1.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
TD Place Stadium
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TD Place Stadium is a 24, 000-seat stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Lansdowne Park, on the edge of The Glebe neighbourhood. It is the home of the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League and it was known as Frank Clair Stadium until it was renamed on January 7,2014. It has existed in form since the 1870s, and as a complete stadium since 1908. The playing field, part of the Ottawa Exposition Grounds, was first cleared in the 1870s and it was used for equestrian events, lacrosse and rugby football. The first permanent grandstand was built on the side of the playing field in 1908. It was demolished in 1967 to build a new set of stands with an ice hockey arena underneath. A small grandstand was built in the 1920s on the south-side of the field, a second deck for the south-side was added during the 1970s. As of 2008, prior to lower south-side demolition, the stadium had a 30,927 capacity for football. In the late 1990s, the stadium was threatened with demolition when then-mayor Jim Watson led a drive by the government to allow a private developer to reconfigure Lansdowne Park. The proposals submitted all called for residences to be built on the site of the football stadium. Massive public opposition and the realization that the end of the stadium would mean the end of hopes to return CFL football to the capital led the government to step in. For many years, the stadium was known as Lansdowne Park and it was renamed in 1993 to honour Frank Clair, coach and general manager for the Ottawa Rough Riders during the 1960s and 1970s. In September 2007, the south side stands were closed because of cracks in the concrete structure. After the closure of the stands, then-Ottawa mayor Larry OBrien was quoted at the time that this was an opportunity to do a review of the usage, subsequently a process was started called Design Lansdowne to get public consultations on the Park and the stadium. After an engineering study of the north-side and south-side grandstands, the stands were condemned. The lower section of the stands was demolished by controlled implosion on July 20,2008 at 8,03 am, during the summer of 2008, a consortium of investors was formed to pursue a new CFL team in Ottawa. They bid successfully and received a franchise from the CFL
5.
Canadian Football League
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The Canadian Football League is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football and its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions, the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the features a 20-week regular season. The CFL was officially founded on January 19,1958, the league was formed from a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union founded in 1907 and the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded in 1936. Rugby football began to be played in Canada in the 1860s, the CRFU was reorganized as the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891, and served as an umbrella organization for several provincial and regional unions. The Grey Cup was donated by Governor General Earl Grey in 1909 to the winning the Senior Amateur Football Championship of Canada. By that time, the sport as played in Canada had diverged markedly from its rugby origins, in 1956, the IRFU and WIFU formed a new umbrella organization, the Canadian Football Council. In 1958, the CFC left the CRU and became the Canadian Football League, as part of an agreement between the CRU and CFL, the CFL took possession of the Grey Cup, even though amateurs had not competed for it since 1954. The CRU remained the governing body for amateur play in Canada, initially, the two unions remained autonomous, and there was no intersectional play between eastern and western teams except at the Grey Cup final. This situation was analogous to how the American baseball leagues operated for years. The IRFU was renamed the Eastern Football Conference in 1960, while the WIFU was renamed the Western Football Conference in 1961, also in 1961, limited intersectional play was introduced. It was not until 1981 that the two agreed to a full merger, becoming the East and West Divisions of the CFL. With the merger came a full interlocking schedule of 16 games per season, Other team names had traditional origins. With rowing a national craze in the late 19th century, the Argonaut Rowing Club of Toronto formed a team for its members off-season participation. The football team name Toronto Argonauts still remains though it. After World War II, the two teams in Hamilton—the Tigers and the Flying Wildcats—merged both their organizations into the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, after the 1981 season, the Alouettes folded and were replaced the next year by a new franchise named the Concordes. In 1986 the Concordes were renamed the Alouettes to attract more fan support, the demise of the Alouettes forced the League to move its easternmost Western team, Winnipeg, into the East Division. In 1993, the league admitted its first United States-based franchise, after modest success, the league then expanded further in the U. S. in 1994 with the Las Vegas Posse, Baltimore Stallions, and Shreveport Pirates
6.
Canadian Football League East Division
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The Canadian Football League East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League, their counterpart being the West Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the East Division, the first organized football club in Canada was the Hamilton Foot Ball Club, a predecessor of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, in 1868. This was followed by the formation of the Montreal Foot Ball Club in 1872, the Toronto Argonaut Football Club in 1873, the first organized competitions were formed in 1883, when the Ontario Rugby Football Union and the Quebec Rugby Football Union were founded. At the time the sport was generally called rugby union or rugby football because its rules were similar to rugby unions, the following year, the two provincial unions would form the Canadian Rugby Football Union, with Montreal winning the first national championship later that year. The CRFU collapsed before the decade was out, but was re-organized as the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891, the turn of the 20th century was marked by fundamental changes in the rules of the game. The ORFU was the first competition to adopt the Burnside Rules, the QRFU and CRU initially resisted the changes, but by 1906 the Burnside Rules were in force throughout Ontario and Quebec. Although substantial changes were still to come, modern Canadian football would ultimately evolve from John Thrift Meldrum Burnsides code, the new competition was soon dubbed the Big Four. Montreal won the first championship that year, in 1909 Lord Earl Grey, the Governor General of Canada, donated a trophy to be awarded to the CRU champion. The trophy, which known as the Grey Cup, would not be won by an IRFU club until the Hamilton Tigers captured the trophy in 1913. Following the 1915 season, the competition was suspended because of the First World War, from 1925 until 1953, IRFU teams would dominate Canadian football, winning 18 of the 26 Grey Cups its clubs contested in that timespan. During this period, the calibre of play in the IRFU was recognized as being on par with any league in North America, the Big Four attracted considerable interest in the United States and even had its games televised by the National Broadcasting Company for a time during the 1950s. This interest would decline as the National Football League gained prominence. By the mid-1950s, it was clear that the IRFU was a far higher calibre competition than the ORFU, moreover, the Western Interprovincial Football Union had been gaining strength over the last two decades, and its level of play was almost on par with that of the IRFU. The WIFUs champion had faced the Big Fours champion in the Grey Cup final every season since 1945, and it would prove capable of winning the Grey Cup on a regular basis during this decade. Following the 1954 season, the ORFU finally stopped challenging for the Grey Cup, although it would be another four years before the amateurs were formally locked out of Grey Cup play, this marks the start of the modern era of Canadian football. In 1956, the IRFU and WIFU agreed to form the Canadian Football Council, in 1958, the CFC withdrew from the CRU and renamed itself the Canadian Football League. The new league assumed control of the Grey Cup, though it had been the de facto professional championship for four years before then, the IRFU changed its name to the Eastern Football Conference in 1960. In 1961, the EFC agreed to an interlocking schedule with what was known by then as the Western Football Conference
7.
Grey Cup
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The Grey Cup is the name of both the championship game of the Canadian Football League and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing Canadian football. It is contested between the winners of the CFLs East and West Divisional playoffs and is one of Canadian televisions largest annual sporting events, the Toronto Argonauts have 16 championships, more than any other team. The latest, the 104th Grey Cup, took place in Toronto, Ontario, on November 27,2016, the trophy was commissioned in 1909 by the Earl Grey, then Canadas governor general, who originally hoped to donate it for the countrys senior amateur hockey championship. After the Allan Cup was later donated for that purpose, Grey instead made his trophy available as the Canadian Dominion Football Championship of Canadian football. The trophy has a silver chalice attached to a base on which the names of all winning teams, players. The Grey Cup has been broken on several occasions, stolen twice and it survived a 1947 fire that destroyed numerous artifacts housed in the same building. The Grey Cup was first won by the University of Toronto Varsity Blues, play was suspended from 1916 to 1918 due to the First World War and in 1919 due to a rules dispute. The game has typically been contested in an east versus west format since the 1920s, the Edmonton Eskimos formed the Grey Cups longest dynasty, winning five consecutive championships from 1978 to 1982. While the Stanley Cup was created in 1893 as the Canadian amateur hockey championship, Grey instead offered an award to the Dominion amateur rugby football championship beginning in 1909. He initially failed to follow through on his offer, the trophy was not ordered until two weeks prior to the first championship game. The first Grey Cup game was held on December 4,1909, the trophy was not ready for presentation following the game, and the Varsity Blues did not receive it until March 1910. They retained the trophy in the two years, defeating the Hamilton Tigers in 1910 and the Toronto Argonauts in 1911. The University of Toronto failed to reach the 1912 Grey Cup, the Varsity Blues refused to hand over the trophy on the belief they could keep it until they were defeated in a title game. They kept the trophy until 1914 when they were defeated by the Argonauts, Canadas participation in the First World War resulted in the cancellation of the championship from 1916 to 1918, during which time the Cup was forgotten. Montreal Gazette writer Bob Dunn claimed that the trophy was later rediscovered as one of the heirlooms of an employee of the Toronto trust company where it had been sent for storage. Competition finally resumed in 1920 with the 8th Grey Cup game and it was the University of Torontos fourth, and final, championship. Competition for the Grey Cup was limited to member unions of the CRU, the Western Canada Rugby Football Union joined in 1921, allowing the Edmonton Eskimos to challenge. Facing the Argonauts in the 9th Grey Cup, the Eskimos became the first western team –, the Argonauts entered the game with an undefeated record, having outscored their opposition 226 to 55 during the season
8.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
9.
Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats have similar longevity. The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league and its championship game, the Grey Cup, is one of Canadas largest sporting events, attracting a broad television audience, though it has been shrinking in recent years. In 2009, about 40% of Canadas population watched part of the game, in 2014, it was closer to 33%, great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton, Ontario. Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer, the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9,1861, at University College, University of Toronto. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was Sir William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. The first written account of a game played was on October 15,1862 and it was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals,2 rouges to nothing. In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, the game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3,1869. Montreal formed a team April 8,1872, Toronto was formed on October 4,1873, and this rugby-football soon became popular at Montreals McGill University. McGill challenged Harvard University to a game, in 1874 using a game of English rugby devised by the University of McGill. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union were formed, and then the Interprovincial and Western Interprovincial Football Union, the CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, and then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become the CFL. The Burnside rules closely resembling American football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game, the rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first, the primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not. The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game was played in wider fields, initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, the move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football. Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the other country to have hosted high-level Canadian football games
10.
CFL East Division
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The Canadian Football League East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League, their counterpart being the West Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the East Division, the first organized football club in Canada was the Hamilton Foot Ball Club, a predecessor of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, in 1868. This was followed by the formation of the Montreal Foot Ball Club in 1872, the Toronto Argonaut Football Club in 1873, the first organized competitions were formed in 1883, when the Ontario Rugby Football Union and the Quebec Rugby Football Union were founded. At the time the sport was generally called rugby union or rugby football because its rules were similar to rugby unions, the following year, the two provincial unions would form the Canadian Rugby Football Union, with Montreal winning the first national championship later that year. The CRFU collapsed before the decade was out, but was re-organized as the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891, the turn of the 20th century was marked by fundamental changes in the rules of the game. The ORFU was the first competition to adopt the Burnside Rules, the QRFU and CRU initially resisted the changes, but by 1906 the Burnside Rules were in force throughout Ontario and Quebec. Although substantial changes were still to come, modern Canadian football would ultimately evolve from John Thrift Meldrum Burnsides code, the new competition was soon dubbed the Big Four. Montreal won the first championship that year, in 1909 Lord Earl Grey, the Governor General of Canada, donated a trophy to be awarded to the CRU champion. The trophy, which known as the Grey Cup, would not be won by an IRFU club until the Hamilton Tigers captured the trophy in 1913. Following the 1915 season, the competition was suspended because of the First World War, from 1925 until 1953, IRFU teams would dominate Canadian football, winning 18 of the 26 Grey Cups its clubs contested in that timespan. During this period, the calibre of play in the IRFU was recognized as being on par with any league in North America, the Big Four attracted considerable interest in the United States and even had its games televised by the National Broadcasting Company for a time during the 1950s. This interest would decline as the National Football League gained prominence. By the mid-1950s, it was clear that the IRFU was a far higher calibre competition than the ORFU, moreover, the Western Interprovincial Football Union had been gaining strength over the last two decades, and its level of play was almost on par with that of the IRFU. The WIFUs champion had faced the Big Fours champion in the Grey Cup final every season since 1945, and it would prove capable of winning the Grey Cup on a regular basis during this decade. Following the 1954 season, the ORFU finally stopped challenging for the Grey Cup, although it would be another four years before the amateurs were formally locked out of Grey Cup play, this marks the start of the modern era of Canadian football. In 1956, the IRFU and WIFU agreed to form the Canadian Football Council, in 1958, the CFC withdrew from the CRU and renamed itself the Canadian Football League. The new league assumed control of the Grey Cup, though it had been the de facto professional championship for four years before then, the IRFU changed its name to the Eastern Football Conference in 1960. In 1961, the EFC agreed to an interlocking schedule with what was known by then as the Western Football Conference
11.
Ottawa Rough Riders
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The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario, founded in 1876. Formerly one of the oldest and longest lived professional sports teams in North America and their most dominant era was the 1960s and 1970s, a period in which they won five Grey Cups. The teams fortunes waned in the 1980s and 1990s and they ceased operations following the 1996 season. Five years later, a new CFL team known as the Ottawa Renegades was founded, the Ottawa Redblacks, who own the Rough Riders intellectual properties, joined the league in 2014. Founded,1876 Folded,1996 Formerly known as, Ottawa Football Club 1876 to 1897, the teams colours were cerise, grey, and navy blue. The club adopted the name Ottawa Rough Riders on Friday, September 9,1898 and changed its colours to red. Since then, red and black have been Ottawas traditional sporting colours, the team changed its nickname to Ottawa Senators from 1925 to 1930. The teams had historically belonged to leagues, which were not truly merged until the late 1950s. When the CFL was formed they were allowed to keep their long-standing names, on four occasions, the two teams met in the Grey Cup. Ottawas first Canadian championship came in 1898, the Ottawa Football Club transferred from the Quebec Union to the Ontario League that season. In those days, Ottawa athletes played in sports and the Riders had athletes famous in other sports, such as Harvey Pulford. The Riders moved back to the Quebec Union, winning the 1903 Quebec championship, in 1905, Ottawa won the Quebec title, only to lose to the Toronto Varsity team 11–9 in the Canadian championship. The club absorbed the Ottawa St. Pats when the Riders helped found the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union in 1907, the Riders would win the IRFU championship in 1909 over the Hamilton Tigers, but lost in the Canadian final in Toronto to Toronto Varsity. During the decline of the Riders, another Ottawa team, Ottawa St. Brigids, was on an ascent, St. Brigids, which played in the Ottawa City league, and later the Ontario league, was developing top talent. In 1923, St. Brigids and the Riders merged, with St. Brigids manager Jim McCaffery becoming the manager of the Riders, McCaffery would be a member of the Riders executive for several decades. The team won the Grey Cup in 1925 and 1926, a time when they were known as the Ottawa Senators, in 1925, Ottawa defeated three-time defending champion Queens in the Eastern semi-final. Ottawa then defeated Winnipeg 24–1 in the championship, held in Ottawa, the team was led by top players such as Eddie Emerson, Joe Tubman, Joe Miller, Jess Ketchum, Jack Pritchard, Harold Starr and Don Young. The Riders went back into a decline after the championships, again, another Ottawa team, the Ottawa Rangers, was developing talent and enjoying success, winning the Quebec title
12.
Ottawa Renegades
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Ottawa Renegades was the name of a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario founded in 2002, six years after the storied Ottawa Rough Riders folded. After four seasons, the Renegades franchise was suspended indefinitely by the due to financial instability. After two years in limbo, a new franchise was awarded to Jeff Hunt, best known as the owner of the Ottawa 67s, the new franchise was revived in 2014 as the Ottawa Redblacks. Hunt chose not to reuse the Renegades nickname or franchise history, the Ottawa Renegades returned Canadian Football League action to Canadas capital in 2002. Ottawa had been without a team since 1996, when the Ottawa Rough Riders folded, the logo chosen draws similarities to the logo used by the Rough Riders for much of their existence up until 1992. The Renegades played four seasons and never qualified for the playoffs, the teams only head coach was Joe Paopao. On November 7,2005, the Ottawa Renegades announced John Jenkins as head coach and General Manager for 2006, however, this did not occur because of the suspension of the teams operations. The organization has become known for its fan following, an informal group called Renegade Nation. On March 3,2006, Lonie Glieberman resigned from day-to-day operations of the team, on March 22,2006, Bernie Glieberman decided to stop funding the Renegades. While the CFL previously took over operations of the Toronto Argonauts and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 2003, on April 9,2006, the CFL started looking for a new owner. The players of the Ottawa Renegades were dispersed to the remaining 8 CFL teams in a dispersal draft, steelback Brewery president Frank DAngelo announced in April 2006 that he was exploring opportunities to revive the team. The announcement was not cleared with the Canadian Football League, who indicated that they had had only one informal conversation with DAngelo, in which no decision was made. On May 15,2007, the CFL announced that it had ended discussions with a led by William Palmer regarding the return of a CFL team to Ottawa for the 2008 season. CFL Commissioner Mark Cohon stated everal parties have expressed interest regarding a franchise for Ottawa, however, in September 2007, the lower south side of Frank Clair Stadium was closed, due to cracks in the concrete structure. Ottawa mayor Larry OBrien was quoted at the time that this was an opportunity to do a review of the usage, on March 25,2008, the league ended the teams indefinite limbo by awarding the franchise to Jeff Hunt, owner of the Ottawa 67s. The team began play in 2014, and did not retain the name Renegades because of its troubled history, as of the end of the 2016 CFL season, Kyries Hebert was the last active former Renegade player still on a CFL team roster. Former Renegades Korey Banks, Kerry Joseph, Yo Murphy, Marc Parenteau, dan Crowley was the teams first starting quarterback. Throughout 2002, backup quarterbacks, Chuck Clements and Oteman Sampson, however, in 2003, Kerry Joseph, would be the quarterback to ultimately succeed Crowley
13.
103rd Grey Cup
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The game was played at Investors Group Field in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Shaw Communications was the sponsor of the game, it was the first time in CFL history that the Grey Cup has been sponsored. The Eskimos won the contest 26–20 to claim their 14th Grey Cup championship in franchise history, Mike Reilly was named Most Valuable Player and Shamawd Chambers received the Dick Suderman Trophy as Most Valuable Canadian. On 24 March 2014, news reported that the game would be awarded to Winnipeg. Two days later on 26 March 2014, it was announced at a conference that Investors Group Field in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It was the fourth time Winnipeg played host to a Grey Cup, although the game was sold out, the attendance figure of 36,634 was the second lowest for a Grey Cup game since 1975. The Redblacks joined the CFL as a team in 2014. Led by 40-year-old Henry Burris, who became the oldest quarterback in CFL history to lead the league in passing yards, the Redblacks won the East Division title in 2015 with a 12–6 record. On defence, Hamilton then had Ottawa pinned deep in their own territory on second down and 25 yards, the Edmonton Eskimos finished their season with a record of 14-4. The Calgary Stampeders, the defending Grey Cup champions, finished with the record as the Eskimos after the regular season. However, Edmonton clinched first place in the division by virtue of defeating Calgary in two of three regular season contests, the two teams met again in the Western Final after Calgary defeated the BC Lions 35–9 in the Western Semi-Final. The Eskimos earned the right to represent the West in the Grey Cup game by virtue of a 45–31 victory against the Stampeders at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. The 2015 Western Final game was the first time in CFL history where both came in with a 14-4 record in the regular season. Quarterback Mike Reilly was the offensive catalyst for the Eskimos as he passed for three touchdowns and ran for two more in the win, country performer Dean Brody performed as part of pre-game festivities, while Quebecois singer Bobby Bazini performed the national anthem. American rock band Fall Out Boy performed during halftime, Edmonton answered with a field goal followed by a Mike Reilly touchdown pass to Adarius Bowman late in the first quarter. A two-yard touchdown pass by Reilly to Akeem Shavers gave the Eskimos a 17–16 lead at half time, the second half became what the Edmonton Journal called a brutal defensive struggle. They added a point in the quarter when kicker Chris Milo, attempting to pin Edmontons offence deep in their own zone. Jordan Lynch then scored on a touchdown run that gave Edmonton a 26–20 lead with 3,22 left to play
14.
Montreal Alouettes
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The Montreal Alouettes are a Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice, the Alouettes compete in the East Division of the Canadian Football League and last won the Grey Cup championship in 2010. Their home field is Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season, the original Alouettes team won four Grey Cups and were particularly dominant in the 1970s. After their collapse in 1982, they were immediately reconstituted under new ownership as the Montreal Concordes, after playing for four years as the Concordes, they revived the Alouettes name for the 1986 season. A second folding in 1987 led to a hiatus of CFL football in the city. The current Alouettes franchise was established in 1996 by the owners of the Baltimore Stallions, many players from the Stallions 1995 roster signed with the Alouettes and formed the core of the teams 1996 roster. The CFL considers all clubs that have played in Montreal as one franchise dating to 1946, the Alouettes had from 1996 to 2014 the CFLs longest active playoff streak, having missed the playoffs twice since returning to the league. The streak came to an end in 2015 and they have hosted a playoff game every year except 2001,2007,2013,2015 and 2016 and have never finished with fewer than six wins. Their only four losing seasons came in 2007,2013 and 2015 and 2016,2015 and 2016 marked the first time the team missed the playoffs in consecutive years since their re-activation. Major stars of the recent era include Mike Pringle, the CFL career leader in rushing yards, and quarterback Anthony Calvillo, the Alouettes are owned by American investment banker Robert Wetenhall. It is currently the only CFL team to have non-Canadian ownership, Jim Popp served as the teams general manager, his tenure with the franchise, which extended back to the Baltimore era, ended on November 7,2016. Founded, The original Montreal club was founded on April 8,1872, the original club was renamed as the Montreal Alouettes in 1946. However, the original Alouettes club ceased operations following the 1981 season and was replaced by a new team, the Montreal Concordes, the Concordes were rechristened the new Alouettes for the 1986 season, but ceased operations the day before the 1987 season was due to start. The current Montreal Alouettes franchise commenced play in 1996, uniform Colours, Blue, red, silver, white, and black Home Stadium, The Alouettes play at Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season, while they play at Olympic Stadium for playoff games. The Alouettes were first formed in 1946 by CFL hall of famer Lew Hayman along with businessmen Eric Cradock and they named themselves after Alouette, a work song about plucking the feathers from a skylark, which had become a symbol of the Québécois. They won their first Grey Cup championship in 1949, beating Calgary 28–15 led by quarterback Frank Filchock, from 1954 to 1956, they reached the Grey Cup in three straight years, but questionable defensive units led the Alouettes to defeat against the Edmonton Eskimos all three times. The team was purchased in 1954 by Ted Workman – and while the team continued to enjoy success, that all changed at the end of the 1960 season. To be more specific, the team was shaken by an announcement on November 10 – namely the trade of Hal Patterson and Sam Etcheverry to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for Bernie Faloney, Workman had concluded the deal without consulting with general manager Perry Moss
15.
Labour Day Classic
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The Labour Day Classic is a particular week of the Canadian Football League schedule that is played over the Labour Day weekend. Labour Day weekend, roughly 10 weeks into the CFL season, is known for its matchups that do not change year to year. Labour Day weekend is also one of two weeks in the CFL schedule that the league plays on a Monday. Marks Work Wearhouse is the sponsor of the event as of 2014. The traditional Labour Day weekend matchups involve the Winnipeg Blue Bombers visiting the Saskatchewan Roughriders on the day before Labour Day, on Labour Day itself, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats are at home against the Toronto Argonauts, while the Edmonton Eskimos visit the Calgary Stampeders. The Montreal Alouettes face the Ottawa Redblacks to round out the weekend, the BC Lions have no Labour Day rivals and have had a bye week on Labour Day in the past. During the early 1980s, the Montreal Concordes instead played the Hamilton Tiger-Cats as their Labour Day rival instead of the Ottawa Rough Riders, while in 2011, this automatically resulted in Toronto and BC facing each other, in the 1980s, the three teams rotated each year. Ottawa and BC faced each other during the late 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, the Tiger-Cats hosting of the Labour Day Classic was in jeopardy for 2013 due to a schedule conflict at the teams home stadium. Because Ivor Wynne Stadium was demolished to make way for the new Tim Hortons Field, the University of Guelph Gryphons were playing that same day, so the Tiger-Cats could not host the game, resulting in the first time they could not host a Labour Day game since 1995. This was only the time in franchise history that the Tiger-Cats did not host a game on Labour Day. To make up for it, the Toronto at Hamilton matchup was played in the Thanksgiving Day Classic, for the 2016 contest, to avoid any further conflicts with OUA games, the CFL moved the Toronto/Hamilton matchup to prime time Labour Day evening. Some of the teams wear special third jerseys or throwback uniforms if they play at home, since the suspension of the Renegades in 2006, this has occurred every year except 2006,2008, and 2010. As the league has been increasing in popularity in recent years, slogans include Long Live the Rivalries and Watch the Team You Love Play the Team You Love to Hate. Fans of each team regularly claim their matchup to be the Labour Day Classic, the trophy is named after Harold Ballard, who owned the Tiger-Cats for much of the 1980s and owned Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment for most of that time. According to a Hamilton Spectator article,2011 marked 25 years since Montreal had battled Hamilton in this Classic at home, in previous years, Montreal has played as either the Alouettes or Concordes
16.
Toronto Argonauts
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The Toronto Argonauts are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the team was founded in 1873, the teams origins date back to a modified version of rugby football that emerged in North America in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The Argonauts played their games at Rogers Centre from 1989 until 2016 when the team moved to BMO Field. The Argonauts have won the Grey Cup a record 16 times and have appeared in the final 22 times, Most recently they defeated the Calgary Stampeders 35–22 at home in the 100th Grey Cup in 2012. The Argonauts hold the best winning percentage in the game and have the longest active winning streak in games in which they have appeared. The Argonauts have faced every current western CFL team at least once in the Grey Cup, the team was owned by the Argonaut Rowing Club for its first 83 years, and has been owned by a series of business interests since 1956. The Argonauts were a fixture on the Toronto sports scene for decades, in May 2015 it was announced that a consortium of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainments Larry Tanenbaum and Bell Canada would acquire the team. Given the length of history, dozens of players, coaches. Since the teams foundation in 1873, the Argonauts name has been in continuous use, the Chicago Cubs and the Atlanta Braves franchises of Major League Baseball are older, but both teams have changed their name more than once, and the Braves have also changed cities. The Argonauts also claim to be the oldest professional team in North America. The claim is debatable, as the Hamilton Tigers date to 1869, given its nautical theme, the name Argonaut was adopted by a group of amateur rowers in Toronto in 1872. The Argonaut Rowing Club, which exists today, went on to found the football club with the same name a year later. Given their roots in a squad, the team is often referred to as the boatmen. In the 19th century, the most renowned rowing teams in the world were from the University of Oxford, the Toronto rowers, many of whom had associations with the English schools, adopted uniforms incorporating the light blue of Cambridge and the dark blue of Oxford. In turn, the footballers adopted the colours and the double blue would become synonymous with the team. Blue has become the traditional colour of top-level teams in Toronto, the teams other official colour is white. Its current helmet design features an Oxford blue background, with an Oxford blue and Cambridge blue round shield inscribed with a white, for most of the teams history, the logo featured some form of a boat, often incorporating a football. The first recorded game of what would become known as Canadian football was played in Toronto on November 9,1861, the game at the time was a modified version of English rugby and it gained popularity throughout the 1860s
17.
Ontario Hockey League
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The Ontario Hockey League is one of the three major junior ice hockey leagues which constitute the Canadian Hockey League. The league is for players aged 16–21, the league was formed in 1933 with the partition of Junior A and B. In 1970, the OHA Junior A League was one of five Junior A leagues operating in Ontario, the OHA was promoted to Tier I Junior A for the 1970-71 season and took up the name Ontario Major Junior Hockey League. In 1980, the league walked away from Ontario Hockey Association governance with the creation of the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League, from 1974 until 1978, Clarence Tubby Schmalz was the leagues commissioner. Then, for one season, former IHL commissioner Bill Beagan served as commissioner of the OMJHL, beginning with the 1979-80 season, David Branch has been the Commissioner of the OHL. Branch was appointed on August 11,1979, and assumed the role on September 17,1979. Since 1980 the league has grown rapidly into a marketable product, with many games broadcast on television. There are currently 20 teams in the OHL,17 are based in the Canadian province of Ontario, leagues for ice hockey in Ontario were first organized in 1890 by the newly created Ontario Hockey Association. In 1892 the OHA recognized junior hockey - referring to skill rather than age, in 1896 the OHA moved to the modern age-limited junior hockey concept, distinct from senior and intermediate divisions. Since then the evolution to the Ontario Hockey League has developed four distinct eras of junior-aged non-professional hockey in Ontario. In 1933, the division was divided into two levels, Junior A and Junior B. In 1970 the Junior A level was divided into two levels, Tier I and Tier II, in 1974 the Tier I/Major Junior A group separated from the OHA and became the independent Ontario Major Junior Hockey League. In 1980, the OMJHL became the Ontario Hockey League, the 20 OHL clubs play a 68-game unbalanced schedule, which starts in the third full week of September, running until the third week of March. Ninety percent of OHL games are scheduled between Thursday and Sunday to minimize the number of school days missed for its players. Approximately 20% of players on active rosters in the National Hockey League have come from the OHL, the J. Ross Robertson Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the Championship Series. The Cup is named for John Ross Robertson, who was president of the Ontario Hockey Association from 1901 to 1905, the OHL playoffs consist of the top 16 teams in the league,8 from each conference. The teams play a game series, and the winner of each series advances to the next round. The final two teams compete for the J. Ross Robertson Cup
18.
Ottawa 67's
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The Ottawa 67’s are a junior ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Ontario. They have played in the Ontario Hockey League since 1967, Canadas centennial year, the current coach is Jeff Brown. The Ontario Hockey Association granted the city of Ottawa an expansion franchise on February 16,1967, four months later, the team was given the nickname 67s, in honour of Canadas centennial year. Three local businessmen — Bill Cowley, Howard Darwin and Bill Touhey as well as Alderman Howard Henry — helped bring junior hockey back to Canadas capital, the 67s filled the void left by the departure of the Ottawa Junior Canadiens and the Hull-Ottawa Canadiens in 1963. Bill Long was the teams first head coach, the 67s played their first game on October 6,1967, losing 9–0 on the road to the Niagara Falls Flyers. The first 11 home games of the season were played in the Hull Arena, Hull, Quebec, the first season for the 67s was terrible at best, with the team posting a final record of six wins,45 losses and three ties. They then made the playoffs in their season, but lost in the quarter-finals to the Niagara Falls Flyers. The 67s reached the OHA finals during their season in 1971–72, losing to the Peterborough Petes 3–0. The 67s came close to playing at home in the Memorial Cup, after a rebuilding season in 1973–74, the 67s hired a young up-and-coming coach named Brian Kilrea, who has since become a legend in Ottawa. During the late 1970s, Ottawa was led by scoring champions Peter Lee, Bobby Smith, the 67s moved on to New Westminster, B. C. to compete for the Memorial Cup, versus the New Westminster Bruins and Sherbrooke Castors. The 1977 Memorial Tournament was the first to be held in British Columbia, Ottawa lost the first game 7–6 to the Bruins, then won three in a row, 6–1 over the Castors, 4–3 in overtime versus the Bruins, and then 5–2 against Sherbrooke. However, Ottawa lost to the host Bruins 6–5 in the championship game, Ottawa finished first in their division the following season, but lost to the rival Peterborough Petes in the semi-finals. Kilrea and the 67s rebuilt during the 1978–79 season, following that season up with two second-place finishes and then three consecutive titles from 1982 to 1984. In 1984, the 67s reached the OHL championship series in a rematch from the 1982 OHL finals, Kitchener had been chosen to host the Memorial Cup tournament that year, and the Rangers also made it to the OHL finals. This meant that Ottawa gained a berth in the tournament when they reached the league championship against the Rangers. In the OHL itself, however, Ottawa had unfinished business, the 67s, who finished second overall to Kitchener in the OHL, defeated the Rangers 3–0, with two ties, winning the J. Ross Robertson Cup for the second time in franchise history. In the semi-final game, Ottawa beat Kamloops again, this time in a 7–2 victory, in the finals versus Kitchener, Ottawa scored a victory in the third consecutive 7–2 game in the tournament, defeating the Rangers and winning their first Memorial Cup. The Most Valuable Player of the Tournament was Adam Creighton, after the season ended, Brian Kilrea left Ottawa to become an assistant coach in the NHL
19.
102nd Grey Cup
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The contest was held at BC Place stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Stampeders won the contest 20–16 to claim their seventh Grey Cup championship in franchise history, Calgary quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player, while Hamiltons Andy Fantuz received the Dick Suderman Trophy as most outstanding Canadian. In 2008, the CFL awarded a team to Ottawa and named the city host of the 2014 Grey Cup. Lawsuits and construction delays during the renovation of Frank Clair Stadium pushed the date for the citys expansion team. As a consequence, the CFL sought a new venue for the contest, the CFL moved the game to BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, which had most recently hosted the 99th Grey Cup in 2011. The Calgary Stampeders finished the season with the top record in the CFL at 15–3. Their 15 wins also tied the franchise record and they advanced directly to the West Division final where they hosted the Edmonton Eskimos. Led by running back Jon Cornish, the Stampeders eliminated the Eskimos with a 43–18 victory, Cornish was named the Most Outstanding Canadian for 2014 after leading the CFL in rushing with 1,082 yards despite missing nine games due to injuries. He was one of two winners for the Stampeders as centre Brett Jones was named Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman. The team was led by 24-year-old quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell, who stood 15–2 in his career as a starter, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats finished atop the East Division with a 9–9 record. They hosted the Montreal Alouettes, who ended the regular season at 9–9. The contest was the first playoff game at Tim Hortons Field, which opened mid-season, Hamilton advanced to their second consecutive Grey Cup final with a 40–24 victory that featured two punt returns for touchdowns by Brandon Banks. Hamiltons offence was led by quarterback Zach Collaros, who played his first season as a CFL starter in 2014 after serving as the back-up to Ricky Ray with the Toronto Argonauts for two seasons. The Stampeders entered the game as 8 1⁄2-point favourites to win the title as the dominant story line entering the game centred around whether Hamilton could complete an upset of Calgary, the Stampeders won both regular-season games, 10–7 at Calgary in week four and 30–20 at Hamilton in week eight. Both teams were key players during those games as both Jon Cornish and Zach Collaros were unavailable for both contests. The Grey Cup game pitted the best rushing offence in the CFL – Calgary averaged 143.4 yards per game rushing – against a Hamilton team that allowed the fewest rushing yards,73.4 per game. The 2014 Grey Cup represented the time the Stampeders and Tiger-Cats had met in the championship. Hamilton won the 87th Grey Cup in 1999 by a 32–21 score, Hamilton made its second consecutive appearance in the title game, they lost the 101st Grey Cup to the Saskatchewan Roughriders
20.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
21.
Ottawa Senators
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The Ottawa Senators are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the Senators play their home games at the 18,694 seat Canadian Tire Centre which opened in 1996. Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone, the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name. The original Ottawa Senators, founded in 1883, had a history, winning 11 Stanley Cups. On December 6,1990, after a public campaign by Firestone, the NHL awarded a new franchise. The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk, and in 2016, the club has been regularly represented in the top half in attendance in the NHL. Ottawa had been home to the original Senators, a founding NHL franchise, the NHL team was unsuccessful in St. Louis, and planned to return to Ottawa, but the NHL decided instead to suspend the franchise and transfer the players to other NHL teams. His firm, Terrace Investments, did not have the assets to finance the expansion fee and the team. Public support was high and the group would secure over 11,000 season ticket pledges, on December 12,1990, the NHL approved a new franchise for Firestones group, to start play in the 1992–93 season. The new team hired former NHL player Mel Bridgman, who had no previous NHL management experience, when Sutter was eventually signed to coach the Boston Bruins, Ottawa signed Rick Bowness, the man Sutter replaced in Boston. The new Senators played their first game on October 8,1992, the Senators defeated the Canadiens 5–3 in one of the few highlights that season. The Senators had aimed low and considered the 1992–93 season a small success, the long term plan was to finish low in the standings for its first few years in order to secure high draft picks and eventually contend for the Stanley Cup. Bridgman was fired after one season and Team President Randy Sexton took over the general manager duties, Firestone himself soon left the team and Rod Bryden emerged as the new owner. The strategy of aiming low and securing a high position did not change. The Senators finished last overall for the three seasons. Alexei Yashin, the teams first-ever draft selection from 1992, emerged as one of the NHLs brightest young stars, as the 1995–96 season began, star centre Alexei Yashin refused to honour his contract and did not play. Rick Bowness was fired in late 1995 and was replaced by the Prince Edward Island Senators head coach Dave Allison, Allison would fare no better than his predecessor, and the team would stumble to a 2–22–3 record under him. Sexton himself was fired and replaced by Pierre Gauthier, the former assistant GM of Anaheim, Martin outlasted several general managers and a change in ownership
22.
Major League Soccer
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Major League Soccer is a mens professional soccer league, sanctioned by U. S. Soccer, that represents the sports highest level in both the United States and Canada. MLS constitutes one of the professional sports leagues of the United States. The league comprises 22 teams—19 in the U. S. and 3 in Canada, the MLS regular season runs from March to October, with each team playing 34 games, the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters Shield. The postseason includes twelve teams competing in the MLS Cup Playoffs through November and December, culminating in the championship game, MLS teams also play in other domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U. S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship. MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League, Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams, MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years, The league lost millions of dollars, teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums, and two teams folded in 2002. Instead of operating as an association of independently owned teams, MLS is an entity in which each team is owned and controlled by the leagues investors. The investor-operators control their teams as owners control teams in other leagues, MLS headquarters is located in New York City. Major League Soccers regular season runs from March to October, teams are divided into the Eastern and Western Conferences. Teams play 34 games in a schedule,23 matches against teams within their conference. Midway through the season, teams break for the annual All-Star Game, at the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters Shield. While MLS has looked into changing to a format, there are no current plans to do so. If the league were to change its schedule, a break would be needed, especially with several teams in colder climates. It would also have to compete with the more popular National Football League, National Hockey League, MLS teams also play in other competitions. Every year, up to five MLS teams play in the CONCACAF Champions League against other clubs from the CONCACAF region, two U. S. -based MLS teams qualify based on MLS regular-season results, the winner of the Western conference and the winner of the Eastern conference. The third U. S. team to qualify is the winner of the MLS Cup. A fourth U. S. -based MLS team can qualify via the U. S. Open Cup, Canadian MLS clubs play against lower division Canadian clubs in the Canadian Championship for the one Champions League spot allocated to Canada. MLSs 22 teams are divided between the Eastern and Western Conferences, each club is allowed up to 28 players on its first team roster
23.
Ottawa Soccer Stadium
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The Ottawa Soccer Stadium was a proposed open-air soccer facility in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was part of a proposal to bring a Major League Soccer franchise to Ottawa by the Ottawa Senators organization, the stadium, projected to cost $100 million, was designed to hold 20,000 for sports. One end terrace on the end was convertible to a concert stage for outdoor concerts, and with field seating. The field would have had a grass surface built to MLS. Outside of the stadium there would have been five open-air soccer fields, of one would be to MLS and FIFA standards. The purpose of the fields was for community use and the MLS teams practices. The architectural design was by Rossetti Architects, architects of Scotiabank Place. The stadium was to be located on City of Ottawa land to the south-east of nearby Scotiabank Place, in the west end of Ottawa, on Palladium Drive, the soccer stadium would share parking with Scotiabank Place. The land is frozen for development by the Ontario provincial government as it is on a floodplain of the Carp River. The land is used as a snow dump. The proponents were Senators Sports & Entertainment, owners of the NHLs Ottawa Senators, the stadium plans were announced on September 16,2008 by Scotiabank Place CEO Cyril Leeder and SSE owner and chairman Eugene Melnyk. To support the initiative, SSE launched the Bring the World to Ottawa campaign seeking broad community support, while the MLS commissioner gave positive comments about the Ottawa proposal, MLS eventually granted expansion franchises to other cities, including Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, British Columbia. At the same time that the Ottawa Soccer Stadium proposal was made, a public debate went on both proposals, which would both require some investment on the part of the City. In February 2009, an opinion poll conducted by The Ottawa Citizen. In April 2009, matters came to a head, the staff of the City of Ottawa presented a report to Council on the merits of the Soccer Stadium and Lansdowne proposals. The City held public hearings based on the report, which questioned the necessity of the spending, councillors attempted to find out whether the SSE group would support sharing their stadium with a planned CFL franchise, but the SSE group rejected the possibility. Lansdowne Live proponents made it clear that an MLS team, or another pro soccer team, on April 22,2009, the City of Ottawa Council chose the Lansdowne Live proposal over the SSE proposal as its choice for an outdoor stadium. Since that time, the Lansdowne Live proponents and the City of Ottawa have been negotiating over a final plan, Melnyk released a press release expressing his disappointment and directed SSE staff to stop work on their proposal
24.
Canadian Tire Centre
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Canadian Tire Centre is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located in the western suburb of Stittsville. It opened in January 1996 as The Palladium and was known as Corel Centre from 1996 to 2006. The arena is used regularly for music concerts and has hosted events such as the Canadian Interuniversity Sport mens basketball championship. As part of its bid to land a NHL franchise for Ottawa, the proposal included a hotel and 20,500 seat arena, named The Palladium on 100 acres, surrounded by a 500-acre mini-city, named West Terrace. The site itself,600 acres of farmland, on the border of Kanata, had been acquired in May 1989 by Terrace. The large site had previously been a location for a new home for the Central Canada Exhibition. The site was farmland and required a rezoning to proceed with construction, the then-City of Kanata supported the rezoning, but the provincial government and some local residents opposed the rezoning, forcing public hearings into the proposal by the Ontario Municipal Board. Rezoning approval was granted by the Board on August 28,1991, a ground-breaking ceremony was held in June 1992 but actual construction did not start until July 7,1994. The two-year period was used seeking financing for the site and interchange by Terrace Corporation, the corporation received a $6 million grant from the federal government, but needed to borrow to pay for the rest of the costs of construction. On August 17,1993, Bruce Firestone, the Senators owner, was replaced by Rod Bryden, a high tech tycoon. Bryden managed to borrow enough to pay for the $188 million project through a consortium of U. S. banks and Ogden Entertainment, only after the provincial government provided a loan guarantee for the highway interchange financing did construction proceed. Actual construction took 18 months, finishing in January 1996, the Palladium opened on January 15,1996 with a concert by Canadian rocker Bryan Adams. The first NHL game took two days later, with the Montreal Canadiens defeating the Senators 3-0. On February 17,1996, the name Palladium was changed to the Corel Centre, when Corel Corporation, when mortgage holder Covanta Energy went into receivership in 2001, Terrace was expected to pay off the whole debt. The ownership was not able to refinance the arena, eventually leading to Terrace itself declaring bankruptcy in 2003, however, on August 26,2003, billionaire businessman Eugene Melnyk finalized the purchase of the Senators and the arena. The arena and club became solely owned by Melnyk through a new company, in 2004, the ownership applied to expand its seating. The City of Ottawa amended its by-laws in December 2004 and in 2005, also in 2005, the arena became home to the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, with a display on the second-floor concourse. Information of over 200 inductees is detailed on individual plaques, the exhibit display had previously been located at the Ottawa Civic Centre since 1967
25.
Mark Cohon
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Mark Steven Cohon, OOnt MSM was the 12th commissioner of the Canadian Football League. The son of McDonalds Canada founder George Cohon, he was appointed as commissioner in 2007 succeeding Tom Wright, Cohon was born in Chicago, Illinois, and moved to Toronto, Ontario when he was two years old. He holds both Canadian and US citizenships, before becoming President and chief executive officer of AudienceView Ticketing, a company which sells ticketing systems and services to sports, arts and entertainment events. In 2002, Cohon married Suzanne Elizabeth Lucido, in 2003, he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the Ontario Science Centre and then named Chair in 2006. In 2013, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario and in 2015, recently he was appointed the Chairman of Caras, the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences which oversees the annual Juno Awards for the Canadian Music Industry. Given his success at transforming the CFL, the Caras board wanted to bring in an experienced executive outside the industry to transform the future of the Juno Awards. In 2007 Mark Cohon succeeded Tom Wright as the Commissioner of the Canadian Football League, under the direction of Cohon the CFL went through a remarkable renaissance. He stepped down on January 9,2015 and was replaced by board chairperson Jim Lawson on an interim basis, jeffrey Orridge was appointed the new CFL Commissioner effective April 29,2015
26.
Lansdowne Park
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Lansdowne Park is a 18-acre historic sports, exhibition and entertainment facility in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, owned by the City of Ottawa. It is located along Bank Street and is adjacent to the Rideau Canal, Lansdowne Park contains the TD Place stadium/arena complex, the Aberdeen Pavilion hall, and the Horticulture Building. Until 2010, the park was the site of the annual Central Canada Exhibition, around the arena and stadium complex is a retail and residential redevelopment. Along the Rideau Canal, the space which used to be parking is being converted into an urban park with some recreation facilities. Two notable exhibitions occurred prior to the first Central Canada Exhibition, in 1875 the City of Ottawa hosted the thirtieth annual Exhibition of the Provincial Agricultural and Arts Association. In 1877 an exhibition included the first public demonstration of the telephone in Canada, a third provincial exhibition was held at Lansdowne in 1879. In order to provide sufficient space for subsequent fairs, the City acquired more of Lansdowne, the Central Canada Exhibition Association was formed in 1888 and the site witnessed many improvements, including the erection of a new Horticultural Hall and Grandstand. The first Central Canada Exhibition opened on 20 September 1888 and was held annually until 2010, in 1947, the Marian Congress was held at Landsdowne Park from June 18 to 22,1947, hosted by the Archdiocese of Ottawa. Estimates of attendance vary from 100,000 to 250,000, a huge outdoor site was built for the religious spectacular. In front were benches enough to seat 75,000 people, there were also 110 exhibits on the site. John ONeill, assistant pastor at St Georges Church was the organizer of the Congress. Its purpose was to celebrate the centenary of the Archdiocese of Ottawa, although now largely forgotten, in its day it was the largest religious conference in North America, with thousands of visitors coming from all parts of North America to witness this week of prayer. Many were locals but visitors arrived by car, bus, plane, during the five-day Congress there was a procession of floats along the canal driveway. The Congress also featured the Dionne Quintuplets singing hymns in both English and French, the event ended with an event called “the greatest fireworks display ever held in Canada” depicting scenes in the life of the Blessed Virgin. A message to the Congress from Pope Pius XII was broadcast during a Mass on June 19, the City of Ottawa periodically reviews the use and state of the facility. Lansdowne was developed as a fairgrounds, and somewhat rural in nature. Over time, permanent buildings were built on the site, as the result of a review in the 1990s, the city demolished some of the buildings, and restored some parkland. The city restored Aberdeen Pavilion at the time, using funds planned for a Central Canada Ex move, Lansdowne Park has long been the primary sports facility in Ottawa
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Lansdowne Park redevelopment
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The Lansdowne Park redevelopment is a public-private partnership redevelopment of the Lansdowne Park fairgrounds in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In September 2007, cracks were discovered in Frank Clair Stadium, the City of Ottawa subsequently initiated an international design competition to redevelop Lansdowne Park. Ottawa City Council decided to enter into a partnership with the OSEG group, the redevelopment plan split into two components after the City rejected the portion of the OSEG proposal regarding the lands bordering the Rideau Canal. OSEG was assigned the precinct around the Stadium and along Bank Street, the OSEG plan envisions two towers along Bank Street, a new set of grandstands at the football stadium and a new residential and commercial precinct to the north of the Stadium. The redevelopment plan was opposed by some Ottawa residents, particularly those near the Lansdowne site, heritage activists objected to a plan to move a heritage building on the site. A court challenge was held in Ontario Superior Court, contending that the City illegally proceeded with the sole-source project, opponents proposed opening up the redevelopment to a public tender. Other alternatives proposed including building a stadium in another location. An appeal to the Ontario Municipal Board and the Ontario Superior Court challenge were both rejected, an appeal to the Ontario Court of Appeal was launched in September 2011 and dismissed in April 2012. The City of Ottawa started construction in 2012, with completion scheduled for 2015, by the 1990s, Lansdowne Park had become mostly paved over. The site, then owned by the then-City of Ottawa, was operating at a significant deficit, the grounds were used for the annual SuperEx fair and parking for visitors to the arena and football complex and not much more. The condition of the site had sparked the City to ask for private proposals to rejuvenate the site, a proposal was received to convert most of the lands into a residential development, retain the Aberdeen Pavilion and Civice Centre and return money to the City of Ottawa. Because of an outcry, the redevelopment plan was abandoned. The Aberdeen Pavilion received a facelift and parklands in the north-east quadrant were improved, after the Food Pavilion was torn down, the SuperEx itself was looking for another site, and the fair commission agreed to leave after its lease expired. In October 2007, the City decided for a time to initiate a redevelopment of Lansdowne Park. This was partly due to the condition of the south grandstand of the stadium. Ottawa mayor Larry OBrien suggested that local developers be invited to submit proposals to redevelop the area, Ottawa councillors Peter Hume and Clive Doucet opposed the idea and proposed a design competition for the site, which Council approved, entitled Design Lansdowne. By January 2008, a web site was set up for public consultation, the goal of the public consultation would be a report by the City which would detail what the future Lansdowne Park was to contain. A request for proposals would then be made for bidding by outside developers, the Ottawa Regional Society of Architects criticized the plan, suggesting it was not a true design competition
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New York Jets
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The New York Jets are a professional American football team located in the New York metropolitan area. The Jets compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues American Football Conference East division. The team is headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey, in a unique arrangement for the league, the Jets share MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey with the New York Giants. The franchise is legally and corporately registered as New York Jets, the team was founded in 1959 as the Titans of New York, an original member of the American Football League, later, the franchise joined the NFL in the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. The team began to play in 1960 at the Polo Grounds, under new ownership, the current name was adopted in 1963 and the franchise moved to Shea Stadium in 1964 and then to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in 1984. Since 1968, the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times, however, the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl, making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance, along with the New Orleans Saints and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The teams training facility, Atlantic Health Jets Training Center, which opened in 2008, is located in Florham Park, the first organizational meeting of the American Football League took place on August 14,1959. Wismer was granted the franchise later dubbed the Titans of New York as Wismer explained. He secured the Titans home field at the decrepit Polo Grounds, by 1962, the debt continued to mount for Wismer, forcing the AFL to assume the costs of the team until seasons end. A five-man syndicate, headed by Sonny Werblin, saved the team from certain bankruptcy, Werblin renamed the team the New York Jets since the team would play in Shea Stadium near LaGuardia Airport. The new name was intended to reflect the approach of his team. The Jets owners hired Weeb Ewbank as the manager and head coach. The early 1990s saw New York struggling, after firing coach Bruce Coslet, owner Leon Hess hired Pete Carroll who struggled to a 6–10 record and was promptly fired at the end of the season. Thereafter, Rich Kotite was selected to lead the team to victory, Kotite stepped down at the end of his second season forcing the Jets to search for a new head coach. Hess lured then-disgruntled New England Patriots head coach Bill Parcells to New York in 1997, Parcells led the team back to relevance and coached them to the AFC Championship Game in 1998. Hess died in 1999 while the team, plagued by injuries, produced an eight win record, the franchise obtained a new owner in Woody Johnson in 2000. Additionally, through the 2000s the Jets visited the five times. Rex Ryan was hired in January 2009, Ryan led the team to back-to-back AFC Championship appearances during his first two years but the team never made the playoffs again during his tenure
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Edmonton Eskimos
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The Edmonton Eskimos are a professional Canadian football team based in Edmonton, Alberta, competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League. The Eskimos play their games at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium and are the third-youngest franchise in the CFL. The Eskimos were founded in 1949, although there were clubs with the name Edmonton Eskimos as early as 1895 and this includes a three-peat between 1954 and 1956 and an unmatched five consecutive wins between 1978 and 1982, and most recently in 2015. The Eskimos hold a North American professional sports record by qualifying for the playoffs for 34 consecutive years between 1972 and 2005, Edmonton has had the most regular season division championships in the modern era with 21, with their most recent coming in 2015. The team has a rivalry with the Calgary Stampeders and are one of the three community owned teams currently operating in the CFL. Founded,1949, although other teams named the Edmonton Eskimos existed 1895 to 1923 and 1929 to 1939 Formerly known as, The Esquimaux 1897 to 1910 and this was once the most common type of ownership in the CFL. In 2006 the Ottawa Sun reported that shares cost $10 each and this contrasts with the Saskatchewan Roughriders, one of the other community owned teams in the CFL, who have offered shares to the public. The Winnipeg Blue Bombers are the community owned team. Edmonton Eskimos, Inc. is governed by a board of directors. The board consists of a chairman, treasurer, secretary six directors, the clubs president and CEO is Len Rhodes, he is not currently a member of the board. The story of teams name back to stories in the press from at least 1903 and possibly as far back as 1892. It is a legacy of the rivalry between the cities of Edmonton and Calgary, the so-called Battle of Alberta. In the early years of competition between the cities, the press in each town used colourful nicknames to insult the rival teams home. Edmontonian writers called Calgary the cow camp, horse country, or the village beside the Bow. Likewise Calgarys responded with insults about Edmontons northern latitude and frigid weather, the name remained an unofficial nickname, however until the arrival in Edmonton of American baseball coach and sports promoter William Deacon White in 1907. White founded the Edmonton Eskimos baseball team in 1909, the football Eskimos in 1910, of the three, only the football teams name has survived. Edmonton played its first series of organized games with the formation of the Alberta Rugby Football Union in 1895, in 1897 the name Esquimaux was adopted. In 1910 the club was named the Edmonton Eskimos
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2014 CFL season
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The 2014 Canadian Football League season was the 61st season of modern Canadian professional football. It was the 57th season of the league, Vancouver hosted the 102nd Grey Cup on November 30. The league expanded to nine teams with the addition of the Ottawa Redblacks, as a result of the expansion, the schedule shifted to a 20-week regular season plus three weeks of playoffs, the season started on June 26,2014. The collective bargaining agreement between the CFL and the CFL Players Association expired on May 29,2014, with a new and more lucrative television contract with TSN beginning this season, revenue distribution was a major sticking point in CBA negotiations. Unlike other professional leagues in North America, the CFL salary cap is not tied to league revenues. The league had offered to raise the previous $4.4 million salary cap to $5 million, the CFLPA had indicated that it would not play the 2014 season under the terms of the expired agreement. After negotiations broke down on May 21, the CFLPA began preparations for a strike vote, had the players gone on strike, it would have been only the second work stoppage in CFL history and possibly the first to have caused the cancellation of regular season games. The first CFL strike, in 1974, occurred during training camp and was settled before the season began. On June 7, the CFL and CFLPA announced that they had reached a tentative labour agreement, the agreement was ratified by the players on June 12. The new collective bargaining agreement will be in place until May 15,2019 or the first day training camp in 2019, whichever comes later. However, if the nine member clubs total aggregate revenues increase by more than $27 million in any year starting in 2016, both sides will renegotiate the salary cap. The salary cap for the 2014 season is set at $5 million per team, both figures will increase by $50,000 each year until 2018. The minimum salary per player increased by $5000 to $50,000, the game-day roster increased from 42 players to 44 players, with 46 players still being named to the active roster, meaning the reserve roster decreased from four to two players. The practice roster for teams also increased from seven to ten players in the Summer, the nine-game injury list was replaced with a six-game injury list, while retaining the option of removing two players early from the list. Clubs are also permitted to keep players on the list past the six games, the league has also removed the option-year clause on contracts for veteran players, making it possible for players to sign one-year contracts. Rookie players must still have option years on their contracts, the team was able to sign players starting on the day after the 101st Grey Cup on November 25,2013 and an expansion draft for the club was held on December 16,2013. The 2013 CFL Expansion Draft allowed the RedBlacks to select one import, additionally, after selecting four players in the 2013 CFL Draft, the RedBlacks fully participated in the 2014 CFL Draft, with the first picks in each of the drafts seven rounds. Their first regular game was in Winnipeg on July 3
