and the operation of air traffic services, as well as the operation of most major airports. This change was controversial because NAV CANADA began charging for services that were funded through general tax revenue. In 2005, the United States was discussing a similar delegation of the FAAs air traffic services to a government corporation. During the 1990s, Transport Canada also began privatizing the operation of large airports, in 2003, Transport Canada launched its Electronic Collection of Air Transportation Statistics program to collect passenger and cargo data in real-time from air carriers flying in Canada. ECATS will expand into the field of aviation during 2008. Transport Canada also collects data on all accidents and incidents, no matter how minor, Transport Canada continues to be responsible for licensing pilots and other aviation specialists as well as registering and inspecting aircraft. It is also responsible for the safety certification and continuous safety oversight of most forms of commercial operations, the Canadian Aviation Regulations are also under Transport Canada control. Transport Canadas Civil Aviation Directorate or is Canadas civil aviation authority and it existed since 1936 when civil aviation was transferred from the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence. de Havilland Canada Dash 7-150IR. In September 2009, the CBCs Fifth Estate produced a report Riding on Risk, the story was sparked by a lost memory stick which was found by a journalism student
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Carleton University
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Carleton University is a comprehensive university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The enabling legislation is The Carleton University Act,1952, S. O and it was founded on rented premises in 1942, and grew to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontarios first private, non-denominational college. It would expand further in the 1960s, consistent with government policy that saw increased access to education as a social good. Carleton is a university that offers more than 65 academic programs across a wide range of disciplines. It is named after the former Carleton County, Ontario, which included the city of Ottawa at the time Carleton was founded, Carleton County, in turn, was named in honour of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, an early Governor-General of British North America. As of 2016, Carleton has enrollment of more than 22,000 undergraduate, the university is represented in U Sports by the Carleton Ravens. I learned very early the lesson that it is people, not buildings. And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile, – Henry Marshall Tory Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, was founded in 1942 at the height of the Second World War by the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning. It began in a building and only offered night courses in public administration. When the war ended in 1945, the college began expanding to meet the needs of veterans coming home, the Faculty of Arts and Science was established, which included courses in journalism and first-year engineering. In 1946, the moved to First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. Its first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its programs in Journalism, for nearly a decade the college operated on a shoestring budget, with funds raised mainly through community initiatives and modest student fees. During the war, student fees were low and Carleton gave special grants to veterans returning home who wished to continue their studies. The faculty was composed largely of part-time professors who worked full-time in the Public Service, however, full-time teaching staff were still mostly young scholars at the beginning of their careers. In 1952 the Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature, changing its name to Carleton College. Carleton thus became the provinces first private, non-sectarian college, in the same year, the 62-hectare property nestled between the Rideau Canal and the Rideau River on which the current campus is located was acquired. Some of the land was donated by a prominent Ottawa businessman Harry Stevenson Southam, construction began on the new campus in 1953. In 1957 the Carleton University Act,1952 was amended, granting Carleton status as a public university, Carletons motto, Ours the Task Eternal, is taken from Walt Whitmans poem, Pioneers
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