1.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
Saint Lawrence River
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The Saint Lawrence River is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north-easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U. S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway, the estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île dOrléans, just downstream from Quebec City. The river becomes tidal around Quebec City, the St. Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km from the outflow of Lake Ontario. The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing, the average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second. At Quebec City, it is 12,101 m3/s, the average discharge at the rivers source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is 7,410 m3/s. The St. Lawrence River includes Lake Saint-Louis south of Montreal, Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, pierre Archipelago and the smaller Mingan Archipelago. Other islands include Île dOrléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé and it is the second longest river in Canada. Lake Champlain and the Ottawa, Richelieu, Saguenay, and Saint-François rivers drain into the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River is in an active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean. The faults in the area are related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system. According to the United States Geological Survey, the St. Lawrence Valley is a province of the larger Appalachian division, containing the Champlain. However, in Canada, where most of the valley is, it is considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division. Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier, at that time, the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, at the time of Cartiers second voyage in 1535. Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on St. Lawrences feast day, the St. Lawrence River is partly within the U. S. and as such is that countrys sixth oldest surviving European place-name. The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques, who came to the St Lawrence Gulf, the Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements, leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River. Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencibles disaster, initially, the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat
5.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Stromatolite
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Fossilized stromatolites provide ancient records of life on Earth by these remains, some of which may date from 3.7 billion years ago. Stromatolites exhibit a variety of forms and structures, or morphologies, including conical, stratiform, branching, domal, Stromatolites occur widely in the fossil record of the Precambrian, but are rare today. Very few ancient stromatolites contain fossilized microbes, while features of some stromatolites are suggestive of biological activity, others possess features that are more consistent with abiotic precipitation. Finding reliable ways to distinguish between biologically formed and abiotic stromatolites is an area of research in geology. Time lapse photography of modern microbial mat formation in a laboratory setting gives some revealing clues to the behavior of cyanobacteria in stromatolites. In a novel experiment, the scientists projected a school logo onto a dish containing the organisms. The authors speculate that such motility allows the cyanobacteria to seek light sources to support the colony, in both light and dark conditions, the cyanobacteria form clumps that then expand outwards, with individual members remaining connected to the colony via long tendrils. This may be a mechanism that affords evolutionary benefit to the colony in harsh environments where mechanical forces act to tear apart the microbial mats. Thus these sometimes elaborate structures, constructed by microscopic organisms working somewhat in unison, are a means of providing shelter, some Archean rock formations show macroscopic similarity to modern microbial structures, leading to the inference that these structures represent evidence of ancient life, namely stromatolites. However, others regard these patterns as being due to natural material deposition or some other abiogenic mechanism, Stromatolites are a major constituent of the fossil record of the first forms of life on earth. The earliest fossils date to 3.7 billion years ago and they peaked about 1.25 billion years ago and subsequently declined in abundance and diversity, so that by the start of the Cambrian they had fallen to 20% of their peak. The most widely supported explanation is that stromatolite builders fell victim to grazing creatures, Proterozoic stromatolite microfossils include cyanobacteria and possibly some forms of the eukaryote chlorophytes. One genus of very common in the geologic record is Collenia. Fluctuations in metazoan population and diversity may not have been the factor in the reduction in stromatolite abundance. Factors such as the chemistry of the environment may have been responsible for changes, while prokaryotic cyanobacteria reproduce asexually through cell division, they were instrumental in priming the environment for the evolutionary development of more complex eukaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria are thought to be responsible for increasing the amount of oxygen in the primeval earths atmosphere through their continuing photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to create their food, a layer of mucus often forms over mats of cyanobacterial cells. In modern microbial mats, debris from the habitat can become trapped within the mucus
8.
Champlain Bridge (Ottawa)
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The Champlain Bridge crosses the Ottawa River about 5 km west of Parliament Hill, joining the communities of Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec. It is the westernmost link between the two cities and it was originally built between 1924 and 1928 by the Federal District Commission, the predecessor to the National Capital Commission, which maintains the bridge. The bridge consists of 4 spans and crosses Riopelle, Cunningham, the total length of the bridge is 1.1 km, making it the longest bridge spanning the Ottawa River. On the Ontario side, it is a continuation of Island Park Drive and is connected to the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway. It connects to Aylmer Road on the Quebec side, a third commuter lane was added when the bridge was rebuilt in 2002, which is a reversible lane in the direction of peak traffic. The bridge was named after Samuel de Champlain who is associated with the portage around the rapids in this section of the river, the short access roadway on the Aylmer side of the bridge is called Place Samuel de Champlain. List of bridges in Ottawa List of crossings of the Ottawa River Transport Canada
9.
False color
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False color refers to a group of color rendering methods used to display images in color which were recorded in the visible or non-visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. A false-color image is an image that depicts an object in colors that differ from those a photograph would show, to understand false color, a look at the concept behind true color is helpful. An image is called an image when it offers a natural color rendition. When applied to images, true-color means that the perceived lightness of a subject is preserved in its depiction. There are three sources of color error, Different spectral sensitivities of the human eye and of an image capture device. Different spectral emissions / reflections of the object and of the image render process, differences in spectral irradiance in the case of reflective images or reflective objects – see color rendering index for details. Color management can be used to mitigate this problem within the physical constraints, while a false-color image can be created using solely the visual spectrum, typically some or all data used is from electromagnetic radiation outside the visual spectrum. The choice of bands is governed by the physical properties of the object under investigation. As the human eye uses three spectral bands, three bands are commonly combined into a false-color image. In contrast, an image made from one spectral band. For true color, the RGB channels from the camera are mapped to the corresponding RGB channels of the image, for false color this relationship is changed. The simplest false-color encoding is to take an RGB image in the visible spectrum, for traditional false-color satellite images of Earth a NRG→RGB mapping is used, with N being the near-infrared spectral band – this yields the typical vegetation in red false-color images. False color is used for satellite and space images, Examples are remote sensing satellites, some spacecraft, with rovers being the most prominent examples, have the ability to capture approximate true-color images as well. Weather satellites produce, in contrast the spacecrafts mentioned previously, grayscale images from the visible or infrared spectrum, a pseudocolor image is derived from a grayscale image by mapping each intensity value to a color according to a table or function. Pseudo color is used when a single channel of data is available. A typical example for the use of color is thermography. Pseudocoloring can make some more visible, as the perceived difference in color space is bigger than between successive gray levels alone. A further application of pseudocoloring is to store the results of image elaboration, density slicing, a variation of pseudo color, divides an image into a few colored bands and is used in the analysis of remote sensing images
10.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
11.
Algonquin language
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Algonquin is either a distinct Algonquian language closely related to the Ojibwe language or a particularly divergent Ojibwe dialect. It is spoken, alongside French and to some extent English, by the Algonquin First Nations of Quebec, as of 2006, there were 2,680 Algonquin speakers, less than 10% of whom were monolingual. Algonquin is the language for which the entire Algonquian language subgroup is named, the similarity among the names often causes considerable confusion. Like many Native American languages, it is strongly verb-based, with most meaning being incorporated into verbs instead of using separate words for prepositions, tense, Algonquin is an Algonquian language, of the Algic family of languages, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian. It is considered a divergent dialect of Ojibwe by many. But, although the speakers call themselves Anicinàbe, the Ojibwe call them Odishkwaagamii, among the Algonquins, however, the Nipissing are called Otickwàgamì and their language as Otickwàgamìmowin. The rest of the Algonquin communities call themselves Omàmiwininiwak, and the language Omàmiwininìmowin, other than Algonquin, languages considered as particularly divergent dialects of the Anishinaabe language include Mississauga and Odawa. The Potawatomi language was considered a divergent dialect of the Anishinaabe language, culturally, the Algonquin and the Mississaugas were not part of the Ojibwe–Odawa–Potawatomi alliance known as the Council of Three Fires. The Algonquins maintained stronger ties with the Abenaki, Atikamekw. Among sister Algonquian languages are Nitsitapi, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, the Algic family contains the Algonquian languages and the so-called Ritwan languages, Wiyot and Yurok. Ojibwe and its languages are frequently referred to as a Central Algonquian language, however. Among Algonquian languages, only the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a genetic subgroup. There are several dialects of the Algonquin language, speakers at Maniwaki consider their language to be Algonquin, though linguistically it is a dialect of Eastern Ojibwa. So kìjig is pronounced, but anokì kìjig is pronounced, /h/ can be pronounced as either or. Aw ay ew ey iw ow Algonquin does have nasal vowels, in Algonquin, vowels automatically become nasal before nd, ng, nj or nz. For example, kìgònz is pronounced, not, word stress in Algonquin is complex but regular. Words are divided into iambic feet, counting long vowels as a full foot, the strong syllables of the remaining iambic feet each carry secondary stress, as do any final weak syllables. For example, /ni. ˈbi/, /ˈsiː. ˌbi/, /mi. ˈki. ˌzi/, /ˈnaː. no. ˌmi. da. ˌna/
12.
River
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A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water, small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the term river as applied to geographic features. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location, examples are run in parts of the United States, burn in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always, Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Potamology is the study of rivers while limnology is the study of inland waters in general. Extraterrestrial rivers of liquid hydrocarbons have recently found on Titan. Channels may indicate past rivers on other planets, specifically outflow channels on Mars and rivers are theorised to exist on planets, a river begins at a source, follows a path called a course, and ends at a mouth or mouths. The water in a river is confined to a channel. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing. Rivers can flow down mountains, through valleys or along plains, the term upriver refers to the direction towards the source of the river, i. e. against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. The term left bank refers to the bank in the direction of flow. The river channel typically contains a stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide and they also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are quite rare
13.
Laurentian Mountains
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The Gatineau, LAssomption, Lièvre, Montmorency, Nord and St. Maurice rivers rise in lakes in this mountain range. Across the U. S. border to the south, the Adirondack Mountains in New York State, although Laurentides is one of Quebecs official regions, the mountain range of the same name runs through four other regions, Capitale-Nationale, Outaouais, Lanaudière, and Mauricie. Extending into central Ontario, the foothills of the Laurentian range are known as the Opeongo Hills, the Laurentian Mountain range is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world. It contains rocks deposited before the Cambrian Period 540 million years ago, the Laurentians are the central part of the Grenville orogeny dating back to around a billion years
14.
Lake Timiskaming
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Lake Timiskaming or Lake Temiskaming is a large freshwater lake on the provincial boundary between Ontario and Quebec, Canada. The lake, which part of the Ottawa River, is 110 kilometres in length. Its water level ranges between 175 m and 179 m above sea-level, with an annual average of 178.4 m. The lake is in places up to 216 m deep, there are several islands on the lake, notably Mann and du Collège Islands. The name is from the Algonquin Temikami or Temikaming, meaning deep waters, there are 30 species of fish in Lake Timiskaming, the best known are northern pike, sturgeon, lake trout, walleye, smallmouth bass, bullhead, carp, burbot, perch and whitefish. The lake was shaped during the last ice age when glaciers carved into the rock and it is also the remnants of a huge basin called Lake Ojibway, which existed about 9,500 years ago. Between 1976 and 1981 the DuPagne Classic fishing tourney took place at Wells Rock, for the trading post and some history see Fort Témiscamingue. Lake Timiskaming is centered on a rift valley that extends several hundred miles to the north-east called the Timiskaming Graben. It is the extension of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, which is part of the Saint Lawrence rift system. There have been recent earthquakes along the valley, the most recent being in 2000. There are numerous faults in the area and has produced such as Devils Rock. There are known kimberlite pipes within the valley that are considered to be diamondiferous
15.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
16.
Gatineau
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Gatineau, officially Ville de Gatineau, is a city in western Quebec, Canada. It is the fourth largest city in the province after Montreal, Quebec City and it is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, immediately across from Ottawa, together with which it forms Canadas National Capital Region. As of 2011 Gatineau had a population of 265,349, the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area had a population of 1,236,324. Gatineau is coextensive with an equivalent to a regional county municipality and census division of the same name. It is the seat of the district of Hull. The current city of Gatineau is centred on an area called Hull, Wright brought his family, five other families and twenty-five labourers and a plan to establish an agriculturally based community to what was then a mosquito-infested wilderness. But soon after, Wright and his family took advantage of the large lumber stands, the original settlement was called Wrightstown, later it became Hull and in 2002, after amalgamation, the City of Gatineau. In 1820, before immigrants from Great Britain arrived in numbers, Hull Township had a population of 707, including 365 men,113 women. Note the discrepancy in the number of men and women, owing to the work of the timber trade. In 1824, there were 106 families and 803 persons, during the rest of the 1820s, the population of Hull doubled, owing to the arrival of Ulster Protestants. By 1851, the population of the County of Ottawa was 11,104, by comparison, Bytown had a population of 7,760 in 1851. By 1861, Ottawa County now had a population of 15,671, the gradual move to the Township by French Canadians continued over the years, with the French Canadians growing from 10% of the population in 1850, to 50% in 1870, and 90% in 1920. The Gatineau River, like the Ottawa River, was much the preserve of the draveurs. Ottawa was founded later, as the terminus of the Rideau Canal built under the command of Col. John By as part of fortifications and its greater distance from the Canada–US border also left the new parliament less vulnerable to foreign attack. In the 1940s, during World War II, Hull, along various other regions within Canada, such as the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean. Hulls prison was simply labelled with a number and remained unnamed just like Canadas other war prisons, the prisoners of war were sorted and classified into categories by nationality and civilian or military status. In this camp, POWs were mostly Italian and German nationals, during the Conscription Crisis of 1944 the prison eventually included Canadians who had refused conscription. Also, prisoners were forced into hard labour which included farming and lumbering the land, during the 1970s and early 1980s, the decaying old downtown core of Hull was transformed by demolition and replacement with a series of large office complexes
17.
Rideau River
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The Rideau River is an Eastern Ontario river which flows north from Upper Rideau Lake and empties into the Ottawa River at Rideau Falls in Ottawa, Ontario. The Rideau Canal, which travel from Ottawa to the city of Kingston. The river diverges from the Canal at Hogs Back Falls in Ottawa and this practice has been going on for more than 100 years. The regulatory authority charged with protecting the Rideau River and its tributaries is the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority, ISBN 0-8020-2573-0 – via Google Books. Rideau Valley Conservation Authority Biodiversity of the Rideau River
18.
Gatineau River
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The Gatineau River is a river in western Quebec, Canada, which rises in lakes north of the Baskatong Reservoir and flows south to join the Ottawa River at the city of Gatineau, Quebec. The river is 386 km long and drains an area of 23,700 km², the name they give the river is Te-nagàdino-zìbi, which means The River that Stops. The Ottawa River then flows northwest and turns south where it flows more easterly. This river was an important transportation corridor for people of the region. On June 4,1613, Samuel de Champlain passed here while travelling on the Ottawa River to LIsle-aux-Allumettes, sometimes, these people use this river to avoid meeting their enemies, knowing that they will not seek them in such difficult accessible places. He noted this river coming from the north but did not give its name, in 1783, in a report to the governor Frederick Haldimand, lieutenant David Jones called the river by the name River Lettinoe. According to Lucien Brault, this would be the first written reference to the name Gatineau, on the charts of his account from 1830, but recalling events from the beginning of the 19th century, the traveller and fur trader Jean-Baptiste Perrault called the river nàgàtinong or àgatinung. On a plan of the Rideau Canal, drawn by lieutenant-colonel John By in 1831, finally, R. Gatineau appears on the chart of William Henderson in 1831, and on the one of Thomas Guesses, in 1861. This name recollects the memory of a fur trader from the 17th century, inhabitant of Trois-Rivières, he had traded near a river located between the Ottawa and Saint-Maurice Rivers, which was then customarily called river of Gatineau. Therefore, the given to the river is more likely a credit to the Gatineau sons than to Nicolas. From the 19th century until 1991, the river was used to transport logs to sawmills near the mouth of the river, philemon Wright and his descendants played an important role in the development of the lumber industry in the Gatineau valley. In more recent times, with declining quality in the forests of the region, logs were used for pulp, the river has been extensively dammed and is an important source of hydroelectric power. In 1925, three dams were constructed along the lower Gatineau River, making them one of the biggest economic. These are now known today as the Paugan, Chelsea and Rapides-Farmers Hydroelectric Stations, the stations are located within the municipalities of Low, Cantley and Gatineau. The Hull-Chelsea-Wakefield Railway, a tourist steam train, followed a route up the Gatineau valley to Wakefield, in the spring of 1974, there was extensive flooding along the Gatineau
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Lake of Two Mountains
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Lake of Two Mountains is part of the river delta widening of the Ottawa River in Quebec, Canada, at its confluence with the St. Lawrence River. The city of Deux-Montagnes is located on the north shore. The southwest portion of the city of Montréal borders the eastern part of the lake, Kanesatake, a Kanienkéha, ka Mohawk reserve in Kanesatake, Quebec, is also located along the northern shore. The lake was named lac des Médicis in 1612 by French explorer Samuel de Champlain, by around 1684 French colonists named it as Lac des Deux Montagnes. The name refers to Calvaire Mountain and Saint-Joseph-du-Lac Hill, the two highest peaks of Mont Oka that face the lake on its northern shore, list of crossings of the Ottawa River
20.
Carillon Generating Station
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The Carillon Generating Station is a hydroelectric power station on the Ottawa River near Carillon, Quebec, Canada. Built between 1959 and 1964, it is managed and operated by Hydro-Québec and it is a run-of-river generating station with an installed capacity of 752 megawatts, a head of 17.99 meters, and a reservoir of 26 square kilometers. The dam spans the river between Carillon and Pointe-Fortune, Quebec, upon completion, the dam raised the water level by over 62 feet at Carillon and over 9 feet at Grenville. This inundated the rapids of Long-Sault on the river, transforming them into calm water. The dam also includes a lock that facilitates traffic up the Ottawa River. List of crossings of the Ottawa River List of hydroelectric stations in Quebec Media related to Carillon Generating Station at Wikimedia Commons Hydro-Québec English Web page
21.
Westmeath Provincial Park
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Westmeath Provincial Park is a provincial park on the Ottawa River in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. Located on the section of the known as Bellows Bay, it features a long sandy beach. It is one of the most pristine sand dune and wetland complexes along the southern Ottawa River, as a non-operating park, the park has no facilities and overnight camping is not permitted. Its primary purpose is the protection the sand dunes and wetlands, unlike most Ontario provincial parks, where hunting and possession of firearms are prohibited, waterfowl hunting is allowed within the park. This sand spit, dune and wetland complex occurs on the shore of the Ottawa River near the town of Westmeath. It is built from sand deposits laid down by the Ottawa River near the end of the last ice age, when larger areas of the Great Lakes drained east down the Ottawa River Valley. Near Pembroke this ancient river entered the Champlain Sea, and deposited areas of sand and clay as its delta within the Champlain sea, hence these dunes partly reflect an ancient ocean shoreline. The dunes appear to be the best remaining example along the Ottawa River, the park is home to 300 plant species, including 10 which are provincially or regionally rare, and a wide array of types of wetlands representative of the Ottawa River. There are six provincially significant plant species known, Bulbostylis capillaris, Danthonia compressa, Hudsonia tomentosa, Polygonella articulata, there is also a substantial population of butternut trees. The park has a diversity of wildlife, including 184 species of birds sighted. Black terns may nest in Bellows Bay, many other waterfowl use the park during migration. The Bellows Bay portion is home to the spiny softshell turtle, one of the important functions of natural areas like Westmeath is to provide natural areas for the study of ecological principles that apply well beyond the boundaries of the park itself. Hence, it has provided an important natural laboratory for the study of wetlands along the Ottawa River in particular, and in marsh ecology as a whole. During the 1980s, a team from the University of Ottawa used this outdoor laboratory as one source of data for a classification system for the rest of the marshes along the Ottawa River. The open sandy wetlands provided an important reference point in this classification system, such areas have relatively low nutrient levels, particularly compared to most bays, and sites downstream from Ottawa-Hull. These open wetlands are dominated by evergreen and deeply rooted plants, that can tolerate the infertile conditions, damage by waves. This was the first study to such an important documentation of competition gradients in wetlands. Studies of plant diversity also showed that area has enormously high plant diversity compared to other types of wetlands
22.
Bonnechere River
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The Bonnechere River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Nipissing District and Renfrew County in eastern and northeastern Ontario, Canada. The river flows from Algonquin Provincial Park to the Ottawa River east, the rivers name is thought to come from the French bonne chère meaning good cheer. For a map showing the rivers course highlighted on a topographic map, the Bonnechere River begins in Algonquin Provincial Park at McKaskill Lake in geographic Clancy Township in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District. It heads north into geographic Niven Township, then loops back southeast into Clancy Township, under a Hydro One transmission corridor and into geographic Guthrie Township. It continues southeast through the Crooked Chute, over the High Falls, through the Stacks Rapids to the unincorporated place Basin Depot, located on a former logging road. The rivers leaves the lake at Grassy Bay controlled by the Round Lake Dam and reaches Golden Lake in North Algona Wilberforce, the lake is home to Killaloe at the west and the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn First Nation at the southeast. From Golden Lake until the river reaches Admaston/Bromley downstream, the forms the boundary between North Algona Wilberforce and Bonnechere Valley. The Bonnechere River leaves Golden Lake controlled by the Golden Lake Dam, the river reaches its mouth at Lac des Chats on the Ottawa River near the settlement of Fergusons Beach. The river is 145 kilometres long and drains an area of 2,400 square kilometres, during the 19th century, the river was used to transport white pine logs from the forested areas surrounding the river. A number of plants have been built on the river. The Bonnechère Caves, formed from ancient limestone, are located by the river near the village of Eganville, Ontario, in the hamlet of Fourth Chute, the First Chute of the river is where the Bonnechere empties into the Ottawa River, at Castleford. The Second Chute is in Renfrew, this waterfall has a hydroelectric dam. The Third Chute is in Douglas, Ontario, it also has a hydroelectric dam. The Fourth Chute is in the small village Fourth Chute, there are two provincial parks along its length, the Bonnechere River Provincial Park and the Bonnechere Provincial Park. The Bonnechere River lies mostly in a 175 million year old rift valley called the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, over the years, songs have been written about the Bonnechere River including the recent In The Arms Of The Bonnechere River by Ottawa Valley singer/songwriter, Terry McLeish. Each year the river is host to a run between the third and fourth chute. Originally arranged by local Shriners the run has taken on an official status. Participants design and build a raft or anything else they hope will take them down the river, the river presents natural obstacles in the form of light rapids
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Coulonge River
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The Coulonge River is a predominantly wilderness river in western Quebec, Canada. It is 217 km long, has an area of 5060 km². Over that distance, it drops approximately 260 meters —48 meters of that over the massive Grandes or Coulonge Chutes, a popular river for whitewater canoeing enthusiasts, it is often grouped together with the Dumoine and Noire Rivers as three of a kind. The three rivers share the same watershed, and have similar whitewater characteristics, all three empty into the Ottawa River within a distance of 105 kilometers from one another. In 1835, Scottish-born lumber baron George Bryson acquired timber rights to thousands of acres of forest in the area, including the 200 acres immediately surrounding the Grandes Chutes. To transport the squared timber safely past the falls and the 750 m gorge below, Bryson built a 1,000 m -long timber slide to the waters near the confluence of the Coulonge. The last spring log drive in Canada took place on the Coulonge River in 1982, since then, the timber from smaller-scale logging operations has been hauled out by trucks over a network of dirt roads which meander throughout the Coulonge River valley. In 1994, a dam and power station was built at the head of the Grandes Chutes
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Dumoine River
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The Dumoine River is a river in western Quebec with its source in Machin Lake near La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve. From Dumoine Lake, the river flows almost due south off the Canadian Shield and empties into the Ottawa River, just west of Rapides-des-Joachims, Quebec, or Rolphton, the river is 129 kilometres long and drains a watershed of 5,380 square kilometres. This relatively short compared to its drainage area indicates that the Dumoine has a strong current. Primarily known today for its white water canoeing and fishing, the river has a history from the native Indian era to exploration, fur trading. Development is minimal along the river, occasionally the river is crossed by logging roads but between river kilometres 20 and 30 are several cottages. This river is often grouped together with the Noire and Coulonge Rivers as three of a kind, all three are in the same area, have similar characteristics, and are very popular with whitewater canoers. The river is named after the French family of Le Moynes, for almost its entire length, the Dumoine River forms the boundary between the Pontiac and Témiscamingue regional county municipalities. The Algonquins named it Cakawitopikak Sipi and Ekonakwasi Sipi which means Alder River, a map of 1755 by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin shows the name Acounagousin. Lotter, in 1762, and Carver, in 1776, named it likewise, the indigenous people, coming from the Great Lakes via the Mattawa and French Rivers, used the Dumoine to reach Trois-Rivières and Quebec City. In 1762, Alexander Henry the elder passed by the mouth of the Dumoine when travelling to Sault Ste. He wrote, at the mouth of the Du Moine River, the 1801 map of Alexander Mackenzie shows the layout of the Dumoine River but not all the way to its source. It is named after the trading post built at the mouth towards the end of French rule. The post was abandoned in 1761, and Fort Dumoine took over its activities around 1785, but after 1800 this fort did no longer give any signs of life. On May 14,2008, the Quebec Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, no industrial activities are allowed in the new interim protected area covering almost a third of the watershed and encompassed the Dumoine River from its head water to the Ottawa River. Paddling down the Dumoine is considered exciting and rewarding by rafters because of the number of runnable rapids. Trips usually start at Lac Dumoine, floating 100 kilometres in about 5 to 7 days, Lac Laforge, covering 75 kilometres in 4 days, or Lac Benoit, access is by float plane or logging road. The range of rapids is large, from swifts to unrunnable falls, beginning from Lac Dumoine, some of the more notable rapids are, km 64, Fish Portage -3 sets of falls with approaches rated Class 1 and 2 on the International Scale of River Difficulty. The final waterfall, called Ryan Chute, connects to the Ottawa River and this dangerous chute once had 35 pairs of hobnail boots nailed to surrounding trees as memorials to the loggers who had drowned
25.
Kipawa River
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The Kipawa River is a short river in western Quebec, Canada. It is mostly an undeveloped river but the lakes have dams, fishing camps. The communities of Kipawa and Laniel are located on Lake Kipawa, also much logging takes place within its watershed basin, which is consequently crisscrossed by many bush roads. Route 101 crosses the river at Laniel, the Kipawa River drops 90 metres over the last 16 kilometres from Lake Kipawa to its mouth which results in many whitewater rapids, making it popular with kayakers and canoeists. Since 1986, the Kipawa River Rally has been held annually over this stretch of the river and its name is derived from the Anishnabe word Kebaouek meaning at the narrows beyond which more water opens out. In 1910, the Laniel Dam at the outflow of Lake Kipawa was built and has a designed to float logs from Lake Kipawa to the Ottawa River. The first recorded whitewater run on the Kipawa was in 1971 when Jose Mediavilla and Joseph Jacob from Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, the Kipawa River has been the site of the Kipawa River Rally since 1985. The dates have more or less coincided with the St. Jean-Baptiste Holiday in Quebec and it is the second longest running recreational paddling festival in northeastern North America. In 2007, the Laniel Dam required rebuilding to withstand the 1 in 1000 year flood event, the existing berm was unstable and leaked. But navigation rights through the dam gates were denied from then on, les Amis de la rivière Kipawa mounted a Judicial Challenge, arguing that navigation of the sluice is legal, safe, and significant under the Navigable Waters Protection Act. They were overruled by the Federal Court and Federal Appeals Court, les Amis was subsequently levied with $5,000 in court costs as a result of their challenge thereby putting a damper on other river preservationists hoping to challenge administrative decisions. The Kipawa River is currently under threat of development by two competing projects which plan to divert the river and would completely alter its natural flow. The first, proposed by Hydro-Québec, is called TABARET and the other by Innergex on behalf of the Algonquin First Nations based at Wolf Lake. Hydro-Québec has promised hundreds of thousands of dollars per year in payments to the MRC of Temiskaming in exchange for its support of the project. The TABARET project appears favoured because the OPEMICAN NATIONAL PARK project appears to accommodated the diversion outlet at Lake Temiskaming as envisioned in the project details. The report states, The potential Parc national d’Opémican will have no influence on the undertaking of either hydroelectric projects currently under study in the county, list of rivers of Quebec Friends of the Kipawa River
26.
Madawaska River (Ontario)
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The Madawaska River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Ontario, Canada. The river is 230 km long and drains an area of 8,470 km2 and its name comes from an Algonquian band of the region known as Matouweskarini, meaning people of the shallows. For a map showing the course, see this reference. The Madawaska River originates at Source Lake in geographic Canisbay Township in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District and it flows east, dropping 380 m before emptying into the Ottawa River at Arnprior. In the late 19th century, the river was used to transport lumber from the areas surrounding the river. Beginning in the 1960s, the river was used to generate hydroelectric power, undammed sections of the river are also used for canoeing, kayaking and recreational fishing. Two sections of the river are designated and protected as provincial parks, Upper Madawaska River Provincial Park. Lower Madawaska River Provincial Park, between Latchford Bridge and Griffith,12 km2, both parks are administered by Ontario Parks but are non-operating, meaning there are no visitor facilities or services available. Both are ideal for whitewater canoeing, bonnechere River - nearby river with similar characteristics List of Ontario rivers Other map sources, McMurtrie, Jeffrey. Algonquin Provincial Park and the Haliburton Highlands, restructured municipalities - Ontario map #5. Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Ontario Power Generation - History and water management
27.
Mattawa River
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The Mattawa River is a river in central Ontario, Canada. It flows east from Trout Lake east of North Bay and enters the Ottawa River at the town of Mattawa, counting from the head of Trout Lake, it is 76 km in length. The rivers name comes from the Algonquin word for meeting of waterways, the river follows inside an ancient fault line through the Algoma Highlands called the Mattawa Fault. This fault line marks the edge of an ancient rift valley, called the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben. From Lake Talon to Mattawa the river flows through a canyon up to 150 metres in places. Tributaries include the, Amable du Fond River Kaibuskong River North River An interesting feature is the Porte de lEnfer and this is a peculiar cave in the rivers bank speculated to be a native ochre mine. As far back as 1761, Alexander Henry the elder reported on this cave and it was said to be inhabited by an evil and fierce demon, hence its name. Evidence of a spillway which drained the Great Lakes into the Ottawa River until about 4000 years ago can be seen at several sites along the river. The Mattawa River had been used by native peoples as an important transportation corridor for many centuries, in 1610, Étienne Brûlé and in 1615, Samuel de Champlain were the first Europeans to travel the river. For some 200 years thereafter, it formed part of the important water route leading from Montreal west to Lake Superior and it was the primary access to the vast Canadian interior in the days of the fur trade. Canoes travelling west up the Ottawa turned left at the Forks to enter the Petite Rivière, reaching Lake Nipissing by way of La Vase Portage, in the 19th century, the river provided access to large untouched stands of white pine. The river was used to transport logs to sawmills. The value of the Mattawa River as a transportation link ended in 1881 when the railroad was built to Mattawa, almost the full length of the river was protected as a provincial park in 1970 and has been designated as a Canadian Heritage River in January 1988. While logging is still an important industry in this region, its shores are now protected from further development, today, the river and lakes are mainly used for recreation. In 1970, a section of the Mattawa River from the end of Trout Lake to the western boundary of Samuel de Champlain Park was protected. This 33 kilometres long and 122 metres wide ribbon of land on both sides of the river was designated as Ontarios first waterway park and it is a non-operating park, meaning there are no visitor facilities and services. There are some backcountry campsites provided and the trails are marked with signs. However most are in various stages of neglect, there are plans to increase the park by 108.8 square kilometres of Crown Land along both shores, and extending it on the eastern side of Samuel de Champlain Park towards the town of Mattawa
28.
Mississippi River (Ontario)
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The Mississippi River is a tributary of the Ottawa River in eastern Ontario in Canada. It is 200 kilometres in length from its source in Upper Mazinaw Lake, has an area of 4,450 square kilometres. There are more than 250 lakes in the watershed, communities along the river include the village of Lanark, the towns of Carleton Place, Mississippi Mills, and Galetta. Here it enters the Ottawa River, instead, the name may originate from Mazinaa-ziibi, Algonquian for image river, referring to the pictographs found on Mazinaw Lake, though this is by no means proven. From its headwaters at Mazinaw Lake to its confluence at the Ottawa River near Fitzroy Harbour and it begins on the Canadian Shield, and then, after Carleton Place, flows through limestone and clay plains. At Carleton Place, there are rapids with limestone cliffs and this area supports the largest stand of hackberry trees in the region. Most of the landscape is temperate deciduous forest dominated by sugar maple, American beech. At one time, the forests had much more eastern hemlock, now, large hemlock stands are uncommon. Most forests are less than a century old and these mountains have since been eroded to mostly gneiss and marble hills, with occasional outcrops of granite. Lower in the watershed, there are younger limestone rocks, most of these are covered by clay deposited when this area was covered by the Champlain Sea. Occasional large wetlands occur along the river, one of the largest is the Innisville Wetlands, a provincially significant wetland that is also designated an Area of Natural and Scientific Interest. Another large wetland is the Appleton Silver Maple Swamp and these wetlands depend upon the seasonal cycles of the river. High water periods in the spring flood large areas creating wetland soils, as water levels slowly fall, conditions suitable for swamp forests occur. This natural seasonal alternation between high and lower levels is essential for creating the natural diversity of wetlands along the river. Upstream, in Lanark County, there are two sections of the river that are important for their plant communities, the first section of interest includes the east end of Dalhousie Lake and the swamp- and marsh-lined portion of the Mississippi River from the lake almost to Sheridans Rapids. Shallow lakes and adjacent river make up the provincially significant McCullochs Mud Lake Wetland, the second portion of interest is the rocky, rapid-filled section of the river from Sheridans Rapids down to just past Playfairville. Here there are populations of unusual species including Parnassia glauca, Platanthera flava. The river originally powered textile mills, such power dams, however, have all but eliminated American eels from the river
29.
Montreal River (Timiskaming District)
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The Montreal River is a river in Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada. It travels 220 kilometres from its source at Smoothwater Lake to its mouth at Lake Timiskaming on the Ottawa River, the river is a significant source of hydroelectricity. The Montreal River has a check mark shape, first flowing 70 kilometres north east. It begins at Smoothwater Lake in Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park, the river heads north, takes in several tributaries and reaches Inlet Bay on Gowganda Lake and the community of Gowganda. The river exits the lake at Outlet Bay, passes under Ontario Highway 560 and it reaches The Forks at Matachewan and takes in the major left tributary West Montreal River. The river continues southeast to the community of Elk Lake, takes in the right tributary Makobe River, the river is paralleled by Highway 65 for the stretch Matachewan to Latchford. The river heads over the Latchford Dam and under the Sgt, the river flows over Fountain Falls and the Paugan Rapids, and enters the reservoir of the OPG Lower Notch Generating Station and dam. It then passes over the dam and under Ontario Highway 567 to reach its mouth at Lake Timiskaming, two bird banding stations are located in the Montreal River drainage basin. One is at Mountain Chutes southeast of Elk Lake, and a second at Gillies Lake just northeast of Latchford
30.
Petawawa River
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The Petawawa River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Nipissing District and Renfrew County in eastern and northeastern Ontario, Canada. The river flows from Algonquin Provincial Park to the Ottawa River at the town of Petawawa, the rivers name comes from the Algonquian for where one hears a noise like this, which refers to its many rapids. The river starts at Ralph Bice Lake in northern Algonquin Provincial Park in the township of Butt in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District. It flows south to Daisy Lake then east to Big Trout Lake, the river then continues through a series of rapids including the Devils Cellar Rapids, passes the Algonquin Radio Observatory, and reaches Lake Travers. The river enters the town of Petawawa, heads under Ontario Highway 17, through the Big Eddy Rapids, under the Canadian Pacific Railway main line, and empties into Black Bay on the Ottawa River. The river is 187 kilometres in length and drains an area of 4,200 square kilometres, from the late 19th century until the 1960s, the river was used for log driving of the timber from the forested areas surrounding the river. The river is popular among canoeing and kayaking enthusiasts for its white water rapids, as of 2012, there were plans to build a 5.3 MW hydro-electric generating station at Big Eddy Rapids, about 2 kilometres upstream from the rivers mouth. The project involved building a concrete and boulder weir that would direct a portion of the water to a new 300 metres long intake channel and powerhouse and it was scheduled to be operational by 2015. Update, Actions taken by the Ontario Rivers Alliance and its members have led to the termination of 19 Feed-in-Tariff Contracts, Big Eddy Rapids and Half Mile Rapids on the Petawawa River were protected from development. 10 Ontario rivers were protected in all, Matawin, Vermilion, Petawawa, Wanapitei, Blanche, Ivanhoe, Frederick House, Kapuskasing, Larder, Part of the Petawawa River lies in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, a 175 million year old rift valley
31.
Rouge River (Quebec)
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The Rouge River is a river in western Quebec, Canada, which empties into the Ottawa River near Pointe-au-Chêne and flows north of Mont Tremblant. It is located in the Laurentides, about halfway between Ottawa and Montreal, the name is derived from the reddish tint of its sandbanks. The river is a destination for whitewater rafting. It is the body of water in an area comprising hills, valleys, lakes. As the story goes, a man from the century was riding down the country road in a horse-drawn carriage when he suddenly lost control of the vehicle. After being presumed dead for years, the man took the form of a husky aquatic creature who meandered in the river. Bisso is said to possess an insatiable appetite and would hunt whatever animals would venture to the river bank, swimming with just its eyes above the water, Bisso is said to often use floating vegetation as camouflage when it is stalking its prey. New York, Oxford University Press,1988
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South Nation River
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The South Nation River is a river in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It springs from forests and marshes located north of Brockville and it flows 175 kilometres northeast to empty into the Ottawa River north of Plantagenet and its watershed covers 3,900 square kilometres. This river is called the South Nation River to distinguish it from a river in Quebec north of the Ottawa River called the Petite-Nation River or rivière Petite-Nation, the names of both rivers are derived from the French name for the native people of this area, the Weskarini. The area surroundnig the river, originally covered with pine, is now mainly used for agriculture. The river drains an almost flat plain, and hence its lack of gradient makes it prone to flooding, dams and other water control measures have been introduced to help reduce the impact of seasonal flooding in the watershed. In some areas the river flows through Leda clays which can be very unstable, several landslides have occurred over the past century including a major one near the former town of Lemieux on June 20,1993. Approximately 3 million cubic metres of mud and clay slid into the river valley, four kilometers of river to the south of Spencerville is good for canoeing during most water conditions. There is a boat launch at the old mill
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Notre-Dame-du-Nord, Quebec
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Notre-Dame-du-Nord is a municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec, located in the Témiscamingue Regional County Municipality. It is located at the end of Lake Timiskaming where the Ottawa River enters into this lake. The municipality is located along Route 101, a local street, rue Ontario, extends westward from Route 101 to the Quebec-Ontario border, where it becomes Ontario Highway 65. In Ontario, the passes through the townships of Casey. Local attractions also include the Lake Timiskaming Fossil Centre, a museum and research institution dedicated to the fossils of the Témiscamingue region, and the Heath Racing motocross track. The area had been known by a variety of names, Tête-du-Lac, Pointe à Polson in 1858, Murray City in 1862, in 1895, the mission located on the north bank of the Rapids des Quinze became a parish under the name of Notre-Dame-du-Nord. In 1919, the place was incorporated as the Township Municipality of Nedelec-Partie-Sud and it was partially destroyed in the Great Fire of 1922. In 1928, it was renamed after the parish, in 1951, the Municipality of Notre-Dame-des-Quinze, which had developed concurrently on the other side of the rapids, was merged into Notre-Dame-du-Nord. Population trend, Private dwellings occupied by residents,514 Mother tongue
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Temiskaming Shores
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Temiskaming Shores is a city in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It was created by the amalgamation of the town of New Liskeard, the town of Haileybury, the city had a total population of 9,920 in the Canada 2016 Census. Temiskaming Shores is Ontarios second-smallest city, in terms of population, Haileybury is the seat of Timiskaming District. Prior to the amalgamation of Temiskaming Shores, the region was commonly nicknamed The Tri-Towns, Cobalt was also part of the original Temiskaming Shores amalgamation plan, but rejected the merger. The Tri-Towns designation may still be used on occasion, but has significantly less common since the municipal amalgamation. Temiskaming Shores is located along the edge of the Clay Belt area. The separate township municipality of Harris separates the city from the Ontario-Quebec border, the nearest town on the Quebec side of the border is Notre-Dame-du-Nord. The city is located within the Timiskaming Graben, a branch of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben. A large escarpment, known as Devils Rock, is located near Haileybury, the city includes the communities of New Liskeard, Haileybury, Dymond, and North Cobalt. The Ottawa River, which drains into and out of Lake Timiskaming, has been a route from the earliest times. Native peoples travelled this route since the earliest times, fort Temiscamingue was established in 1695 by French explorers. In 1794 George Gladman of the Hudsons Bay Company established Abitibi House on Lake Abitibi, in 1886, Alexander H. Telfer led a survey trip up Lake Timiskaming and gave a report to the Temiskaming Settlers Association. By this time, the Quebec side of Lake Timiskaming was also being settled, and steamboats, before more settlements could be established, The Quebec - Ontario boundary north of Lake Timiskaming had to be accurately surveyed. Earlier surveys by Quebec and Ontario resulted in a boundary dispute, william Ogilvie, who had recently distinguished himself by accurately surveying the Canada - Alaska boundary, led the expedition. A benchmark near Mattawa was used to establish an accurate benchmark north of Lake Timiskaming, using astronomical methods, from the head of Lake Timiskaming, they proceeded north to James Bay, fixing accurate positions of the provincial boundary at regular intervals using geodesy data derived from star transits. Ogilvies journal describe conditions in this area and the settlers he met. His report on this expedition describes the details of this expedition, william Murray and Irvin Heard were the first European settlers in the New Liskeard area, arriving in 1891. Some years later Crown Lands Agent John Armstrong was dispatched to the area to oversee formal land settlement, the settlers founded a prosperous agricultural center, taking advantage of the rich soil in the Little Claybelt region
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Ville-Marie, Quebec
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Ville-Marie is a town on Lake Temiscaming in western Quebec, Canada. It is the largest city and seat of the Témiscamingue Regional County Municipality, as one of the oldest towns in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region, it is considered the cradle of north-western Quebec and nicknamed Pearl of Témiscamingue. The town was home to the Junior A Ville-Marie Dragons of the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League in 2008-09, already in 1679, the place functioned as a trading post between the French and indigenous Algonquians. In 1720, the North West Company opened a trading post and built a store in 1785, in 1836, a mission was established, followed in 1863, by a mission founded by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, who gave it the name Ville-Marie. Originally the area was called Kelly Bay in honor of its first settler, James Kelly, in 1874, Oblate missionary Joseph Moffet cleared some land and moved to Kelly Bay that came to be known as Baie-des-Pères. In 1883, he was joined by a group of settlers from Nicolet, in 1886, the Parish of Notre-Dame-du-Saint-Rosaire-de-Ville-Marie was founded, and in 1891, the Baie-des-Père Post Office opened. The Village Municipality of Ville-Marie was incorporated in 1897 and the year the post office was renamed to match the villages name. In 1899, the HBC post closed, on December 22,1962, the Village Municipality of Ville-Marie became the Town of Ville-Marie. It benefits from the influence in winter, its temperature being significantly higher than in other towns further from the lake. It still holds the record as the hottest day in Quebec with a temperature of 40° on July 6,1921, the main components of the local economy are agriculture, forestry, hydro-electricity, outdoor tourism. List of cities in Quebec Ville-Marie official website
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Thorne, Ontario
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Thorne is an unincorporated community within the unincorporated township of Poitras, in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is located in the division of Nipissing District. A designated place served by a local board, the community had a population of 254 in the Canada 2006 Census. Thorne is located at the northernmost end of Highway 63, just across the Ottawa River from Témiscaming and it is also situated 63 km northeast of North Bay. As early as 1942 a number of squatters had established themselves on CIP property on the Ontario side of the Ottawa River. After the Second World War owing to a lack of housing lots within the town site at Temiscaming. The company surveyed and serviced housing lots which it sold to the public. In 1948 town site was built and the homes were privately owned unlike those at Temiscaming where the CIP still retained ownership of most of the town. Although Thorne is a town site, the first residents to the area came be traced back to the 1870s when a depot farm was established to cater to the regions numerous lumber camps. The surrounding valley contains mostly poor soil, however some good farm land was available approximately 3 km inland. Situated on steep slope, The Farm, as call the Boyce place, supplied fresh produce, meat, diary. Thorne has Containing a healthy mix of Francophones and Anglophones the small village quickly rooted itself, in 1956 Thorne counted 401 residents,416 in 1961 and maintained this figure for three decades as it still counted 425 residents in 1980. However, by 1990 Thornes population had dropped to 230 residents, the decline in population is mostly attributed to the large retired population and smaller family units. Though in recent years families have been relocating to community. In the 90s a veterinary office operated for a decade, today only the French Language Separate School, a nursing station, a restaurant, and the post office remains to service the community. Other services are obtained in Temiscaming, Quebec or in North Bay, Ontario
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Mattawa, Ontario
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Mattawa is a town in northeastern Ontario, Canada, at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa Rivers in Nipissing District. Mattawa means Meeting of the Waters in Algonquin language, etienne Brulé and Samuel de Champlain were the first Europeans to pass through this area. The area was first inhabited by peoples who used the Mattawa River as an important transportation corridor for many centuries. In 1610, Étienne Brûlé and in 1615, Samuel de Champlain were the first Europeans to travel through the Mattawa area, for some 200 years thereafter, it was a link in the important water route leading from Montreal west to Lake Superior. Canoes travelling west up the Ottawa turned left at the Forks to enter the Petite Rivière, before continuing on to Lake Nipissing, Mattawa House was established by the Northwest Company in 1784. In the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudsons Bay Company sent canoe brigades from their Fort Coulonge Post to the Mattawa River junction in order to trade furs. In 1837, a permanent post was established, but was moved to a new site in the centre of present-day Mattawa in 1843. It was subordinate to Fort Témiscamingue and Fort Coulonge, but after the arrival of the telegraph in 1871, as the fur trade diminished and the population grew, the post became a general store, trading merchandise to supply lumbermen. It closed in the early 20th century, in the 19th century, Mattawa became a hub for the logging industry, which would harvest large untouched stands of white pine in the area and use the Mattawa River to transport logs to sawmills. In 1881, the railroad was built to Mattawa and it was mostly built by French Canadian labourers. After the railroads completion, some of these labourers and their families settled in Mattawa, bringing them their culture. Logging is still an important industry in this region, and nearby provincial parks, Mattawa is located on the Canadian Pacific Railway Chalk River subdivision, connecting Smiths Falls and North Bay, with an additional connection to Témiscaming, Quebec. Mattawa elected Canadas first-ever Black mayor, Firmin Monestime, in 1963, Monestime served as mayor until his death in 1977. In April 2010, the old Mattawa hospital was demolished amid controversy, a new Mattawa Hospital had been in service for about a year. The area will be served by a new regional hospital in nearby North Bay. The old hospital site is expected to be used for the construction of a new secondary school, Mattawa is the site of many large wooden statues depicting local historical figures, such as Champlain, Pierre-Esprit Radisson, Médard des Groseilliers, and others. The Mattawa District Museum prominently features a 17 ft statue of Big Joe Mufferaw, the statues are placed widely throughout Mattawa, and in two locations outside the town on nearby Highway 17. Small shops along Main Street offer unique creations from local artists, Mattawa provides access to numerous dropping off points for canoeing or boating on the Ottawa River
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Head, Clara and Maria
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Virtually all the communities and activities are along Highway 17, the rest of the township is largely crown land which is mostly wilderness. Head, Clara and Maria is bordered on the north by the Ottawa River, trans Canada Highway 17 runs through the four hamlets which make up this municipality. The municipality is a cottage destination with many provincial land use permits allowing cottages on crown land. Property taxes are the lowest in Renfrew County, the township of Head was named in honour of Sir Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet who served as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick 1847-1854 and Governor-General of Canada 1854-1861. The township of Maria was named in honour of his wife, the township includes the communities of Bissett Creek, Deux-Rivières, Mackey and Stonecliffe. The municipal offices are located in Stonecliffe, Deux-Rivières is home to Antlers King Fisher Lodge and access to Algonquin Park via the Brent Road. Stonecliffe is home to Yates General Store, Morning Mist Resort, Pine Valley Lodge, Driftwood Provincial Park, Mackey is home to Lakeview Trailer Park. According to the Canada 2011 Census, Population,235 % Change,3.1 Dwellings,128 Area,728.15 Density,0, list of townships in Ontario Official website
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Rapides-des-Joachims, Quebec
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Rapides-des-Joachims is a municipality and village in western Quebec, Canada, part of Pontiac County in the Outaouais region. The village is situated on Rapides-des-Joachims Island on the Ottawa River and it is also known as Swisha. The municipality covers a vast sparsely populated area characterized by boreal forest, lakes, prior to the construction of a hydro-electric dam in 1950, the villages site was not an island. The rising water flooded the old river bed from the north through Lake McConnell, the dam can be bypassed on one of the Ottawa Navigable Waterway bypasses, connecting the Pembroke stretch of the Ottawa River to the upstream section to Mattawa. Rapides-des-Joachims is isolated from the rest of Quebecs road network because the only paved road link to the village is through Rolphton and it is the only community on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River between Sheenboro and Témiscaming. The site had long inhabited by the indigenous people before Europeans arrived. Another document from 1699 shows Joachim de lEstang, however, both in Quebec and in Ontario, the name Swisha, Sweshaw, or Shesha Rapids has also long been used for this location as a map of 1790 indicates. Swisha is a distortion of the French pronunciation of Joachim. In 1863, Stanislas Drapeau described Rapides des Joachims and Rapides des Deux Joachims as the most important place for navigation on the Ottawa River, by 1871 it had become a small village complete with a telegraph office of the Montreal Telegraph Company. The river steamers had to stop here because it was the head of navigation on the Ottawa River, in 1886 the Oblate Fathers built a frame church in the village, which was used until 1922, when a new church was built. In 1948, the construction of a dam and hydro-electric station began, the municipality was incorporated in 1955 when it was formed out of the Sheen-Esher-Aberdeen-Malakoff United Townships. It adopted its present name of Rapides-des-Joachims, which had already assigned to the post office created about 100 years earlier in 1853. Its first mayor was J. H. Madore, subsequently in 1960, the territory of the former Aberdeen Township was added to the municipality. Rapides-des-Joachims has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Summers are warm to hot, with significant rainfall, winters are cold for its low latitude, with significant snowfall. Since Rapides-des-Joachims provides access to vast tracts of wilderness, including ZEC Dumoine and it is the long-time base of a charter float plane company, operating a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver. The economy depends also on logging and the Commonwealth Plywood Mill, list of municipalities in Quebec Pontiac MRC Gateway Virtual Museum - Swisha Project
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Laurentian Hills
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Laurentian Hills is a municipality in Eastern Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River in Renfrew County. It surrounds Deep River on the Ontario side of the river, the town is home to the Nuclear Power Demonstration. The municipality was formed on January 1,2000, when the United Townships of Rolph, Buchanan, Wylie and McKay, the town comprises the communities of Chalk River, Meilleurs Bay, Moor Lake, Point Alexander, Rolphton, and Wylie. According to the Canada 2011 Census, Population,2,811 % Change,0.8 Dwellings,1,264 Area,640.48 Density,4, list of townships in Ontario Mercer, Jennifer. Staying the Run, A History of Rolph, Buchanan, Wylie, laurentian Hills official website Historical information about steamboating on the Ottawa River
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