1.
Marine propulsion
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Marine propulsion is the mechanism or system used to generate thrust to move a ship or boat across water. Marine engineering is the discipline concerned with the design process of marine propulsion systems. Nuclear reactors producing steam are used to propel warships and icebreakers, nuclear reactors to power commercial vessels has not been adopted by the marine industry. Electric motors using electric battery storage have been used for propulsion on submarines, development in liquefied natural gas fueled engines are gaining recognition for their low emissions and cost advantages. Stirling engines, which are efficient, quieter, smoother running producing less harmful emissions than diesel engines. The Stirling engine has yet to be upscaled for larger surface ships, until the application of the coal-fired steam engine to ships in the early 19th century, oars or the wind were used to assist watercraft propulsion. Merchant ships predominantly used sail, but during periods when naval warfare depended on ships closing to ram or to fight hand-to-hand, galley were preferred for their manoeuvrability, the Greek navies that fought in the Peloponnesian War used triremes, as did the Romans at the Battle of Actium. In modern times, human propulsion is found mainly on boats or as auxiliary propulsion on sailboats. Human propulsion includes the push pole, rowing, and pedals, propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays, and controlled by lines made of rope. The development of piston-engined steamships was a complex process, early steamships were fueled by wood, later ones by coal or fuel oil. Early ships used stern or side paddle wheels, while ones used screw propellers. The first commercial success accrued to Robert Fultons North River Steamboat in US in 1807, steam propulsion progressed considerably over the rest of the 19th century. Notable developments include the surface condenser, which eliminated the use of sea water in the ships boilers. This, along with improvements in technology, permitted higher steam pressures. As the means of transmitting the power, paddle wheels gave way to more efficient screw propellers. Steam turbines were fueled by coal or, later, fuel oil or nuclear power, the marine steam turbine developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons raised the power-to-weight ratio. He achieved publicity by demonstrating it unofficially in the 100-foot Turbinia at the Spithead Naval Review in 1897. This facilitated a generation of high-speed liners in the first half of the 20th century, and rendered the reciprocating steam engine obsolete, first in warships, and later in merchant vessels
2.
Boat
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A boat is a watercraft of a large range of sizes designed to float, plane, work or travel on water. Small boats are found on inland waterways or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a ship in an offshore environment, in naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel. Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water, some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than ships, regardless of their size. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their size, shape. Boats have a variety of shapes, sizes and construction methods due to their intended purpose. Canoe-type boats have used since prehistoric times and various versions are used throughout the world for transportation. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats, house boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can provide transport or convey cargo to and from large ships, lifeboats have rescue and safety functions. Boats can be powered by power, wind power and motor power. Dugouts are the oldest type of boats found by archaeologists, the earliest boats are thought to have been logboats, and the oldest boats found by archaeological excavation date from around 7, 000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world is the Pesse canoe and this canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands. Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered, rafts have operated for at least 8,000 years. A7, 000-year-old seagoing reed boat has been found in Kuwait, boats were used between 4000 and 3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean. Boats played an important role in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia, evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered at various Indus Valley archaeological sites. Uru craft originate in Beypore, a village in south Calicut, Kerala and this type of mammoth wooden ship was constructed using teak, without any iron, and had a transport capacity of 400 tonnes
3.
Gearbox
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A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed. In British English, the term refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft, differential. In American English, however, the term more specifically to the gearbox alone. The most common use is in vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping. The transmission reduces the engine speed to the slower wheel speed. Transmissions are also used on bicycles, fixed machines. Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios with the ability to switch between them as speed varies and this switching may be done manually or automatically. Directional control may also be provided, single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque of motor output. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, while a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds as it changes the direction of rotation. Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation, automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in conjunction with an ecm. Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, in support of pumping, milling, most modern gearboxes are used to increase torque while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft. This means that the shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the rotational direction of power transmission. Many typical automobile transmissions include the ability to select one of several gear ratios, in this case, most of the gear ratios are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque
4.
Propeller
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A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the blade, and a fluid is accelerated behind the blade. Their disadvantages are higher mechanical complexity and higher cost, the principle employed in using a screw propeller is used in sculling. It is part of the skill of propelling a Venetian gondola but was used in a less refined way in parts of Europe. For example, propelling a canoe with a paddle using a pitch stroke or side slipping a canoe with a scull involves a similar technique. In China, sculling, called lu, was used by the 3rd century AD. In sculling, a blade is moved through an arc. The innovation introduced with the propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a blade, but in practice there are nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved. The origin of the screw propeller starts with Archimedes, who used a screw to lift water for irrigation and bailing boats and it was probably an application of spiral movement in space to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by Egyptians for centuries. Leonardo da Vinci adopted the principle to drive his theoretical helicopter, in 1784, J. P. Paucton proposed a gyrocopter-like aircraft using similar screws for both lift and propulsion. At about the time, James Watt proposed using screws to propel boats. This was not his own invention, though, Toogood and Hays had patented it a century earlier, by 1827, Czech-Austrian inventor Josef Ressel had invented a screw propeller which had multiple blades fastened around a conical base. He had tested his propeller in February 1826 on a ship that was manually driven. He was successful in using his bronze screw propeller on an adapted steamboat and his ship Civetta with 48 gross register tons, reached a speed of about six knots. This was the first ship successfully driven by an Archimedes screw-type propeller, after a new steam engine had an accident his experiments were banned by the Austro-Hungarian police as dangerous. Josef Ressel was at the time a forestry inspector for the Austrian Empire, but before this he received an Austro-Hungarian patent for his propeller. This new method of propulsion was an improvement over the paddlewheel as it was not so affected by either ship motions or changes in draft as the burned coal
5.
Jetboat
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A jetboat is a boat propelled by a jet of water ejected from the back of the craft. Previous attempts at waterjet propulsion had very short lifetimes, generally due to the inefficient design of the units, from this, the popularity of the jet unit and jetboat increased rapidly. Jetboats are highly maneuverable, and many can, from full speed, be reversed and brought to a stop within little more than their own length, in a maneuver known as a crash stop. There is no engineering limit to the size of jetboats, though the validity of their use depends a lot on the type of application, also, in situations with very large propellers turning at slow speeds, the equivalent size waterjet would be too big to be practical. For these reasons, the vast majority of units are installed in high-speed vessels and in particular situations where shallow draught, maneuverability. The biggest jet-driven vessels are found in use or the high-speed passenger/car ferry industry. South Africas Valour-class frigates and the United States Littoral Combat Ship are among the biggest jet-propelled vessels so far, even these vessels are capable of performing crash stops. Both methods yield thrust due to Newtons third law— every action has an equal, in a jetboat, the waterjet draws water from beneath the hull, where it passes through a series of impellers and stators - known as stages - which increase the velocity of the waterflow. Most modern jets are single-stage, while older waterjets may have as many as three stages, the tail section of the waterjet unit extends out through the transom of the hull, above the waterline. This jetstream exits the unit through a nozzle at high velocity to push the boat forward. Steering is accomplished by moving this nozzle to either side, or less commonly, because the jetboat relies on the flow of water through the nozzle for control, it is not possible to steer a conventional jetboat without the engine running. This deflector redirects thrust forces forward to reverse thrust. Steering is still available with the reverse deflector lowered so the vessel will have full maneuverability, with the majority of the hull clear of the water, there is reduced drag, greatly enhancing speed and maneuverability, so jetboats are normally operated at planing speed. A conventional river-going jetboat will have a hull to improve its high-speed cornering control and stability. At speed, jetboats can be operated in less than 7.5 cm of water. One of the most significant breakthroughs, in the development of the waterjet, was to change the design so it expelled the jetstream above the water line, contrary to many peoples intuition. It makes no difference to the amount of thrust generated whether the outlet is above or below the waterline, hamiltons first waterjet design had the outlet below the hull and actually in front of the inlet. This probably meant that water was entering the jet unit and reducing its performance
6.
Skeg
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A skeg, is a sternward extension of the keel of boats and ships which have a rudder mounted on the centre line. The term also applies to the lowest point on a motor or the outdrive of an inboard/outboard. In more recent years, the name has been used for a fin on a surfboard which improves directional stability, the term is also often used for the fin on water skis in the U. S. and for the tail bumpers of aircraft in the US Navy. The word originates in the Scandinavian word for beard, in Old Norse, in Icelandic the word remains skegg, in modern Norwegian Bokmål and Nynorsk, it appears as skjegg, in Swedish, it is skägg and in Danish, skæg. The Norwegian pronunciation of the letter combination skj is as in the English sh, the word is related to the English shaggy. It also appears in the English place name Skegness - beard point, from the way in which a series of tombolos forms, here, the English pronunciation reflects a probable Danish origin, which pronounces the sk letter combination as an English speaker would expect. Where a vessels rudder is mounted on the centre-line, it is usual to hang it on gudgeons and pintles, the latter being upright pins and the former, rings to fit round them. This naturally leaves a gap between the sternpost and the rudder, into which stray items like kelp and rope can catch, causing drag. In ships such as Mary Rose, the skeg is a small feature. This somewhat beard-like sternward extension of the keel is the basic skeg, subsequently, the lowest pintle was commonly mounted below the rudder on a metal extension of the keel. This helped further stabilize and protect the rudder and the name skeg was transferred to it and it used to be relatively small until screw propellers were introduced, when it had to reach below the screw and became a proportionately larger feature protecting both screw and rudder from damage. On wooden vessels, the skeg may be protected from damage by the addition of a bug shoe. In more modern installations, with more than one screw, a fitting supports each propeller shaft just ahead of its screw. This is usually called a shaft bracket but the part of it extends below the shaft bearing to protect the lower part of the propeller is also a skeg. Similarly, the projection of the drive casing, below the rotational axis of the propeller of an outboard motor is another form of the skeg. Where a yacht is designed with a fin keel, it will normally and this link shows the profile of such a boat. This type of skeg is pictured at the bottom of the linked page. In surfing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing, skegs, usually known as fins, are attached toward the tail of the board to improve directional stability, fins allow the rider to control the boards direction by varying their side-to-side weight distribution
7.
Rudder
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A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, aircraft, or other conveyance that moves through a fluid medium. On an aircraft the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw, a rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the crafts stern, tail. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag, on simple watercraft, a tiller—essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever arm—may be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, cables, pushrods, or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels, in typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics. Generally, a rudder is part of the apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull, that is denoting all different types of oars, paddles. More specifically, the gear of ancient vessels can be classified into side-rudders and stern-mounted rudders. A third term, steering oar, can denote both types, in a Mediterranean context, side-rudders are more specifically called quarter-rudders as the later term designates more exactly the place where the rudder was mounted. Stern-mounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position. S, a steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a single sail, a frequent movement of the oar was required to steer a straight course. The steering oar or steering board is an oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft prior to the invention of the rudder. It is normally attached to the side in larger vessels, though in smaller ones it is rarely, if ever. Rowing oars set aside for steering appeared on large Egyptian vessels long before the time of Menes, in the Old Kingdom as much as five steering oars are found on each side of passenger boats. The tiller, at first a small pin run through the stock of the steering oar, both the tiller and the introduction of an upright steering post abaft reduced the usual number of necessary steering oars to one each side. In Iran, oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork, wooden models, the strength of the steering oar lay in its combination of effectiveness, adaptability and simpleness. Roman quarter steering oar mounting systems survived mostly intact through the medieval period, by the first half of the 1st century AD, steering gear mounted on the stern were also quite common in Roman river and harbour craft as proved from reliefs and archaeological finds. A tomb plaque of Hadrianic age shows a harbour tug boat in Ostia with a long stern-mounted oar for better leverage, interestingly, the boat already featured a spritsail, adding to the mobility of the harbour vessel. Further attested Roman uses of stern-mounted steering oars includes barges under tow, transport ships for wine casks, also, the well-known Zwammerdam find, a large river barge at the mouth of the Rhine, featured a large steering gear mounted on the stern
8.
Inboard motor
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An inboard motor is a marine propulsion system for boats. The first marine craft to utilize inboard motors were steam engines going back to 1805 and the Clermont, harbour tugs, and small steam launches had inboard steam engines. In the 1880s the naphtha engine made its appearance and a few boat engines appeared and they were dangerous and difficult to run. The gasoline engine pioneer Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach built a boat engine. Sintz in America built several commercially available engines from 1893, about 1895 the inboard oil engine emerged for small boats. Two-stroke engines were popular for years, however, the parallel development of the auto engine, with their many cylinders. Chrysler, Ford, Packard, and Hudson also made marine engines, inboard motors may be of several types, suitable for the size of craft they are fitted to. Boats can use one cylinder to v12 engines, depending if they are used for racing or trolling, for pleasure craft, such as sailboats and speedboats, diesel, gasoline and electric engines are used. Many inboard motors are derivatives of automobile engines, known as automobile engines. The advent of the stern drive propulsion leg improved design so that auto engines could easily power boats, for larger craft, including ships the propulsion system may include many types, such as diesel, gas turbine, or even fossil-fuel or nuclear-generated steam. Some early models used coal for steam-driven ships, some inboard motors are freshwater cooled, while others have a raw water cooling system where water from the lake, river or sea is pumped by the engine to cool it. However, as seawater is corrosive, and can damage engine blocks and cylinder heads, some seagoing craft have engines which are indirectly cooled via a heat exchanger
9.
Mercury Marine
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Mercury Marine, founded in 1939 as Kiekhaefer Mercury, is a division of the Brunswick Corporation. It is based in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, the company manufactures marine engines and snowmobiles. Mercury Marines primary business is outboard motors, Mercury Outboards,30 Hp and less, are made by Tohatsu in Japan. Mercury Marine builds 40,50 and 60 horsepower outboard motors in Suzhou, Mercury also manufactures engines over 75 horsepower at its facility in Fond du Lac in Wisconsin. Mercury also makes the MerCruiser line of sterndrives and inboard motors, Mercury Racing is the companys division for racing engines tailored for power and speed. The Kiekhaefer Mercury company began in 1939, when engineer Carl Kiekhaefer purchased an outboard motor company in Cedarburg. Kiekhaefers original intention for the Kiekhaefer Corporation was to make magnetic separators for the dairy industry, the purchase included 300 defective outboard motors. Kiekhaefer and a staff of employees rebuilt the motors and sold them to Montgomery Ward. The motors were much improved, so the buyer purchased more, Kiekhaefer designed motors that withstood the elements better than his competition and called the motor Mercury wilst the adopting the logo of Roman god Mercury. Kiekhaefer took more than 16,000 orders at the 1940 New York Boat Show, world War II changed the corporate climate, and Kiekhaefer sought a government contract to design two-man air-cooled chainsaws. Army engineers had been unable to design a lightweight motor, Kiekhaefer designed a new lightweight chainsaw in 2 months. The Kiekhaefer powered chainsaw was able to cut through a 24-inch green log in 17 seconds, Mercury was awarded the contract, and was the worlds largest chainsaw manufacturer by the end of the war. Kiekhaefer Mercury foresaw that the average Americans interest in boating would increase after the war, Kiekhaefer introduced a 19.8 cubic inch,10 horsepower, two-cylinder alternate firing design engine at the 1947 New York Boat Show called the Lightning or KE-7. This engine, also called the Super 10, actually developed around 14 horsepower and its designation was updated to KF-7 for 1949. For 1951 the engine block, though still displacing 19.8 cubic inches, was updated a great deal, the 1951 kg-7 Super 10 featured this engine, which developed around 16 horsepower. For 1952, this model was updated with a forward, neutral, reverse gearset, and it was renamed Cruiser at this point, and no longer called Super 10. This engine later became the heart of the Mark 25, of the mid to late fifties, initially rated at 16 horsepower, this engine was soon beefed up to 20. There was also an H version, which produced more power, H version Mercurys were mostly used for racing
10.
Evinrude Outboard Motors
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Evinrude Outboard Motors is an American company that builds a major brand of outboard motors for boats. Founded by Ole Evinrude in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1907, it was owned by the publicly traded Outboard Marine Corporation since 1935. But OMC filed for bankruptcy in 2000 and it is a subsidiary of North American Bombardier Recreational Products. Evinrude outboards produce two-stroke direct-injected engines ranging from 25 hp to a 3. 4L V6300 hp and they used carburetors until the late 1990s, when EPA Clean air regulations mandated new technologies. OMC partnered with FICHT, of Germany to introduce Direct Injection, unsurpassed durability testing took place, and production started prior to another round of EPA Regulations. Modifications were made at that point to bring the motors up to standards and these modifications were not carefully engineered and designed and caused powerhead failure and even a recall on the motors. The losses on these motors, the loss of reputation and the surge of competition from Japan and Mercury, in 2001 Bombardier acquired the Evinrude and Johnson Outboards brands, the FICHT technology was reengineered into E-TEC direct injection. This improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, oil usage, noise levels and this is due in part by a pin point oiling system which only applies oil to the necessary components, unlike the original two stroke motors. Evinrude E-TEC was the first outboard engine technology to win the American Environmental Protection Agency 2004 Clean Air Excellence Award, today all Evinrude motors are built and assembled in Sturtevant, Wisconsin, south of Milwaukee. Ole Evinrude was born in Gjøvik, Norway on April 19,1877, five years later, his family emigrated to the United States, settling near Cambridge, Wisconsin. Interested in mechanics from an age, Evinrude became an apprentice machinist at age 16 and eventually a master pattern maker. While Evinrude concentrated on the mechanical and engineering aspects of the new firm, he entrusted the bookkeeping and business end of the firm to his assistant, Cary expressed a desire for a dish of ice cream and Evinrude rowed back to shore for it. Of course, the ice cream was melted by the time he returned, Cary and Evinrude were married in 1906. In 1907, Evinrude founded Evinrude Motors in Milwaukee, the firm immediately began to develop its first outboard motor, a one-cylinder,1.5 hp model, which became an instant success upon its introduction in 1909. Because of Bessies poor health, the Evinrudes sold their company in 1913 and his inventive mind kept busy, however, and during his retirement, he devised a much-improved, two-cylinder outboard engine. In 1921 he and Bessie formed the ELTO Outboard Motor Company, Bessie, who had retired in 1928 for health reasons, died in 1933 in Milwaukee. Ole Evinrude died the year on July 12 in Milwaukee. In 1936 the Evinrude company merged with the Johnson Motor Company to form the Outboard Marine Corporation, during World War II the company manufactured motors for various types of military marine craft
11.
Throttle
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A throttle is the mechanism by which fluid flow is managed by constriction or obstruction. An engines power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet gases, the term throttle has come to refer, informally and incorrectly, to any mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated. What is often termed a throttle is more correctly called a thrust lever, for a steam engine, the steam valve that sets the engine speed/power is often known as a regulator. A diesel engine does not have a throttle except there is a valve on the newer diesel engines which is generally referred to as air management valves. Air management valves can be with or without integrated control electronics, the throttle is typically a butterfly valve. In a fuel-injected engine, the valve is placed on the entrance of the intake manifold. In a carbureted engine, it is found in the carburetor, when a throttle is wide open, the intake manifold is usually at ambient atmospheric pressure. When the throttle is closed, a manifold vacuum develops as the intake drops below ambient pressure. Usually, the valve is controlled with a throttle pedal or lever via a direct mechanical linkage. In vehicles with electronic control, the manual throttle control sends a signal to the Engine Control Unit. This means that the operator does not have control over the throttle valve. In a reciprocating-engine aircraft, the control is usually a hand-operated lever or knob. It controls the power output, which may or may not reflect in a change of RPM. The power output of an engine is controlled by regulating the quantity of fuel that is injected into the cylinder. Because the engines do not need to control air volumes, they lack a butterfly valve in the intake tract. In fuel injected engines, the body is the part of the air intake system that controls the amount of air flowing into the engine. The throttle body is located between the air filter box and the intake manifold, and it is usually attached to, or near. The largest piece inside the body is the throttle plate
12.
Ignition timing
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In a vast majority of cases, the angle will be described as a certain angle advanced before top dead center. Sparks occurring after top dead center are usually counter-productive unless there is need for a supplemental or continuing spark prior to the exhaust stroke, Setting the correct ignition timing is crucial in the performance of an engine. Sparks occurring too soon or too late in the cycle are often responsible for excessive vibrations. The ignition timing affects many variables including engine longevity, fuel economy, modern engines that are controlled in real time by an engine control unit use a computer to control the timing throughout the engines RPM and load range. Older engines that use mechanical spark distributors rely on inertia and manifold vacuum in order to set the timing throughout the engines RPM. Early cars required the driver to adjust timing via controls according to driving conditions, there are many factors that influence proper ignition timing for a given engine. Usually, any engine changes or upgrades will require a change to the ignition timing settings of the engine. Spark timing, relative to piston position, is based on static timing without mechanical advance, the distributors centrifugal timing advance mechanism makes the spark occur sooner as engine speed increases. Many of these engines also use a vacuum advance that advances timing during light loads and deceleration. This typically applies to use, marine gasoline engines generally use a similar system. In mid-1963, Ford offered transistorized ignition on their new 427 FE V8, engines so equipped carried special stickers on their valve covers reading “427-T. ”AC Delco’s Delcotron Transistor Control Magnetic Pulse Ignition System became optional on a number of General Motors vehicles beginning in 1964. The Delco system eliminated the mechanical points completely, using magnetic flux variation for current switching, in 1967, Ferrari and Fiat Dinos came equipped with Magneti Marelli Dinoplex electronic ignition, and all Porsche 911s had electronic ignition beginning with the B-Series 1969 models. In 1972, Chrysler introduced a magnetically-triggered pointless electronic ignition system as standard equipment on some production cars, Electronic control of ignition timing was introduced a few years later in 1975-76 with the introduction of Chryslers computer-controlled Lean-Burn electronic spark advance system. By 1979 with the Bosch Motronic engine management system, technology had advanced to include control of both the ignition timing and fuel delivery. These systems form the basis of modern management systems. Timing advance refers to the number of degrees before top dead center that the spark will ignite the mixture in the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. Retarded timing can be defined as changing the timing so that fuel ignition happens later than the specified time. For example, if the timing specified by the manufacturer was set at 12 degrees BTDC initially and adjusted to 11 degrees BTDC, it would be referred to as retarded
13.
Carburetor
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A carburetor, or carburettor, or carburator, or carburetter is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine in the proper ratio for combustion. It is sometimes shortened to carb in North America or carby in Australia. To carburate or carburet is to blend the air and fuel or to equip with a carburetor for that purpose, carburetors have largely been supplanted in the automotive and, to a lesser extent, aviation industries by fuel injection. They are still common on engines for lawn mowers, rototillers. The word carburetor comes from the French carbure meaning carbide, carburer means to combine with carbon. In fuel chemistry, the term has the specific meaning of increasing the carbon content of a fluid by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon. The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826, a carburetor was invented by an Italian, Luigi De Cristoforis, in 1876. Another carburetor was developed by Enrico Bernardi at the University of Padua in 1882, for his Motrice Pia, a carburetor was among the early patents by Karl Benz as he developed internal combustion engines and their components. Early carburetors were the surface type, in which air is charged with fuel by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In 1885, Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler developed a float carburetor for their engine based on the atomizer nozzle, hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki patented a carburetor for a stationary engine in 1893. Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham, England, experimented with the wick carburetor in cars, in 1896, Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline-driven car in England, a single cylinder 5 hp internal combustion engine with chain drive. Unhappy with the performance and power, they re-built the engine the next year into a horizontally opposed version using his new wick carburetor design. Carburetors were the method of fuel delivery for most US-made gasoline-fueled engines up until the late 1980s. 1991, Jeep Grand Wagoneer with the AMC360 cu in V8 engine, low-cost commercial vans and 4WDs in Australia continued with carburetors even into the 2000s, the last being the Mitsubishi Express van in 2003. Elsewhere, certain Lada cars used carburetors until 2006, many motorcycles still use carburetors for simplicitys sake, since a carburetor does not require an electrical system to function. EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992. This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time, with cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990. Fords first fuel-injected car was the Ford Capri RS2600 in 1970, general Motors launched its first fuel-injected car around the same time, when began to introduce fuel-injected engines to its Vauxhall Cavalier/Opel Ascona range
14.
Tiller
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A tiller or till is a lever attached to a rudder post or rudder stock of a boat that provides leverage in the form of torque for the helmsman to turn the rudder. The tiller can be used by the helmsman directly pulling or pushing it, rapid or excessive movement of the tiller results in an increase in drag and will result in braking or slowing the boat. In steering a boat, the tiller is moved in the direction opposite of which the bow of the boat is to move. If the tiller is moved to side, the bow will turn to starboard. If the tiller is moved to starboard, the bow will turn port, sailing students often learn the alliterative phrase Tiller Towards Trouble to remind them of how to steer. Since the tiller is forward of the pivot point, and the rudder aft of it. For example, to turn a ship to port, the helmsman would be given the order starboard helm or x degrees starboard, the ships tiller was then moved to starboard, turning the rudder to the vessels port side, producing a turn to port. The opposite convention applied in France, but Austria and Italy kept to the English system, there was no standardisation in vessels from Scandinavian countries, where the practice varied from ship to ship. Most French vessels with steering wheels had their steering chains reversed, when large steamships appeared in the late 19th century with telemotors hydraulically connecting the wheel on the bridge to the steering gear at the stern, the practice continued. However the helmsman was now no longer controlling the tiller. Tiller Orders remained however, although many maritime nations had abandoned the convention by the end of the 19th century, Britain retained it until 1933, during the transition period the wording of the order was changed, to specify Wheel to starboard or Wheel to port. A well-known and often-depicted example occurred on the RMS Titanic in 1912 just before she collided with an iceberg. When the iceberg appeared directly in front of the ship, her officer-of-the-watch, First Officer William Murdoch and he ordered Hard-a-Starboard, which was a Tiller Order directing the helmsman to turn the wheel to port as far as it would go. The Titanics steering gear then pushed the tiller toward the side of the ship, swinging the rudder over to port. These actions are portrayed in the 1997 film of the disaster. Although frequently described as an error, the order was given, however, according to the granddaughter of the highest-ranking officer to survive the sinking, Second Officer Charles Lightoller, the order was not correctly executed. Quartermaster Hitchins, who had trained under Rudder Orders, mistakenly turned the wheel to starboard. It took two minutes to recognise and correct the error, by time it was too late to avoid collision with the iceberg
15.
Jon boat
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A jon boat is a flat-bottomed boat constructed of aluminum, fiberglass, or wood with one, two, or three bench seats. They are suitable for fishing and hunting, the hull of a jon boat is nearly flat, therefore it tends to ride over the waves rather than cut through them as a V-hull might, thus limiting the use of the boat to calmer waters. Jon boats typically have a transom onto which a motor can be mounted. They are simple and easy to maintain, and inexpensive with many options to upgrade, typical options might include live wells/bait wells, side or center consoles, factory installed decks and floors, electrical wiring, accessory pads/mountings, casting and poling platforms. Jon boats are available commercially between 8 and 24 feet long and 32 to 60 inches wide, though custom sizes may be found, the simple design includes an open hull, without a bilge, leaving the ribs exposed. Many individuals choose to cover the ribs, producing a flat, the Wasserwacht branch of the German Red Cross has chosen jon boats for their civil protection units for use during floods. In the late 19th century flat-bottom boats were popular in The Ozarks. As a result, people of that region began referring to the boat as the “Ozark John Boat”, the boats were found useful for float fishing, duck hunting and carrying timber. Visiting tourists and travellers enjoyed the idea of flat-bottomed boats, as they could fish standing up, during the early 20th century the Ozark John Boat saw many advancements in its construction and design. As the boat became popular among other regions, it was more commonly recognized as the “John Boat”
16.
Dinghy
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A dinghy is a type of small boat, often carried or towed for use as a ships boat by a larger vessel. The term is a loanword from the Bengali ḍiṅgi, Urdu ḍīngī & Hindi ḍieṁgī, dinghies usually range in length from about 2 to 6 m. Larger auxiliary vessels are generally called tenders, pinnaces or lifeboats, folding and take-down multi-piece dinghies are used where space is limited. Some newer dinghies have much greater buoyancy, giving them more carrying capacity than older boats of the same size, whaleboats are among the classic pulling boats, with a sharp bow, fine stern lines and a canoe stern. Despite being somewhat more tippy, with cargo capacity than prams, they row, motor. Prior to the introduction of fibreglass as a material, dories were more popular because their ease of assembly and, thereby. Whitehall rowboats were the water taxis of the late 1800s until the invention of the small gasoline outboard. Considered one of the most refined rowboats for harbour and lake use, dories are sharp-ended boats traditionally made of wood but now also produced in fibreglass or aluminium. They cut the water well, but their stability is low, making them feel tippy in flat water. A dory can be landed or launched through surf where a Whitehall may founder, prams are usually short with transoms at both bow and stern. Popular as tenders on sail boats with limited deck space, some inflatable boats have a rigid deck and transom which allows an engine to be used for propulsion. They row poorly and do not tow well because of their blunt bows and large wetted surface area, rigid safety dinghies are designed to row, motor, tow, and sail. In addition to their self-rescue lifeboat functionality, these serve as everyday tenders. They are extremely buoyant and/or unsinkable and have great carrying capacity relative to length, dinghy is also a term given to any small cars, trucks or suvs towed behind a motor home. On yachts shorter than 10 m, there is not enough room for a reasonably sized dinghy. A dinghy is useful to avoid the need for expensive dock or slip space, so owners of small yachts compromise by carrying a small rigid dinghy or deflated inflatable, space can be saved by storing items in containers or bags that are tied to the dinghy. Dinghies are sometimes used as lifeboats, recently self-rescue dinghies have come back into use as proactive lifeboats that can be sailed to safety, rigid dinghies for small yachts are very small, about 2 m, usually with a pram bow to get more beam in a shorter length. Larger dinghies are towed and should have reserve buoyancy, an automatic bailer, most masters prefer a tow cable long enough to put the dinghy on the back side of the swell to prevent the dinghy from ramming the transom of the yacht
17.
Canoe
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A canoe is a lightweight narrow boat, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel using a single-bladed paddle. In International Canoe Federation nomenclature used in some European countries such as the United Kingdom the term refers to kayaks. Canoes are used for racing, whitewater canoeing, touring and camping, freestyle, the intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape and length and construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame, most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass. Until the mid-1800s the canoe was an important means of transport for exploration and trade, canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. In places where the played a key role in history, such as the northern United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Canoes can be adapted to many purposes, for example with the addition of sails, outboard motors, the word canoe comes from the Carib kenu, via the Spanish canoa. Constructed between 8200 and 7600 BC, and found in the Netherlands, the Pesse canoe may be the oldest known canoe, excavations in Denmark reveal the use of dugouts and paddles during the Ertebølle period. Australian Aboriginal people made canoes using a variety of materials, including bark, the indigenous people of the Amazon commonly used Hymenaea trees. Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built bark canoes and they were usually skinned with birch bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length of 4.3 m and weight of 23 kg, although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good, and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again. American painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that the canoe was the most beautiful. Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for different purposes, from western red-cedar or yellow-cedar, different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon-fishing. The Quinault of Washington State built shovel-nose canoes, with double bows, the Kootenai of British Columbia province made sturgeon-nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenay Lake. The first explorer to cross the North American continent, Alexander Mackenzie, used extensively, as did David Thompson. Its dimensions were, length approximately 11 m, beam 1.2 to 1.8 m and it could carry 60 packs weighing 41 kg, and 910 kg of provisions. With a crew of eight or ten, they could make three knots over calm waters, four to six men could portage it, bottom up
18.
Sailboat
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A sailboat or sailing boat is a boat propelled partly or entirely by sails smaller than a sailing ship. Distinctions in what constitutes a sailing boat and ship vary by region, although sailboat terminology has varied across history, many terms have specific meanings in the context of modern yachting. A great number of sailboat-types may be distinguished by size, hull configuration, keel type, purpose, number and configuration of masts, and sail plan. Once a common racing configuration, today it gives versatility to cruising boats, a catboat has a single mast mounted far forward and does not carry a jib. Most modern designs have only one sail, the mainsail, however, a dinghy is a type of small open sailboat commonly used for recreation, sail training, and tending a larger vessel. They are popular in youth sailing programs for their short LOA, simple operation and they have three sails, the mainsail, jib, and spinnaker. Ketches are similar to a sloop, but there is a shorter mast astern of the mainmast. The second mast is called the mizzen mast and the sail is called the mizzen sail, a ketch can also be Cutter-rigged with two head sails. A schooner has a mainmast taller than its foremast, distinguishing it from a ketch or a yawl, a schooner can have more than two masts, with the foremast always lower than the foremost main. Traditional topsail schooners have topmasts allowing triangular topsails sails to be flown above their gaff sails, the most common modern sailboat is the sloop, which features one mast and two sails, typically a Bermuda rigged main, and a headsail. This simple configuration is very efficient for sailing into the wind, a smaller headsail is easier for a short-handed crew to manage. A yawl is similar to a ketch, with a mizzen mast carried astern the rudderpost more for balancing the helm than propulsion. Traditional sailboats are monohulls, but multi-hull catamarans and trimarans are gaining popularity, monohull boats generally rely on ballast for stability and usually are displacement hulls. This stabilizing ballast can, in boats designed for racing, be as much as 50% of the weight of the boat and it creates two problems, one, it gives the monohull tremendous inertia, making it less maneuverable and reducing its acceleration. Secondly, unless it has built with buoyant foam or air tanks, if a monohull fills with water. Multihulls rely on the geometry and the stance of the multiple hulls for their stability. Indeed, multihulls are designed to be as light-weight as possible and this absence of ballast also results in some very real performance gains in terms of acceleration, top speed, and maneuverability. The lack of ballast makes it easier to get a multihull on plane, reducing its wetted surface area and thus its drag. The absence of drag improves wind precision
19.
Trolling (fishing)
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Trolling is a method of fishing where one or more fishing lines, baited with lures or bait fish, are drawn through the water. This may be behind a boat, or by slowly winding the line in when fishing from a static position, or even sweeping the line from side-to-side. Trolling is used to catch fish such as salmon, mackerel. Trolling can be confused with trawling, a different method of fishing where a net is drawn through the water instead of lines. Trolling is used both for recreational and commercial fishing whereas trawling is used mainly for commercial fishing, Trolling from a moving boat involves moving quite slowly through the water. This can be accomplished with the use of a special trolling motor, multiple lines are often used, and outriggers can be used to spread the lines more widely and reduce their chances of tangling. Downriggers can also be used to keep the lures or baits trailing at a desired depth, outriggers are poles which allow a boat to troll several lines in the water without tangling. A boat which trolls enough lines can simulate a school of fish, downrigger are devices used while trolling to keep a bait or lure at the desired depth. In practice, fish swim at different depths according to such as the temperature and amount of light in the water. A downrigger consists of a one or two metre horizontal pole which supports a weight, typically about three kilograms of lead, on a steel cable. A clip called a release attaches the fishing line to the weight. The fishing line is reeled in by a spool powered either by manual cranking or by an electric motor, using a downrigger can be hazardous. For example, man-made reservoirs can contain submerged trees and other structures beneath the surface which downriggers can snag, paravanes are sometimes used as depth controlling devices, particularly in commercial tuna fishing operations. These kites have various shapes, such as arrowhead paravanes, flexi-wing paravanes, the devices can place the lure or bait at designated depths and positions, and in this way multiple devices can be towed at the same time without the devices and bait interfering with each other. Spreaders allow multiple baited hooks or lures to be trolled from a single line, planer boards are trolled devices designed to spread fishing lures out away from the fishing vessel. They allow multiple lines to be trolled and they come in dual board and inline board designs. Inlines are popular with walleye fishermen, once tripped they offer much less resistance when reeling in a fish. Planing Floats with Direction Control Paul Lieb US Patent 6,874,271 are planer boards that flip direction when given a tug, planer Boards with Direction Control Shore Fishing Techniques using patented mini planer boards with direction control
20.
Trolling motor
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A trolling motor is a self-contained unit that includes an electric motor, propeller and controls, and is affixed to an anglers boat, either at the bow or stern. A gasoline-powered outboard used in trolling, if it is not the primary source of propulsion. Trolling motors are often lifted from the water to reduce drag when the primary engine is in operation. Trolling for game fish, a used for this purpose is usually a secondary means of propulsion. The tube contains a flexible shaft formed of three coils of phosphor bronz and this tube extends down and out into the water, where it carries a propeller, and at the inboard end an electric Motor is attached, which is itself driven by batteries. It was invented and sold by the Electric Boat company, the electric trolling motor was invented by O. G. Schmidt in 1934 in Fargo, North Dakota, when he took a starter motor from a Ford Model A, added a flexible shaft, and a propeller. Because his manufacturing company was near the Minnesota/North Dakota border, he decided to call the new company Minn Kota, the company still is a major manufacturer of trolling motors. The Shakespeare WonderTroll 606 model could operate either a 6 or 12 volt battery. The motor itself is sealed inside a watertight compartment at the end of the shaft and it is submerged during operation, which prevents overheating. The propeller is fitted directly on to the propshaft, hand-control, tiller for steering, with speed control either built into the tiller or a control knob on top of the unit. Hand controlled trolling motors are attached to the boat with a clamp, foot-control, on/off and speed controls are foot-operated, and built into a pedal that also controls the steering mechanism. Steering may be via electronically controlled servo motors, or in early-model, foot controlled trolling motors require a specialized mounting bracket that bolts horizontally to the deck. Main advantage of foot controls is that fisherman has both hands free for fishing and landing the hooked fish, on the other hand, it is sometimes hard to coordinate foot work with hands, especially in wavy and windy conditions. Wireless remote, available on high-end late-model trolling motors, servo-controlled steering and speed control both respond to a wireless device, either in a foot pedal or a key-fob transmitter. Small outboard motors are used as trolling motors on boats with much larger engines that do not operate as efficiently or quietly at trolling speeds.1 kW. Currents stronger than 60A are rarely used, since 60A current already requires 8 AWG or even thicker cables, cables are dimensioned to prevent 5% or higher voltage drop. Larger voltage drop could lead to power losses and increased danger of fire. As power source, 12V marine deep cycle, sealed lead batteries are commonly used
21.
Bass (fish)
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Bass is a name shared by many species of fish. The term encompasses both freshwater and marine species, all belonging to the large order Perciformes, or perch-like fishes, the word bass comes from Middle English bars, meaning perch. The black basses, such as the Choctaw bass, Guadalupe bass, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, the temperate basses, such as the European seabass, striped bass and white bass, belong to the family Moronidae. The Asian seabasses, such as the Japanese seabass and Blackfin seabass, many species are also known as basses, including, The Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, is a member of the temperate perch family, Percichthyidae. The black sea bass, Centropristis striata, is a member of the sea bass and sea grouper family, the Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides, also known as the Patagonian toothfish, is a member of the cod icefish family, Nototheniidae. The giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas, also known as the sea bass, is a member of the wreckfish family. The lanternbellies or temperate ocean-basses, Acropomatidae, the butterfly peacock bass, Cichla ocellaris, is a member of the cichlid family, Cichlidae and a prized game fish along with its relatives in the genus Cichla. Largemouth bass and smallmouth bass are the most popular fish in North America. It is also popular in South Africa where the largemouth bass is often found in lakes, rivers, creeks. When fishing, lures or live bait will work, lures that mimic baitfish, worms, crayfish, frogs, and mice are all effective. Bass, the name of various trimly shaped, active, gamy fishes of fresh and salt water
22.
Pump-jet
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A pump-jet, hydrojet, or water jet is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller, a centrifugal pump, the design also incorporates an intake to provide water to the pump and a nozzle to direct the flow of water out of the pump. A pump-jet works by having an intake that allows water to pass underneath the vessel into the engines, Water enters the pump through this inlet. The pump can be of a design for high speeds. The water pressure inside the inlet is increased by the pump, with the use of a reversing bucket, reverse thrust can also be achieved for faring backwards, quickly and without the need to change gear or adjust engine thrust. The reversing bucket can also be used to slow the ship down when braking. This feature is the main reason pump jets are so maneuverable, the nozzle also provides the steering of the pump-jets. Plates, similar to rudders, can be attached to the nozzle in order to redirect the water flow port and starboard. In a way, this is similar to the principles of air thrust vectoring and this provides pumpjet-powered ships with superior agility at sea. Another advantage is that when faring backwards by using the bucket, steering is not inverted. An axial-flow waterjets pressure is increased by diffusing the flow as it is passes through the impeller blades, the pump nozzle then converts this pressure energy into velocity, thus producing thrust. But these craft also have high power-to-weight ratios compared to most marine craft, axial-flow waterjets are by far the most common type of pump. Mixed-flow waterjet designs incorporate aspects of both Axial flow and Centrifugal flow concepts, pressure is developed by both diffusion and radial outflow. Mixed flow designs produce lower volumes of water at high velocity making them suited for small to moderate craft sizes, common uses include high speed pleasure craft, and waterjets for shallow water river racing. Centrifugal-flow waterjet designs make use of flow to create water pressure. Centrifugal designs are not commonly used anymore except on outboard sterndrives, pump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications, usually related to requirements for high-speed or shallow-draft operations. Modern torpedoes, such as the Spearfish, the Mk 48, disadvantages of pump-jets include, Can be less efficient than a propeller at low speed More expensive The intake grill can become clogged with debris, e. g. seaweed. The effects of this can be mitigated by having a reversing gearbox between the engine and the water jet, the Italian inventor Secondo Campini showed the first functioning man-made pump-jet engine in Venice in 1931
23.
Norwegian Americans
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Norwegian Americans comprise Americans with ancestral roots from Norway. Norwegian immigrants went to the United States primarily in the half of the 19th century. There are more than 4.5 million Norwegian Americans according to the most recent U. S. census, Norwegian Americans currently comprise the 10th largest European ancestry group in the United States. Norsemen from Greenland and Iceland were the first Europeans to reach North America, leif Ericson reached North America via Norse settlements in Greenland around the year 1000. Norse settlers from Greenland founded the settlement of LAnse aux Meadows and Point Rosee in Vinland, in what is now Newfoundland and these settlers failed to establish a permanent settlement because of conflicts with indigenous people and within the Norse community. There was a Norwegian presence in New Amsterdam in the part of 17th century. Hans Hansen Bergen, a native of Bergen, Norway, was one of the earliest settlers of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam having immigrated in 1633, another of the first Norwegian settlers was Albert Andriessen Bradt who arrived in New Amsterdam in 1637. Pieter Van Brugh, Mayor of Albany, New York was the grandson of Norwegian immigrants, approximately 60 persons had settled in the Manhattan area before the British take-over in 1664. How many Norwegians that settled in New Netherland is not known, the Netherlands had strong commercial ties with the coastal lumber trade of Norway during the 17th century and many Norwegians immigrated to Amsterdam. Some of them settled in Dutch colonies, although never in large numbers, there were also Norwegian settlers in Pennsylvania in the first half of the 18th century, upstate New York in the latter half of the same century, and in New England during both halves. The earliest immigrants from Norway to America emigrated mostly because of religious motives, as Religious Society of Friends, organized Norwegian immigration to North America began in 1825, when several dozen Norwegians left Stavanger bound for North America on the sloop Restauration under the leadership of Cleng Peerson. To a great extent, this emigration from Norway was borne out of religious persecution, especially for Quakers and a local religious group. The ship landed in New York City, where it was at first impounded for exceeding its passenger limit. After intervention from President John Quincy Adams, the passengers moved on to settle in Kendall, New York with the help of Andreas Stangeland, many of these immigrants moved on from the Kendall Settlement, settling in Illinois and Wisconsin. In July of that year, a group of six dissenting families, seeking a haven from the official Norwegian state church, set sail from Stavanger in an undersized sloop, the Restaurationen. When it arrived in New York harbor after an arduous 14-week journey, the Restaurationen caused a sensation, local Quakers helped the destitute emigrants, who eventually established a community in upstate New York. Today, their descendants are known as sloopers. While about 65 Norwegians emigrated via Sweden and elsewhere in the years, no emigrant ships left Norway for the New World until the 1836 departures of the Den Norske Klippe
24.
ELTO
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The Elto Outdoor Motor Company was the second major outboard motor business founded by Ole Evinrude. Elto outboard engines were produced in the U. S. from 1921 to 1941, Ole sold his half of the original Evinrude Motor Company to his partner Chris Meyer in 1913 with the condition that Evinrude stay out of the outboard motor business for five years. Ole Evinrude continued designing motors during this time and developed a new engine that made use of lightweight aluminum. His new twin cylinder design weighed one third less than the Evinrude Motor Co. s best selling model, five years later, in 1920 Ole and his wife Bess decided to re-enter the outboard business with their new design, but still could not use the Evinrude name. Instead, they called their new Milwaukee venture the Elto Outboard Motor Co, ELTO was Besss effort to create a distinctive, one-word brand name like Kodak. It derived from the first letters of Evinrude Light Twin Outboard, by 1925, Eltos sales topped those of previous industry leader Evinrude Motor Co. In 1928 the ELTO company introduced Americas first four cylinder two-cycle outboard motor, the Super Elto Quad, though still outsold by Johnson, Elto was the industrys most profitable company that year. Eager to regain his company, Evinrude agreed to the deal and became president of the new Outboard Motors Corporation. Initially, each of the three companies marketed a line of motors, but as the Great Depression eroded sales. Evinrude became the brand, while Elto was positioned as the companys economy line. The 1. 1-hp Evinrude Scout, later renamed the Ranger, was introduced in 1938, the ½-hp Evinrude Mate came along less than a year later with a retail price of $34.50. Elto countered in 1938 with the 1. 1-hp Pal, selling for $37.50, world War II ended production of civilian models, and the prosperous post-war economy demanded larger, faster, more feature-laden motors. OMC neglected to resume the brand immediately after the war, ELTO outboards were made in a variety of sizes from the Cub, Pal and Ace, to the Ruddertwin and Lightwin. Elto Cub 0.5 HP -8 lbs Elto Pal 0.9 HP -1.1 HP Elto Ace 1.4 to 1.8 HP Produced for only two years, the Elto Cub is an interesting sidelight to the history of the outboard motor industry. Weighing only 8.5 pounds, this.5 horsepower motor was advertised as the worlds lightest outboard when introduced in 1939, the Elto Cub filled a small niche in the outboard market of the late 1930s. Its price of $29.50 appealed to Depression-stretched pocketbooks, the Cub was suitable only for the lightest duty use because of its light weight. The Cub was discontinued in 1941 and the Elto brand name was not far behind
25.
Two-stroke engine
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A two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to an engine, which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke, two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the power band. Compared to four-stroke engines, two-stroke engines have a reduced number of moving parts. The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, however, unlike most later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day. The first truly practical two-stroke engine is attributed to Yorkshireman Alfred Angas Scott, gasoline versions are particularly useful in lightweight or portable applications such as chainsaws and motorcycles. In a two-stroke engine, the transfer from the engine to the cooling system is less than in a four-stroke. Two-stroke petrol engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki did the same in the 1970s. Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, eastern Bloc countries continued until around 1991, with the Trabant and Wartburg in East Germany. They are also common in power tools used outdoors, such as lawnmowers, chainsaws, with direct fuel injection and a sump-based lubrication system, a two-stroke engine produces air pollution no worse than a four-stroke, and it can achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, the cycle has also been used in large diesel engines, most notably large industrial and marine engines, as well as some trucks. Although the principles remain the same, the details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging the cylinder, piston port is the simplest of the designs and the most common in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by the covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up. In the 1970s, Yamaha worked out some principles for this system. They found that, in general, widening an exhaust port increases the power by the amount as raising the port. However, there is a limit to the width of a single exhaust port
26.
Crosley
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The Crosley was an automobile manufactured by the Crosley Corporation and later by Crosley Motors Incorporated in the United States intermittently from 1939 to 1952. In May 1939, the first car was shown at the Indianapolis Speedway and it was a two-door convertible that weighed under 1, 000-pound and sold for US$250. It did not achieve success, but in 1941 more body styles were introduced. The chassis had an 80-inch wheelbase using half-elliptic springs with beam axle in front, the power came from a two-cylinder Waukesha air-cooled engine that had the fan as an integral part of the flywheel. The engine was connected with a transmission and then directly via a torque tube to the rear axle. However, this arrangement was judged unreliable, and conventional universal joints were fitted beginning in 1941, Crosleys first metal-topped sedan was introduced for 1942. During World War II, the Crosley became attractive because of gasoline rationing, civilian car production resumed at the Marion facility in 1946 with the new, larger and aerodynamic CC model, designed by the firm of Sundberg & Ferar of Royal Oak, Michigan. 1950 brought the Farm-O-Road model, a 63-inch wheelbase utility vehicle predictive of the John Deere Gator, with 24,871 cars sold, Crosleys best year was 1948. Sales began to slip in 1949, and adding the Crosley Hotshot, in 1952, only 1522 Crosley vehicles were sold. Production ceased after the July 3rd shift that year, and the plant was sold to the General Tire, a plan to sell the Crosley auto concern to Nash failed to materialize, when Nash merged with Hudson. Regardless of its life and small size, the Hotshot is well remembered as a phenomenal sports car within its class. A Hotshot won the 1950 Sam Collier Memorial Sebring Grand Prix of Endurance Six Hours, throughout, the 1950s Crosley engines dominated 750 cc sports car racing, winning 10 out of 12 SCCA west-coast races alone. The original engine is the Waukesha Model 150 Cub Twin, a 580 cc air-cooled L-head opposed twin-cylinder engine built by Waukesha Engines of Waukesha, Wisconsin, and used from 1939 through 1942. It was replaced in 1946 with the CoBra, a 724 cc overhead-cam four with a 2.5 in bore and 2.25 in stroke and that engine in turn was replaced in 1949 by the new and more reliable CIBA engine utilizing five main bearings. The CoBra was originally developed by Lloyd Taylor, of Taylor Engines in California, for use aboard PT boats. The engine was made from metal rather than cast iron like most other engines. These engines were used mainly to power generators, refrigeration compressors, the engine was adopted for automobile use in 1946. It was a small, lightweight engine with overhead camshaft driven by two sets of bevel gears and a vertical shaft at the front of the block
27.
California Air Resources Board
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The California Air Resources Board, also known as CARB or ARB, is the clean air agency in the government of California. CARB has also been instrumental in driving innovation throughout the automotive industry through programs such as its ZEV mandate. One of CARBs responsibilities is to define vehicle emissions standards, California is the only state permitted to issue emissions standards under the federal Clean Air Act, subject to a waiver from the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Other states may choose to follow CARB or federal standards but may not set their own, CARBs governing board is made up of 14 members, soon to be 16 with 2 members being non-voting. The governors three remaining appointees are members of the public, including an expert in air pollution control or one of the mentioned above. The two legislature-appointed board members work directly with communities affected by air pollution, the divisions technical support work provides a basis for clean air plans and CARBs regulatory programs. This support includes management and interpretation of emission inventories, air quality data, meteorological data, the other two sections are the Regional Air Quality Modeling Section and the Meteorology Section. The air quality and atmospheric pollution dispersion models routinely used by this Section include a number of the models recommended by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The section uses models which were developed by CARB or whose development was funded by CARB, such as. Currently maintained by the TRC Solution Company under contract to the U. S. EPA, CALGRID – Developed by CARB and currently maintained by CARB. SARMAP – Developed by CARB and currently maintained by CARB, the CARB ZEV program was enacted by the California government to promote the use of zero emission vehicles. The program goal is to reduce the air pollution affecting the main metropolitan areas in the state, particularly in Los Angeles. The first ruling was the 1990 Low-Emission Vehicle Program, the first definition has its origin in the California ZEV rule, adopted as part of the 1990 Low-Emission Vehicle Program mandated by CARB. ULEV, 50% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle, SULEV, These vehicles emit substantially lower levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter than conventional vehicles. They are 90% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle, PZEV, Meets SULEV tailpipe standards, has a 15-year /150,000 mile warranty, and zero evaporative emissions. These vehicles are 80% cleaner than the average 2002 model year car, AT PZEV, These are advanced technology vehicles that meet PZEV standards and include ZEV enabling technology. They are 80% cleaner than the average 2002 model year car, ZEV, Zero tailpipe emissions, and 98% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle. The Low-Emission Vehicle Program is currently under revision to define modified ZEV regulations for 2015 models, CARB voted unanimously in March 2017 to require automakers to average 54.5 mpg for new cars in 2025
28.
Supercharger
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A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work. Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, when power is provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas, a supercharger is known as a turbosupercharger – typically referred to simply as a turbocharger or just turbo. Common usage restricts the term supercharger to mechanically driven units, in 1848 or 1849 G. Jones of Birmingham, England brought out a Roots-style compressor. The worlds first functional, actually tested engine supercharger was made by Dugald Clerk, gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for supercharging an internal combustion engine in 1885. Louis Renault patented a centrifugal supercharger in France in 1902, an early supercharged race car was built by Lee Chadwick of Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1908 which reportedly reached a speed of 100 mph. The worlds first series-produced cars with superchargers were Mercedes 6/25/40 hp, both models were introduced in 1921 and had Roots superchargers. They were distinguished as Kompressor models, the origin of the Mercedes-Benz badging which continues today, on March 24,1878 Heinrich Krigar of Germany obtained patent #4121, patenting the first ever screw-type compressor. Later that same year on August 16 he obtained patent #7116 after modifying and improving his original designs and his designs show a two-lobe rotor assembly with each rotor having the same shape as the other. Although the design resembled the Roots style compressor, the screws were clearly shown with 180 degrees of twist along their length, unfortunately, the technology of the time was not sufficient to produce such a unit, and Heinrich made no further progress with the screw compressor. Nearly half a century later, in 1935, Alf Lysholm and he also patented the method for machining the compressor rotors. There are two types of superchargers defined according to the method of gas transfer, positive displacement. Positive displacement blowers and compressors deliver an almost constant level of pressure increase at all engine speeds, dynamic compressors do not deliver pressure at low speeds, above a threshold speed, pressure increases with engine speed. Positive-displacement pumps deliver a nearly fixed volume of air per revolution at all speeds, Roots superchargers are external compression only. External compression refers to pumps that transfer air at ambient pressure into the engine, if the engine is running under boost conditions, the pressure in the intake manifold is higher than that coming from the supercharger. That causes a backflow from the engine into the supercharger until the two reach equilibrium and it is the backflow that actually compresses the incoming gas. This is an inefficient process and the factor in the lack of efficiency of Roots superchargers when used at high boost levels. The lower the boost level the smaller is this loss, and Roots blowers are very efficient at moving air at low pressure differentials, all the other types have some degree of internal compression
29.
Drag (physics)
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In fluid dynamics, drag is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two layers or a fluid and a solid surface. Unlike other resistive forces, such as dry friction, which are independent of velocity. Drag force is proportional to the velocity for a laminar flow, even though the ultimate cause of a drag is viscous friction, the turbulent drag is independent of viscosity. Drag forces always decrease fluid velocity relative to the object in the fluids path. In the case of viscous drag of fluid in a pipe, in physics of sports, the drag force is necessary to explain the performance of runners, particularly of sprinters. Types of drag are generally divided into the categories, parasitic drag, consisting of form drag, skin friction, interference drag, lift-induced drag. The phrase parasitic drag is used in aerodynamics, since for lifting wings drag it is in general small compared to lift. For flow around bluff bodies, form and interference drags often dominate, further, lift-induced drag is only relevant when wings or a lifting body are present, and is therefore usually discussed either in aviation or in the design of semi-planing or planing hulls. Wave drag occurs either when an object is moving through a fluid at or near the speed of sound or when a solid object is moving along a fluid boundary. Drag depends on the properties of the fluid and on the size, shape, at low R e, C D is asymptotically proportional to R e −1, which means that the drag is linearly proportional to the speed. At high R e, C D is more or less constant, the graph to the right shows how C D varies with R e for the case of a sphere. As mentioned, the equation with a constant drag coefficient gives the force experienced by an object moving through a fluid at relatively large velocity. This is also called quadratic drag, the equation is attributed to Lord Rayleigh, who originally used L2 in place of A. Sometimes a body is a composite of different parts, each with a different reference areas, in the case of a wing the reference areas are the same and the drag force is in the same ratio to the lift force as the ratio of drag coefficient to lift coefficient. Therefore, the reference for a wing is often the area rather than the frontal area. For an object with a surface, and non-fixed separation points—like a sphere or circular cylinder—the drag coefficient may vary with Reynolds number Re. For an object with well-defined fixed separation points, like a disk with its plane normal to the flow direction
30.
Keel
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On boats and ships, keel can refer to either of two parts, a structural element that sometimes resembles a fin and protrudes below a boat along the central line, or a hydrodynamic element. As the laying down of the keel is the step in the construction of a ship, in British. Only the ships launching is considered significant in its creation. The word can also be used as a synecdoche to refer to a complete boat, a structural keel is the bottom-most structural member around which the hull of a ship is built. The keel runs along the centerline of the ship, from the bow to the stern. The keel is often the first part of a hull to be constructed. The most common type of keel is the plate keel. A form of keel found on smaller vessels is the bar keel, which may be fitted in trawlers, tugs, and smaller ferries. Where grounding is possible, this type of keel is suitable with its massive scantlings, if a double bottom is fitted, the keel is almost inevitably of the flat plate type, bar keels often being associated with open floors, where the plate keel may also be fitted. Duct keels are provided in the bottom of some vessels and these run from the forward engine room bulkhead to the collision bulkhead and are utilized to carry the double bottom piping. The piping is then accessible when cargo is loaded, the keel surface on the bottom of the hull gives the ship greater directional control and stability. In non-sailing hulls, the helps the hull to move forward. In traditional boat building, this is provided by the structural keel, in modern construction, the bar keel or flat-plate keel performs the same function. There are many types of fixed keels, including full keels, long keels, fin keels, winged keels, bulb keels, the rudimentary purpose of the keel is to convert the sideways motion of the wind when it is abeam into forward motion. A secondary purpose of the keel is to provide ballast, keels are different from centreboards and other types of foils in that keels are made of heavy materials to provide ballast to stabilize the boat. Keels may be fixed, or non-movable, or they may retract to allow sailing in shallower waters, retracting keels may pivot or slide upwards to retract, and are usually retracted with a winch due to the weight of the ballast. Since the keel provides far more stability when lowered than when retracted, types of non-fixed keels include swing keels and canting keels. Canting keels can be found on racing yachts, such as competing in the Volvo Ocean Race
31.
Bow (ship)
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The bow /ˈbaʊ/ is the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat, the point that is usually most forward when the vessel is underway. Both of the fore and forward mean towards the bow. The other end of the boat is the stern, from Middle Dutch boech or Old Norse bógr. The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the cutting through water. On slower ships like tankers, a bow shape is used to maximise the volume of the ship for a given length. A wet bow results from seawater washing over the top of the hull, a raked stem can help to reduce the wetness of the bow. Aside from making the deck slippery, water can corrode the metal of the ship, if the temperature is low enough this water can also freeze on the deck, rails, turrets, and other exposed surfaces, increasing the topside weight. The bow may be reinforced to serve as an ice-breaker, one example being the bow of container-ship Sea Witch whose reinforcement assisted its destruction of another ship in a 1973 collision, the forward part of the bow, usually on the ships centreline, is called the stem. Traditionally, the stem was a timber or metal bar into which side planks or plates were joined. ISBN 0-7566-0944-5 Steward, Robert, Boatbuilding Manual, 3rd ed. International Marine Publishing Company
32.
Tachometer
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A tachometer is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute on an analogue dial. The word comes from Greek ταχος and metron, essentially the words tachometer and speedometer have identical meaning, a device that measures speed. It is by convention that in the automotive world one is used for engine. In formal engineering nomenclature, more terms are used to distinguish the two. The first mechanical tachometers were based on measuring the centrifugal force, the inventor is assumed to be the German engineer Dietrich Uhlhorn, he used it for measuring the speed of machines in 1817. Since 1840, it has used to measure the speed of locomotives. Tachometers or revolution counters on cars, aircraft, and other vehicles show the rate of rotation of the engines crankshaft and this can assist the driver in selecting appropriate throttle and gear settings for the driving conditions. This is more applicable to manual transmissions than to automatics, the red zone is superfluous on most modern cars, since their engines typically have a revolution limiter which electronically limits engine speed to prevent damage. Tractors fitted with a take off system have tachometers showing the engine speed needed to rotate the PTO at the standardized speed required by most PTO-driven implements. In many countries, tractors are required to have a speedometer for use on a road, to save fitting a second dial, the vehicles tachometer is often marked with a second scale in units of speed. This scale is only accurate in a gear, but since many tractors only have one gear that is practical for use on-road. Tractors with multiple road gears often have tachometers with more than one speed scale, aircraft tachometers have a green arc showing the engines designed cruising speed range. This is from a connection called an AC tap which is a connection to one of the stators coil output. Tachometers driven by a cable from a drive unit fitted to the engine exist - usually on simple diesel-engined machinery with basic or no electrical systems. On recent EMS found on vehicles, the signal for the tachometer is usually generated from an ECU which derives the information from either the crankshaft or camshaft speed sensor. Tachometers are used to estimate traffic speed and volume, a vehicle is equipped with the sensor and conducts tach runs which record the traffic data. These data are a substitute or complement to loop detector data, to get statistically significant results requires a high number of runs, and bias is introduced by the time of day, day of week, and the season
33.
Cavitation
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Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid – i. e. small liquid-free zones – that are the consequence of forces acting upon the liquid. It usually occurs when a liquid is subjected to changes of pressure that cause the formation of cavities where the pressure is relatively low. When subjected to pressure, the voids implode and can generate an intense shock wave. Cavitation is a significant cause of wear in some engineering contexts, collapsing voids that implode near to a metal surface cause cyclic stress through repeated implosion. This results in surface fatigue of the metal causing a type of wear also called cavitation, the most common examples of this kind of wear are to pump impellers, and bends where a sudden change in the direction of liquid occurs. Cavitation is usually divided into two classes of behavior, inertial cavitation and non-inertial cavitation, inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid rapidly collapses, producing a shock wave. Inertial cavitation occurs in nature in the strikes of mantis shrimps and pistol shrimps, in man-made objects, it can occur in control valves, pumps, propellers and impellers. Non-inertial cavitation is the process in which a bubble in a fluid is forced to oscillate in size or shape due to form of energy input. Such cavitation is often employed in ultrasonic cleaning baths and can also be observed in pumps, propellers, since the shock waves formed by collapse of the voids are strong enough to cause significant damage to moving parts, cavitation is usually an undesirable phenomenon. It is very often specifically avoided in the design of such as turbines or propellers. However, it is useful and does not cause damage when the bubbles collapse away from machinery. Inertial cavitation was first studied by Lord Rayleigh in the late 19th century, when a volume of liquid is subjected to a sufficiently low pressure, it may rupture and form a cavity. This phenomenon is coined cavitation inception and may occur behind the blade of a rotating propeller or on any surface vibrating in the liquid with sufficient amplitude. A fast-flowing river can cause cavitation on rock surfaces, particularly there is a drop-off. Other ways of generating cavitation voids involve the local deposition of energy, vapor gases evaporate into the cavity from the surrounding medium, thus, the cavity is not a perfect vacuum, but has a relatively low gas pressure. Such a low-pressure bubble in a liquid begins to collapse due to the pressure of the surrounding medium. As the bubble collapses, the pressure and temperature of the vapor within increases, at the point of total collapse, the temperature of the vapor within the bubble may be several thousand kelvin, and the pressure several hundred atmospheres. Inertial cavitation can occur in the presence of an acoustic field
34.
Dead man's switch
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A dead mans switch is a switch that is automatically operated if the human operator becomes incapacitated, such as through death, loss of consciousness, or being bodily removed from control. Originally applied to switches on a vehicle or machine, it has come to be used to describe other intangible uses like in computer software. Dead mans switches are not always used to stop machines and prevent harm and these switches can also be used as a fail-deadly. A spring-operated switch can also be used to complete a circuit when it is no longer held down and this means that a dead mans switch may be used to activate a harmful device, such as a bomb or IED. The user holds down a switch of some sort in their hand which arms the device, the device will activate when the switch is released, so that if the user is knocked out or killed while holding the switch, the bomb will detonate. The Special Weapons Emergency Separation System is an application of concept in the field of nuclear weapons. A more extreme version is Russias Dead Hand program, which allows for automatic launch of nuclear missiles should a number of conditions be met and this layout has continued to be used on some modern trams around the world. In conventional steam railroad trains, there was always a person with the engineer, the fireman. For many decades this practice continued on electric and diesel locomotives, with modern urban and suburban railway systems, the driver is typically alone in an enclosed cab. Automatic devices were already beginning to be deployed on newer installations of the New York City Subway system in the early 20th century. According to a Manhattan borough historian, there have been at least three instances where the switch was used successfully – in 1927,1940, and 2010. The status and operation of both vigilance and dead-mans switch may be recorded on the event recorder. Most dead mans switches are mounted in the handle of a vehicle or machine. Handle switches are used on modern streetcars and subway trains. Pneumatically or electrically linked dead-mans controls involve relatively simple modifications of the controller handle, if pressure is not maintained on the controller, the trains emergency brakes are applied. Typically, the handle is a horizontal bar, rotated to apply the required power for the train. Attached to the bottom of the handle is a rod that when pushed down contacts a solenoid or switch inside the control housing, the handle springs up if pressure is removed, releasing the rods contact with the internal switch, instantly cutting power and applying the brakes. Though there are ways that this type of control could conceivably fail
35.
Internal combustion engine cooling
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Internal combustion engine cooling uses either air or a liquid to remove the waste heat from an internal combustion engine. For small or special purpose engines, air cooling makes for a lightweight, the more complex circulating liquid-cooled engines also ultimately reject waste heat to the air, but circulating liquid improves heat transfer from internal parts of the engine. Engines for watercraft may use open-loop cooling, but air and surface vehicles must recirculate a fixed volume of liquid, heat engines generate mechanical power by extracting energy from heat flows, much as a water wheel extracts mechanical power from a flow of mass falling through a distance. Engines are inefficient, so more heat energy enters the engine comes out as mechanical power. Internal combustion engines remove waste heat through cool intake air, hot exhaust gases, Engines with higher efficiency have more energy leave as mechanical motion and less as waste heat. Some waste heat is essential, it guides heat through the engine, much as a water wheel works only if there is some exit velocity in the water to carry it away. Thus, all heat engines need cooling to operate, Cooling is also needed because high temperatures damage engine materials and lubricants. Cooling becomes more important in when the climate very hot. Internal-combustion engines burn fuel hotter than the temperature of engine materials. Engine cooling removes energy fast enough to keep temperatures low so the engine can survive, some high-efficiency engines run without explicit cooling and with only incidental heat loss, a design called adiabatic. Such engines can achieve high efficiency but compromise power output, duty cycle, engine weight, durability, most internal combustion engines are fluid cooled using either air or a liquid coolant run through a heat exchanger cooled by air. Marine engines and some engines have ready access to a large volume of water at a suitable temperature. The water may be used directly to cool the engine, but often has sediment, which can clog coolant passages, or chemicals, such as salt, thus, engine coolant may be run through a heat exchanger that is cooled by the body of water. Most liquid-cooled engines use a mixture of water and chemicals such as antifreeze, the industry term for the antifreeze mixture is engine coolant. Some antifreezes use no water at all, instead using a liquid with different properties, such as propylene glycol or a combination of propylene glycol, most air-cooled engines use some liquid oil cooling, to maintain acceptable temperatures for both critical engine parts and the oil itself. Most liquid-cooled engines use air cooling, with the intake stroke of air cooling the combustion chamber. An exception is Wankel engines, where parts of the combustion chamber are never cooled by intake. There are many demands on a cooling system, one key requirement is to adequately serve the entire engine, as the whole engine fails if just one part overheats
36.
Long-tail boat
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A craft designed to carry passengers on a river may include a lightweight long canoe hull, up to 30 metres, and a canopy. This engine is mounted on an inboard turret-like pole which can rotate through 180 degrees. The propeller is mounted directly on the driveshaft with no additional gearing or transmission, usually the engine also swivels up and down to provide a neutral gear where the propeller does not contact the water. The driveshaft must be extended by several metres of metal rod to properly position the propeller, giving the boat its name, advantages to the inboard engine with a long driveshaft include keeping the engine relatively dry. Following the basic design pattern allows a variety of engines to be attached to a variety of different kinds of hulls and this flexibility simplifies construction and maintenance while sacrificing the efficiency and comfort that might be expected of a typical mass-produced product. Cooling to the engine is provided by a metal pipe strewn underneath the rear running board which is used as a rudimentary heat-exchanger. This is then coupled to the engine using rubber or plastic hoses, clean water is then used as the coolant. Control is achieved by moving the engine with a stick attached to the inboard side. Ignition and throttle controls provide simple means to control this simple craft, larger boats may include more than one tail, with several operators piloting in tandem. Long-tail boats are now used to transport tourists. There are also competitions involving long-tail boats in certain provinces of Thailand, thailands most distinctive form of coastal transport is in danger of becoming obsolete. In 1989, the Thai government banned logging of natural forests and this led to a shortage of timber used in boat making, and required the wood to be imported from other countries. With a recent increase in the cost of imported timber, there has been a decline in the number of new boats constructed. A few years ago, a long-tail boat cost about 3,000 baht, now, according to Chot, a local long-tail boat captain on Ko Samui, Thailand, a boat costs almost 70 times as much. Thats 200,000 only for the hull of a new boat, Chot said, as a consequence, long-tails are sharing the water with an increasing number of speedboats. Speedboats hold more people and they travel faster, tempting some guides to switch from longtails to speedboats, boats Mast & Sail in Europe & Asia, Chapter 11
37.
Briggs & Stratton
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Briggs & Stratton is a Fortune 1000 manufacturer of gasoline engines with headquarters in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Engine production averages 10 million units per year as of April 2015, the company reports that it has 13 large facilities in the US and 8 more in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Mexico and the Netherlands. The companys products are sold in over 100 countries across the globe, launched in 1908 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the company is based today in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Briggs & Stratton engines are used on lawnmowers, as well as pressure washers, electrical generators. Their original cast-iron engines were known for their durability, but the success was established following the development of lightweight aluminum engines in 1953. The aluminum engine was the solution for the recently invented rotary lawnmower due to its lighter weight. The company started in 1908 as a partnership between Stephen Foster Briggs and Harold M. Stratton. Briggs was born in Watertown, South Dakota, and graduated from South Dakota State College in Brookings in 1907, the idea for his first product came from an upper-level engineering class project at SDSC. This first product was a six-cylinder, two-cycle engine, which Stephen Foster Briggs developed during his engineering courses at South Dakota State, after his graduation, he was eager to produce his engine and enter the rapidly expanding automobile industry. In 1922, their fledgling company set a record in the automotive industry, eventually Briggs and Stratton settled on manufacturing automotive components and small gasoline engines. Briggs purchased a patent from A. O. Smith Company and began powering early washing machines. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1928, during World War II, Briggs & Stratton produced generators for the war effort. Some pre-war engines were made with aluminum, which helped the company develop its expertise in using this material and this development, along with the post-war growth of 1950s suburbs, helped secure Briggs & Strattons successful growth throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Stephen Briggs went on to purchase Evinrude and Johnson Outboards and start the Outboard Marine Corporation, frederick P. Stratton, Sr. served as Chairman of Briggs & Stratton until his death in 1962. Frederick P. Stratton, Jr. served as Chairman until his retirement in 2001, in 1995, Briggs & Stratton sold the automotive component business. The resulting company is Strattec Security Corporation, in 2000, the company acquired its consumer generator business from the Beacon Group and formed Briggs & Stratton Power Products. The Beacon Group had previously purchased the Consumer Products Division of Generac Corporation in 1998, in 2005, the company added Simplicity Manufacturing Inc, and Snapper, Inc, to the Briggs & Stratton Power Products line. In 2008, Briggs & Stratton announced it would be acquiring the Victa Lawn Care business from GUD Holdings Limited Australia for A$23 million and they officially completed the acquisition on May 29,1979
38.
Bombardier Recreational Products
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Bombardier Recreational Products is a Canadian company making various vehicles. Once part of Bombardier Inc. it was founded in 1942 as LAuto-Neige Bombardier Limitée by Joseph-Armand Bombardier at Valcourt in the Eastern Townships, Quebec. In 2003, Bombardier Inc. sold its Recreational Products Division to a group of investors, Bain Capital, the Bombardier family, the newly formed company was named Bombardier Recreational Products and included all the activities started 60 years earlier by its founder. As of October 6,2009 it had about 5,500 employees working, BRP has manufacturing facilities in five countries, Canada, the United States, Mexico, Finland and Austria. The company’s products are sold in more than 80 countries,18 of which have their own sales network. BRP has a legacy of innovation and has multiple brands, Ski-Doo, Can-Am motorcycles, Sea-Doo, Lynx, Evinrude Outboard Motors. The Ski-Doo personal snowmobile brand is so iconic, especially in Canada, before the start of the companys development of track vehicles, Joseph-Armand Bombardier experimented with propeller driven snow vehicles. His work with snowplane designs can be traced to before 1920 and he quickly abandoned his efforts to develop a snowplane and turned his inventive skills to tracked vehicles. They produced it under the name Muskeg tractor, each track is composed of 2 or more rubber belts that are joined into a loop. The loops are held together with interior wheel guides and exterior cleats, the tracks are driven by a large drive sprocket that engages the grousers in sequence and causes the track to rotate. 2 belt tracks were common on early model Bombardiers as well as for muskeg machines, for deep snow use, wider tracks, employing additional belts, are used for added flotation over the snow. This led to the invention of snowmobiles as we know them, the company created the snowmobile market, and held its own after international competitors entered the market in the late 1960s. From the 1940s through the early 1970s Bombardier built the most successful snowcat models ever produced by any snowcat manufacturer, the B12 seated 12 people, and the C18 seated 18. Both were similar in design with long tracks in the rear, the B12 and C18 were very fast for their day, with speeds over the snow exceeding 30 miles per hour. Most historic and most modern snowcats have a top speed of barely 20 mph, the Bombardier B12 and C18 were probably the precursors to the more modern snow coach currently used by resorts for transporting tourists. While more than 3,000 of the Bombardier B12/C18 variants were produced, most of the Bombardier production stayed in North American and it was the most popular series of snowcats ever produced, but it was clearly a niche product. The front ski design was incapable of being used in snow and rough ground conditions. Today B12s are still in used in large scale ice fishing in northern Canada, notable competitors included the Aktiv Snow Trac ST4 from Sweden, Thiokol, and Tucker Sno-Cat from the USA
39.
Kohler Co.
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Kohler Co. founded in 1873 by John Michael Kohler, is an American manufacturing company based in Kohler, Wisconsin. Kohler is best known for its products, but the company also manufactures furniture, cabinetry, tile, engines. Destination Kohler also owns various hospitality establishments in the United States, early products included cast iron and steel farm implements, castings for furniture factories, and ornamental iron pieces including cemetery crosses and settees. A breakthrough came in 1883 when John Michael applied enamel to a horse trough to create the companys first bathtub. The company has been primarily in the business ever since. In the early 20th century, Kohler made drinking fountains with a bubbling valve, eventually the entire fountain came to be known as a bubbler in the area in which Kohler products were sold. The term bubbler is used in most of Wisconsin and some other areas of the United States. In 1934 and 1954, Kohler Strikes took place, on November 15,2015, workers voted for the 2015 Kohler Strike, making it the fourth strike in the companys history, the third took place in 1983 and only lasted a few weeks. Former Wisconsin Governor Walter J. Kohler, Sr. was president of Kohler Co. and his son former Wisconsin Governor Walter J. Kohler, Jr. served for many years in senior management. The presidency of Kohler was passed down from Herbert Kohler, Jr. to his son, David Kohler, in 1998, Kohler made a plan to buy back any outstanding shares not owned by the family. All family members had to exchange their shares for shares with limited rights that could not be sold. Since Kohler is not a publicly traded company, the number of shares floating was minimal, Kohler offered $55,400 per share, but some shareholders challenged this valuation and sued. The IRS also challenged this valuation by prosecuting the estate of Frederick Kohler, who had recently died holding 975 shares, in 1999, a court case was brought by the United States Department of Labor alleging that Kohler Co. s hiring practices were discriminatory to women. The company had a height requirement of 5 ft 4 in for women. Kohlers bath and kitchen fixtures are available in American hardware and home improvement stores and from Kohler Kitchen, Kohler still makes traditional cast iron bathtubs, one of the few United States manufacturers to do so. Besides residential products, Kohler manufactures a line of bathroom fixtures. The company also does custom work, such as hand-painted sinks. Kohler also makes a range of small industrial engines
40.
McCulloch Motors Corporation
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McCulloch Motors Corporation is an American manufacturer of chainsaws and other outdoor power tools. The company was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1943 by Robert Paxton McCulloch as a manufacturer of small gasoline engines and introduced its first chainsaw in 1948. McCulloch and its brand are owned by Husqvarna, McCulloch moved its operation to California in 1946. In the 1950s, McCulloch manufactured target drone engines, which were sold to RadioPlane in the 1970s and these McCulloch 4318 small four cylinder horizontally opposed two-stroke engines were also popular for use in various small autogyros, such as the Bensen B-8M and Wallis WA-116. McCulloch also started Paxton Automotive, manufacturing McCulloch-labeled superchargers like the one fitted to the Kaiser Manhattan, the 1957 Studebaker Golden Hawk, in 1959, they produced their first kart engine, the McCulloch MC-10, an adapted chainsaw two-stroke engine. Bill Van Tichelt of VanTech Engineering designed and produced one of the first specialized manifolds for the McCulloch kart engine, in 1964, McCulloch founded Lake Havasu City, Arizona, with a factory and housing for its workers. In the 1970s their range was expanded to add generators, hedge trimmers, string trimmers, and leaf blowers, black and Decker bought McCulloch on October 4,1974, and sold the company to a private group in November 1984. In January 1999, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, in October 1999, its North American operation was acquired by the Taiwanese company Jenn Feng Industrial Co. Ltd. Jenn Feng added electric power tools and pressure washers to the product line, in March 2003 MTD Products Inc signed a distribution and licensing agreement with Jenn Feng in which MTD would exclusively produce McCulloch products in North America. In March 2008, Husqvarna acquired Jenn Feng outdoor products division, McCulloch is since a brand within the Husqvarna Group. McCulloch Aircraft Corporation McCulloch Oil Corporation Paxton Automotive Scott-Atwater Manufacturing Company McCulloch
