1.
Velankanni
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Velankanni, is a panchayat town in Nagapattinam district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It lies on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal,350 km south of Chennai and 12 km south of Nagapattinam, once a port that traded with Rome and Greece, the tiny commercial center gradually lost its importance to the larger city of Nagapattinam. The canal built to link this town with Vedaranyam still lies to the west, the Vellayar, a minor branch of the Cauvery River, runs south of the town and discharges into the sea. The town was among the worst hit by the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the town is home to a significant Roman Catholic Latin Rite shrine called the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health. Velankanni has been chosen as one of the cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development. The 2001 Indian census indicated Velankanni had a population of 10,144, males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Citizens there have a literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 68%, male literacy is 75%. 12% of the population is under six years of age, Velankanni has one of the countrys biggest Catholic pilgrimage centres, the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health. Devoted to Our Lady of Good Health, it is known as the Lourdes of the East. Its origins can be traced back to the 16th century and it is built in the Gothic style, was modified by Portuguese and then further expanded later on due to the influx of pilgrims. The church building was raised to the status of basilica in 1962 by Pope John XXIII. Annually,20 million pilgrims flock to the shrine from all over India and abroad, the 11-day annual festival concludes with the celebration of the Feast of the Nativity of Mary on 8 September. Vailankanni is located 350 kilometres south of Chennai and 14 kilometres south of Nagapattinam on the Coramandel coast, Vailankanni is well connected by road and rail to the rest of the country. The East Coast Road that runs from Chennai to Cuddalore, connects the town to the rest of the country, the nearest operational airports are Tiruchirappalli International Airport,165 kilometres away and Chennai International Airport,300 kilometres away. The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation run a bus service to Changanassery. The TNSTC– Kumbakonam division operates short distance buses to Tiruchirappalli, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, Karaikudi, Tiruvarur, Kumbakonam, Pondicherry, Karaikal, Velankanni railway station is a terminal station on the 10 kilometre long Nagapattinam - Velankanni broad gauge line. The foundation stone of the line was laid in 1999 and it was completed in 2010 at a cost of Rs.48 crores, the line is part of the Tiruchirappalli railway division of Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. The Vailankanni –Chennai Egmore Link Express runs daily with only four coaches from Velankanni, the weekly Velankanni Express between Vasco da Gama, Goa and Velankanni is operated by South Western Railway zone
2.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
Marian apparition
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A Marian apparition is a reported supernatural appearance by the Blessed Virgin Mary. The figure is named after the town where it is reported. Marian apparitions sometimes are reported to recur at the site over an extended period of time. In the majority of Marian apparitions only one person or a few people report having witnessed the apparition, exceptions to this include Zeitoun, Fátima and Assiut where thousands claimed to have seen her over a period of time. The term appearance has been used in different apparitions within a range of contexts. And its use has been different with respect to Marian apparitions and visions of Jesus Christ, in some apparitions such as Our Lady of Lourdes an actual vision is reported, resembling that of a person being present. In some of these reports the viewers do not initially report that saw the Virgin Mary. In these cases the viewers report experiences that resemble the visual and verbal interaction with a present at the site. In most cases, there are no indications as to the auditory nature of the experience. The 1973 messages of Our Lady of Akita were to Sister Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa who went deaf before 1973, in some apparitions an image is reported absent any verbal interaction. An example is the reported apparitions at Our Lady of Assiut in which people reported a bright image atop a building. However, such image-like appearances are hardly ever reported for visions of Jesus, in most cases these involve some form of reported communication. And apparitions should be distinguished from interior locutions in which no visual contact is claimed, interior locutions consist of inner voices. Interior locutions are generally not classified as apparitions, physical contact is hardly ever reported as part of Marian apparitions. In rare cases a physical artifact is reported in apparitions, such as the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, according to the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, the era of public revelation ended with the death of the last living Apostle. The Church may pronounce an apparition as worthy of belief, the Holy See has officially confirmed the apparitions at Guadalupe, Saint-Étienne-le-Laus, Paris, La Salette, Lourdes, Fátima, Pontmain, Beauraing, and Banneux. An authentic apparition is believed not to be a subjective experience, the purpose of such apparitions is to recall and emphasize some aspect of the Christian message. The church states that cures and other events are not the purpose of Marian apparitions
4.
Holy See
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The Holy See, also referred to as the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity. It serves as the point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere. Today, it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics, organised in their Particular Churches, Patriarchates, as an independent sovereign entity, holding the Vatican City enclave in Rome as sovereign territory, it maintains diplomatic relations with other states. Diplomatically, the Holy See acts and speaks for the whole church and it is also recognised by other subjects of international law as a sovereign entity, headed by the Pope, with which diplomatic relations can be maintained. The creation of the Vatican City state was meant to ensure the diplomatic, in Greek, the adjective holy or sacred is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course. The word see comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning seat, while Saint Peters basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the Papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the church of Saint John Lateran within the city of Rome. The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia, the Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, is the Sees equivalent of a prime minister, Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy Sees minister of foreign affairs. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis On 31 August 2013, mamberti was named in his role by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006. The Secretariat of State is the body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have rights similar to those of embassies. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage and it also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, the Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies. The Holy See does not dissolve upon a Popes death or resignation and it instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period. In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire, the Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner. Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the popes merchant banker, Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the patrimony of the Holy See. The Holy See has been recognized, both in practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights
5.
Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health
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The Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health is located at the small town of Velankanni in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. The Roman Catholic Latin Rite Basilica is devoted to Our Lady of Good Health and these accounts are based on oral tradition and there are no written or attested records in support of them. The Holy See has not approved these apparitions, the chapel was finally built by Portuguese sailors. More than 500 years later, the festival and celebration is still observed. The Shrine of Our Lady of Vailankanni, also known as the Lourdes of the East, is one of the religious sites in India. There are no documents or records about the apparitions of Mary at Vailankanni. The first apparition is said to have occurred in May 1570, along the way he met a beautiful woman holding a child, who asked for some milk for the little one. After giving her the milk, he continued on his way, a small shrine was built near the site where the boy encountered the woman, a location that came to be called Matha Kulam, which means Our Lady’s Pool. The second apparition is said to have happened in 1597, not far from Matha Kulam, a beautiful woman with a young boy in her arms appeared to a young crippled boy selling buttermilk. The boy set out quickly and realized that he was no longer lame. A small thatched chapel was built in honor of Our Lady of Health. They invoked the help of the Blessed Virgin under her title Star of the Sea, the storm subsided and the 150 men on board were saved. It was September 8, the Feast of the Nativity of Mary, in thanksgiving, the sailors rebuilt the Shrine to Our Lady of Good Health, and continued to enhance it whenever their voyages brought them to the area. The shrine that started as a chapel in the mid-sixteenth century became a parish church in 1771 when Catholics in India were under persecution from the Dutch. Later in 1962 it was granted a Special status of a Minor Basilica by Pope John XIII, the shrine of Vailankanni was elevated to the status of Minor Basilica and merged with the Major Basilica of Mary in Rome on 3 November 1962 by Pope John XXIII. For Goan and Konkani people, she is called Shantadurga, the portrayal of the Virgin Mary as a curer of illness and a victor over all demonic forces is seen by local Hindus as an attribute equivalent to the Hindu goddess Mariamman. Being a Roman Catholic Marian church, it is dedicated to Our Lady of Good Health, Mary is depicted wearing a sari. The usual time for pilgrimage is during the festival between August 29 to September 6 and Christmas
6.
Tamil language
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Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and also by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians. Tamil is a language of two countries, Singapore and Sri Lanka. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and it is also used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Tamil is one of the classical languages in the world. Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions from 500 BC have been found on Adichanallur and 2 and it has been described as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past. The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the classical traditions. A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years, the earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca.300 BC – AD300. It has the oldest extant literature among other Dravidian languages, the earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC. More than 55% of the inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India are in the Tamil language. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka, the two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiraan Vanakkam, the Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in the Indian languages. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent. It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family, the closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam, the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. According to linguists like Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Tamil, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian, the linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the second millennium BC, and that proto-Tamil emerged around the 3rd century BC. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been shortly thereafter
7.
Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism
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In the Catholic Church, veneration of Mary, mother of Jesus encompasses various Marian devotions which includes prayer, pious acts, visual arts, poetry, and music devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Popes have encouraged it, while taking steps to reform some manifestations of it. The Holy See has insisted on the importance of distinguishing true from false devotion, there are significantly more titles, feasts, and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than in other Christian traditions. The term hyperdulia indicates the special veneration due to Mary, greater than the ordinary dulia for other saints, the term Mariolatry is a Protestant pejorative label for perceived excessive Catholic devotion to Mary. Belief in the incarnation of God the Son through Mary is the basis for calling her the Mother of God, at the Second Vatican Council and in Pope John Paul IIs encyclical Redemptoris Mater, she is spoken of also as Mother of the Church. The Holy See approves only a few as worthy of belief. In Roman Catholic teachings, the veneration of Mary is a consequence of Christology, Jesus and Mary are son and mother, redeemer. This sentiment was expressed by Pope John Paul II in his encyclical Redemptoris Mater, At the centre of this mystery, in the midst of this wonderment of faith, stands Mary. As the loving Mother of the Redeemer, she was the first to experience it, in the Roman Catholic tradition Mariology is seen as Christology developed to its full potential. Mary is seen as contributing to an understanding of the life of Jesus. In this view, a Christology without Mary is not based on the revelation of the Bible. Traces of this parallel interpretation go back to the days of Christianity. The development of this continued into the 20th century. The divine salvation plan, being not only material, includes a permanent spiritual unity with Christ, Christians love for Mary intuited, frequently in anticipation, certain aspects of the mystery of the Blessed Virgin, calling the attention of theologians and pastors to them. Venerative and devotional practices have often preceded formal theological declarations by the Magisterium, the veneration of the Blessed Virgin takes place in various ways. Marian prayers and hymns usually begin with praise of her, followed by petitions, the number of Marian titles continued to grow as of the 3rd century, and many titles existed by the 5th century, growing especially during the Middle Ages. Veneration for Mary is based on the reference in the Gospel of Luke to Mary as the handmaid of the Lord who is greeted and praised by both Elizabeth and the angel Gabriel. One of the components of the Catholic veneration of Mary is the focus on her participation in the processes of salvation and redemption and this has been explored by such writers as Edward Schillebeeckx and Adrienne von Speyr
8.
Tamil Nadu
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Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country
9.
Portuguese people
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Portuguese people are an ethnic group indigenous to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and their predominant religion is Christianity, Portuguese people were a key factor to the Age of Exploration, discovering several lands unknown to the Europeans in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania, helping to pave the way for Globalization. There are around 10 million native Portuguese in Portugal, out of a population of 10.34 million. A small minority of about 15,000 speak the Mirandese language, in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, all of the speakers are bilingual with Portuguese. An even smaller minority of no more than 2,000 people speak Barranquenho, some people from the former colonies have been migrating to Portugal since the 1900s. More recently, a number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians, Moldovans, Romanians and Russians. There is also a Chinese minority, in addition, there is a small minority Gypsies of about 40,000 people, Muslims about 34,000 people and an even smaller minority of Jews of about 5,000 people. Between 1886 and 1966, Portugal lost to more than any West European country except Ireland. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, about 40 million Brazilians have relatively recent Portuguese background, due to massive immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese, significant verified Portuguese minorities exist in several countries. Portuguese Sephardic Jews are also in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil, in Brazil many of the colonists were also originally Sephardic Jews, who, converted, were known as New Christians. In the United States, there are Portuguese communities in New Jersey, the New England states, in the Pacific, Hawaii has a sizable Portuguese element that goes back 150 years, Australia and New Zealand also have Portuguese communities. Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, has developed a significant Portuguese community since 1940, argentina and Uruguay had Portuguese immigration in the early 20th century. So has Chile where an estimated 50,000 descendants live, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the countrys African possessions gained independence in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, while others moved to Brazil and South Africa. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Equatorial Guinea, in 1989 some 4,000,000 Portuguese were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the United States. Portuguese constitute 13% of the population of Luxembourg, in areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, the Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30% of the population, 20% and 3% respectively. The British capital London is home to the largest number of Portuguese people in the UK, with the majority being found in the boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster. The Portuguese diaspora communities still are very attached to their language, their culture and their national dishes, in colonial times, over 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, and most of them went there during the gold rush of the 18th century
10.
Demographics of India
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India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the worlds population. According to the United Nations in July 2016, the population stood at 1,326,801,576, India is projected to be the worlds most populous country by 2022, surpassing China, its population reaching 1.7 billion by 2050. Thus, India is expected to become the first political entity in history to be home to more than 1.5 billion people and its population growth rate is 1. 2%, ranking 94th in the world in 2013. The Indian population reached the mark in 1998. India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan. India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every religion is represented, as are four major families of languages as well as two language isolates. Further complexity is lent by the variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India, the sex ratio is 944 females for 1000 males. It has been estimated that the population was about 100 million in 1600 and it reached 255 million according to the first census taken in 1881. Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation, Other factors included rising incomes, better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care. India occupies 2. 41% of the land area but supports over 18% of the worlds population. At the 2001 census 72. 2% of the lived in about 638,000 villages. Indias population has exceeded that of the continent of Africa by 200 million people. However, because Africas population growth is nearly double that of India, the table below summarises Indias demographics according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data is unadjusted, the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam, the table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on gender, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are higher than average female infant mortality rates. They are also similar to sex ratios below 900 girls to 1000 boys observed in mothers of different age groups
11.
Sari
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There are various styles of sari draping, the most common being the Nivi style, which originated in Andhra Pradesh. The sari is worn over a petticoat, with a fitted upper garment commonly called a blouse. The blouse has short sleeves and is cropped at the midriff. The sari is associated with grace and is regarded as a symbol of grace in cultures of the Indian subcontinent. The word sari described in Sanskrit शाटी śāṭī which means strip of cloth and शाडी śāḍī or साडी sāḍī in Pali, the word Sattika is mentioned as describing womens attire in ancient India in Sanskrit literature and Buddhist literature called Jatakas. This could be equivalent to modern day Sari, the term for female bodice, the choli evolved from ancient Stanapatta. Rajatarangini, a literary work by Kalhana, states that the choli from the Deccan was introduced under the royal order in Kashmir. In the history of Indian clothing the sari is traced back to the Indus Valley Civilisation, cotton was first cultivated and woven in Indian subcontinent around 5th millennium BC. Dyes used during this period are still in use, particularly indigo, lac, red madder, silk was woven around 2450 BC and 2000 BC. The earliest known depiction of the sari in the Indian subcontinent is the statue of an Indus Valley priest wearing a drape. The sari evolved from an ensemble comprising the Antariya, the lower garment, the Uttariya, a veil worn over the shoulder or the head, and the Stanapatta. This ensemble is mentioned in Sanskrit literature and Buddhist Pali literature during the 6th century B. C and this complete three-piece dress was known as Poshak, generic term for costume. Ancient Antariya closely resembled dothi wrap in the version which was passed through legs, covered the legs loosely and then flowed into a long. It further evolved into Bhairnivasani skirt, today known as ghagri, Uttariya was a shawl-like veil worn over the shoulder or head, it evolved into what is known today known as dupatta and ghoongat. Likewise, Stanapatta evolved into choli by 1st century A. D. Between 2nd century B. C to 1st century A. D, Antariya and Uttariya was merged to form a single garment known as sari mentioned in Pali literature, which served the purpose of two garments in one-piece. The ancient Sanskrit work, Kadambari by Banabhatta and ancient Tamil poetry, such as the Silappadhikaram, in ancient India, although women wore saris that bared the midriff, the Dharmasastra writers stated that women should be dressed such that the navel would never become visible. By which for some time the navel became a taboo
12.
Aurangzeb
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Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad, commonly known as Aurangzeb or by his regnal title Alamgir, was the sixth, and widely considered the last effective Mughal Emperor. He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent during some parts of his reign, Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and during his reign, the Mughal Empire temporarily reached its greatest extent. During his reign,4.6 million people were said have died due to war, Aurangzebs policies partly abandoned the legacy of pluralism, which remains a very controversial aspect of his reign and led to the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Rebellions and wars led to the exhaustion of the imperial Mughal treasury and he was a strong-handed authoritarian ruler, and following his death the expansionary period of the Mughal Empire came to an end. Nevertheless, the territory of the Mughal Empire still remained intact more or less until the reign of Muhammad Shah. Aurangzeb was born on 3 November 1618, in Dahod, Gujarat and he was the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. In June 1626, after a rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb. His daily allowance was fixed at Rs.500 which he spent on religious education, on 28 May 1633, Aurangzeb escaped death when a powerful war elephant stampeded through the Mughal Imperial encampment. He rode against the elephant and struck its trunk with a lance, Aurangzebs valour was appreciated by his father who conferred him the title of Bahadur and had him weighed in gold and presented gifts worth Rs.200,000. This event was celebrated in Persian and Urdu verses and Aurangzeb said, If the fight had ended fatally for me, death drops the curtain even on Emperors, it is no dishonor. The shame lay in what my brothers did, by arrangement, Aurangzeb stayed in the rear, away from the fighting, and took the advice of his generals as the Mughal Army gathered and commenced the Siege of Orchha in 1635. The campaign was successful and Singh was removed from power, Aurangzeb was appointed viceroy of the Deccan in 1636. In 1637, Aurangzeb married the Safavid princess, Dilras Banu Begum and she was his first wife and chief consort. He also had an infatuation with a girl, Hira Bai. In his old age, he was under the charms of his concubine, the latter had formerly been a companion to Dara Shikoh. In the same year,1637, Aurangzeb was placed in charge of annexing the small Rajput kingdom of Baglana, in 1644, Aurangzebs sister, Jahanara, was burned when the chemicals in her perfume were ignited by a nearby lamp while in Agra. This event precipitated a crisis with political consequences. Aurangzeb suffered his fathers displeasure by not returning to Agra immediately, Shah Jahan had been nursing Jahanara back to health in that time and thousands of vassals had arrived in Agra to pay their respects
13.
Mughal emperors
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The Mughal emperors were a branch of the Timurid dynasty. From the early 16th century to the early 18th they built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the countries of Bangladesh, India. Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj. The dynasty was of Asian Turco-Mongol origin from a now part of modern-day Uzbekistan. Timur is generally known in the West as Tamerlane the Great and its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres. Ousted from his domains in Central Asia by Uzbek Khan. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass, baburs forces occupied much of northern India after his victory at Panipat in 1526. The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India, the instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun, who was driven out of India and into Persia by rebels. Humayuns exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing West Asian cultural influence in the Mughal court, the restoration of Mughal rule began after Humayun’s triumphant return from Persia in 1555, but he died from a fatal accident shortly afterwards. Humayuns son, Akbar, succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions, and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari river. He created a new class of nobility loyal to him from the aristocracy of Indias social groups, implemented a modern government. At the same time Akbar intensified trade with European trading companies and he left his successors an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge. Akbars son, Jahangir, ruled the empire at its peak, but he was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques. During the reign of Jahangirs son, Shah Jahan, the culture, the maintenance of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue. Shah Jahans eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, however, a younger son, Aurangzeb, allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother, who championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture, and ascended to the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed, although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and had him imprisoned. During Aurangzebs reign, the empire gained political strength once more, Aurangzeb expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia, but at his death in 1707, many parts of the empire were in open revolt. Aurangzebs son, Shah Alam, repealed the religious policies of his father, however, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds
14.
Immaculate Conception
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The Catholic Church teaches that Mary was conceived by normal biological means in the womb of her mother, Saint Anne, but God acted upon her soul, keeping it immaculate. The Immaculate Conception is commonly confused with the Virgin Birth of Jesus, jesuss birth is covered by the Doctrine of Incarnation, while the Immaculate Conception deals with the conception of Mary, not that of her son. The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth. The definition makes no declaration about the Churchs belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin, however, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, free from all sin, original or personal. The doctrine of the conception is not to be confused with the virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, the Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day, another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ. In Luke 1,47, Mary proclaims, My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour and this is referred to as Marys pre-redemption by Christ. A feast of the Conception of the Most Holy and All Pure Mother of God was celebrated in Syria on 8 December perhaps as early as the 5th century, note that the title of achrantos refers to the holiness of Mary, not specifically to the holiness of her conception. Marys complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as prokathartheisa, gregorys doctrines surrounding Marys purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzens title of Mary at the Annunciation as prepurified was subsequently adopted by all interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, about the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the Conception of St. Ann was becoming popular. It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century and it is also agreed that no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture
15.
Marian devotions
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A Marian devotion in Christianity is directed to the person of Mary, mother of Jesus consisting of external pious practices expressed by the believer. Such devotional prayers or acts may be accompanied by requests for Marys intercession with God. In 787 the Second Council of Nicaea affirmed a three-level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia that applies to God and they believe this devotion may distract attention from Christ. There is significant diversity of form and structure in Marian devotions practiced by different groups of Christians, Orthodox Marian devotions are well-defined and closely linked to liturgy, while Roman Catholic practices are wide-ranging. There is no single church with universal authority within the Anglican Communion, within the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, devotions to the Virgin Mary have more emphasis within High Church and Broad Church parishes than others. The emphasis placed on Mary and Marian devotions changed over the history of Anglicanism, however, in the 17th century, there was a gradual return to Marianism and by 1662 there were five Marian feasts. Anglican devotion for the Virgin Mary was revived during the 19th century Oxford Movement of Anglo-Catholicism, british theologians such as Father Frederick Faber took an enthusiastic approach to the promotion of Marian devotions towards the end of the 19th century. In the liturgical renewal of the 20th century, Mary gained new prominence, the gradual increase in Marian devotions among Anglicans has also been manifested within the higher levels of the clergy in the Anglican Communion. Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams wrote a book on how to pray with the icons of the Virgin Mary, Anglican devotions to Mary include the Anglican Rosary, votive candles, and pilgrimages to Walsingham and Lourdes. Some Anglicans and Anglo-Catholics also pray the rosary itself, for centuries, Our Lady of Walsingham has been a centerpiece in Anglican devotions to the Virgin Mary and its feast is celebrated on October 15, as well as a Catholic feast on September 24. Also common in Anglican cathedrals, Anglo-Catholic parishes, and certain Anglican shrines are chapels or side altars dedicated to the Virgin Mary called Lady chapels, a deep devotion to the Aeipartenos Mary is one of the key themes of Orthodox liturgy and spirituality. Devotion to the Virgin Mary is taken for granted in Eastern Orthodoxy and it permeates the entire life of the Church and historically required no academic development as in the Western Church. In the Orthodox view, devotion to Mary is considered an important element of Christian spirituality, Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov called denominations that do not venerate the Virgin Mary another type of Christianity. The Theotokos title for Mary is very important in Eastern Orthodoxy and is seen as an affirmation of the fullness of Gods incarnation, Marian devotions thus form the nucleolus of Orthodox Mariology. Feasts, icons and hymns are often combined, e. g. the Theotokos Iverskaya wonder-working icon is used on its own feast day, devotions to the Theotokos are often combined with the veneration of icons depicting her with the Child Jesus. For instance, in the Sunday of Orthodoxy the singing of Marian hymns, the Eastern Orthodox Church considers Mary to have been elevated by God to the highest status, above all other creatures, though still only a human being. The Orthodox hymn Axion Estin speaks of Mary as being More honorable than the cherubim, although most Orthodox consider Mary sinless, they do not accept the Roman Catholic definition of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Mary is mentioned numerous times in all of the Divine Services, the final petition of each ektenia ends with an invocation of the Virgin Mary
16.
Antiphon
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An antiphon in Christian music and ritual is a responsory by a choir or congregation, usually in the form of a Gregorian chant, to a psalm or other text in a religious service or musical work. Antiphony is now used for any call and response style of singing, such as the kirtan. Antiphonal music is music that is performed by two semi-independent choirs in interaction, often singing alternate musical phrases, antiphonal psalmody is the singing or musical playing of psalms by alternating groups of performers. An antiphony is also a choir-book containing antiphons, the mirror structure of Hebrew psalms renders it probable that the antiphonal method was present in the services of the ancient Israelites. According to the historian Socrates of Constantinople, antiphony was introduced into Christian worship by Ignatius of Antioch, Antiphons have remained an integral part of the worship in the Byzantine and Armenian Rite. The practice was not found in the Latin Church until more than two centuries later, Polyphonic Marian antiphons emerged in England in the 14th century as settings of texts honouring the Virgin Mary separately from the mass and office, often after Compline. Towards the end of the 15th century, English composers produced expanded settings up to nine parts, with increasing complexity, the largest collection of such antiphons is the late 15th century Eton Choirbook. As a result, antiphony remains particularly common in the Anglican musical tradition, the Greater Advent or O Antiphons are antiphons used at daily prayer in the evenings of the last days of Advent in various liturgical Christian traditions. Each antiphon is a name of Christ, one of his attributes mentioned in Scripture, in the Roman Catholic tradition, they are sung or recited at Vespers from December 17 to December 23. In the Church of England they have traditionally used as antiphons to the Magnificat at Evening Prayer. More recently they have found a place in liturgical documents throughout the Anglican Communion. Use of the O Antiphons was preserved in Lutheranism at the German Reformation, when two or more groups of singers sing in alternation, the style of music can also be called polychoral. Specifically, this term is applied to music of the late Renaissance. Polychoral techniques are a characteristic of the music of the Venetian school, exemplified by the works of Giovanni Gabrieli. Polychoral music was not limited to Italy in the Renaissance and it was popular in Spain and Germany and there are examples from the 19th and 20th centuries, from composers as diverse as Hector Berlioz, Igor Stravinsky and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Marian antiphon Polyphony Polyphonic form Polyphonic singing Polychoral compositions Latin church music by George Frideric Handel — includes three antiphons, Antiphon O Sapientia quae ex ore Altissimi. Antiphon O Adonai II Great Advent Antiphon File, Schola Gregoriana-Antiphona et Magnificat. ogg
17.
Hymns to Mary
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Marian hymns are Christian songs focused on the Virgin Mary. They are used in devotional and liturgical services, particularly by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican. They are often used in the month of May devotions, some have also been adopted as Christmas hymns. Marian hymns are not popular among Protestants, as many Protestants see Marian veneration as idolatry, however, the practice is very common among Christians of Catholic traditions, and a key component of the Eastern Orthodox liturgy. There are many more hymns to Mary within the Eastern Orthodox yearly cycle of liturgy than in Roman Catholic liturgy, the Magnificat hymn is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and historian Marjorie Reeves states that it is perhaps the earliest Christian hymn. The Magnificat is named after the line in the 4th century Vulgate Bible, based on Luke 1, 46-55, and continues to be widely used to date by Roman Catholics, Anglicans. Marian hymns are at times shared among different groups of Christians, for instance, The second stanza of the Anglican hymn Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones is derived from the Eastern Orthodox hymn to the Theotokos. In the Eastern Church, the Theotokia are a part of the Divine Liturgy. In the Theotokia people repeat the name Mary many times as a sign of their friendship with her. Parts of the Axion Estin hymn date back to the earliest days of Orthodoxy, in the Eastern Church, the Theotokia often include biblical references that emphasize the mystery of the Incarnation. These Marian hymns have been used in daily prayers since early Christianity as a way to people the Orthodox beliefs. Marian hymns remain a key element in the liturgy of the Coptic Church and are included in every hour, day. The widely used Akathist Hymn to the Theotokos is attributed to Saint Romanos the Melodist who composed many hymns to saints during the 6th century, in the Orthodox weekly liturgical cycle, Wednesday is dedicated to the Theotokos, and all daily services include numerous Marian hymns. These take precedence over the veneration of saints and angels. As of the 12th century a number of diataxeis, giving the order of the liturgy included Marian hymns. Centuries later, the Sunday of Orthodoxy continues to combine Marian hymns, hymns, feasts and miraculous Marian icons are now combined within Eastern church practices, e. g. the Akathistos to the wonder working Theotokos Iverskaya. Marian hymns, litanies and the veneration or Benediction of the icons of Mary are combined in the Maronite Churchs, here a hymn litany includes the repetition of the phrase, We petition you. This Marionite hymn litany has two parts, first the giving of praise to Mary, then the petitions, according to Saint Augustine, it was Saint Ambrose who, in the 4th century, introduced the use of hymns outside the liturgy of the Western Church
18.
Angelus
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The Angelus is a Catholic devotion commemorating the Incarnation. The Angelus exemplifies a species of prayers called the prayer of the devotee, the devotion was traditionally recited in Roman Catholic churches, convents, and monasteries three times daily,6,00 am, noon, and 6,00 pm. The devotion is also used by some Anglican and Lutheran churches, the Angelus is usually accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus bell, which is a call to prayer and to spread good-will to everyone. The angel referred to in the prayer is Gabriel, a messenger of God who revealed to Mary that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God and this is an old devotion that was already well established 700 years ago. The Angelus originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys during the evening, or Compline, bell, the first written documentation stems from Italian Franciscan monk Sinigardi di Arezzo. Franciscan monasteries in Italy document the use in 1263 and 1295, the current form of the Angelus prayer is included in a Venetian Catechism from 1560. The older usages seem to have commemorated the resurrection of Christ in the morning, his suffering at noon, in 1269, St Bonaventure urged the faithful to adopt the custom of the Franciscans of saying three Hail Marys as the Compline bell was rung. The Angelus is not identical to the Noon Bell ordered by Pope Calixtus III in 1456 and he again asks the faithful throughout the World, to pray for the persecuted Church in the East during the mid-day Angelus. The custom of reciting it in the morning apparently grew from the custom of saying three Hail Marys while a bell rang at Prime. The noon time custom apparently arose from the noon time commemoration of the Passion on Fridays, the institution of the Angelus is by some ascribed to Pope Urban II, by some to Pope John XXII for the year 1317. The triple recitation is ascribed to Louis XI of France, who in 1472 ordered it to be recited three times daily, the form of the prayer was standardized by the 17th century. The manner of ringing the Angelus—the triple stroke repeated three times, with a pause between each set of three, sometimes followed by a peal as at curfew—seems to have been long established. The 15th-century constitutions of Syon monastery dictate that the lay brother shall toll the Ave bell nine strokes at three times, keeping the space of one Pater and Ave between each three tollings. The pattern of ringing on Irish radio and television consists of three groups of three peals, each separated by a pause, followed by a group of nine peals. It is common practice that during the recital of the Angelus prayer, for the lines And the Word was made flesh/And dwelt among us, either of these actions draws attention to the moment of the Incarnation of Christ into human flesh. During Paschaltide, the Marian antiphon Regina Cœli with versicle and prayer, in most Franciscan and contemplative monasteries, the Angelus continues to be prayed three times a day. In Germany, particular dioceses and their radio stations ring the Angelus, in addition, Roman Catholic churches ring the Angelus bell thrice daily. Although this decision was reversed and the Angelus is still played twice a day
19.
Hail Mary
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The Hail Mary, also commonly called the Ave Maria or Angelic Salutation, is a traditional Catholic prayer asking for the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. In Roman Catholicism, the forms the basis of the Rosary. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, a prayer is used in formal liturgies. It is also used by other groups within the Catholic tradition of Christianity including Anglicans, Independent Catholics. Some Protestant denominations, such as Lutherans, also use of a form of the prayer. Based on the greeting of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary in the Gospel of Luke and it has often been set to music, although the most famous musical expression of the words Ave Maria — that by Franz Schubert — does not actually contain the Hail Mary prayer. The prayer incorporates two passages from Saint Lukes Gospel, Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, the first of the two passages from Saint Lukes Gospel is the greeting of the Angel Gabriel to Mary, originally written in Koine Greek. The opening word of greeting, χαῖρε, chaíre, here translated Hail and this was the normal greeting in the language in which Saint Lukes Gospel is written and continues to be used in the same sense in Modern Greek. Accordingly, both Hail and Rejoice are valid English translations of the word, the word κεχαριτωμένη, here translated as full of grace, admits of various translations. The text also appears in the account of the contained in the apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Matthew. The second passage is taken from Elizabeths greeting to Mary in Luke 1,42, Blessed art thou among women, taken together, these two passages are the two times Mary is greeted in Chapter 1 of Luke. The Hail Mary prayer of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches is in the form, Θεοτόκε Παρθένε, χαῖρε, κεχαριτωμένη Μαρία, εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξί, καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου, ὅτι Σωτῆρα ἔτεκες τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν. God-bearing Maid, rejoice, grace-filled Mary, the Lord with thee, praised thou among women, and praised the fruit of thy womb, because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou bearest. Another English rendering of the text reads, Mother of God and Virgin, rejoice, Mary full of grace. Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, to the Biblical texts this adds the opening invocation Theotokos Virgin, the name Mary and the concluding because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou barest. Saint Thomas Aquinas spoke of the name Mary, which served to indicate who was the full of grace person mentioned, but at about the same time the name Jesus was also added, to specify who was meant by the phrase the fruit of thy womb. To the greeting and praise of Mary of which the prayer thus consisted, the petition first appeared in print in 1495 in Girolamo Savonarolas Esposizione sopra l’Ave Maria. The Hail Mary prayer in Savonarolas exposition reads, Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou amongst women, Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of death
20.
Hail Mary of Gold
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Hail Mary of Gold is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer attributed to Saint Gertrude the Great. Hail, Mary, White Lily of the Glorious and always-serene Trinity, hail brilliant Rose of the Garden of heavenly delights, O you, by whom God wanted to be born and by whose milk the King of Heaven wanted to be nourished. Nourish our souls with effusions of divine grace, queen of Heaven Catholic Devotions Roman Catholic Mariology The Glories of Mary
21.
Immaculata prayer
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The Immaculata prayer is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer composed by Saint Maximillian Kolbe. It is a prayer of consecration to the Immaculata, i. e. the immaculately conceived Virgin Mary. The consecration prayer is as follows, O Immaculata, Queen of Heaven and earth, refuge of sinners and our most loving Mother, God has willed to entrust the entire order of mercy to you. I, a repentant sinner, cast myself at your feet, humbly imploring you to me with all that I am and have, wholly to yourself as your possession. Please make of me, of all my powers of soul and body, of my life, death and eternity. If it pleases you, use all that I am and have without reserve, wholly to accomplish what was said of you, She will crush your head, and You alone have destroyed all heresies in the whole world. For wherever you enter you obtain the grace of conversion and growth in holiness, allow me to praise you, O Sacred Virgin R. To this end I offer you all my prayers, actions, university of Dayton Marian prayers Consecration. com Women for Faith and Family
22.
Magnificat
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It is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the earliest Marian hymn. Its name comes from the incipit of the Latin version of the canticles text, the text of the canticle is taken directly from the Gospel of Luke where it is spoken by Mary upon the occasion of her Visitation to her cousin Elizabeth. In the narrative, after Mary greets Elizabeth, who is pregnant with John the Baptist, Elizabeth praises Mary for her faith, and Mary responds with what is now known as the Magnificat. Within the whole of Christianity, the Magnificat is most frequently recited within the Liturgy of the Hours, in Western Christianity, the Magnificat is most often sung or recited during the main evening prayer service, Vespers in the Catholic and Lutheran churches, and Evening Prayer in Anglicanism. In Eastern Christianity, the Magnificat is usually sung at Sunday Matins, among Protestant groups, the Magnificat may also be sung during worship services, especially in the Advent season during which these verses are traditionally read. These songs are Marys Magnificat, Zechariahs Benedictus, the angels Gloria in Excelsis Deo, in form and content, these four canticles are patterned on the hymns of praise in Israels Psalter. In structure, these reflect the compositions of pre-Christian contemporary Jewish hymnology. The balance of the two lines bursts out into a dual Magnificat of declaring the greatness of and finding delight in God. Mary symbolizes both ancient Israel and the Lucan faith-community as the author/singer of the Magnificat, the canticle echoes several biblical passages, but the most pronounced allusions are to the Song of Hannah, from the Books of Samuel. Scriptural echoes from the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings complement the main allusions to Hannahs magnificat of rejoicing. Along with the Benedictus, as well as several Old Testament canticles, the Magnificat is included in the Book of Odes, the original language of the Magnificat is Koine Greek, the language of the New Testament. However, in the liturgical and devotional use in Western Christianity, Μεγαλύνει ἡ ψυχή μου τὸν Κύριον καὶ ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπὶ τῷ Θεῷ τῷ σωτῆρί μου, ὅτι ἐπέβλεψεν ἐπὶ τὴν ταπείνωσιν τῆς δούλης αὐτοῦ. ἰδοὺ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν μακαριοῦσίν με πᾶσαι αἱ γενεαί, ὅτι ἐποίησέν μοι μεγάλα ὁ δυνατός, καὶ ἅγιον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, Ἐποίησεν κράτος ἐν βραχίονι αὐτοῦ, διεσκόρπισεν ὑπερηφάνους διανοίᾳ καρδίας αὐτῶν· καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀπὸ θρόνων καὶ ὕψωσεν ταπεινούς, πεινῶντας ἐνέπλησεν ἀγαθῶν καὶ πλουτοῦντας ἐξαπέστειλεν κενούς. ἀντελάβετο Ἰσραὴλ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ, μνησθῆναι ἐλέους, καθὼς ἐλάλησεν πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν τῷ Αβραὰμ καὶ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. The translation of the hymn into Church Slavonic is as follows, Transcription in modern Cyrillic alphabet, Вели́чит душа́ Моя́ Го́спода, Честне́йшую херуви́м и сла́внейшую без сравне́ния серафи́м, без истле́ния Бо́га Сло́ва ро́ждшую, су́щую Богоро́дицу, Тя велича́ем. Я́ко призре́ на смире́ние рабы́ Своея́, се бо от ны́не ублажа́т Мя вси ро́ди, Честне́йшую херуви́м… Я́ко сотвори́ Мне вели́чие Си́льный, и свя́то и́мя Его́, и ми́лость Его́ в ро́ды родо́в боя́щимся Его́. Честне́йшую херуви́м… Сотвори́ держа́ву мы́шцею Свое́ю, расточи́ го́рдыя мы́слию се́рдца их, Честне́йшую херуви́м… Низложи́ си́льныя со престо́л, и вознесе́ смире́нныя, а́лчущия испо́лни благ, и богатя́щияся отпусти́ тщи. Честне́йшую херуви́м… Восприя́т Изра́иля о́трока Своего́, помяну́ти ми́лости, я́коже глаго́ла ко отце́м на́шим, Честне́йшую херуви́м…, Magnificat anima mea Dominum, et exultavit spiritus meus in Deo salvatore meo, quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae
23.
Mary, Mother of Grace
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Mary, Mother of Grace is a Roman Catholic prayer to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Mary, Mother of grace, Mother of mercy, Shield me from the enemy And receive me at the hour of my death and this prayer is a fragment from within the DEVOTION IN MEMORY OF THE AGONY OF JESUS found in Section VI of the Raccolta. It was originally declared by Pope Pius VII as part of a Rescript dated August 26,1814, since the Mary, Mother of Grace prayer is only a partial recitation of the Devotion, only a partial indulgence is granted the prayer. The original Rescript is preserved amongst the acts of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, the title, Mary, Mother of Grace is actually a misnomer. Maria mater gratiae, Mater misericordiae, Tu nos ab hoste protege, Roman Catholic Mariology Raccolta Marian devotions Blessed Virgin Mary
24.
Mary Our Queen
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Mary Our Queen is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer. It is attributed to Saint Anthony of Padua in the 13th century, Mary, our Queen, Holy Mother of God, we beg you to hear our prayer. Make our hearts overflow with Divine grace and resplendent with heavenly wisdom, render them strong with your might and rich in virtue. Pour down upon us the gift of mercy so that we may obtain the pardon of our sins, help us to live in such a way as to merit the glory and bliss of heaven. May this be granted us by your Son Jesus Who has exalted you above the angels, has crowned you as Queen, amen The Glories of Mary Queen of Heaven University of Dayton Catholic Doors
25.
Memorare
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Memorare is a Roman Catholic prayer seeking the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. It first appears as part of a longer 15th-century prayer, Ad sanctitatis tuae pedes, the modern version is taken from that indulgenced by Pope Pius IX in 1846, Raccolta, #339 Encr. #32, This prayer is originally from a prayer of the 15th century, Ad sanctitatis tuae pedes. The de Sales family were members of the nobility and staunch Catholics. The question of predestination, the hottest point of contention between Catholic and Calvinist theologians, tormented him while he was a student in Paris. In his distress over the fate of his soul he cried out to God, Whatever happens, Lord. This delusion took such possession of his soul that he lost his appetite, was unable to sleep, for one whole month he suffered this mental torture, this agony of soul. He had lost all the sweetness of love, but not, happily. He looked back with tears to the happy time when he was, as it were, inebriated with that sweetness. In late December, at last, led by a divine inspiration, on his knees before a statue of the Blessed Virgin he implored the assistance of the Mother of Mercy with tears and sighs, and the most fervent devotion. Francis credited the Blessed Virgin with saving him from falling into despair or heresy, he recited the Memorare day after day and it was popularized in the 17th century by Fr. Claude Bernard, who learned it from his father, bernards devotion to Our Lady under the title Consolatrix Afflictorum led him to promote recourse to her intercession among the poor and condemned prisoners. According to the book Familiar Prayers, Their Origin and History written by Fr, Herbert Thurston S. J. in 1953, Fr. Claude Bernard, known as the Poor Priest, zealously dedicated himself to the preaching and aiding of prisoners, trusting his charges to the care and intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Fr. Bernard employed the Memorare extensively in his work of evangelization to great effect, many a criminal was reconciled to God through his efforts. At one time he had more than 200,000 leaflets printed with the Memorare in various languages so he could distribute the leaflets wherever he felt they would do some good. Claude Bernard held the prayer in such high regard was because he felt that he had been miraculously cured by its use. In a letter to Queen Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII, in fear of his life he recited the Memorare and immediately began to get well again
26.
Sub tuum praesidium
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Beneath Thy Protection is the oldest preserved extant hymn to the Blessed Virgin Mary as Theotokos. The hymn is known in many Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox countries. The earliest text of this hymn was found in a Coptic Orthodox Christmas liturgy, the papyrus records the hymn in Greek, dated by scholar C. H. Roberts to the fourth Century, while his colleague Edgar Lobel favored a date ranging from AD 250-280 and this divergence in dates is explained by Roberts doubt that the term Theotokos was already in use by the third Century. We find it, however, in the writings of third Century theologians Origen, the hymn is used in the Coptic liturgy to this day, as well as in the Armenian, Byzantine, Ambrosian, and Roman Rite liturgies. It was part of Sulpician custom that all ended with a recitation of this prayer. Besides the Greek text, ancient versions can be found in Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, henri de Villiers finds in the term blessed a reference to the salutation by Elizabeth in Luke 1,42. Praesidium is translated as a given in time of war by fresh troops in a strong manner. In the Byzantine Rite used by the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, in Greek practice it is usually sung in Neo-Byzantine chant. In the Armenian Rite, the hymn is sung on the Eve of Theophany and is used as an acclamation in the daily compline service known as the Rest Hour. A slightly different version of the hymn is appended to the Trisagion when the latter is chanted in the daily Morning and Evening Hours of the Daily Office. The Slavonic version of the hymn is often used outside of Great Lent. Other than the traditional and modern chant settings, which are the most commonly used, the Latin version has also been set to music in the West many times, notably by Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Antonio Salieri and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In 2010 the text was set as a motet in Latin, Slavonic. The prayer has a significance for Marists. and it is often heard in Marist schools. It is also used by the Salesians in honor of Mary Help of Christians. The earliest Church Slavonic manuscripts have the prayer in the following form, in the 17th century, under the liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, the Russian Orthodox Church adopted a new translation, This second version continues in use today. The Latin translation, likely derived from the Greek, dates from the 11th century, photograph of papyrus, dated to 250 AD, the earliest example of this hymn
27.
Alma Redemptoris Mater
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Alma Redemptoris Mater is a Marian hymn, written in Latin hexameter, and one of four seasonal liturgical Marian antiphons sung at the end of the office of Compline. Hermannus Contractus is said to have authored the hymn based on the writings of Saints Fulgentius, Epiphanius and it is mentioned in The Prioresss Tale, one of Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Formerly it was recited at compline only from the first Sunday in Advent until the Feast of the Purification, depending on the period, the following combinations of a versicle, response, and collect are added. Hear thou thy peoples cry, Star of the deep, and portal of the sky. Mother of Him Who thee from nothing made, Sinking we strive and call to thee for aid, Oh, by that joy which Gabriel brought to thee, Thou Virgin first and last, the Angel of the LORD brought tidings unto Mary ℟. And she conceived by the Holy Ghost, through the same Christ, our Lord. After childbirth, O Virgin, thou didst remain inviolate, intercede for us, O Mother of God
28.
Ave Maris Stella
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Ave Maris Stella is a plainsong Vespers hymn to Mary from about the eighth century. It was especially popular in the Middle Ages and has been used by composers as the basis of other compositions. The creation of the hymn has been attributed to several people, including Bernard of Clairvaux. The text is found in 9th-century manuscripts, kept in Vienna, the melody is found in the Irish plainsong Gabhaim Molta Bríde, a piece in praise of St. Bridget. The popular modern hymn Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star, is based on this plainsong original. These plainchant tones have been used as the cantus firmus for some settings of the mass, including those by Josquin. Renaissance settings include those by Felice Anerio, Palestrina, Dufay, baroque settings include Monteverdis Vespro della Beata Vergine 1610 and one by Emperor Leopold I. Romantic settings include those by Dvorak, Grieg, and Liszt, ave Maris Stella is the anthem of the Acadians, a francophone community in the Canadian Maritimes distinct from the French-Canadians of Quebec. The Acadians were highly devout, and had and still have a degree of devotion to the Virgin Mary. As such, Acadias symbols reflect its peoples beliefs and this is particularly evident in their anthem which instead of being written in French is written in Latin. It was adopted as the anthem of the Acadian people at the Second Acadian National Convention, held in Miscouche, to this day, it remains a source of Acadian patriotism. The hymn was sung in its original version until French lyrics were composed in 1994. Out of respect for the hymn, the first verse in the Acadian national anthem remains in Latin. These are the lyrics, in French, the first verse is in Latin, and is repeated at the end of the hymn
29.
Ave Regina Caelorum
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Ave Regina Caelorum is one of four Marian antiphons, with following versicles and prayers, traditionally said or sung after each of the canonical hours of the Liturgy of the Hours. The prayer is used especially after Compline, the canonical hour of prayer before going to sleep. It is said from the Feast of the Presentation through Wednesday of Holy Week, the origins of the prayer are unknown but it can be found included in a twelfth-century manuscript. The prayer is associated with indulgences and is listed as Ave Regina Coelorum in the Raccolta book of indulgenced prayers. Ave, Regina Caelorum, Ave, Domina Angelorum, Salve, radix, salve, porta Ex qua mundo lux est orta, Gaude, Virgo gloriosa, Super omnes speciosa, Vale, o valde decora, V. Dignare me laudare te, Virgo sacrata. Da mihi virtutem contra hostes tuos, oremus, Concede, misericors Deus, fragilitati nostrae praesidium, ut, qui sanctae Dei Genitricis memoriam agimus, intercessionis eius auxilio, a nostris iniquitatibus resurgamus. Hail, O Queen of Heaven enthroned, V. Vouchsafe that I may praise thee, O sacred Virgin. Give me strength against thine enemies, through the same Christ our Lord. An alternate version, Hail, O Queen of Heaven, Hail, O Lady of Angels Hail. Thou gate From whom unto the world, a light has arisen, Rejoice, O glorious Virgin, Lovely beyond all others, Farewell, most beautiful maiden, allow me to praise thee, O sacred Virgin. Against thy enemies give me strength, the Glories of Mary Queen of Heaven Regina Caeli Ave Regina Caelorum Gregorian Chant Palestrina Ave regina Coelorum Maitrise de Colmar on YouTube
30.
Salve Regina
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The Salve Regina, also known as the Hail Holy Queen, is a Marian hymn and one of four Marian antiphons sung at different seasons within the Christian liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church. The Salve Regina is traditionally sung at Compline in the time from the Saturday before Trinity Sunday until the Friday before the first Sunday of Advent, the Hail Holy Queen is also the final prayer of the Rosary. The work was composed during the Middle Ages and originally appeared in Latin, though traditionally ascribed to the eleventh-century German monk Hermann of Reichenau, it is regarded as anonymous by most musicologists. Traditionally it has sung in Latin, though many translations exist. These are often used as spoken prayers, Marian antiphons have been sung, since the thirteenth century, at the close of Compline, the last Office of the day. Peter Canisius noted that one praises God in Mary when one turns to her in song, liturgically, the Salve Regina is the best known of four prescribed Marian Anthems recited after Compline, and, in some uses, after Lauds or other Hours. Its use after Compline is likely traceable to the practice of intoning it in chapel. It was set down in its current form at the Abbey of Cluny in the 12th century, the Cistercians chanted the Salve Regina daily from 1218. It was popular at universities as evening song, and according to Fr. Juniper Carol, it came to be part of the ritual for the blessing of a ship, while the anthem figured largely in liturgical and in general popular Catholic devotion, it was especially dear to sailors. In the 18th century, the Salve Regina served as the outline for the classic Roman Catholic Mariology book The Glories of Mary by Alphonsus Liguori. In the first part of the book Alphonsus, a Doctor of the Church, discusses the Salve Regina and it was added to the series of prayers said at the end of Low Mass by Pope Leo XIII. The Salve Regina is traditionally sung at the end of a priests funeral Mass by the decedents fellow priests in attendance, as a prayer, it is commonly said at the end of the rosary. Salve, Regina, Mater misericordiæ, vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, Ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevæ, Ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle. Eia, ergo, advocata nostra, illos tuos misericordes oculos ad nos converte, Et Jesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui, O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria. In some cases, the following versicle, response, and collect are added, ℣ Ora pro nobis, ℟ Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi. Traditional English Translation, Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy, Our life, our sweetness, to you do we cry, Poor banished children of Eve, To you do we send up our sighs, Mourning and weeping in this valley of tears. Turn then, most gracious advocate, Your eyes of mercy toward us, And after this our exile, Show us the blessed fruit of your womb, O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary
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Immaculate Mary
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Immaculate Mary or Immaculate Mother is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer. It is also known as the Lourdes Hymn, sung in honour of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary and it was written by Abbe Gaignet to a traditional French tune and is used principally at the shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes. Immaculate Mary, thy praises we sing, Thou reignst now in Heaven with Jesus our King, in Heaven the Blessed thy glory proclaim, On earth we thy children invoke thy fair name. We pray for our mother, the Church upon earth And bless, dearest Lady, there are a number of alternative renderings of the hymn, in use in different parts of the world. A popular version which appeared in hymnals between 1900 and 1975 has, as its first line, Immaculate Mary, our hearts are on fire and it extends to around 12 verses in order to facilitate its use in processions. The version sung at novena services honouring Our Lady of Perpetual Help has a different set of lyrics, Immaculate Mother, to ask God, our Father, for help in our need. We pray for our Country, the land of our birth, We pray for all nations, inang Sakdal Linis, kami ay ihingi. Sa Diyos Ama namin, awang minimithi, bayang tinubuay ipinagdarasal, Ang kapayapaan nitong sanlibutan. Immaculate Prayers Catholic Doors Catholic Culture
32.
Es ist ein Ros entsprungen
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The song has been covered repeatedly throughout modern times, e. g. The text is thought to be penned by an anonymous author expressing fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah 11,1 The piece first appeared in print in the late 16th century. The hymn has been used by both Catholics and Protestants, with the focus of the song being Mary or Jesus, respectively, in addition, there have been numerous versions of the hymn, with varying texts and lengths. In 1844, the German hymnologist Friedrich Layriz added three stanzas, the first of which, Das Blümelein so kleine, remained popular and has been included in Catholic hymnals. The tune most familiar today appears in the Speyer Hymnal, the English translation Lo, How a Rose Eer Blooming was written by Theodore Baker in 1894. A translation of the first two verses of the hymn as A Spotless Rose was written by Catherine Winkworth and this was set as a SATB anthem by Herbert Howells in 1919 and Philip Ledger in 2002. Another Christmas hymn, A Great and Mighty Wonder, is set to the tune as this carol. It is, however, a hymn by St. Germanus, versions of the German lyrics have been mixed with Neales translation of a Greek hymn in subsequent versions such as Percy Dearmers version in the 1931 Songs of Praise collection. Jan Sandström wrote in 1990 Es ist ein Ros entsprungen for two choirs a cappella, which incorporates the setting of Praetorius in choir one, weihnachtsmusik for two violins, cello, piano and harmonium by Arnold Schoenberg is a short fantasy on the tune. Some notable performances by popular artists include, The song is used in the 1970 film Love Story. It is a constant theme throughout the movie, the song is also released with the official soundtrack. The song was featured near the end of the 2001 animated British film Christmas Carol,8, Es ist ein Ros entsprungen, IMSLP Es ist ein Ros entsprungen, Melchior Vulpius MP3 of Sissel Kyrkjebø singing at a 2005 Christmas concert in Moscow, Internet Archive
33.
O Sanctissima
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O Sanctissima is a Roman Catholic hymn in Latin, seeking the prayers of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and often sung in various languages on her feast days. The earliest known publication was from London in 1792, presenting it as a song from Sicily. The tune is often called Sicilian Mariners Hymn or similar titles, referring to the seafarers nightly invocation of Mary as their protector, Our Lady. Similar Latin lyrics have been set to different tunes since the 1500s, by notable composers and arrangers including Leonhard Kleber, Louis-Nicolas Clérambault. Hoffmann, Antonín Dvořák, and Fritz Kreisler, below is a common version of the text, many other versions exist. An 1820 book claims, without verification, that the first lines of the Latin text were already engraved at Speyer Cathedral at the time of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. After being published anonymously by European Magazine in 1792 and then by an American magazine in 1794, herder included the song posthumously in his prominent book of traditional folksongs, while Haydn and Beethoven each wrote choral arrangements of the Latin hymn. A German-language version became a well-known Christmas carol, with lyrics by J. D. Falk referring not to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In English, Or, in another English-language rendition, In the 20th century, although most of these texts are anonymous, one has been attributed to William Glass. O Sanctissima on YouTube, The Cathedral Singers, Richard Proulx
34.
Regina Coeli
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The Regina Cæli or Regina Cœli is an ancient Latin Marian Hymn of the Christian Church. Any one of four or of other suitable antiphons may now be sung at any time of the liturgical year. The Regina Coeli is sung or recited in place of the Angelus during the Easter season, as with many Roman Catholic prayers, it takes its name from its incipit or first word. The Latin word coelum, meaning heaven, was a medieval and early modern spelling of caelum. In medieval Latin, ae and oe were both pronounced, the form was influenced by an extremely dubious etymology from Greek koilos. While the authorship of the Regina Caeli is unknown, the hymn has been traced back to the 12th century and it was in Franciscan use, after Compline, in the first half of the following century. He was thereupon inspired to add the fourth line, there are plainsong melodies associated with Regina Caeli, the official or typical melody being found in the Vatican Antiphonary,1911, p.126. The antiphonal strophes of Regina Caeli were often set by composers of the 16th century. Lullys motet Regina coeli, laetare was written in 1684, there are three settings by the young Mozart, and one by Brahms. In the 16th century, the antiphons of our Lady were employed to replace the office at all the hours. In Anglican churches, the translation is in 7.7.7.7 metre. Regina cæli, lætare, alleluia, R. Quia quem meruisti portare, alleluia, Resurrexit, sicut dixit, alleluia, R. Ora pro nobis Deum, gaude et lætare, Virgo Maria, alleluia. R. Quia surrexit Dominus vere, alleluia, deus, qui per resurrectionem Filii tui, Domini nostri Iesu Christi, mundum lætificare dignatus es, præsta, quæsumus, ut per eius Genitricem Virginem Mariam, perpetuæ capiamus gaudia vitæ. Gregorian Chant Audio Literal translation, Queen of Heaven, rejoice, the Son whom you merited to bear, alleluia. Has risen, as He said, alleluia, pray for us to God, alleluia. V. Rejoice and be glad, O Virgin Mary, alleluia, for the Lord has truly risen, alleluia. O God, who through the resurrection of your Son Jesus Christ gave rejoicing to the grant, we pray, that through his Mother. Joy to thee, O Queen of Heaven and he whom Thou wast meet to bear
35.
Stabat Mater
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The Stabat Mater is a 13th-century Catholic hymn to Mary, which portrays her suffering as Jesus Christs mother during his crucifixion. Its author may be either the Franciscan friar Jacopone da Todi or Pope Innocent III, the title comes from its first line, Stabat Mater dolorosa, which means the sorrowful mother was standing. The hymn is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows, the Stabat mater is generally ascribed to Jacopone da Todi. The Stabat Mater was well known by the end of the 14th century and Georgius Stella wrote of its use in 1388, in Provence, about 1399, it was used during the nine days processions. The following translation by Edward Caswall is not word-for-word, instead it has been adapted so as to represent the meter, rhyme scheme, and sense of the original text. George Oldroyds setting is in Latin but includes an English translation for Anglican/Episcopalian use, the Alfeyev setting is in Russian. Hymns to Mary Our Lady of Sorrows Roman Catholic Mariology This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles. Website about 250 different Stabat Mater compositions, information about the composers, the music, the site also includes translations of the text in 20 languages. Several English translations Chant performed by Exsurge Domine vocal ensemble, spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra
36.
Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary
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Catholic tradition and Mariology include specific prayers and devotions as acts of reparation for insults and blasphemies against the Blessed Virgin Mary. Similar prayers as Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ and Acts of Reparation to The Holy Trinity also exist, some such prayers are provided in the Raccolta Catholic prayer book, first published in association with the Catholic Congregation of Indulgences in 1807. Words of the Prayer from Raccolta, O Blessed Virgin, Mother of God, look down in mercy from Heaven, where thou art enthroned as Queen, upon me, a miserable sinner, thine unworthy servant. I bless thy Holy name, I praise thine exalted privilege of being truly Mother of God, ever Virgin, conceived without stain of sin, Co-Redemptrix of the human race. All honor, praise and thanksgiving to the ever-blessed Trinity who predestined thee, O how these impious sayings offend the infinite Majesty of God and of His only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ. And just because we love thee, we will do all that is in our power to make thee honored and loved by all men. Do thou obtain for them from Almighty God the grace of conversion, may they join with us in proclaiming thee Blessed among women, the Immaculate Virgin and most compassionate Mother of God
37.
Consecration and entrustment to Mary
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Consecration is an act by which a person is dedicated to a sacred service, or an act which separates an object, location or region from a common and profane mode to one for sacred use. In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, Pope Leo XIII, specially encouraged everyone to make acts of consecration to the Virgin Mary based on the methods of Saint Louis de Montfort. Pope Benedict XV also provided support for Marian consecration. Early in the 20th century, Saint Maximilian Kolbe, called the Apostle of Consecration to Mary, theologian Garrigou-Lagrange designated personal consecration to Mary as the highest level among Marian devotions. Pope John Paul IIs motto Totus Tuus reflected his personal consecration to Mary and he consecrated the entire world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. By the 9th century, being a servant of Mary was practiced in Ireland, during the Medieval period, abbeys, towns and cities began to consecrate themselves to the Virgin Mary to seek her protection. In the 12th century Cîteaux Abbey in France used the motif of the mantle of the Virgin Mary which shielded the kneeling abbots. In the 13th century Caesarius of Heisterbach was also aware of this motif, in the 12th century, the Cistercian orders began consecrating themselves to Mary, first individually and then as a group, and this practice then spread to the Benedictines and the Carmelites. The 17th century also saw the adoption of the custom of consecrating the month of May to the Blessed Virgin, the practice of consecration to Mary continued among Catholics and in the 18th century was further promoted by Louis de Montfort. Montforts concept of consecration was influenced by Henri Boudons book Dieu seul, by reading Boudon, Montfort concluded that any consecration is ultimately made to God Alone, for only God merits the loving servitude of man. Later, God Alone became the motto of Montfort, Montforts approach followed Boudon very closely, but differed on one element, while Boudons consecration was founded on the Queenship of Mary, Montfort approach was based on the divine maternity. During the 18th and 19th centuries the traditions of Marian consecration grew, since the 19th century, devotions and consecrations to the Immaculate Heart of Mary have been encouraged by several popes including Pius IX, Pius XII and John Paul II. Theologian Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, a professor at the Angelicum studied and analyzed various forms and he designated personal consecration to Mary as the highest level among these devotions. In his theological analysis, Marian devotions are categorized into stages, from beginner to advanced, as follows, Occasional prayer, regular and daily devotion, e. g. the devout recitation of the Rosary on a daily basis. A formal act of consecration to Mary, and living in habitual dependence on her, John Paul II suggested Saint John as an example of how every Christian should respond to the gift of the spiritual motherhood of Mary. The process of Total Consecration to Mary was introduced by Saint Louis de Montfort in the part of the 18th century. The heart of Montforts classic work True Devotion to Mary is an act of consecration to Mary, so through her. The Vaticans guidelines for Marian consecrations state, Louis Grignon de Montfort is one of the masters of the spirituality underlying the act of consecration to Mary
38.
First Saturdays Devotion
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The First Saturdays Devotion is a Catholic devotion which, according to Lúcia of Fátima, was requested by the Virgin Mary in an apparition at Pontevedra, Spain in December 1925. This devotion has been approved by the Roman Catholic Church, the pious practice of honoring the Blessed Mother on Saturday is an ancient custom, derived from the tradition that Jesus appeared to her on Holy Saturday. Alcuin assigned two formularies to Saturday in honor of Our Lady, the practice was quickly embraced by both clergy and laity. The First Saturdays devotion had already been a custom in the Catholic Church. On July 1,1905, Pope Pius X approved and granted indulgences for the practice of the First Saturdays of twelve months in honor of the Immaculate Conception. This practice greatly resembled the reported request of Mary at the Pontevedra apparitions. At the age of 14, Lúcia Santos, one of the visionaries of Our Lady of Fátima was admitted as a boarder to the school of the Sisters of St. Dorothy in Vilar, near the city of Porto. On October 24,1925, she entered the Institute of the Sisters of St. Dorothy as a postulant in the convent in Tui, Spain, just across the northern Portuguese border. Sister Lucia later reported that on December 10,1925, the Virgin Mary appeared to her at the convent in Pontevedra, Spain, according to Lucia, Mary requested the institution of the Devotion of the Five First Saturdays in reparation to her Immaculate Heart. Look, my daughter, at my Heart encircled by these thorns with which men pierce it at every moment by their blasphemies, such sorrow is particularly bitterly endured on Holy Saturday after Jesus was placed on the Sepulcher. Devotees of Fátima believe that the First Saturdays help to console the sorrows of God, Jesus, the Intention of making reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary may be kept to oneself, it is not necessary to notify the confessor priest. To receive Holy Communion The Holy Communion has to be received within the 24 hours of the first Saturday of the Month, attendance to Holy Mass is optional. Receiving Holy Communion as part of this devotion must be intended as an Act of Reparation to the Immaculate Heart. The devotee need not tell anyone else, but keep it in mind, to avoid omitting the Intention every Saturday, the General Intention for the devotion of the Act of Reparation can be mentally or outspokenly stated before starting the First Saturdays. A 5-Decade Rosary is recited The Rosary must also be recited with the intention of making reparation, a 15-Minute Meditation is made on the Mysteries of the Rosary This Meditation should also be done in an Act of Reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The Rosary Meditations can be done on all 15 of the mysteries or fewer and this meditation is in addition to the recitation of the Rosary. It can be done alone or in a group and with or without the aid of sacred scripture
39.
Rosary
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The Rosary, usually in the form of the Dominican Rosary, is a form of prayer used especially in the Catholic Church named for the string of knots or beads used to count the component prayers. When used of the form of prayer, the word is capitalized, as is customary for other names of prayers, such as the Lords Prayer, the Hail Mary. When referring to the beads, it is written with a lower-case initial. The prayers that essentially compose the Rosary are arranged in sets of ten Hail Marys with each set preceded by one Lords Prayer and followed by one Glory Be. During recitation of each set, known as a decade, thought is given to one of the Mysteries of the Rosary, normally, five decades are recited in a session. Other prayers are added after each decade and before. The rosary as an object is an aid towards saying these prayers in the proper sequence. In 2002 Pope John Paul II said that it is fitting that a new set of five be added, called the Luminous Mysteries, for over four centuries, the rosary has been promoted by several popes as part of the veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism. The rosary is part of Catholic veneration of Mary, which has been promoted by numerous popes, in the 16th century, Pope Pius V associated the rosary with the General Roman Calendar by instituting the Feast of Our Lady of Victory, which is celebrated on 7 October. Pope Leo XIII, known as The Rosary Pope, issued twelve encyclicals and five apostolic letters on the rosary and added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto. Pope Pius XII and his successors actively promoted veneration of the Virgin in Lourdes and Fatima, Pope John Paul II issued the Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae which built on the total Marian devotion. On 3 May 2008, Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Rosary was experiencing a new springtime, It is one of the most eloquent signs of love that the young generation nourish for Jesus and his Mother. To Benedict XVI, the rosary is a meditation on all important moments of salvation history, the Congregation for Divine Worship also emphasizes the importance of the rosary as a formative component of spiritual life. The theologian Romano Guardini thus defined the Roman Catholic emphasis on the rosary as participation in the life of Mary and this view had been endorsed by Leo XIII who viewed the rosary as a vital means to participate in the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ. Devotion to the rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality, Pope John Paul II placed the rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation. From the sixteenth century onwards, rosary recitations often involved picture texts that assisted meditation, such imagery continues to be used to depict the mysteries of the rosary. Saints have stressed the importance of meditation and contemplation, scriptural meditations on the rosary build on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina, as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the soul and Christ. Padre Pio, who was devoted to the rosary, said, Through the study of books one seeks God, references to the rosary have been part of a number of reported Marian Apparitions spanning two centuries
40.
Seven Joys of the Virgin
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The Seven Joys of the Virgin is a popular devotion to events of the life of the Virgin Mary, arising from a trope of medieval devotional literature and art. The Seven Joys were frequently depicted in medieval literature and art. Depiction in art of the Assumption of Mary may replace or be combined with the Coronation, especially from the 15th century onwards, there is a matching set of seven Sorrows of the Virgin, both sets influenced the selection of scenes in depictions of the Life of the Virgin. Originally, there were five joys of the Virgin, later, that number increased to seven, nine, and even fifteen in medieval literature, although seven remained the most common number, and others are rarely found in art. The five joys of Mary are mentioned in the 14th-century poem Sir Gawain, the devotion was especially popular in pre-Reformation England. The French writer Antoine de la Sale completed a satire called Les Quinze Joies de Mariage in about 1462, which parodied the form of Les Quinze Joies de Notre Dame. Franciscan Crown - rosary commemorating the seven joys of Mary Life of Jesus in the New Testament The Seven Joys of Mary - traditional carol Seven Sorrows of Mary
41.
Our Lady of Sorrows
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As Mater Dolorosa, it is also a key subject for Marian art in the Catholic Church. The Seven Sorrows of Mary are a popular Roman Catholic devotion, in common religious Catholic imagery, the Blessed Virgin Mary is portrayed in a sorrowful and lacrimating affect, with seven daggers piercing her heart, often bleeding. Devotional prayers that consist of meditation began to elaborate on her Seven Sorrows based on the prophecy of Simeon. Common examples of piety under this title are Servite rosary, or the Chaplet of the Seven Sorrows of Our Lady, the feast of Our Lady of Sorrows is liturgically celebrated every 15 of September, while a feast of Friday of Sorrows is observed in some Catholic countries. The Seven Sorrows are events in the life of the Blessed Virgin Mary that are a popular devotion and are depicted in art. These Seven Sorrows should not be confused with the five Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary, the escape and Flight into Egypt. The Loss of the Child Jesus in the Temple of Jerusalem, the Meeting of Mary and Jesus on the Via Dolorosa. The Crucifixion of Jesus on Mount Calvary, the Piercing of the Side of Jesus, and His Descent from the Cross. The Burial of Jesus by Joseph of Arimathea and it is a common practice for Catholics to say daily one Our Father and seven Hail Marys for each. Earlier, in 1233, seven youths in Tuscany founded the Servite Order, five years later, they took up the sorrows of Mary, standing under the Cross, as the principal devotion of their order. Over the centuries several devotions, and even orders, arose around meditation on Marys Sorrows in particular, the Servites developed the two most common devotions to Our Ladys Sorrows, namely the Rosary of the Seven Sorrows and the Black Scapular of the Seven Dolours of Mary. The Black Scapular is a symbol of the Confraternity of Our Lady of Sorrows, most devotional scapulars have requirements regarding ornamentation or design. The devotion of the Black Scapular requires only that it be made of woollen cloth. It depicts the Virgin Mary at the moment that Simeon the Righteous says, Yea and she stands with her hands upraised in prayer, and seven swords pierce her heart, indicative of the seven sorrows. This is one of the few Orthodox icons of the Theotokos which do not depict the infant Jesus, the refrain Rejoice, much-sorrowing Mother of God, turn our sorrows into joy and soften the hearts of evil men. The Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows grew in popularity in the 12th century, some writings would place its roots in the eleventh century, especially among the Benedictine monks. The first altar to the Mater Dolorosa was set up in 1221 at the Cistercian monastery of Schönau, the formal feast of the Our Lady of Sorrows was originated by a provincial synod of Cologne in 1423. It was designated for the Friday after the third Sunday after Easter and had the title and its object was the sorrow of Mary during the Crucifixion and Death of Christ
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Three Hail Marys
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Three Hail Marys is a traditional Roman Catholic devotional practice of reciting three Hail Marys as a petition for purity and other virtues. Believers recommend that it be prayed after waking in the morning and this devotion has been recommended by St. Anthony of Padua, St. Alphonsus Liguori, St. John Bosco and St. Leonard of Port Maurice. Two saints, Mechtilde and Gertrude, are said to have received revelations from the Blessed Virgin Mary regarding this practice, the practice of reciting the Hail Mary three times dates at least to the 12th century. One of the first to practice and recommend it was St. Anthony of Padua and his purpose was to honor the spotless Virginity of Mary and to preserve a perfect purity of mind, heart and body in the midst of the dangers of the world. This practice was observed by Franciscans and eventually developed into the Angelus prayer, St. Mechtilde of Hackeborn, a Benedictine nun of the convent of Helfta, experienced three visions of the Virgin Mary. Mechtilde was distressed over her eternal salvation and prayed to the Virgin to be present at the hour of her death, in these appearances, Mary reassured her, and taught her to understand especially on how the Three Hail Marys honor the three persons of the Blessed Trinity. Later on, St. Doctor of the Church St. Alphonsus Liguori adopted this pious practice and he told parents to train their children to acquire the habit of saying three Hail Marys in the morning and evening. After each Hail Mary, he advised that the prayer be said, By thy pure and Immaculate Conception, O Mary, make my body pure. Fatima Network EWTN on the Efficacious Novena of the Three Hail Marys Moran, the Catholic Prayer Book and manual of meditations p.519 Luppino, Giuseppe. Short History of the Angelus, LOsservatore Romano,4 September 2002, p.6
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Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary
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The Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a Marian litany originally approved in 1587 by Pope Sixtus V. It is also known as the Litany of Loreto, for its place of origin, the Shrine of Our Lady of Loreto. The litany contains many of the titles used formally and informally for the Virgin Mary, the litany is called Litaniae lauretanae in Latin. Many classical composers, like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart have written Litaniae lauretanae and it was approved by the Catholic Church in 1587 for public use by Pope Sixtus V. Historical criticism posits it to have been composed during the years of the 16th century or the closing years of the 15th. The litany was probably published and circulated in Germany by Saint Petrus Canisius, the Dillingen copy is entitled, Letania Loretana. Ordnung der Letaney von unser lieben Frawen wie sie zu Loreto alle Samstag gehalten, the text is just the same as we have it today, except that it has Mater piissima and Mater mirabilis, where we have Mater purissima and Mater admirabilis. We find this title in a Litany of Loreto printed in 1558, maria Auxiliatrix, and to this conclusion the Dillingen text adds indisputable evidence. The Litany of Loreto had taken root at Loreto, and was being spread throughout the world, Virginis without those prayers and consequently without any litany. It would seem that this action on the part of the led the clergy of Loreto to fear that the text of their litany was likewise prohibited. Virgin in the Liturgy of the Church and this new litany was set to music by the choirmaster of the Basilica of Loreto, Costanzo Porta, and printed at Venice in 1575. It is the earliest setting to music of a Marian litany that we know of, in the following year these Scriptural litanies were printed in two different handbooks for the use of pilgrims. In both they bear the title, Litaniæ deipare Virginis ex Sacra Scriptura depromptæ quæ in alma Domo lauretana omnibus diebus Sabbathi, peters and in other churches as was the custom at Loreto. The judgment concludes that the litany might be sung at Loreto as a devotion proper to this shrine and this attempt having failed, the Scriptural litany straightway began to lose favour, and the Loreto text was once more resumed. In a new edition of Angelitas book, the Scriptural litany is restored but relegated to a position, though included under the title Altre letanie che si cantano. From this it is clear that for a time both litanies were in use at Loreto, on the strength of this impulse given to the Litany of Loreto, certain ascetical writers began to publish a great number of litanies in honour of the Saviour, the B. As a result of this example the Loreto Litany began to be used, and is still largely used, in all the churches of Rome. By decree of 22 April 1903, the pope added the invocation Mater boni consilii
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