1.
Our Lady of Kibeho
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Our Lady of Kibeho is the name given to Marian apparitions concerning several adolescents, in the 1980s in Kibeho, south-western Rwanda. The apparitions communicated various messages to the schoolchildren, including a vision of Rwanda descending into violence and hatred. In 2001, the bishop of the Catholic Church officially recognised the visions of three schoolchildren as authentic. Kibeho is a site located in the southern part of Rwanda. The Kibeho apparitions began on Nov.28,1981, at a time of increasing tension between the Tutsis and the Hutus. They occurred at Kibeho College, a school for girls. The Virgin Mary appeared to the group with the name Nyina wa Jambo synonymous with Umubyeyi WImana, the teenage visionaries reported that the Virgin Mary asked everyone to pray to prevent a terrible war. In the vision of Aug.19,1982, they all reported seeing violence, dismembered corpses, nathalie Mukamazimpakas visions began in January 1982 and ended on 3 December 1983. In her apparitions, Our Lady of Kibeho recommended that people pray the Chaplet of the Seven Sorrows to obtain the favor of repentance, marie Claire Mukangango had visions for six months, lasting from 2 March 1982 until 15 September 1982. She was later killed in the massacre of 1995 at the same location, the violence was the culmination of intensifying animosity between the two ethnic groups – the Hutus and Tutsis – and the civil war that had preceded it. Only the visions of the first three received local Bishop Augustin Misagos solemn approval, the others claiming visions were Stephanie Mukamurenzi, Agnes Kamagaju, Vestine Salima and Emmanuel Segastashya, the last of whom was previously a pagan and became a Christian evangelist. Emmanuels alleged visions included meeting Jesus Christ in a beanfield, the visions may be regarded as an ominous foreshadowing of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, and particularly the 1995 Kibeho Massacre. The school where the visions occurred became a place of slaughter during the genocide as dozens of children were hacked to death by Hutu terrorists, some of the visionaries were among the victims. Augustin Misago, the Bishop of Gikongoro, approved public devotion linked to the apparitions on 15 August 1988 and he was accused in 1999 of involvement in the Rwandan Genocide, and acquitted on 24 June of the following year. The feast day of Our Lady of Kibeho is November 28, the Marian sanctuary at Kibeho was named Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows in 1992. The first stone was laid on 28 November 1992, in a 2003 agreement between the local ordinary and the Society of the Catholic Apostolate, the rectorate of the Shrine of Our Lady of Kibeho is entrusted to the Pallotine Fathers. The rector is appointed by the bishop and the Regional Pallottine Rector
2.
Salamanca
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Salamanca is a city in northwestern Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León. The city lies on several hills by the Tormes River and its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. It is one of the most important university cities in Spain, Salamanca attracts thousands of international students, generating a diverse environment. It is situated approximately 200 kilometres west of the Spanish capital Madrid and 80 km east of the Portuguese border, with its 30,000 students, the university is, together with tourism, a primary source of income in Salamanca. In the 3rd century BC, Hannibal laid siege to the city, with the fall of the Carthaginians to the Romans, the city of Helmantica, as it was known, began to take more importance as a commercial hub in the Roman Hispania due to its favorable location. Salamanca lay on a Roman road, known as the Vía de la Plata and its Roman bridge dates from the 1st century, and was a part of this road. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Alans established in Lusitania, later the city was conquered by the Visigoths and included in their territory. The city was already an episcopal see, and signatures of bishops of Salamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo, Salamanca surrendered to the Moors, led by Musa bin Nusair, in the year 712 AD. For years, this area between the south of Duero River and the north of Tormes River, became the battlefield between the Christian kingdoms and the Muslim Al-Andalus rulers. The constant fighting of the Kingdom of León first, and the Kingdom of Castile and León later against the Caliphate depopulated Salamanca, after the battle of Simancas the Christians resettled this area. After the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, raymond of Burgundy, instructed by his father-in-law Alfonso VI of León, led a group of settlers of various origins in 1102. Soon it became one of the most significant and prestigious academic centres in Europe, during the 16th century, the city reached its height of splendour. During that period, the University of Salamanca hosted the most important intellectuals of the time, in 1551, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered an inquiry to find out if the science of Andreas Vesalius, physician and anatomist, was in line with Catholic doctrine. Vesalius came to Salamanca that same year to appear before the board and was acquitted, Salamanca suffered the general downturns of the Kingdom of Castile during the 17th century, but in the 18th century it experienced a rebirth. In this period, the new baroque Cathedral and main square were finished, the battle which raged that day is famous as a defining moment in military history, many thousands of men were slaughtered by cannon fire in the space of only a few short hours. During the devastating Spanish Civil War the city went over to the Nationalist side and was used as the de facto capital. The Nationalists soon moved most of the departments to Burgos. Like much of fervently Catholic and largely rural Leon and Old Castile regions, Salamanca was a supporter of the Nationalist side
3.
Calendar of saints
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The word feast in this context does not mean a large meal, typically a celebratory one, but instead an annual religious celebration, a day dedicated to a particular saint. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a calendar of saints is called a Menologion, Menologion may also mean a set of icons on which saints are depicted in the order of the dates of their feasts, often made in two panels. As the number of recognized saints increased during Late Antiquity and the first half of the Middle Ages, eventually every day of the year had at least one saint who was commemorated on that date. To deal with this increase, some saints were moved to days in some traditions or completely removed. For example, St. Perpetua and Felicity died on 7 March, when the 1969 reform of the Catholic calendar moved him to 28 January, they were moved back to 7 March. Both days can thus be said to be their feast day, the Roman Catholic calendars of saints in their various forms, which list those saints celebrated in the entire church, contains only a selection of the saints for each of its days. A fuller list is found in the Roman Martyrology, and some of the saints there may be celebrated locally, Saint Martin of Tours is said to be the first or at least one of the first non-martyrs to be venerated as a saint. The title confessor was used for saints, who had confessed their faith in Christ by their lives rather than by their deaths. Martyrs are regarded as dying in the service of the Lord, a broader range of titles was used later, such as, Virgin, Pastor, Bishop, Monk, Priest, Founder, Abbot, Apostle, Doctor of the Church. Pope Pius XII added a common formula for Popes, the 1962 Roman Missal of Pope John XXIII omitted the common of Apostles, assigning a proper Mass to every feast day of an Apostle. The present Roman Missal has common formulas for the Dedication of Churches, the Blessed Virgin Mary, Martyrs, Pastors, Doctors of the Church, Virgins, some Christians continue the tradition of dating by saints days, their works may appear dated as The Feast of Saint Martin. Poets such as John Keats commemorate the importance of The Eve of Saint Agnes, as different Christian jurisdictions parted ways theologically, differing lists of saints began to develop. In the present ordinary form of the Roman Rite, feast days are ranked as solemnities and those who use even earlier forms of the Roman Rite rank feast days as Doubles, Semidoubles, and Simples. See Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite, in the Eastern Orthodox Church the ranking of feasts varies from church to church. In the Russian Orthodox Church they are, Great Feasts, middle, each portion of such feasts may also be called feasts as follows, All-Night Vigils, Polyeleos, Great Doxology, Sextuple. There are also distinctions between Simple feasts and Double, in Double Feasts the order of hymns and readings for each feast are rigidly instructed in Typikon, the liturgy book. In the Church of England, there are Principal Feasts and Principal Holy Days, Festivals, Lesser Festivals, and Commemorations. com
4.
Friday of Sorrows
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The Friday of Sorrows is a solemn pious remembrance of the sorrowful Blessed Virgin Mary on the Friday before Palm Sunday held in the fifth week of Lent. In Divine Worship, The Missal it is called Saint Mary in Passiontide, like all Fridays in Lent, this Friday is a day of abstinence from meat, unless the national episcopal conference has indicated alternative forms of penance. A similar commemoration in sympathy with the Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Solitude is held on Black Saturday, in 1954, the feast still held the rank of major double in the General Roman Calendar. Pope John XXIIIs 1960 Code of Rubrics reduced it to the level of a commemoration. in 1969 the celebration was removed from the General Roman Calendar as a duplicate of the feast on 15 September. Each of the two celebrations had been called a feast of The Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, since then, the 15 September feast that combines and continues both is known as the Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows, and recitation of the Stabat Mater is optional. In Mexico and Nicaragua, the faithful make small shrines of the Virgen de Dolor and decorate them with Christmas lights, in Guatemala, the people make oversized flowerbeds on the road where the religious float will pass while being incensed by the crowd. In the Philippines, candle-lit religious floats carry a statue of Our Lady of Sorrows in procession through the streets and this is followed by the recitation of the life of Christ using the pious Filipino book Pasiong Mahal, a localised version of the Passion of Christ. In some regions, penitents whip themselves in the streets, in Malta, beginning on this day, penitents place multiple chains on their feet and walk barefoot on the public streets hiding their identity via a conical hat. In Spain, the Catholic faithful shout ejaculatory praises to the float of the Sorrowful Virgin passing by, the floats are also preceded by a military parade and a musical band. In Italy, the practice is called La Festa dellAddolorata and uses famous Baroque images made in the area of Naples, commonly held rituals are religious parades or processions, accompanied by the local singing of Stabat Mater and candle-light vigils. La Virgen de los Dolores, Always at his side, Ed Centre for Pastoral Liturgy, Barcelona 2002, collection Saints and Santas n.71
5.
Saint symbolism
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Christianity has used symbolism from its very beginnings. Each saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life, symbols have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church. A number of Christian saints are traditionally represented by a symbol or iconic motif associated with their life, termed an attribute or emblem, the study of these forms part of iconography in art history. They were particularly used so that the illiterate could recognize a scene and they are often carried in the hand by the Saint. Attributes often vary with time or geography, especially between Eastern Christianity and the West. Orthodox images more often contained inscriptions with the names of saints, many of the most prominent saints, like Saint Peter and Saint John the Evangelist can also be recognised by a distinctive facial type – as can Christ. Some attributes are general, such as the palm frond carried by martyrs, the use of a symbol in a work of art depicting a Saint reminds people who is being shown and of their story. The following is a list of some of these attributes, a New Dictionary of Saints, East and West. Catholic Forum Patron Saints Index Saints Badges or Shields On the Canonizations of John Paul II
6.
Mary, mother of Jesus
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Mary, also known by various titles, styles and honorifics, was a 1st-century Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin, the miraculous birth took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph and was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony. She married Joseph and accompanied him to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, the Gospel of Luke begins its account of Marys life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to the Catholic and Orthodox teaching, at the end of her life her body was assumed directly into Heaven. Mary has been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion and she is claimed to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, there is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity, many Protestants minimize Marys role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary also has a position in Islam, where one of the longer chapters of the Quran is devoted to her. Marys name in the manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name ܡܪܝܡ. The English name Mary comes from the Greek Μαρία, which is a form of Μαριάμ. Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament, in Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit without her husbands involvement. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos, Aeiparthenos as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. For example, the title Our Lady of Sorrows has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelos Pietà, the title Theotokos was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. However, this phrase in Greek, in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ, is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God, some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis. For instance, the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, the scriptural basis for the term Queen can be seen in Luke 1,32 and the Isaiah 9,6. Queen Mother can be found in 1 Kings 2, 19-20 and Jeremiah 13, other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary
7.
Patron saint
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Catholics believe that patron saints, having already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges. Historically, a practice has also occurred in many Islamic lands. With regard to the omnipresence of this belief, the late Martin Lings wrote. Traditionally, it has been understood that the saint of a particular place prays for that places wellbeing and for the health. Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active, professions sometimes have a patron saint owing to that individual being involved somewhat with it, although some of the connections were tenuous. Lacking such a saint, an occupation would have a patron whose acts or miracles in some way recall the profession and it is, however, generally discouraged in some Protestant branches such as Calvinism, where the practice is considered a form of idolatry. In Islam, the veneration or commemoration and recognition of saints is found in many branches of traditional Sunnism
8.
Slovakia
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Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Slovakias territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks, the capital and largest city is Bratislava. The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries, in the 7th century, they played a significant role in the creation of Samos Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra. In the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary, which became part of the Habsburg Empire. After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a separate Slovak Republic existed in World War II as a client state of Nazi Germany. In 1945, Czechoslovakia was reëstablished under Communist rule as a Soviet satellite, in 1989 the Velvet Revolution ended authoritarian Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The country maintains a combination of economy with universal health care. The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009, Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the OECD, the WTO, CERN, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group. The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and its legal tender, the Euro, is the worlds 2nd most traded currency. Although regional income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, in 2016, Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories, ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world. Slovakia is the world’s biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone, the car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia’s industrial output, and a quarter of its exports. Radiocarbon datingputs the oldest surviving archaeological artefacts from Slovakia – found near Nové Mesto nad Váhom – at 270,000 BC and these ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia. Other stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic era come from the Prévôt cave near Bojnice, the most important discovery from that era is a Neanderthal cranium, discovered near Gánovce, a village in northern Slovakia. The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of mammoth-bone, the statue was found in the 1940s in Moravany nad Váhom near Piešťany. Numerous necklaces made of shells from Cypraca thermophile gastropods of the Tertiary period have come from the sites of Zákovská, Podkovice, Hubina and these findings provide the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the Mediterranean and Central Europe. The Bronze Age in the territory of modern-day Slovakia went through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800 BC
9.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
10.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
11.
Malta
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Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta, is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km south of Italy,284 km east of Tunisia, the country covers just over 316 km2, with a population of just under 450,000, making it one of the worlds smallest and most densely populated countries. The capital of Malta is Valletta, which at 0.8 km2, is the smallest national capital in the European Union, Malta has one national language, which is Maltese, and English as an official language. John, French and British, have ruled the islands, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to Malta in 1942 for the countrys bravery in the Second World War. The George Cross continues to appear on Maltas national flag, the country became a republic in 1974, and although no longer a Commonwealth realm, remains a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004, in 2008, Catholicism is the official religion in Malta. The origin of the term Malta is uncertain, and the modern-day variation derives from the Maltese language, the most common etymology is that the word Malta derives from the Greek word μέλι, meli, honey. The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη meaning honey-sweet, possibly due to Maltas unique production of honey, an endemic species of bee lives on the island. The Romans went on to call the island Melita, which can be considered either as a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα. Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth a haven or port in reference to Maltas many bays, few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature, with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary. The extinction of the hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta. Prehistoric farming settlements dating to the Early Neolithic period were discovered in areas and also in caves. The Sicani were the tribe known to have inhabited the island at this time and are generally regarded as being closely related to the Iberians. Pottery from the Għar Dalam phase is similar to found in Agrigento. A culture of megalithis temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period, the temples have distinctive architecture, typically a complex trefoil design, and were used from 4000 to 2500 BCE. Animal bones and a knife found behind an altar stone suggest that temple rituals included animal sacrifice. Tentative information suggests that the sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility, the culture apparently disappeared from the Maltese Islands around 2500 BC. Archaeologists speculate that the builders fell victim to famine or disease
12.
Our Lady of Sorrows
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As Mater Dolorosa, it is also a key subject for Marian art in the Catholic Church. The Seven Sorrows of Mary are a popular Roman Catholic devotion, in common religious Catholic imagery, the Blessed Virgin Mary is portrayed in a sorrowful and lacrimating affect, with seven daggers piercing her heart, often bleeding. Devotional prayers that consist of meditation began to elaborate on her Seven Sorrows based on the prophecy of Simeon. Common examples of piety under this title are Servite rosary, or the Chaplet of the Seven Sorrows of Our Lady, the feast of Our Lady of Sorrows is liturgically celebrated every 15 of September, while a feast of Friday of Sorrows is observed in some Catholic countries. The Seven Sorrows are events in the life of the Blessed Virgin Mary that are a popular devotion and are depicted in art. These Seven Sorrows should not be confused with the five Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary, the escape and Flight into Egypt. The Loss of the Child Jesus in the Temple of Jerusalem, the Meeting of Mary and Jesus on the Via Dolorosa. The Crucifixion of Jesus on Mount Calvary, the Piercing of the Side of Jesus, and His Descent from the Cross. The Burial of Jesus by Joseph of Arimathea and it is a common practice for Catholics to say daily one Our Father and seven Hail Marys for each. Earlier, in 1233, seven youths in Tuscany founded the Servite Order, five years later, they took up the sorrows of Mary, standing under the Cross, as the principal devotion of their order. Over the centuries several devotions, and even orders, arose around meditation on Marys Sorrows in particular, the Servites developed the two most common devotions to Our Ladys Sorrows, namely the Rosary of the Seven Sorrows and the Black Scapular of the Seven Dolours of Mary. The Black Scapular is a symbol of the Confraternity of Our Lady of Sorrows, most devotional scapulars have requirements regarding ornamentation or design. The devotion of the Black Scapular requires only that it be made of woollen cloth. It depicts the Virgin Mary at the moment that Simeon the Righteous says, Yea and she stands with her hands upraised in prayer, and seven swords pierce her heart, indicative of the seven sorrows. This is one of the few Orthodox icons of the Theotokos which do not depict the infant Jesus, the refrain Rejoice, much-sorrowing Mother of God, turn our sorrows into joy and soften the hearts of evil men. The Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows grew in popularity in the 12th century, some writings would place its roots in the eleventh century, especially among the Benedictine monks. The first altar to the Mater Dolorosa was set up in 1221 at the Cistercian monastery of Schönau, the formal feast of the Our Lady of Sorrows was originated by a provincial synod of Cologne in 1423. It was designated for the Friday after the third Sunday after Easter and had the title and its object was the sorrow of Mary during the Crucifixion and Death of Christ
13.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
14.
Bustos, Bulacan
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Bustos is a second class municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 67,039 people, with the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, Bustos is now included in the Greater Manilas built-up conurbation area which reaches San Ildefonso, Bulacan at its northernmost part. Bustos was a part of the town of Baliuag as its barrio during the Spanish Period and this fateful event led the people of Bustos to request and build their own parish church to be able to avoid crossing the wild river for community safety. The people chose Holy Child Jesus as their patron saint in honor of those infants that died in the river. Bustos also gained its independence from Baliuag in April 29,1867 through the efforts and sacrifices of its inhabitants with the integration of barrios Bonga Mayor. But the town became a part of Baliuag again during the American period, Bustos became also a part of the historical World War II in the Philippines and it served as the headquarters of soldiers in the province of Bulacan during the war in 1945. Bustos was again separated from Baliuag and became a municipality on January 1,1916 during the Philippine Assembly through 4th Philippine Legislature Assemblyman Ricardo Lloret Gonzalez. After a year when the became a distinct municipality, the town inaugurated its Municipal Hall on January 1,1917. Leon Prado became its first local leader and served from 1917 to 1919, padre Gabriel Alvarez served as the first parish priest of the institutionalized Sto. With the theme Bustos Sentenaryo, Isang Daan tungo sa Ikasandaan, niño de Bustos Parish Churchs 150th year founding anniversary as an independent parish church of the municipality. Bustos is located at the center of five adjoining towns of Bulacan Province, San Rafael on north, Pandi and Plaridel on south, Baliuag on west, the land area are mostly rice fields devoted for planting crops and agriculture. Some barangays of the town are covered by irrigation coming from Bustos Dam. Bustos is subdivided into the fourteen barangays. In the 2015 census, the population of Bustos, Bulacan, was 67,039 people, niño de Bustos Parish Church - located in Brgy. Poblacion San Isidro Labrador Parish Church - located in Brgy, liciada List of covered chapels of the Parish Church of Sto. Monica and St. Augustine Chapel - located between Brgy, Rosario Chapel - located in Brgy. Bonga Menor Chapel of the Holy Cross & Virgen Dolorosa - located in Brgy, tanawan St. Joseph Chapel - located in Brgy. Cambaog Immaculate Conception Chapel - located in Brgy, malamig Chapel of the Holy Cross - located in Brgy
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Immaculate Conception
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The Catholic Church teaches that Mary was conceived by normal biological means in the womb of her mother, Saint Anne, but God acted upon her soul, keeping it immaculate. The Immaculate Conception is commonly confused with the Virgin Birth of Jesus, jesuss birth is covered by the Doctrine of Incarnation, while the Immaculate Conception deals with the conception of Mary, not that of her son. The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth. The definition makes no declaration about the Churchs belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin, however, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, free from all sin, original or personal. The doctrine of the conception is not to be confused with the virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, the Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day, another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ. In Luke 1,47, Mary proclaims, My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour and this is referred to as Marys pre-redemption by Christ. A feast of the Conception of the Most Holy and All Pure Mother of God was celebrated in Syria on 8 December perhaps as early as the 5th century, note that the title of achrantos refers to the holiness of Mary, not specifically to the holiness of her conception. Marys complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as prokathartheisa, gregorys doctrines surrounding Marys purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzens title of Mary at the Annunciation as prepurified was subsequently adopted by all interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, about the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the Conception of St. Ann was becoming popular. It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century and it is also agreed that no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture
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Marian devotions
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A Marian devotion in Christianity is directed to the person of Mary, mother of Jesus consisting of external pious practices expressed by the believer. Such devotional prayers or acts may be accompanied by requests for Marys intercession with God. In 787 the Second Council of Nicaea affirmed a three-level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia that applies to God and they believe this devotion may distract attention from Christ. There is significant diversity of form and structure in Marian devotions practiced by different groups of Christians, Orthodox Marian devotions are well-defined and closely linked to liturgy, while Roman Catholic practices are wide-ranging. There is no single church with universal authority within the Anglican Communion, within the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, devotions to the Virgin Mary have more emphasis within High Church and Broad Church parishes than others. The emphasis placed on Mary and Marian devotions changed over the history of Anglicanism, however, in the 17th century, there was a gradual return to Marianism and by 1662 there were five Marian feasts. Anglican devotion for the Virgin Mary was revived during the 19th century Oxford Movement of Anglo-Catholicism, british theologians such as Father Frederick Faber took an enthusiastic approach to the promotion of Marian devotions towards the end of the 19th century. In the liturgical renewal of the 20th century, Mary gained new prominence, the gradual increase in Marian devotions among Anglicans has also been manifested within the higher levels of the clergy in the Anglican Communion. Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams wrote a book on how to pray with the icons of the Virgin Mary, Anglican devotions to Mary include the Anglican Rosary, votive candles, and pilgrimages to Walsingham and Lourdes. Some Anglicans and Anglo-Catholics also pray the rosary itself, for centuries, Our Lady of Walsingham has been a centerpiece in Anglican devotions to the Virgin Mary and its feast is celebrated on October 15, as well as a Catholic feast on September 24. Also common in Anglican cathedrals, Anglo-Catholic parishes, and certain Anglican shrines are chapels or side altars dedicated to the Virgin Mary called Lady chapels, a deep devotion to the Aeipartenos Mary is one of the key themes of Orthodox liturgy and spirituality. Devotion to the Virgin Mary is taken for granted in Eastern Orthodoxy and it permeates the entire life of the Church and historically required no academic development as in the Western Church. In the Orthodox view, devotion to Mary is considered an important element of Christian spirituality, Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov called denominations that do not venerate the Virgin Mary another type of Christianity. The Theotokos title for Mary is very important in Eastern Orthodoxy and is seen as an affirmation of the fullness of Gods incarnation, Marian devotions thus form the nucleolus of Orthodox Mariology. Feasts, icons and hymns are often combined, e. g. the Theotokos Iverskaya wonder-working icon is used on its own feast day, devotions to the Theotokos are often combined with the veneration of icons depicting her with the Child Jesus. For instance, in the Sunday of Orthodoxy the singing of Marian hymns, the Eastern Orthodox Church considers Mary to have been elevated by God to the highest status, above all other creatures, though still only a human being. The Orthodox hymn Axion Estin speaks of Mary as being More honorable than the cherubim, although most Orthodox consider Mary sinless, they do not accept the Roman Catholic definition of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Mary is mentioned numerous times in all of the Divine Services, the final petition of each ektenia ends with an invocation of the Virgin Mary
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Antiphon
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An antiphon in Christian music and ritual is a responsory by a choir or congregation, usually in the form of a Gregorian chant, to a psalm or other text in a religious service or musical work. Antiphony is now used for any call and response style of singing, such as the kirtan. Antiphonal music is music that is performed by two semi-independent choirs in interaction, often singing alternate musical phrases, antiphonal psalmody is the singing or musical playing of psalms by alternating groups of performers. An antiphony is also a choir-book containing antiphons, the mirror structure of Hebrew psalms renders it probable that the antiphonal method was present in the services of the ancient Israelites. According to the historian Socrates of Constantinople, antiphony was introduced into Christian worship by Ignatius of Antioch, Antiphons have remained an integral part of the worship in the Byzantine and Armenian Rite. The practice was not found in the Latin Church until more than two centuries later, Polyphonic Marian antiphons emerged in England in the 14th century as settings of texts honouring the Virgin Mary separately from the mass and office, often after Compline. Towards the end of the 15th century, English composers produced expanded settings up to nine parts, with increasing complexity, the largest collection of such antiphons is the late 15th century Eton Choirbook. As a result, antiphony remains particularly common in the Anglican musical tradition, the Greater Advent or O Antiphons are antiphons used at daily prayer in the evenings of the last days of Advent in various liturgical Christian traditions. Each antiphon is a name of Christ, one of his attributes mentioned in Scripture, in the Roman Catholic tradition, they are sung or recited at Vespers from December 17 to December 23. In the Church of England they have traditionally used as antiphons to the Magnificat at Evening Prayer. More recently they have found a place in liturgical documents throughout the Anglican Communion. Use of the O Antiphons was preserved in Lutheranism at the German Reformation, when two or more groups of singers sing in alternation, the style of music can also be called polychoral. Specifically, this term is applied to music of the late Renaissance. Polychoral techniques are a characteristic of the music of the Venetian school, exemplified by the works of Giovanni Gabrieli. Polychoral music was not limited to Italy in the Renaissance and it was popular in Spain and Germany and there are examples from the 19th and 20th centuries, from composers as diverse as Hector Berlioz, Igor Stravinsky and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Marian antiphon Polyphony Polyphonic form Polyphonic singing Polychoral compositions Latin church music by George Frideric Handel — includes three antiphons, Antiphon O Sapientia quae ex ore Altissimi. Antiphon O Adonai II Great Advent Antiphon File, Schola Gregoriana-Antiphona et Magnificat. ogg
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Hymns to Mary
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Marian hymns are Christian songs focused on the Virgin Mary. They are used in devotional and liturgical services, particularly by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican. They are often used in the month of May devotions, some have also been adopted as Christmas hymns. Marian hymns are not popular among Protestants, as many Protestants see Marian veneration as idolatry, however, the practice is very common among Christians of Catholic traditions, and a key component of the Eastern Orthodox liturgy. There are many more hymns to Mary within the Eastern Orthodox yearly cycle of liturgy than in Roman Catholic liturgy, the Magnificat hymn is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and historian Marjorie Reeves states that it is perhaps the earliest Christian hymn. The Magnificat is named after the line in the 4th century Vulgate Bible, based on Luke 1, 46-55, and continues to be widely used to date by Roman Catholics, Anglicans. Marian hymns are at times shared among different groups of Christians, for instance, The second stanza of the Anglican hymn Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones is derived from the Eastern Orthodox hymn to the Theotokos. In the Eastern Church, the Theotokia are a part of the Divine Liturgy. In the Theotokia people repeat the name Mary many times as a sign of their friendship with her. Parts of the Axion Estin hymn date back to the earliest days of Orthodoxy, in the Eastern Church, the Theotokia often include biblical references that emphasize the mystery of the Incarnation. These Marian hymns have been used in daily prayers since early Christianity as a way to people the Orthodox beliefs. Marian hymns remain a key element in the liturgy of the Coptic Church and are included in every hour, day. The widely used Akathist Hymn to the Theotokos is attributed to Saint Romanos the Melodist who composed many hymns to saints during the 6th century, in the Orthodox weekly liturgical cycle, Wednesday is dedicated to the Theotokos, and all daily services include numerous Marian hymns. These take precedence over the veneration of saints and angels. As of the 12th century a number of diataxeis, giving the order of the liturgy included Marian hymns. Centuries later, the Sunday of Orthodoxy continues to combine Marian hymns, hymns, feasts and miraculous Marian icons are now combined within Eastern church practices, e. g. the Akathistos to the wonder working Theotokos Iverskaya. Marian hymns, litanies and the veneration or Benediction of the icons of Mary are combined in the Maronite Churchs, here a hymn litany includes the repetition of the phrase, We petition you. This Marionite hymn litany has two parts, first the giving of praise to Mary, then the petitions, according to Saint Augustine, it was Saint Ambrose who, in the 4th century, introduced the use of hymns outside the liturgy of the Western Church
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Angelus
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The Angelus is a Catholic devotion commemorating the Incarnation. The Angelus exemplifies a species of prayers called the prayer of the devotee, the devotion was traditionally recited in Roman Catholic churches, convents, and monasteries three times daily,6,00 am, noon, and 6,00 pm. The devotion is also used by some Anglican and Lutheran churches, the Angelus is usually accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus bell, which is a call to prayer and to spread good-will to everyone. The angel referred to in the prayer is Gabriel, a messenger of God who revealed to Mary that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God and this is an old devotion that was already well established 700 years ago. The Angelus originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys during the evening, or Compline, bell, the first written documentation stems from Italian Franciscan monk Sinigardi di Arezzo. Franciscan monasteries in Italy document the use in 1263 and 1295, the current form of the Angelus prayer is included in a Venetian Catechism from 1560. The older usages seem to have commemorated the resurrection of Christ in the morning, his suffering at noon, in 1269, St Bonaventure urged the faithful to adopt the custom of the Franciscans of saying three Hail Marys as the Compline bell was rung. The Angelus is not identical to the Noon Bell ordered by Pope Calixtus III in 1456 and he again asks the faithful throughout the World, to pray for the persecuted Church in the East during the mid-day Angelus. The custom of reciting it in the morning apparently grew from the custom of saying three Hail Marys while a bell rang at Prime. The noon time custom apparently arose from the noon time commemoration of the Passion on Fridays, the institution of the Angelus is by some ascribed to Pope Urban II, by some to Pope John XXII for the year 1317. The triple recitation is ascribed to Louis XI of France, who in 1472 ordered it to be recited three times daily, the form of the prayer was standardized by the 17th century. The manner of ringing the Angelus—the triple stroke repeated three times, with a pause between each set of three, sometimes followed by a peal as at curfew—seems to have been long established. The 15th-century constitutions of Syon monastery dictate that the lay brother shall toll the Ave bell nine strokes at three times, keeping the space of one Pater and Ave between each three tollings. The pattern of ringing on Irish radio and television consists of three groups of three peals, each separated by a pause, followed by a group of nine peals. It is common practice that during the recital of the Angelus prayer, for the lines And the Word was made flesh/And dwelt among us, either of these actions draws attention to the moment of the Incarnation of Christ into human flesh. During Paschaltide, the Marian antiphon Regina Cœli with versicle and prayer, in most Franciscan and contemplative monasteries, the Angelus continues to be prayed three times a day. In Germany, particular dioceses and their radio stations ring the Angelus, in addition, Roman Catholic churches ring the Angelus bell thrice daily. Although this decision was reversed and the Angelus is still played twice a day
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Hail Mary
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The Hail Mary, also commonly called the Ave Maria or Angelic Salutation, is a traditional Catholic prayer asking for the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. In Roman Catholicism, the forms the basis of the Rosary. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, a prayer is used in formal liturgies. It is also used by other groups within the Catholic tradition of Christianity including Anglicans, Independent Catholics. Some Protestant denominations, such as Lutherans, also use of a form of the prayer. Based on the greeting of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary in the Gospel of Luke and it has often been set to music, although the most famous musical expression of the words Ave Maria — that by Franz Schubert — does not actually contain the Hail Mary prayer. The prayer incorporates two passages from Saint Lukes Gospel, Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, the first of the two passages from Saint Lukes Gospel is the greeting of the Angel Gabriel to Mary, originally written in Koine Greek. The opening word of greeting, χαῖρε, chaíre, here translated Hail and this was the normal greeting in the language in which Saint Lukes Gospel is written and continues to be used in the same sense in Modern Greek. Accordingly, both Hail and Rejoice are valid English translations of the word, the word κεχαριτωμένη, here translated as full of grace, admits of various translations. The text also appears in the account of the contained in the apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Matthew. The second passage is taken from Elizabeths greeting to Mary in Luke 1,42, Blessed art thou among women, taken together, these two passages are the two times Mary is greeted in Chapter 1 of Luke. The Hail Mary prayer of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches is in the form, Θεοτόκε Παρθένε, χαῖρε, κεχαριτωμένη Μαρία, εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξί, καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου, ὅτι Σωτῆρα ἔτεκες τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν. God-bearing Maid, rejoice, grace-filled Mary, the Lord with thee, praised thou among women, and praised the fruit of thy womb, because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou bearest. Another English rendering of the text reads, Mother of God and Virgin, rejoice, Mary full of grace. Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, to the Biblical texts this adds the opening invocation Theotokos Virgin, the name Mary and the concluding because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou barest. Saint Thomas Aquinas spoke of the name Mary, which served to indicate who was the full of grace person mentioned, but at about the same time the name Jesus was also added, to specify who was meant by the phrase the fruit of thy womb. To the greeting and praise of Mary of which the prayer thus consisted, the petition first appeared in print in 1495 in Girolamo Savonarolas Esposizione sopra l’Ave Maria. The Hail Mary prayer in Savonarolas exposition reads, Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou amongst women, Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of death
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Hail Mary of Gold
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Hail Mary of Gold is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer attributed to Saint Gertrude the Great. Hail, Mary, White Lily of the Glorious and always-serene Trinity, hail brilliant Rose of the Garden of heavenly delights, O you, by whom God wanted to be born and by whose milk the King of Heaven wanted to be nourished. Nourish our souls with effusions of divine grace, queen of Heaven Catholic Devotions Roman Catholic Mariology The Glories of Mary
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Immaculata prayer
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The Immaculata prayer is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer composed by Saint Maximillian Kolbe. It is a prayer of consecration to the Immaculata, i. e. the immaculately conceived Virgin Mary. The consecration prayer is as follows, O Immaculata, Queen of Heaven and earth, refuge of sinners and our most loving Mother, God has willed to entrust the entire order of mercy to you. I, a repentant sinner, cast myself at your feet, humbly imploring you to me with all that I am and have, wholly to yourself as your possession. Please make of me, of all my powers of soul and body, of my life, death and eternity. If it pleases you, use all that I am and have without reserve, wholly to accomplish what was said of you, She will crush your head, and You alone have destroyed all heresies in the whole world. For wherever you enter you obtain the grace of conversion and growth in holiness, allow me to praise you, O Sacred Virgin R. To this end I offer you all my prayers, actions, university of Dayton Marian prayers Consecration. com Women for Faith and Family
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Magnificat
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It is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the earliest Marian hymn. Its name comes from the incipit of the Latin version of the canticles text, the text of the canticle is taken directly from the Gospel of Luke where it is spoken by Mary upon the occasion of her Visitation to her cousin Elizabeth. In the narrative, after Mary greets Elizabeth, who is pregnant with John the Baptist, Elizabeth praises Mary for her faith, and Mary responds with what is now known as the Magnificat. Within the whole of Christianity, the Magnificat is most frequently recited within the Liturgy of the Hours, in Western Christianity, the Magnificat is most often sung or recited during the main evening prayer service, Vespers in the Catholic and Lutheran churches, and Evening Prayer in Anglicanism. In Eastern Christianity, the Magnificat is usually sung at Sunday Matins, among Protestant groups, the Magnificat may also be sung during worship services, especially in the Advent season during which these verses are traditionally read. These songs are Marys Magnificat, Zechariahs Benedictus, the angels Gloria in Excelsis Deo, in form and content, these four canticles are patterned on the hymns of praise in Israels Psalter. In structure, these reflect the compositions of pre-Christian contemporary Jewish hymnology. The balance of the two lines bursts out into a dual Magnificat of declaring the greatness of and finding delight in God. Mary symbolizes both ancient Israel and the Lucan faith-community as the author/singer of the Magnificat, the canticle echoes several biblical passages, but the most pronounced allusions are to the Song of Hannah, from the Books of Samuel. Scriptural echoes from the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings complement the main allusions to Hannahs magnificat of rejoicing. Along with the Benedictus, as well as several Old Testament canticles, the Magnificat is included in the Book of Odes, the original language of the Magnificat is Koine Greek, the language of the New Testament. However, in the liturgical and devotional use in Western Christianity, Μεγαλύνει ἡ ψυχή μου τὸν Κύριον καὶ ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπὶ τῷ Θεῷ τῷ σωτῆρί μου, ὅτι ἐπέβλεψεν ἐπὶ τὴν ταπείνωσιν τῆς δούλης αὐτοῦ. ἰδοὺ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν μακαριοῦσίν με πᾶσαι αἱ γενεαί, ὅτι ἐποίησέν μοι μεγάλα ὁ δυνατός, καὶ ἅγιον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, Ἐποίησεν κράτος ἐν βραχίονι αὐτοῦ, διεσκόρπισεν ὑπερηφάνους διανοίᾳ καρδίας αὐτῶν· καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀπὸ θρόνων καὶ ὕψωσεν ταπεινούς, πεινῶντας ἐνέπλησεν ἀγαθῶν καὶ πλουτοῦντας ἐξαπέστειλεν κενούς. ἀντελάβετο Ἰσραὴλ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ, μνησθῆναι ἐλέους, καθὼς ἐλάλησεν πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν τῷ Αβραὰμ καὶ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. The translation of the hymn into Church Slavonic is as follows, Transcription in modern Cyrillic alphabet, Вели́чит душа́ Моя́ Го́спода, Честне́йшую херуви́м и сла́внейшую без сравне́ния серафи́м, без истле́ния Бо́га Сло́ва ро́ждшую, су́щую Богоро́дицу, Тя велича́ем. Я́ко призре́ на смире́ние рабы́ Своея́, се бо от ны́не ублажа́т Мя вси ро́ди, Честне́йшую херуви́м… Я́ко сотвори́ Мне вели́чие Си́льный, и свя́то и́мя Его́, и ми́лость Его́ в ро́ды родо́в боя́щимся Его́. Честне́йшую херуви́м… Сотвори́ держа́ву мы́шцею Свое́ю, расточи́ го́рдыя мы́слию се́рдца их, Честне́йшую херуви́м… Низложи́ си́льныя со престо́л, и вознесе́ смире́нныя, а́лчущия испо́лни благ, и богатя́щияся отпусти́ тщи. Честне́йшую херуви́м… Восприя́т Изра́иля о́трока Своего́, помяну́ти ми́лости, я́коже глаго́ла ко отце́м на́шим, Честне́йшую херуви́м…, Magnificat anima mea Dominum, et exultavit spiritus meus in Deo salvatore meo, quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae
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Mary, Mother of Grace
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Mary, Mother of Grace is a Roman Catholic prayer to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Mary, Mother of grace, Mother of mercy, Shield me from the enemy And receive me at the hour of my death and this prayer is a fragment from within the DEVOTION IN MEMORY OF THE AGONY OF JESUS found in Section VI of the Raccolta. It was originally declared by Pope Pius VII as part of a Rescript dated August 26,1814, since the Mary, Mother of Grace prayer is only a partial recitation of the Devotion, only a partial indulgence is granted the prayer. The original Rescript is preserved amongst the acts of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, the title, Mary, Mother of Grace is actually a misnomer. Maria mater gratiae, Mater misericordiae, Tu nos ab hoste protege, Roman Catholic Mariology Raccolta Marian devotions Blessed Virgin Mary
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Mary Our Queen
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Mary Our Queen is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer. It is attributed to Saint Anthony of Padua in the 13th century, Mary, our Queen, Holy Mother of God, we beg you to hear our prayer. Make our hearts overflow with Divine grace and resplendent with heavenly wisdom, render them strong with your might and rich in virtue. Pour down upon us the gift of mercy so that we may obtain the pardon of our sins, help us to live in such a way as to merit the glory and bliss of heaven. May this be granted us by your Son Jesus Who has exalted you above the angels, has crowned you as Queen, amen The Glories of Mary Queen of Heaven University of Dayton Catholic Doors
26.
Memorare
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Memorare is a Roman Catholic prayer seeking the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. It first appears as part of a longer 15th-century prayer, Ad sanctitatis tuae pedes, the modern version is taken from that indulgenced by Pope Pius IX in 1846, Raccolta, #339 Encr. #32, This prayer is originally from a prayer of the 15th century, Ad sanctitatis tuae pedes. The de Sales family were members of the nobility and staunch Catholics. The question of predestination, the hottest point of contention between Catholic and Calvinist theologians, tormented him while he was a student in Paris. In his distress over the fate of his soul he cried out to God, Whatever happens, Lord. This delusion took such possession of his soul that he lost his appetite, was unable to sleep, for one whole month he suffered this mental torture, this agony of soul. He had lost all the sweetness of love, but not, happily. He looked back with tears to the happy time when he was, as it were, inebriated with that sweetness. In late December, at last, led by a divine inspiration, on his knees before a statue of the Blessed Virgin he implored the assistance of the Mother of Mercy with tears and sighs, and the most fervent devotion. Francis credited the Blessed Virgin with saving him from falling into despair or heresy, he recited the Memorare day after day and it was popularized in the 17th century by Fr. Claude Bernard, who learned it from his father, bernards devotion to Our Lady under the title Consolatrix Afflictorum led him to promote recourse to her intercession among the poor and condemned prisoners. According to the book Familiar Prayers, Their Origin and History written by Fr, Herbert Thurston S. J. in 1953, Fr. Claude Bernard, known as the Poor Priest, zealously dedicated himself to the preaching and aiding of prisoners, trusting his charges to the care and intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Fr. Bernard employed the Memorare extensively in his work of evangelization to great effect, many a criminal was reconciled to God through his efforts. At one time he had more than 200,000 leaflets printed with the Memorare in various languages so he could distribute the leaflets wherever he felt they would do some good. Claude Bernard held the prayer in such high regard was because he felt that he had been miraculously cured by its use. In a letter to Queen Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII, in fear of his life he recited the Memorare and immediately began to get well again
27.
Sub tuum praesidium
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Beneath Thy Protection is the oldest preserved extant hymn to the Blessed Virgin Mary as Theotokos. The hymn is known in many Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox countries. The earliest text of this hymn was found in a Coptic Orthodox Christmas liturgy, the papyrus records the hymn in Greek, dated by scholar C. H. Roberts to the fourth Century, while his colleague Edgar Lobel favored a date ranging from AD 250-280 and this divergence in dates is explained by Roberts doubt that the term Theotokos was already in use by the third Century. We find it, however, in the writings of third Century theologians Origen, the hymn is used in the Coptic liturgy to this day, as well as in the Armenian, Byzantine, Ambrosian, and Roman Rite liturgies. It was part of Sulpician custom that all ended with a recitation of this prayer. Besides the Greek text, ancient versions can be found in Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, henri de Villiers finds in the term blessed a reference to the salutation by Elizabeth in Luke 1,42. Praesidium is translated as a given in time of war by fresh troops in a strong manner. In the Byzantine Rite used by the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, in Greek practice it is usually sung in Neo-Byzantine chant. In the Armenian Rite, the hymn is sung on the Eve of Theophany and is used as an acclamation in the daily compline service known as the Rest Hour. A slightly different version of the hymn is appended to the Trisagion when the latter is chanted in the daily Morning and Evening Hours of the Daily Office. The Slavonic version of the hymn is often used outside of Great Lent. Other than the traditional and modern chant settings, which are the most commonly used, the Latin version has also been set to music in the West many times, notably by Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Antonio Salieri and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In 2010 the text was set as a motet in Latin, Slavonic. The prayer has a significance for Marists. and it is often heard in Marist schools. It is also used by the Salesians in honor of Mary Help of Christians. The earliest Church Slavonic manuscripts have the prayer in the following form, in the 17th century, under the liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, the Russian Orthodox Church adopted a new translation, This second version continues in use today. The Latin translation, likely derived from the Greek, dates from the 11th century, photograph of papyrus, dated to 250 AD, the earliest example of this hymn
28.
Alma Redemptoris Mater
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Alma Redemptoris Mater is a Marian hymn, written in Latin hexameter, and one of four seasonal liturgical Marian antiphons sung at the end of the office of Compline. Hermannus Contractus is said to have authored the hymn based on the writings of Saints Fulgentius, Epiphanius and it is mentioned in The Prioresss Tale, one of Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Formerly it was recited at compline only from the first Sunday in Advent until the Feast of the Purification, depending on the period, the following combinations of a versicle, response, and collect are added. Hear thou thy peoples cry, Star of the deep, and portal of the sky. Mother of Him Who thee from nothing made, Sinking we strive and call to thee for aid, Oh, by that joy which Gabriel brought to thee, Thou Virgin first and last, the Angel of the LORD brought tidings unto Mary ℟. And she conceived by the Holy Ghost, through the same Christ, our Lord. After childbirth, O Virgin, thou didst remain inviolate, intercede for us, O Mother of God
29.
Ave Maris Stella
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Ave Maris Stella is a plainsong Vespers hymn to Mary from about the eighth century. It was especially popular in the Middle Ages and has been used by composers as the basis of other compositions. The creation of the hymn has been attributed to several people, including Bernard of Clairvaux. The text is found in 9th-century manuscripts, kept in Vienna, the melody is found in the Irish plainsong Gabhaim Molta Bríde, a piece in praise of St. Bridget. The popular modern hymn Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star, is based on this plainsong original. These plainchant tones have been used as the cantus firmus for some settings of the mass, including those by Josquin. Renaissance settings include those by Felice Anerio, Palestrina, Dufay, baroque settings include Monteverdis Vespro della Beata Vergine 1610 and one by Emperor Leopold I. Romantic settings include those by Dvorak, Grieg, and Liszt, ave Maris Stella is the anthem of the Acadians, a francophone community in the Canadian Maritimes distinct from the French-Canadians of Quebec. The Acadians were highly devout, and had and still have a degree of devotion to the Virgin Mary. As such, Acadias symbols reflect its peoples beliefs and this is particularly evident in their anthem which instead of being written in French is written in Latin. It was adopted as the anthem of the Acadian people at the Second Acadian National Convention, held in Miscouche, to this day, it remains a source of Acadian patriotism. The hymn was sung in its original version until French lyrics were composed in 1994. Out of respect for the hymn, the first verse in the Acadian national anthem remains in Latin. These are the lyrics, in French, the first verse is in Latin, and is repeated at the end of the hymn
30.
Ave Regina Caelorum
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Ave Regina Caelorum is one of four Marian antiphons, with following versicles and prayers, traditionally said or sung after each of the canonical hours of the Liturgy of the Hours. The prayer is used especially after Compline, the canonical hour of prayer before going to sleep. It is said from the Feast of the Presentation through Wednesday of Holy Week, the origins of the prayer are unknown but it can be found included in a twelfth-century manuscript. The prayer is associated with indulgences and is listed as Ave Regina Coelorum in the Raccolta book of indulgenced prayers. Ave, Regina Caelorum, Ave, Domina Angelorum, Salve, radix, salve, porta Ex qua mundo lux est orta, Gaude, Virgo gloriosa, Super omnes speciosa, Vale, o valde decora, V. Dignare me laudare te, Virgo sacrata. Da mihi virtutem contra hostes tuos, oremus, Concede, misericors Deus, fragilitati nostrae praesidium, ut, qui sanctae Dei Genitricis memoriam agimus, intercessionis eius auxilio, a nostris iniquitatibus resurgamus. Hail, O Queen of Heaven enthroned, V. Vouchsafe that I may praise thee, O sacred Virgin. Give me strength against thine enemies, through the same Christ our Lord. An alternate version, Hail, O Queen of Heaven, Hail, O Lady of Angels Hail. Thou gate From whom unto the world, a light has arisen, Rejoice, O glorious Virgin, Lovely beyond all others, Farewell, most beautiful maiden, allow me to praise thee, O sacred Virgin. Against thy enemies give me strength, the Glories of Mary Queen of Heaven Regina Caeli Ave Regina Caelorum Gregorian Chant Palestrina Ave regina Coelorum Maitrise de Colmar on YouTube
31.
Salve Regina
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The Salve Regina, also known as the Hail Holy Queen, is a Marian hymn and one of four Marian antiphons sung at different seasons within the Christian liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church. The Salve Regina is traditionally sung at Compline in the time from the Saturday before Trinity Sunday until the Friday before the first Sunday of Advent, the Hail Holy Queen is also the final prayer of the Rosary. The work was composed during the Middle Ages and originally appeared in Latin, though traditionally ascribed to the eleventh-century German monk Hermann of Reichenau, it is regarded as anonymous by most musicologists. Traditionally it has sung in Latin, though many translations exist. These are often used as spoken prayers, Marian antiphons have been sung, since the thirteenth century, at the close of Compline, the last Office of the day. Peter Canisius noted that one praises God in Mary when one turns to her in song, liturgically, the Salve Regina is the best known of four prescribed Marian Anthems recited after Compline, and, in some uses, after Lauds or other Hours. Its use after Compline is likely traceable to the practice of intoning it in chapel. It was set down in its current form at the Abbey of Cluny in the 12th century, the Cistercians chanted the Salve Regina daily from 1218. It was popular at universities as evening song, and according to Fr. Juniper Carol, it came to be part of the ritual for the blessing of a ship, while the anthem figured largely in liturgical and in general popular Catholic devotion, it was especially dear to sailors. In the 18th century, the Salve Regina served as the outline for the classic Roman Catholic Mariology book The Glories of Mary by Alphonsus Liguori. In the first part of the book Alphonsus, a Doctor of the Church, discusses the Salve Regina and it was added to the series of prayers said at the end of Low Mass by Pope Leo XIII. The Salve Regina is traditionally sung at the end of a priests funeral Mass by the decedents fellow priests in attendance, as a prayer, it is commonly said at the end of the rosary. Salve, Regina, Mater misericordiæ, vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, Ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevæ, Ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle. Eia, ergo, advocata nostra, illos tuos misericordes oculos ad nos converte, Et Jesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui, O clemens, O pia, O dulcis Virgo Maria. In some cases, the following versicle, response, and collect are added, ℣ Ora pro nobis, ℟ Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi. Traditional English Translation, Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy, Our life, our sweetness, to you do we cry, Poor banished children of Eve, To you do we send up our sighs, Mourning and weeping in this valley of tears. Turn then, most gracious advocate, Your eyes of mercy toward us, And after this our exile, Show us the blessed fruit of your womb, O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary
32.
Immaculate Mary
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Immaculate Mary or Immaculate Mother is a Roman Catholic Marian prayer. It is also known as the Lourdes Hymn, sung in honour of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary and it was written by Abbe Gaignet to a traditional French tune and is used principally at the shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes. Immaculate Mary, thy praises we sing, Thou reignst now in Heaven with Jesus our King, in Heaven the Blessed thy glory proclaim, On earth we thy children invoke thy fair name. We pray for our mother, the Church upon earth And bless, dearest Lady, there are a number of alternative renderings of the hymn, in use in different parts of the world. A popular version which appeared in hymnals between 1900 and 1975 has, as its first line, Immaculate Mary, our hearts are on fire and it extends to around 12 verses in order to facilitate its use in processions. The version sung at novena services honouring Our Lady of Perpetual Help has a different set of lyrics, Immaculate Mother, to ask God, our Father, for help in our need. We pray for our Country, the land of our birth, We pray for all nations, inang Sakdal Linis, kami ay ihingi. Sa Diyos Ama namin, awang minimithi, bayang tinubuay ipinagdarasal, Ang kapayapaan nitong sanlibutan. Immaculate Prayers Catholic Doors Catholic Culture
33.
Es ist ein Ros entsprungen
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The song has been covered repeatedly throughout modern times, e. g. The text is thought to be penned by an anonymous author expressing fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah 11,1 The piece first appeared in print in the late 16th century. The hymn has been used by both Catholics and Protestants, with the focus of the song being Mary or Jesus, respectively, in addition, there have been numerous versions of the hymn, with varying texts and lengths. In 1844, the German hymnologist Friedrich Layriz added three stanzas, the first of which, Das Blümelein so kleine, remained popular and has been included in Catholic hymnals. The tune most familiar today appears in the Speyer Hymnal, the English translation Lo, How a Rose Eer Blooming was written by Theodore Baker in 1894. A translation of the first two verses of the hymn as A Spotless Rose was written by Catherine Winkworth and this was set as a SATB anthem by Herbert Howells in 1919 and Philip Ledger in 2002. Another Christmas hymn, A Great and Mighty Wonder, is set to the tune as this carol. It is, however, a hymn by St. Germanus, versions of the German lyrics have been mixed with Neales translation of a Greek hymn in subsequent versions such as Percy Dearmers version in the 1931 Songs of Praise collection. Jan Sandström wrote in 1990 Es ist ein Ros entsprungen for two choirs a cappella, which incorporates the setting of Praetorius in choir one, weihnachtsmusik for two violins, cello, piano and harmonium by Arnold Schoenberg is a short fantasy on the tune. Some notable performances by popular artists include, The song is used in the 1970 film Love Story. It is a constant theme throughout the movie, the song is also released with the official soundtrack. The song was featured near the end of the 2001 animated British film Christmas Carol,8, Es ist ein Ros entsprungen, IMSLP Es ist ein Ros entsprungen, Melchior Vulpius MP3 of Sissel Kyrkjebø singing at a 2005 Christmas concert in Moscow, Internet Archive
34.
O Sanctissima
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O Sanctissima is a Roman Catholic hymn in Latin, seeking the prayers of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and often sung in various languages on her feast days. The earliest known publication was from London in 1792, presenting it as a song from Sicily. The tune is often called Sicilian Mariners Hymn or similar titles, referring to the seafarers nightly invocation of Mary as their protector, Our Lady. Similar Latin lyrics have been set to different tunes since the 1500s, by notable composers and arrangers including Leonhard Kleber, Louis-Nicolas Clérambault. Hoffmann, Antonín Dvořák, and Fritz Kreisler, below is a common version of the text, many other versions exist. An 1820 book claims, without verification, that the first lines of the Latin text were already engraved at Speyer Cathedral at the time of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. After being published anonymously by European Magazine in 1792 and then by an American magazine in 1794, herder included the song posthumously in his prominent book of traditional folksongs, while Haydn and Beethoven each wrote choral arrangements of the Latin hymn. A German-language version became a well-known Christmas carol, with lyrics by J. D. Falk referring not to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In English, Or, in another English-language rendition, In the 20th century, although most of these texts are anonymous, one has been attributed to William Glass. O Sanctissima on YouTube, The Cathedral Singers, Richard Proulx
35.
Regina Coeli
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The Regina Cæli or Regina Cœli is an ancient Latin Marian Hymn of the Christian Church. Any one of four or of other suitable antiphons may now be sung at any time of the liturgical year. The Regina Coeli is sung or recited in place of the Angelus during the Easter season, as with many Roman Catholic prayers, it takes its name from its incipit or first word. The Latin word coelum, meaning heaven, was a medieval and early modern spelling of caelum. In medieval Latin, ae and oe were both pronounced, the form was influenced by an extremely dubious etymology from Greek koilos. While the authorship of the Regina Caeli is unknown, the hymn has been traced back to the 12th century and it was in Franciscan use, after Compline, in the first half of the following century. He was thereupon inspired to add the fourth line, there are plainsong melodies associated with Regina Caeli, the official or typical melody being found in the Vatican Antiphonary,1911, p.126. The antiphonal strophes of Regina Caeli were often set by composers of the 16th century. Lullys motet Regina coeli, laetare was written in 1684, there are three settings by the young Mozart, and one by Brahms. In the 16th century, the antiphons of our Lady were employed to replace the office at all the hours. In Anglican churches, the translation is in 7.7.7.7 metre. Regina cæli, lætare, alleluia, R. Quia quem meruisti portare, alleluia, Resurrexit, sicut dixit, alleluia, R. Ora pro nobis Deum, gaude et lætare, Virgo Maria, alleluia. R. Quia surrexit Dominus vere, alleluia, deus, qui per resurrectionem Filii tui, Domini nostri Iesu Christi, mundum lætificare dignatus es, præsta, quæsumus, ut per eius Genitricem Virginem Mariam, perpetuæ capiamus gaudia vitæ. Gregorian Chant Audio Literal translation, Queen of Heaven, rejoice, the Son whom you merited to bear, alleluia. Has risen, as He said, alleluia, pray for us to God, alleluia. V. Rejoice and be glad, O Virgin Mary, alleluia, for the Lord has truly risen, alleluia. O God, who through the resurrection of your Son Jesus Christ gave rejoicing to the grant, we pray, that through his Mother. Joy to thee, O Queen of Heaven and he whom Thou wast meet to bear
36.
Stabat Mater
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The Stabat Mater is a 13th-century Catholic hymn to Mary, which portrays her suffering as Jesus Christs mother during his crucifixion. Its author may be either the Franciscan friar Jacopone da Todi or Pope Innocent III, the title comes from its first line, Stabat Mater dolorosa, which means the sorrowful mother was standing. The hymn is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows, the Stabat mater is generally ascribed to Jacopone da Todi. The Stabat Mater was well known by the end of the 14th century and Georgius Stella wrote of its use in 1388, in Provence, about 1399, it was used during the nine days processions. The following translation by Edward Caswall is not word-for-word, instead it has been adapted so as to represent the meter, rhyme scheme, and sense of the original text. George Oldroyds setting is in Latin but includes an English translation for Anglican/Episcopalian use, the Alfeyev setting is in Russian. Hymns to Mary Our Lady of Sorrows Roman Catholic Mariology This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles. Website about 250 different Stabat Mater compositions, information about the composers, the music, the site also includes translations of the text in 20 languages. Several English translations Chant performed by Exsurge Domine vocal ensemble, spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra
37.
Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary
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Catholic tradition and Mariology include specific prayers and devotions as acts of reparation for insults and blasphemies against the Blessed Virgin Mary. Similar prayers as Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ and Acts of Reparation to The Holy Trinity also exist, some such prayers are provided in the Raccolta Catholic prayer book, first published in association with the Catholic Congregation of Indulgences in 1807. Words of the Prayer from Raccolta, O Blessed Virgin, Mother of God, look down in mercy from Heaven, where thou art enthroned as Queen, upon me, a miserable sinner, thine unworthy servant. I bless thy Holy name, I praise thine exalted privilege of being truly Mother of God, ever Virgin, conceived without stain of sin, Co-Redemptrix of the human race. All honor, praise and thanksgiving to the ever-blessed Trinity who predestined thee, O how these impious sayings offend the infinite Majesty of God and of His only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ. And just because we love thee, we will do all that is in our power to make thee honored and loved by all men. Do thou obtain for them from Almighty God the grace of conversion, may they join with us in proclaiming thee Blessed among women, the Immaculate Virgin and most compassionate Mother of God
38.
Consecration and entrustment to Mary
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Consecration is an act by which a person is dedicated to a sacred service, or an act which separates an object, location or region from a common and profane mode to one for sacred use. In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, Pope Leo XIII, specially encouraged everyone to make acts of consecration to the Virgin Mary based on the methods of Saint Louis de Montfort. Pope Benedict XV also provided support for Marian consecration. Early in the 20th century, Saint Maximilian Kolbe, called the Apostle of Consecration to Mary, theologian Garrigou-Lagrange designated personal consecration to Mary as the highest level among Marian devotions. Pope John Paul IIs motto Totus Tuus reflected his personal consecration to Mary and he consecrated the entire world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. By the 9th century, being a servant of Mary was practiced in Ireland, during the Medieval period, abbeys, towns and cities began to consecrate themselves to the Virgin Mary to seek her protection. In the 12th century Cîteaux Abbey in France used the motif of the mantle of the Virgin Mary which shielded the kneeling abbots. In the 13th century Caesarius of Heisterbach was also aware of this motif, in the 12th century, the Cistercian orders began consecrating themselves to Mary, first individually and then as a group, and this practice then spread to the Benedictines and the Carmelites. The 17th century also saw the adoption of the custom of consecrating the month of May to the Blessed Virgin, the practice of consecration to Mary continued among Catholics and in the 18th century was further promoted by Louis de Montfort. Montforts concept of consecration was influenced by Henri Boudons book Dieu seul, by reading Boudon, Montfort concluded that any consecration is ultimately made to God Alone, for only God merits the loving servitude of man. Later, God Alone became the motto of Montfort, Montforts approach followed Boudon very closely, but differed on one element, while Boudons consecration was founded on the Queenship of Mary, Montfort approach was based on the divine maternity. During the 18th and 19th centuries the traditions of Marian consecration grew, since the 19th century, devotions and consecrations to the Immaculate Heart of Mary have been encouraged by several popes including Pius IX, Pius XII and John Paul II. Theologian Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, a professor at the Angelicum studied and analyzed various forms and he designated personal consecration to Mary as the highest level among these devotions. In his theological analysis, Marian devotions are categorized into stages, from beginner to advanced, as follows, Occasional prayer, regular and daily devotion, e. g. the devout recitation of the Rosary on a daily basis. A formal act of consecration to Mary, and living in habitual dependence on her, John Paul II suggested Saint John as an example of how every Christian should respond to the gift of the spiritual motherhood of Mary. The process of Total Consecration to Mary was introduced by Saint Louis de Montfort in the part of the 18th century. The heart of Montforts classic work True Devotion to Mary is an act of consecration to Mary, so through her. The Vaticans guidelines for Marian consecrations state, Louis Grignon de Montfort is one of the masters of the spirituality underlying the act of consecration to Mary
39.
First Saturdays Devotion
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The First Saturdays Devotion is a Catholic devotion which, according to Lúcia of Fátima, was requested by the Virgin Mary in an apparition at Pontevedra, Spain in December 1925. This devotion has been approved by the Roman Catholic Church, the pious practice of honoring the Blessed Mother on Saturday is an ancient custom, derived from the tradition that Jesus appeared to her on Holy Saturday. Alcuin assigned two formularies to Saturday in honor of Our Lady, the practice was quickly embraced by both clergy and laity. The First Saturdays devotion had already been a custom in the Catholic Church. On July 1,1905, Pope Pius X approved and granted indulgences for the practice of the First Saturdays of twelve months in honor of the Immaculate Conception. This practice greatly resembled the reported request of Mary at the Pontevedra apparitions. At the age of 14, Lúcia Santos, one of the visionaries of Our Lady of Fátima was admitted as a boarder to the school of the Sisters of St. Dorothy in Vilar, near the city of Porto. On October 24,1925, she entered the Institute of the Sisters of St. Dorothy as a postulant in the convent in Tui, Spain, just across the northern Portuguese border. Sister Lucia later reported that on December 10,1925, the Virgin Mary appeared to her at the convent in Pontevedra, Spain, according to Lucia, Mary requested the institution of the Devotion of the Five First Saturdays in reparation to her Immaculate Heart. Look, my daughter, at my Heart encircled by these thorns with which men pierce it at every moment by their blasphemies, such sorrow is particularly bitterly endured on Holy Saturday after Jesus was placed on the Sepulcher. Devotees of Fátima believe that the First Saturdays help to console the sorrows of God, Jesus, the Intention of making reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary may be kept to oneself, it is not necessary to notify the confessor priest. To receive Holy Communion The Holy Communion has to be received within the 24 hours of the first Saturday of the Month, attendance to Holy Mass is optional. Receiving Holy Communion as part of this devotion must be intended as an Act of Reparation to the Immaculate Heart. The devotee need not tell anyone else, but keep it in mind, to avoid omitting the Intention every Saturday, the General Intention for the devotion of the Act of Reparation can be mentally or outspokenly stated before starting the First Saturdays. A 5-Decade Rosary is recited The Rosary must also be recited with the intention of making reparation, a 15-Minute Meditation is made on the Mysteries of the Rosary This Meditation should also be done in an Act of Reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The Rosary Meditations can be done on all 15 of the mysteries or fewer and this meditation is in addition to the recitation of the Rosary. It can be done alone or in a group and with or without the aid of sacred scripture
40.
Rosary
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The Rosary, usually in the form of the Dominican Rosary, is a form of prayer used especially in the Catholic Church named for the string of knots or beads used to count the component prayers. When used of the form of prayer, the word is capitalized, as is customary for other names of prayers, such as the Lords Prayer, the Hail Mary. When referring to the beads, it is written with a lower-case initial. The prayers that essentially compose the Rosary are arranged in sets of ten Hail Marys with each set preceded by one Lords Prayer and followed by one Glory Be. During recitation of each set, known as a decade, thought is given to one of the Mysteries of the Rosary, normally, five decades are recited in a session. Other prayers are added after each decade and before. The rosary as an object is an aid towards saying these prayers in the proper sequence. In 2002 Pope John Paul II said that it is fitting that a new set of five be added, called the Luminous Mysteries, for over four centuries, the rosary has been promoted by several popes as part of the veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism. The rosary is part of Catholic veneration of Mary, which has been promoted by numerous popes, in the 16th century, Pope Pius V associated the rosary with the General Roman Calendar by instituting the Feast of Our Lady of Victory, which is celebrated on 7 October. Pope Leo XIII, known as The Rosary Pope, issued twelve encyclicals and five apostolic letters on the rosary and added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto. Pope Pius XII and his successors actively promoted veneration of the Virgin in Lourdes and Fatima, Pope John Paul II issued the Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae which built on the total Marian devotion. On 3 May 2008, Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Rosary was experiencing a new springtime, It is one of the most eloquent signs of love that the young generation nourish for Jesus and his Mother. To Benedict XVI, the rosary is a meditation on all important moments of salvation history, the Congregation for Divine Worship also emphasizes the importance of the rosary as a formative component of spiritual life. The theologian Romano Guardini thus defined the Roman Catholic emphasis on the rosary as participation in the life of Mary and this view had been endorsed by Leo XIII who viewed the rosary as a vital means to participate in the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ. Devotion to the rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality, Pope John Paul II placed the rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation. From the sixteenth century onwards, rosary recitations often involved picture texts that assisted meditation, such imagery continues to be used to depict the mysteries of the rosary. Saints have stressed the importance of meditation and contemplation, scriptural meditations on the rosary build on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina, as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the soul and Christ. Padre Pio, who was devoted to the rosary, said, Through the study of books one seeks God, references to the rosary have been part of a number of reported Marian Apparitions spanning two centuries
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Feasts of the Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
