1.
Church of Christ (Fettingite)
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It is informally referred to as the Church of Christ, after its founder, Otto Fetting, but this sect has never officially been named as such. The Fettingites subsequently established their own church organization, as with the Church of Christ, each of these groups declares itself to be the only true and living church upon the face of the whole earth. Otto Fetting was born on 20 November 1871 in Casco, St. Clair County, Michigan. Making his home in Port Huron, Michigan, he was baptised into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on February 9,1891, and ordained a High Priest on February 15,1899. In 1925, disgruntled by the Supreme Directional Control controversy within the RLDS church, at the time, this did not require rebaptism or reordination, as each group accepted the priesthood and sacraments of the other. In the spring of 1926, he was among seven men ordained to be Apostles in the Church of Christ, in a second alleged visitation one month later, this being identified himself as John the Baptist. The angels messages advised construction of the long-awaited Temple in Independence, Missouri and they also began work on the temple with a groundbreaking ceremony held on 6 April 1929. According to Fetting, the Hedrickites were given seven years to complete the structure, Fettings visitor revealed various architectural details for the building, and specifically directed surveyors to move their markers ten feet to the east of where they had originally been placed. The angel also revealed the location of two of Joseph Smiths original marker stones, which Smith had buried 98 years before to indicate the location for his planned temple. He also indicated that the Articles of Faith and Practice of the Temple Lot church were correct, on other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Although the Temple Lot organization had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all persons coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith. Controversy over the meaning and application of Fettings twelfth message became so great that he was silenced in October 1929 by the quorum of the Temple Lot church. Fetting was censured for alleged arrogant behavior by demanding that the church comply with his twelfth message, Fetting claimed to have been visited some thirty times by the messenger prior to his death on 30 January 1933. While initially receptive to new messages, the leadership of the existing Fettingite faction ultimately rejected all of them. Draves adherents formed the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, Draves himself claimed a total of ninety messages prior to his death on June 28,1994, these were combined with Fettings into a book entitled The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel. The original Fettingite faction continues to publish its own compendium of Fettings revelations, simply entitled The Word of the Lord and this latter group is colloquially known as the Thirty-message church
2.
Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father
3.
Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
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Members of the church have been known colloquially as Hedrickites, after Granville Hedrick, who was ordained as the churchs first leader in July 1863. Unlike The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Community of Christ and it equally rejects the doctrines of baptism for the dead and celestial marriage promulgated by the Utah-based LDS Church, as well as the Doctrine and Covenants and Pearl of Great Price. While once avidly engaged in dialogue with other Latter Day Saint factions and its most notable claim to fame today rests in its sole ownership of the Temple Lot, which it has held for nearly 150 years. As of 2013, membership is 7,310 members in 11 countries. Most of the live in the United States, but there are parishes in Canada, Mexico, Honduras, Nigeria, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, India. The Temple Lot church shares its history with the larger Latter Day Saint denominations, including the LDS Church. After the death of Joseph Smith, the Latter Day Saint movements founder, on June 27,1844, several leaders vied for control, by the 1860s, five early Mormon branches found themselves unaffiliated with any larger group. On July 18,1863, Hedrick was ordained as President, Prophet, Seer, participating in Hedricks ordination was John E. Page who had been an apostle under Smith. The Temple Lot church affirms a founding date of April 6,1830, in Fayette, New York, Hedrick later distanced himself from the title of President, as he ultimately came to believe that this was an unscriptural office. This was soon shortened to Church of Christ, however, as this had been the name under which Smith originally incorporated the church in 1830. Hedrick also wished to distinguish his church from the LDS Church in Utah, the church currently occupies a property in Independence, Missouri, known as the Temple Lot. The Hedrickites returned to Independence in 1867 to purchase the lot for this temple. In 1891, the church was sued by the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, now called the Community of Christ, the RLDS Church won at trial, but this decision was reversed on appeal. The lot was re-landscaped, and is occupied only by the churchs headquarters. No further plans to erect such an edifice have been announced, Pattison, a suspended member of the LDS Church from Boston, Massachusetts, was arrested and briefly detained after attempting to remove a fence placed around the Temple Lot. Late in the month, he reportedly demanded that church officials sign ownership of the property over to him because he believed he was the One Mighty. He was detained by police but released a few days later, Early on September 5,1898, he set fire to the tiny headquarters building, and then walked to the police station and turned himself in. After he testified in appearances in November 1898, Pattison was found guilty but insane
4.
Pastor
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A pastor is usually an ordained leader of a Christian congregation. When used as an ecclesiastical styling or title, the term may be abbreviated to Pr or Ps, a pastor also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. The word pastor derives from the Latin noun pastor which means shepherd and relates to the Latin verb pascere - to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat. The term pastor also relates to the role of elder within the New Testament, many Protestant churches call their ministers pastors. Present-day usage of the word is rooted in the Biblical image of shepherding, the Hebrew Bible uses the Hebrew word רעה. English-language translations of the New Testament usually render the Greek noun ποιμήν as shepherd, the two words occur a total of 29 times in the New Testament, most frequently referring to Jesus. For example, Jesus called himself the Good Shepherd in John 10,11, the same words in the familiar Christmas story refer to literal shepherds. 1 Corinthians 9,7 - Paul says, of himself and the apostles, in the United States, the term pastor is used by Catholics for what in other English-speaking countries is called a parish priest. The Latin term used in the Code of Canon Law is parochus, the parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. Many Protestants use the term pastor as a title or as a job title, United Methodists, for example, ordain to the office of deacon and elder, each of whom can use the title of pastor depending upon their job description. These pastors may be lay people, seminary students, or seminary graduates in the ordination process, and cannot exercise any functions of clergy outside the charge where they are appointed. The use of the pastor can also be regional in some denominations, including some parts of the Methodist, Presbyterian, Seventh-day Adventist, American Churches of Christ. The use of the pastor to refer to the common Protestant title of modern times dates to the days of John Calvin. Both men, and other Reformers, seem to have revived the term to replace the Catholic priest in the minds of their followers, the pastor was considered to have a role separate from the board of presbyters. In some Lutheran churches, ordained clergy are called priests, while in others the term pastor is preferred, ordained clergy are called priests in the Episcopal Church, as in all other branches of the Anglican Communion. Bercot, David W. Will The Real Heretics Please Stand Up, newAdvent. org, The Catholic Encyclopedias entry on the term pastor. LifeWay. com, Articles to help the pastor in the roles of preacher, missionary, leader, shepherd, and person
5.
Community of Christ
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Community of Christ is an American-based international church with roots in the Latter Day Saint movement. The church reports approximately over 250,000 members in 60 nations, the church traces its origins to Joseph Smiths establishment of the Church of Christ on April 6,1830, with the church formally reorganizing on April 6,1860, following the death of Smith in 1844. The Community of Christ is rooted in Restorationist traditions, although in some respects it is congruent with mainline Protestant Christian attitudes, it is in many ways theologically distinct, continuing such features as prophetic revelation. It is the second-largest denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement, Community of Christ follows a largely non-liturgical tradition based loosely on the Revised Common Lectionary. From its headquarters in Independence, Missouri, the church offers a focus on evangelism, peace and justice ministries, spirituality and wholeness, youth ministries. Church teachings emphasize that all are called as persons of worth to share the peace of Christ, the church was legally organized on April 6,1830, in Fayette, New York. The formal reorganization occurred on April 6,1860, in Amboy, Illinois, as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, adding the word Reorganized to the church name in 1872. The Community of Christ today considers the period from 1830 to 1844 to be a part of its history and from 1844. Since 1844, the doctrines and practices of the Community of Christ have evolved separately from the denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. Since the 1960s, the churchs proselytizing outside North America forced a re-assessment, howard estimated that 25,000 members had left to join such groups. Between the mid-1960s and the late 1990s, there was a decline in new baptisms in the United States along with a 50 percent drop in contributions in the decade before 1998. The church owns two temples, the Kirtland Temple, dedicated in 1836 in Kirtland, Ohio, and the relatively new Independence Temple and these structures are open to the public and are also used for education and gatherings. The church also owns and operates some Latter Day Saint historic sites in Lamoni, Iowa, the Auditorium in Independence houses the Childrens Peace Pavilion and is the site of the major legislative assembly of the Community of Christ, which convenes during the World Conference. The church sponsors Graceland University, with a campus in Lamoni and another in Independence, where the School of Nursing, in its mission statement, the church declares that e proclaim Jesus Christ and promote communities of joy, hope, love and peace. The vision statement states that We will become a church dedicated to the pursuit of peace, reconciliation. The Community of Christ states that it recognizes that perception of truth is qualified by human nature and experience. Nevertheless, the Community of Christ offers a number of the commonly held beliefs of its members and leaders as the generally accepted beliefs of the church. As Stephen M. Veazey, current president of the church states, the Community of Christ generally accepts the doctrine of the Trinity and other commonly held Christian beliefs
6.
Port Huron, Michigan
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Port Huron is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of St. Clair County. The population was 30,184 at the 2010 census, the city is adjacent to Port Huron Township but is administratively autonomous. Located along the St. Clair River, it is connected to Point Edward, the city lies at the southern end of Lake Huron and is the easternmost point on land in Michigan. Port Huron is home to two mills, Mueller Brass, and many businesses related to tourism and the automotive industry. The city features a downtown area, boardwalk, marina, museum, lighthouse. In 1814 following the War of 1812, the United States established Fort Gratiot at the base of Lake Huron, French colonists had a temporary trading post and fort at this site in the 17th century, but this developed as the first settled European-American population in the area. Until 1836, an Ojibwa reservation occupied land in part of the area of Port Huron. They were removed to west of the Mississippi in Wisconsin and Minnesota, in 1857, Port Huron became incorporated. Its population grew rapidly after the 1850s due a high rate of immigration attracted by the successful shipbuilding, in 1859 the city had a total of 4.031 residents,1855 were of foreign birth or their children. By 1870, Port Hurons population exceeded that of surrounding villages, in 1871, the State Supreme Court designated Port Huron as the county seat. On October 8,1871, the city, as well as places north in Sanilac and Huron counties, a series of other fires leveled Holland and Manistee, Michigan, as well as Peshtigo, Wisconsin and Chicago on the same day. The Thumb Fire that occurred a decade later, also engulfed Port Huron, in 1895 the village of Fort Gratiot, in the vicinity of the former Fort Gratiot, was annexed by the city of Port Huron. The following historic sites have been recognized by the State of Michigan through its historic marker program, the fort was built in 1686 by the French explorer Duluth. This fort was the second European settlement in lower Michigan and this post guarded the upper end of the St. Clair River, the vital waterway joining Lake Erie and Lake Huron. Intended by the French to bar English traders from the upper lakes, in 1688 the French abandoned this fort. The site was incorporated into Fort Gratiot in 1814, a park has been established at the former site of the fort. The Fort Gratiot Lighthouse was built in 1829 to replace a tower destroyed by a storm, in the 1860s workers extended the tower to its present height of 84 feet. The light, automated in 1933, continues to guide shipping on Lake Huron into the narrow and it was the first lighthouse established in the State of Michigan
7.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
8.
Editing
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Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, and film media used to convey information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, and many other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate and complete work. The editing process begins with the authors idea for the work itself. As such, editing can involve creative skills, human relations, there are various editorial positions in publishing. Typically, one finds editorial assistants reporting to the editorial staff. Senior executive editors are responsible for developing a product for its final release, the smaller the publication, the more these roles overlap. The top editor at many publications may be known as the chief editor, a frequent and highly regarded contributor to a magazine may acquire the title of editor-at-large or contributing editor. Mid-level newspaper editors often manage or help to manage sections, such as business, sports, in U. S. newspapers, the level below the top editor is usually the managing editor. Obtaining manuscripts or recruiting authors is the role of an editor or a commissioning editor in a publishing house. Finding marketable ideas and presenting them to appropriate authors are the responsibilities of a sponsoring editor, copy editors correct spelling, grammar and align writings to house style. Changes to the industry since the 1980s have resulted in nearly all copy editing of book manuscripts being outsourced to freelance copy editors. At newspapers and wire services, copy editors write headlines and work on substantive issues, such as ensuring accuracy, fairness. In some positions, they design pages and select news stories for inclusion, at U. K. and Australian newspapers, the term is sub-editor. They may choose the layout of the publication and communicate with the printer and these editors may have the title of layout or design editor or makeup editor. However, another editor is sometimes involved in the creation of research articles. Called the authors editor, this works with authors to get a manuscript fit for purpose before it is submitted to a scholarly journal for publication. The primary difference between copy editing scholarly books and journals and other sorts of copy editing lies in applying the standards of the publisher to the copy. K, technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, identifying usage errors and ensuring adherence to a style guide. Large companies dedicate experienced writers to the editing function
9.
John the Baptist
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John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháí Faith. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions, John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, scholars generally believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus early followers had previously been followers of John. John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, according to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus, John is also identified with the prophet Elijah. John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Synoptic Gospels describe John baptising Jesus, in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1, 32-34. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah about a messenger being sent ahead, John is described as wearing clothes of camels hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, the heavens open, a voice from heaven then says, You are my Son, the Beloved, with you I am well pleased. Later in the gospel there is an account of Johns death and it is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who liked to listen to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a righteous and holy man. The account then describes how Herods daughter Herodias dances before Herod, when the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, Johns disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. There are a number of difficulties with this passage, the Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as King and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod. Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as Herods daughter, Herodias. Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is difficult, many see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew. Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome, scholars have speculated about the origins of the story
10.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
11.
Temple (Latter Day Saints)
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In the Latter Day Saint movement, a temple is a building dedicated to be a house of God and is reserved for special forms of worship. A temple differs from a church meetinghouse, which is used for worship services. Temples have been a significant part of the Latter Day Saint movement since early in its inception, today, temples are operated by several Latter Day Saint denominations. The most prolific builder of temples of the Latter Day Saint movement is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, there are 155 operating temples,14 under construction, and 13 announced. Several other variations of the church have built or attempted to build temples, the Community of Christ operates two temples in the United States, which are open to the public and are used for worship services, performances, and religious education. The Latter Day Saint movement was conceived as a restoration of practices believed to have been lost in a Great Apostasy from the gospel of Jesus Christ. Temple worship played a prominent role in the Bibles Old Testament and it is believed to emphasize that when the Jesus comes again, he will come to his temple. As plans were drawn up to construct a temple in Kirtland, conflict in Missouri led to the expulsion of the Mormons from Jackson County, preventing any possibility of building a temple there, but work on the temple in Kirtland continued. At great cost and sacrifice, the Latter Day Saints finished the Kirtland Temple in early 1836, on March 27, they held a lengthy dedication ceremony and numerous spiritual experiences and visitations were reported. Far West was also platted along the lines of the City of Zion plan and in 1838 the church construction of a new. They may also have dedicated a site in the neighboring Mormon settlement of Adam-ondi-Ahman. The events of the 1838 Mormon War and the expulsion of the Mormons from Missouri left these attempts at temple-building no further progressed than excavating foundations, in 1839, the Mormons regrouped at a new headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois. They were again commanded to build a House of the Lord—this one even larger and greater than those that went before, plans for the temple in Nauvoo followed the earlier models in Kirtland and Independence with lower and upper courts, but the scale was much increased. New conflicts arose that caused Joseph Smith, the prophet and president of the church, to be murdered, along with his brother Hyrum, the Nauvoo Temple stood only half finished. Eventually, this temple was finished and dedicated, some temple ordinances were performed before most of the Latter Day Saints followed Brigham Young west across the Mississippi River. Joseph Smiths death resulted in a crisis which divided the movement into different sects. The concept of temple worship evolved separately in many of these sects, in April 1990, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints began to construct the Independence Temple, which was officially dedicated in 1994. Temples have held numerous purposes in the Latter Day Saint movement, all Latter Day Saint denominations with temples still consider temples to be special houses of the Lord
12.
Temple Lot
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The Temple Lot, located in Independence, Jackson County, Missouri, is the first site to be dedicated for the construction of a temple in the Latter Day Saint movement. The area was dedicated on Wednesday, August 3,1831 by the founder, Joseph Smith. No other structures exist on the 2. 5-acre section, although numerous important structures exist on the 63 and they there stuck down their Jacobs staff, as they called it, and said, This spot is the center of the earth. In 1891 the Reorganized Church, founded by Smiths son Joseph Smith III and it won in lower court, but lost in the United States Court of Appeals. The United States Supreme Court refused to review the case, the Temple Lot is currently owned by the small Church of Christ, which acquired the land in 1867. This organization made an effort in 1929 to build a temple of its own on the property. Currently this body has its headquarters on the site, which has twice been damaged by arson attacks and this land had been purchased in the 1830s by Latter Day Saint bishop Edward Partridge to be the central common and sacred area according to the Plat of Zion. It maintains its headquarters in this area, opening its Auditorium to the south of the Lot in 1958. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints operates a visitor center one block east. It also maintains a Stake Center, LDS Social Services center, in March 1831, Joseph Smith said he had a revelation which stated that a New Jerusalem was to be established in the United States. In June 1831, Smith said he had a revelation that the New Jerusalem was to be established somewhere on the western border of Missouri. Independence is six miles east of Kaw Point on the current Missouri–Kansas border, on July 20,1831, Smith presented another revelation on the subject, with more precise details, he land of Missouri. Is the land which I have appointed and consecrated for the gathering of the saints, wherefore this is the land of promise, and also every tract bordering by the prairies, inasmuch as my disciples are enabled to buy lands. Behold this is wisdom, that they may obtain it for an everlasting inheritance, on December 19,1831 Edward Partidge purchased 63 acres, including the Temple Lot. Because no temple at this location has ever built, Smiths prediction that a temple would be reared in this generation has stirred debate. In June 1833, Smith set out the Plat of Zion, at the center of the planned city were to be 24 temples —12 for the high priesthood and 12 for lesser priesthood. The pews of the blocks are fourteen and a half feet long. The five pews in each corner of the house, are twelve feet six inches long, make your house fourteen feet high between the floors
13.
W. A. Draves
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William August Draves was the founder and an apostle of the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, a successor to the organization founded by former Church of Christ Apostle Otto Fetting. Like Fetting, Draves claimed to have received visits and messages from John the Baptist, although accepted by many Fettingites, Draves was rejected by portions of the Fettingite leadership, leading him to found his own church in 1939. He continued to produce a total of ninety messages from the alleged angelic visitor throughout succeeding decades, William Oley Draves was born in Keystone, Nebraska on 12 May 1912, the third of eight children born to Wilhelm August Heinrich Draves and Sylvia Stella Dunwoody. Draves paternal grandfather Leopold Friedrich Johann Drews/Draves was born in Coburg, Germany January 10,1848 and died January 12,1904 in Dows, Iowa. Days later, a prophetess at this same reunion reemphasized Draves destiny to him, much later, Draves reported the prophecy came true — to the day — exactly as specified, confirming to him the truth of what he had experienced in 1922. Three years after his baptism in the RLDS church, Draves moved with his family to Nucla, Colorado and he reported that he continued to study the Bible and Book of Mormon during these years, preparing himself for an as-yet unknown mission within the Latter Day Saint movement. Fettings messages—allegedly coming from John the Baptist-- excited the Draves family, according to Draves, Bartons words at his confirmation almost exactly echoed those spoken by the RLDS elder who had confirmed him seven years earlier. However, a crisis brewing within the Temple Lot organization would alter Draves plans—eventually leading to an alleged prophetic calling. Although the Temple Lot church had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all individuals coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith. Controversy over the meaning and application of Fettings twelfth message became so great that Fetting himself was silenced in October 1929 by the Temple Lot organization. Draves reported that upon confronting Apostle Barton with his own questions about Fetting and his twelfth message, Draves chose to proceed with his inquiry, which led to his baptism into Fettings organization in 1931. Later, he was ordained an elder in Fettings church, Otto Fetting would receive a total of thirty messages prior to his death in January 1933. Four years after Fettings death, in October 1937, Draves claimed that the messenger had appeared to him further instruction for the Fettingite church. While many of Fettings adherents accepted Draves and his missives, some did not, Draves and his followers formed the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, currently headquartered in Independence, Missouri. This church operates missions in England, Germany, Belgium, Holland, India, Kenya, Draves continued to allegedly receive visits and messages from John the Baptist up to his death in 1994. Draves messages, together with the ones from Otto Fetting, were published in a book entitled The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel
14.
Church of Christ With the Elijah Message
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It split from the Church of Christ in 1943 in a dispute over claimed revelations given to its founder William A. Draves. While many Fettingites accepted these new missives, some did not and his adherents claim it to be the sole legitimate continuation of Fettings organization, as well as that of the Temple Lot church. As of 1987, the church had approximately 12,500 adherents spread between Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas, the churchs name originates in the alleged visitations of John the Baptist to Otto Fetting and William Draves. In Matthew 11,14, Jesus Christ identifies John with the prophet Elijah in the Book of Malachi, Malachi 4, 5-6 says, Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord. And He shall turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers, lest I come and smite the land with a curse. Members believe that the visits of this messenger fulfill Malachis prophecy, as well as others found in Revelation 14,6, Malachi 3,1, Deuteronomy 18, 15-19. Otto Fetting was born on 20 November 1871 in Casco, St. Clair County, Michigan. Making his home in Port Huron, Michigan, he was baptised into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on February 9,1891, and ordained to its priesthood in 1899. In 1925, dismayed by the Supreme Directional Control controversy within the RLDS church, at the time, this did not require rebaptism or reordination, as each group accepted the priesthood and sacraments of the other. In the spring of 1926, he was among seven men ordained to be Apostles in the Church of Christ. On February 4 of 1927, Otto Fetting claimed that he had visited by John the Baptist. This missive directed construction of the long-awaited Temple in Independence, Missouri and they also began work on the temple with a groundbreaking ceremony held on 6 April 1929. According to Fetting, the Hedrickites were given seven years to complete the structure, Fettings visitor revealed various architectural details for the building, and specifically directed surveyors to move their markers ten feet to the east of where they had originally been placed. The angel also revealed the location of two of Joseph Smiths original marker stones, which Smith had buried 98 years before to indicate the location for his planned temple. Another revelation indicated that the Articles of Faith and Practice of the Temple Lot church were correct, on other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Although the Temple Lot organization had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all persons coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith
15.
Church of Christ (Restored)
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The Church of Christ is a denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement that split from the Church of Christ in the late 1930s under the leadership of Elder A. C. This schism was provoked by a difference in opinion regarding a series of claimed messages received by William Draves and its membership is currently concentrated mostly in the American South, and stands at about 450 members. Otto Fetting was born on 20 November 1871 in Casco, St. Clair County, Michigan. Making his home in Port Huron, Michigan, he was baptised into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on February 9,1891, and ordained to its priesthood in 1899. In 1925, dismayed by the Supreme Directional Control controversy within the RLDS church, at the time, this did not require re-baptism or re-ordination, as each group accepted the priesthood and sacraments of the other. In the spring of 1926, he was among seven men ordained to be Apostles in the Church of Christ. On February 4 of 1927, Otto Fetting claimed that he had visited by John the Baptist. This message commanded construction of the long-awaited Temple in Independence, Missouri and they also began work on the temple with a groundbreaking ceremony held on 6 April 1929. According to Fetting, the Hedrickites were given seven years to complete the structure, Fettings visitor revealed various architectural details for the building, and specifically directed surveyors to move their markers ten feet to the east of where they had originally been placed. The angel also revealed the location of two of Joseph Smiths original marker stones, which Smith had buried 98 years before to indicate the location for his planned temple. He also indicated that the Articles of Faith and Practice of the Temple Lot church were correct, on other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Although the Temple Lot organization had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all persons coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith. Controversy over the meaning and application of Fettings twelfth message became so great that Fetting himself was silenced in October 1929 by the Temple Lot organization, Fetting would be visited a total of 30 times by his messenger prior to his death on 30 January 1933. Four years after Fettings death, a young Fettingite Elder named William A. Draves from Nucla, Colorado claimed that the messenger who had appeared to Fetting had begun to appear to him. Initially, the main Fettingite branch in Independence, Missouri gave cautious acceptance to these new missives, however, branches of the Fettingite church in Louisiana and Mississippi did not, and chose to organize a separate church under the leadership of A. C. DeWolf sometime around 1937, which became the Church of Jesus Christ and this organization remains separated from the main Fettingite group even after the latter decided to reject Draves and his messages in 1943
16.
Church of Christ (Assured Way)
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The Assured Way church is one of four groups that trace their origin to the church founded by William Draves in 1943, after his split with Otto Fetting, who had founded the Church of Christ. Although all four churches have similar names and nearly identical doctrines, they are not in communion, Leonard Draves had previously founded the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, Inc. after breaking with the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, Established Anew 1929. The Assured Way church has its origin in the Fettingite movement of the Hedrickite expression of the Latter Day Saint religion, the Temple Lot organization has since repudiated all of Fettings messages, including the first eleven, which they had originally endorsed, at least tentatively. Four years after Fettings death, a Fettingite elder named William A. Draves from Nucla, Colorado claimed that the messenger who had appeared to Fetting had begun to appear to him. While the Fettingite organization was initially receptive to these new missives, it decided to reject them all. Draves adherents founded their own known as the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message. Draves continued to claim revelations and recorded a total of 90 messages prior to his death in 1994 and his adherents published these messages along with Fettings in a book of scripture entitled The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel. Prior to W. A. Dravess death in 1994 the final three messages he had recorded reflected leadership disputes within The Church of Christ with the Elijah Message. These led to a division causing Apostles W. A. Draves, Leonard Draves, less than a decade later in 2003, leaders in the new church organization removed Leonard Draves from ministry during a special apostles meeting. Draves responded by organizing an additional church known as the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message in 2004, the parenthetical portion of the new name was added to give the new group a legal and separate distinction from the older Elijah Message churches. The Assured Way church had six Apostles and four serving in the United States as of 2010. A total of six disciples and three vice bishops each for the East Africa Vineyard and West Africa Vineyard had also been appointed. The Church of Christ was legally incorporated in the State of Missouri as The Church of Christ With the Elijah Message, The Assured Way of the Lord, the Assured Way church publishes an official monthly periodical called The Greater Light. The articles accepted by the Temple Lot, Fettingite, Elijah Message and Assured Way churches are all exactly identical, however, only males may hold the priesthood. Belief that clergy and members should abstain from alcoholic beverages, tobacco, the Church of Christ believes that this authority continues within their organization today, which they regard as the sole legitimate church on earth. Unlike some other Hedrickite churches, the Assured Way church denies the idea of three beings in the Godhead, insisting that the Father, Son and Holy Ghost are all one person. Factional breakdown, Followers of Granville Hedrick Jason R. Smith, “Scattering of the Hedrickites, ” in Scattering of the Saints, Schism within Mormonism, ed. Newell G. Bringhurst, steven L. Shields, Divergent Paths of the Restoration. The Church of Christ With the Elijah Message, The Assured Way of the Lord, – Official church website, including all 120 of Fetting and Draves Messages
17.
Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)
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In the Latter Day Saint movement, priesthood is the power and authority of God given to man, including the authority to perform ordinances and to act as a leader in the church. A body of priesthood holders is referred to as a quorum, Priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority. The priesthood includes the power Jesus gave his apostles to perform such as the casting out of devils. As an authority, priesthood is the authority by which a bearer may perform ecclesiastical acts of service in the name of God. Latter Day Saints believe that acts performed by one with priesthood authority are recognized by God and are binding in heaven, on earth, in addition, Latter Day Saints believe that leadership positions within the church are legitimized by the priesthood authority. For most of the history of the Latter Day Saint movement, the first exception to this policy was within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a faction founded by James J. Strang that flourished between 1844 and 1856. In Strangs church, women were—and still are—permitted to hold the offices of priest, in 1984, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the second largest denomination of the movement, began ordaining women to all of its priesthood offices. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest church in the movement, still restricts its priesthood to men, Mormon feminist Kate Kelly was excommunicated for campaigning to allow womens ordination in the LDS Church. An apostle of the LDS Church has taught that en have no greater claim than women upon the blessings that issue from the Priesthood, Latter Day Saint theology has recognized at least three orders of priesthood, the Aaronic priesthood, the Melchizedek priesthood, and the Patriarchal priesthood. Although these are different orders, they are, in reality, all subsumed under the priesthood held by Jesus Christ, that is, the Aaronic priesthood, is considered to be a lesser priesthood tracing its roots to Aaron, the brother of Moses, through John the Baptist. In 1835, Smith and Cowdery clarified that this authority was the Aaronic, by early 1831, Latter Day Saint theology also recognized a higher order of priesthood, or the high priesthood. Rigdon believed the teachings of the early Mormon missionaries who taught him, in response to Rigdons concern, the churchs first high priests were ordained at a special conference held in June 1831. By 1835, Latter Day Saints began referring to high priesthood as the Melchizedek priesthood, or. This one of the 3 grand orders of priesthood, Smith said, was second in greatness between the lower Aaronic and the higher Melchizedek. The priesthood included, according to Smith, the keys to endowment—tokens, etc. the ability to walk with God, Smith taught that this order of priesthood was passed from father to son, and held by Abraham and the biblical patriarchs. However, Smith provided little information about this third order. Latter Day Saints believe that as a prerequisite to receiving the priesthood, when a person is called, it is the persons opportunity or destiny to hold the priesthood. In his Wentworth letter, Smith stated, We believe that a man must be called of God, to preach the Gospel and administer in the ordinances thereof
18.
Supreme directional control
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The Supreme directional control controversy was a dispute among the leadership quorums of the Community of Christ, the Latter Day Saint movements second largest denomination. It occurred during the 1920s and caused lasting repercussions, President Frederick Madison Smith asserted that First Presidency decisions were binding on the church, preempting even General Conference votes. Some church leaders and hundreds of members left the Community of Christ for other Latter Day Saint churches. By 1931, the debts and the onset of the Great Depression allowed the Bishopric to reassert its authority over church finances. Frederick Smith, president of the Community of Christ during the 1920s, wished to apply principles of the emerging fields of sociology. In this way, Smith hoped to modernize his predecessors vision of building a city of Zion in Independence. More authoritarian and blunt-spoken than his father, Joseph Smith III, Frederick Smith accepted the right of members to debate church policy prior to its formulation, but not afterwards. The ongoing dispute spilled over from the presiding quorums into the membership, with some laity siding with President Smith, the crisis came to a head during the April 1925 General Conference. Smiths brother Israel A. Smith, a member of the Presiding Bishopric, the document was debated for a full five days, April 7–11, and finally passed on a vote of 915 to 405, becoming General Conference Resolution 849. On April 18, Smith issued a revelation indicating divine approval of his course of action with regard to the Supreme Directional Control document, the First Presidencys successful assertion of Supreme Directional Control allowed Frederick M. Smith to commence his Zionic endeavor. He began by increasing the administrative apparatus, expanding its social programs. New projects included the Auditorium and a rebuilt Independence Sanitarium hospital, the church borrowed heavily to finance these programs, with its debt reaching $1.9 million by 1931. This resolution, GCR915, effectively reversed Supreme Directional Control, the Bishopric instituted a series of severe austerity measures, drastically cutting church staff and services, and the debt was finally retired in 1942. The Protest Movement and its church organization dissolved within a decade, beginning in 1918, the Community of Christ and the Church of Christ had entered into an Agreement of Working Harmony. Macgregor was followed by hundreds of other RLDS opponents of Supreme Directional Control, by the time of the Church of Christ s October 1925 General Conference, its membership had grown from about 100 to about 500, mostly at the expense of the Community of Christ. Today, members of the Community of Christ tend to subscribe to the social gospel advocated by Smith, while rejecting his authoritarian approach to church administration. R. Jean Addams, The Church of Christ and the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,130 Years of Crossroads and Controversies, The Journal of Mormon History, Vol.36, No. Charles Patterson Curry, The Seesaw Shifts, The 1932 Reversal of Supreme Directional Control, The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, Vol.27, paul M. Edwards, The Chief, An Administrative Biography of Fred M. Smith, Herald House,1988
19.
Sacrament
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A sacrament is a Christian rite recognised as of particular importance and significance. There are various views on the existence and meaning of such rites, many Christians consider the sacraments to be a visible symbol of the reality of God, as well as a means by which God enacts his grace. Sacraments signify Gods grace in a way that is observable to the participant. The Catholic Church recognises seven sacraments, Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Marriage, many Protestant denominations, such as those within the Reformed tradition, identify two sacraments instituted by Christ, the Eucharist and Baptism. The Lutheran sacraments include these two, often adding Confession as a third sacrament, the English word sacrament is derived indirectly from the Ecclesiastical Latin sacrāmentum, from Latin sacrō, from sacer. This in turn is derived from the Greek New Testament word mysterion and these seven sacraments were codified in the documents of the Council of Trent, which stated, CANON I. During the Middle Ages, sacraments were recorded in Latin, even after the Reformation, many ecclesiastical leaders continued using this practice into the 20th century. On occasion, Protestant ministers followed the same practice, since W was not part of the Latin alphabet, scribes only used it when dealing with names or places. In addition, names were modified to fit a Latin mold, for instance, the name Joseph would be rendered as Iosephus or Josephus. The Catholic Church indicates that the sacraments are necessary for salvation, the Church applies this teaching even to the sacrament of baptism, the gateway to the other sacraments. It states that Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed, catechumens and all those who, even without knowing Christ and the Church, still sincerely seek God and strive to do his will can also be saved without Baptism. The Church in her liturgy entrusts children who die without Baptism to the mercy of God, in the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, the sacraments are efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions, the Church teaches that the effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato, by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, nourish, strengthen, through each of them, Christ bestows that sacraments particular grace, such as incorporation into Christ and the Church, forgiveness of sins, or consecration for a particular service. The Eastern Orthodox tradition does not limit the number of sacraments to seven, however it recognizes these seven as the major sacraments, which are completed by many other blessings and special services. Some lists of the sacraments taken from the Church Fathers include the consecration of a church, monastic tonsure, more specifically, for the Eastern Orthodox the term sacrament is a term which seeks to classify something that may, according to Orthodox thought, be impossible to classify. According to Orthodox thinking God touches mankind through material means such as water, wine, bread, oil, incense, candles, altars, icons, how God does this is a mystery
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Groundbreaking
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Such ceremonies are often attended by dignitaries such as politicians and businessmen. The actual shovel or spade used during the actual groundbreaking is often a special ceremonial shovel meant to be saved for subsequent display, commemorative information may be subsequently engraved on the shovel. In some places, clergy may also provide blessings, particularly if the building is being constructed by a church or religious-affiliated organization. The term groundbreaking, when used as an adjective, may mean being or making something that has never been done, seen, or made before, builders rites Topping out Cornerstone Publicity stunt Ribbon cutting ceremony Media related to Ground-breaking ceremonies at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Independence, Missouri
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Independence is the fifth-largest city in the state of Missouri. It lies within Jackson County, of which it is the county seat, Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2010, it had a population of 116,830. Independence is known as the Queen City of the Trails because it was a point of departure for the California, Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. Independence was also the hometown of U. S. President Harry S. Truman, the Truman Presidential Library and Museum is located in the city, and Truman and First Lady Bess Truman are buried here. The city is also sacred to many Latter Day Saints, with Joseph Smiths 1831 Temple Lot being located here, Independence was originally inhabited by Missouri and Osage Indians, followed by the Spanish and a brief French tenure. It became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, Lewis and Clark recorded in their journals that they stopped in 1804 to pick plums, raspberries, and wild apples at a site that would later form part of the city. Named after the Declaration of Independence, Independence was founded on March 29,1827, Independence immediately became a jumping-off point for the emerging fur trade, accommodating merchants and adventurers beginning the long trek westward on the Santa Fe Trail. In 1831, members of the Latter Day Saint movement began moving to the Jackson County, Missouri area. Shortly thereafter, founder Joseph Smith declared a spot west of the Courthouse Square to be the place for his temple of the New Jerusalem. Tension grew with local Missourians until the Latter Day Saints were driven from the area in 1833, several branches of this movement gradually returned to the city beginning in 1867, with many making their headquarters there. These include the Community of Christ, the Church of Christ, the Church of Jesus Christ, Independence saw great prosperity from the late 1830s through the mid-1840s, while the business of outfitting pioneers boomed. Between 1848 and 1868, it was a hub of the California Trail, on March 8,1849, the Missouri General Assembly granted a home-rule charter to the town and on July 18,1849, William McCoy was elected as its first mayor. In the mid-19th century an Act of the United States Congress defined Independence as the start of the Oregon Trail. The war took its toll on Independence and the town was never able to regain its previous prosperity, United States President Harry S. Truman grew up in Independence, and in 1922 was elected judge of the county Court of Jackson County, Missouri. Although he was defeated for reelection in 1924, he won back the office in 1926 and was reelected in 1930 and he would later return to the city after two terms as President. His wife, First Lady Bess Truman, was born and raised in Independence, the Harry S. Truman National Historic Site and the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum are both located in Independence, as is one of Trumans boyhood residences. Independence is located at 39°4′47″N 94°24′24″W and it lies on the south bank of the Missouri River, near the western edge of the state
22.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
23.
Oliver Cowdery
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Oliver H. P. Cowdery was, with Joseph Smith, an important participant in the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement between 1829 and 1836. He was the first baptized Latter Day Saint, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormons golden plates, one of the first Latter Day Saint apostles, in 1838, Cowdery left and was excommunicated from the church founded by Smith and later became a Methodist. In 1848, he returned to the Latter Day Saint movement and was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Cowdery was born October 3,1806, in Wells, Vermont. His father, William, a farmer, moved the family to Poultney in Rutland County, in his youth, Cowdery hunted for buried treasure using a divining rod. At age 20, Cowdery left Vermont for upstate New York and he clerked at a store for just over two years and in 1829 became a school teacher in Manchester, New York. Cowdery met Joseph Smith on April 5, 1829—a year and a day before the founding of the church—and heard from him how he had received golden plates containing ancient Native American writings. Cowdery told Smith that he had seen the plates in a vision before the two ever met. From April 7 to June 1829, Cowdery acted as Smiths primary scribe for the translation of the plates into what would become the Book of Mormon. Cowdery also unsuccessfully attempted to translate part of the Book of Mormon by himself, before meeting Cowdery, Smith had virtually stopped translating after the first 116 pages had been lost by Martin Harris. But working with Cowdery, Smith completed the manuscript in a short period. Cowdery and Smith said that on May 15,1829, they received the Aaronic priesthood from the resurrected John the Baptist, one of the three announced that he was the Apostle Peter and said the others were the apostles James and John. Later that year, Cowdery reported sharing a vision, along with Smith and David Whitmer, Martin Harris said he saw a similar vision later that day. Cowdery, Whitmer and Harris signed a statement to that effect and their testimony has been published in nearly every edition of the Book of Mormon. When the church was organized on April 6,1830, Smith became First Elder, Cowdery held the position of Assistant President of the Church from 1834 until his resignation/excommunication in 1838. Cowdery was also a member of the first presiding high council of the church, organized in Kirtland, Ohio, in 1834. On December 18,1832, Cowdery married Elizabeth Ann Whitmer and they had five children, of whom only one daughter survived to maturity. Cowdery helped Smith publish a series of Smiths revelations first called the Book of Commandments and later, as revised and expanded, the Doctrine and Covenants. Cowdery was also the editor, or on the board, of several early church publications, including the Evening and Morning Star, the Messenger and Advocate
24.
Nucla, Colorado
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Nucla is a Statutory Town in Montrose County, Colorado, United States. The population was 734 at the 2000 census, Nucla is located at 38°16′0″N 108°32′50″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.7 square miles. Nucla is located in an area of land, surrounding the Uncompahgre National Forest. As of the census of 2000, there were 734 people,311 households, the population density was 1,036.0 people per square mile. There were 369 housing units at a density of 520.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 69% White,1. 09% Native American,0. 14% Asian,0. 54% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 68% of the population. 30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.91. In the town, the population was out with 28. 6% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,24. 3% from 25 to 44,27. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $28,466, and the median income for a family was $33,636. Males had an income of $32,417 versus $21,726 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,982, about 14. 4% of families and 17. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 4% of those under age 18 and 12. 1% of those age 65 or over. Tabeguache Cave is another prehistoric rock shelter, tabeguache Pueblo is an example of an early, dispersed Ancient Pueblo settlement, inhabited about AD1100 and later abandoned. The town was established by socialists, who emphasized the sharing of things, the name of the town comes from the word nucleus. In May 2013, the Nucla Town Board passed an ordinance that required every non-exempted head of household in the town to own a firearm. W. A. Draves, founder and an apostle of the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, now headquartered in Independence, Draves is believed by his church to have received ninety messages from John the Baptist, some of them while he lived in Nucla. Bill Symons, Canadian Football Hall of Famer
25.
Sabbath in seventh-day churches
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The seventh-day Sabbath, observed from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset, is an important part of the beliefs and practices of seventh-day churches. They hold that the Old and New Testament show no variation in the doctrine of the Sabbath on the seventh day, Saturday, or the seventh day in the weekly cycle, is the only day in all of scripture designated using the term Sabbath. The seventh day of the week is recognized as Sabbath in many languages, calendars and it is still observed in modern Judaism in relation to Mosaic Law. Catholic, Orthodox, and most Protestant denominations believe the Mosaic Law to be superseded, Seventh-day Sabbatarians are Christians who seek to reestablish the practice of some early Christians who kept the sabbath according to normal Jewish practice. The sabbath was first described in the account of the seventh day of creation. Observation and remembrance of the sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments and this rule also applies to strangers within their gates, a sign in respect for the day during which God rested after having completed creation in six days. According to Justin Martyr, Christians also worshiped on Sunday because it possessed a certain mysterious import, According to R. J. Bauckham, the post-apostolic church contained diverse practices regarding the sabbath. Emperor Aurelian began a new Sun cult in 274 A. D and pagan ordinances were instituted in order to transform the old Roman idolatry, emperor Constantine then enacted the first Sunday Laws, for the venerable Day of the Sun in 321 A. D. So that the advantage given by heavenly providence may not for the occasion of a short time perish, early Christian observance of both the spiritual seventh-day sabbath and a Lords Day assembly is evidenced in Ignatiuss letter to the Magnesians ca. The Pseudo-Ignatian additions amplified this point by combining weekly observance of spiritual seventh-day sabbath with the Lords assembly, if Pseudo-Ignatius dates as early as 140, its admonition must be considered important evidence on 2nd-century sabbath and Lords Day observance. According to classical sources, widespread seventh-day sabbath rest by gentile Christians was also the mode in the 3rd. But while many God-fearing Christians were gradually led to regard Sunday as possessing a degree of sacredness, Bauckham also states some church authorities continued to oppose this as a judaizing tendency. In the 5th century, Sozomen, referencing Socrates Scholasticus, added to his description, Assemblies are not held in all churches on the same time or manner. The people of Constantinople, and almost everywhere, assemble together on the Sabbath, as well as on the first day of the week, which custom is never observed at Rome or at Alexandria. The Sabbath in Africa Study Group, founded by Charles E. Bradford in 1991, taddesse Tamrat has argued that this practice predates Saint Ewostatewoss advocacy of observing both Saturday and Sunday as days of sabbath, which led to his eventual exile from Ethiopia around 1337. Emperor Zara Yaqob convened a synod at Tegulet in 1450 to discuss the sabbath question, in Bohemia, as much as one quarter of the population kept seventh-day the sabbath in 1310. This practice continued until at least the 16th century, when Erasmus wrote about the practice, the Unitarian Church condemned Sabbatarianism as innovation in 1618. Sabbatarianism also expanded into Russia, where its adherents were called Subbotniks, and, from there, some of the Russian Subbotniks maintained a Christian identity doctrinally, while others formally converted to Judaism and assimilated within the Jewish communities of Russia
26.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
27.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
28.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
