1.
Dorothy Gale
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Dorothy Gale is the fictional protagonist of many of the Oz novels by the American author L. Frank Baum. Her best friend is Ozs ruler Princess Ozma, Dorothy first appears in Baums classic childrens novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappears in most of its sequels. In addition, she is the character in various adaptations, notably the classic 1939 movie adaptation of the book. In later books, Oz steadily becomes more familiar to her than her homeland of Kansas, Dorothys best friend Princess Ozma officially makes her a princess of Oz later in the book series. An influence on the creation of Dorothy appears to be the Alice books of Lewis Carroll, Dorothys character was probably named after Baums own niece, Dorothy Louise Gage, who died in infancy. Baums wife was very attached to her and was grieved by her death. Elements of Dorothy Gales character are derived from Matilda Joslyn Gage. Dorothy Gage is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Bloomington, Illinois, Dorothys last name is never mentioned in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz or The Marvelous Land of Oz, the first two Oz books. It is disclosed in the third book Ozma of Oz, the last name of Gale was originally mentioned in Baums script for the 1902 Broadway stage version of The Wizard of Oz, in which it was originally a setup for a punning joke. In the Oz books, Dorothy is an orphan raised by her aunt, whether Aunt Em or Uncle Henry is Dorothys blood relative remains unclear. Uncle Henry makes reference to Dorothys mother in The Emerald City of Oz, in many of the Oz books, Dorothy is the main heroine of the story. She is often seen with her best friend and the ruler of Oz and she brazenly rebuffs Princess Langwideres threat to take her head for her collection — Well, I blieve you wont. This aspect of her character was lessened by her companionship of Ozma, in whom Baum placed the greater level of wisdom. Dorothy has several pets, including her white/pink/purple kitten, Eureka. Popular in crossword puzzles is Dorothys cow, Imogene, from the 1902 stage version, eric Shanowers novel, The Giant Garden of Oz, features a cow named Imogene. She becomes princess of Oz and Ozmas companion essentially marrying the queen, in Jack Snows The Magical Mimics in Oz, Ozma places Dorothy on the throne of Oz while she is away visiting Queen Lurlines fairy band. The magic of Oz keeps Dorothy young, in The Lost King of Oz, a Wish Way carries Dorothy to a film set in Hollywood, California. She begins to age rapidly to her late 20s, making up for at least some of the years that have already passed
2.
Ballad
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A ballad /ˈbæləd/ is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs, Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, Ballads are 13 lines with an ABABBCBC form, consisting of couplets of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides, the form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and is now often used for any love song. The ballad derives its name from medieval French dance songs or ballares, from which ballet is also derived, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines and these refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, known as ballad meter. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed, there is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. Ballads usually use the dialect of the people and are heavily influenced by the region in which they originate. Scottish ballads in particular are distinctively un-English, even showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad Tam Lin. The ballads do not have any known author or correct version, instead, having passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages. The ballads remained a tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads. In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description. Themes concerning rural laborers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend. Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas
3.
Composer
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A composer is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music, instrumental music or music which combines both instruments and voices. The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation, many composers are also skilled performers, either as singers, instrumentalists, and/or conductors. Examples of composers who are well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach, Mozart. In many popular genres, such as rock and country. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers interpretations of the work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others, although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st century, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composers written intention came to be highly valued. This musical culture is almost certainly related to the esteem in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise. In Classical music, the composer typically orchestrates her own compositions, in some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. In the development of European classical music, the function of composing music initially did not have greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In as much as the role of the composer in western art music has seen continued solidification, for instance, in certain contexts the line between composer and performer, sound designer, arranger, producer, and other roles, can be quite blurred. The term composer is often used to refer to composers of music, such as those found in classical, jazz or other forms of art. In popular and folk music, the composer is usually called a songwriter and this is distinct from a 19th-century conception of instrumental composition, where the work was represented solely by a musical score to be interpreted by performers
4.
Harold Arlen
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Harold Arlen was an American composer of popular music, having written over 500 songs, a number of which have become known worldwide. In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including the classic Over the Rainbow, over the Rainbow was voted the twentieth centurys No.1 song by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. Arlen was born in Buffalo, New York, United States and his twin brother died the next day. He learned the piano as a youth and formed a band as a young man and he achieved some local success as a pianist and singer and moved to New York City in his early 20s. He worked as an accompanist in vaudeville, at this point, he changed his name to Harold Arlen. In 1929, Arlen composed his first well-known song, Get Happy, throughout the early and mid-1930s, Arlen and Koehler wrote shows for the Cotton Club, a popular Harlem night club, as well as for Broadway musicals and Hollywood films. Arlen and Koehlers partnership resulted in a number of hit songs, including the familiar standards Lets Fall in Love, Arlen continued to perform as a pianist and vocalist with some success, most notably on records with Leo Reismans society dance orchestra. Arlens compositions have always been popular with jazz musicians because of his facility at incorporating a blues feeling into the idiom of the conventional American popular song, in the mid-1930s, Arlen married, and spent increasing time in California, writing for movie musicals. It was at time that he began working with lyricist E. Y. In 1938, the team was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to compose songs for The Wizard of Oz, the most famous of these is the song Over the Rainbow for which they won the Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song. They also wrote Down with Love, Lydia the Tattooed Lady for Groucho Marx in At the Circus in 1939, Arlen was a longtime friend and former roommate of actor Ray Bolger, who starred in The Wizard of Oz. Arlen died of cancer at his Manhattan apartment, at the age of 81,1905 Arlen born in Buffalo, New York 1920 He formed his first professional band, Hyman Arlucks Snappy Trio. 1921 Against his parents wishes he left home,1923 With his new band – The Southbound Shufflers, performed on the Crystal Beach lake boat Canadiana during the summer of 1923. 1924 Performed at Lake Shore Manor during the summer of 1924,1924 Wrote his first song, collaborating with friend Hyman Cheiffetz to write My Gal, My Pal. Copyrighting the song as My Gal, Wont You Please Come Back to Me. and listed lyrics by Cheiffetz,1925 Makes his way to New York City with the group, The Buffalodians, with Arlen playing piano. 1926 Had first published song, collaborating with Dick George to compose Minor Gaff under the name Harold Arluck,1928 Chaim Arluck renames himself Harold Arlen, a name that combined his parents surnames. 1929 Landed a singing and acting role as Cokey Joe in the musical The Great Day,1929 Composed his first well known song – Get Happy – under the name Harold Arlen. 1929 Signed a yearlong song writing contract with the George and Arthur Piantadosi firm, 1930–1934 Wrote music for the Cotton Club
5.
Yip Harburg
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Edgar Yipsel Yip Harburg was an American popular song lyricist who worked with many well-known composers. He wrote the lyrics to the standards Brother, Can You Spare a Dime, April in Paris, and Its Only a Paper Moon, as well as all of the songs in The Wizard of Oz, including Over the Rainbow. He was known for the commentary of his lyrics, as well as his liberal sensibilities. He championed racial and gender equality and union politics and he also was an ardent critic of religion. Harburg, the youngest of four surviving children, was born Isidore Hochberg on the Lower East Side of New York City on April 8,1896 and his parents, Lewis Hochberg and Mary Ricing, were Yiddish-speaking Orthodox Jews who had emigrated from Russia. Isidore later adopted the name Edgar Harburg, and came to be best known as Edgar Yip Harburg. He attended Townsend Harris High School, where he and Ira Gershwin, after World War I, Harburg returned to New York, and graduated from City College, which Ira Gershwin had initially attended with him, in 1921. After Harburg married and had two children, he started writing light verse for local newspapers, at this point, Harburg and Ira Gershwin agreed that Yip should start writing song lyrics. To the tune of a lullaby Gorney had learned as a child in Russia and this song swept the nation, becoming an anthem of the Great Depression. And he — there were eleven screenwriters on that — and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence, but he doesn’t get credit for that. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing, working in Hollywood did not stop Harburgs career on Broadway. It was made into a film in 1968 starring Fred Astaire and Petula Clark, although never a member of the Communist Party he had been involved in radical groups, and he was blacklisted. Harburg was unable to travel abroad during this period, as his passport had been revoked, the New York critics were dismissive of the show, although it had been a success during its earlier pre-Broadway run in Philadelphia. In 1966, songwriter Earl Robinson sought Harburgs help for the song Hurry Sundown, the song was intended for the film Hurry Sundown, but was not used in the film. It was, however, recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary for their 1966 album The Peter, Paul, the song was released as a single in 1967, and reached #37 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart. It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Folk Recording and he died in a head-on collision when he swerved into oncoming traffic on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, California on March 5,1981. In 1940 Harburg won an Oscar, shared with Harold Arlen, for Best Music, Original Song for The Wizard of Oz. In addition, he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Music, Original Song, along with Arlen, for Cabin in the Sky, Harburg was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972
6.
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. Notable for its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score and it was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but lost to Gone with the Wind. It did win in two categories, including Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart. However, the film was a box office disappointment on its release, earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget. It was MGMs most expensive production at that time, and did not completely recoup the studios investment and turn a profit until theatrical re-releases starting in 1949. The film was named the most-viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress, designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. It is also one of the few films on UNESCOs Memory of the World Register, the Wizard of Oz is often ranked on best-movie lists in critics and public polls. It is the source of many quotes referenced in popular culture. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming, noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but uncredited contributions were made by others. The songs were written by Edgar Yip Harburg and Harold Arlen, the musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart. The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone, Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on the farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Dorothys dog gets in trouble with a neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch. However, Dorothys family and the farmhands are all too busy to pay attention to her, Miss Gulch arrives with permission from the sheriff to have Toto euthanized. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy and they meet Professor Marvel, a phony but kindly fortune teller, who realizes Dorothy has run away and tricks her via his crystal ball into believing that Aunt Em is ill so that she must return home. She races home just as a tornado strikes. Unable to get into her familys storm cellar, she seeks safety in her bedroom, a wind-blown window sash hits her in the head, knocking her out. The house is picked up and sent spinning in the air by the twister, the farmhouse crashes in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz, where the film changes to Technicolor. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine, as the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, leaving only her stocking feet exposed
7.
Judy Garland
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Judy Garland was an American singer, actress, and vaudevillian. Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two films with MGM, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Garlands most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz and her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Louis, The Harvey Girls and Easter Parade. After 15 years, she was released from the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances, a recording career. Film appearances became fewer in her years, but included two Academy Award nominated performances in A Star Is Born and Judgment at Nuremberg. Garland received a Golden Globe Award, a Juvenile Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry. She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall. In 1997, Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema, from an early age Garland struggled in her personal life. The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psychiatrist at age eighteen and her self-image was influenced by film executives who said she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance. She was plagued by instability, often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married five times, with her first four marriages ending in divorce and she also had a long battle with drugs and alcohol, which ultimately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the age of 47. Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10,1922, in Grand Rapids and she was the youngest child of Ethel Marion and Francis Avent Frank Gumm. Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry, named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church, baby shared her familys flair for song and dance. The Gumm Sisters performed there for the few years, accompanied by their mother on piano. The family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June 1926, Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures
8.
Uncle Henry (Oz)
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Uncle Henry is a fictional character from The Oz Books by L. Frank Baum. He is the uncle of orphan Dorothy Gale and husband of Aunt Em, after their house was famously carried off to the Land of Oz by a tornado in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Henry mortgaged his farm in order to rebuild. This crisis, combined with the stress of Dorothys prolonged disappearance and sudden reappearance, took a toll on his health, and his doctor ordered him to take a vacation. In The Emerald City of Oz, Henry and Em finally confessed to Dorothy the extent of their financial problems, Dorothy solved this problem for them by bringing them to live with her in the Emerald City, as permanent guests of Princess Ozma. Henry was given the job of being Keeper of the Jewels in Ozmas treasure hoard for the purpose of keeping him occupied. Unlike Em, who is questioning everything about the Land of Oz, Henry accepts his new life and home with surprising ease, having traveled and seen the world a lot more than his wife had. By Glinda of Oz, he has one of Ozmas closest advisers, having taught his agricultural abilities to Ozite farmers. Henry has been featured more than Em in the Oz books, despite being less featured than she in the film. Ruth Plumly Thompson gave him only two mentions, in The Royal Book of Oz and Grampa in Oz. He had somewhat larger roles in John R. Neills The Wonder City of Oz and The Scalawagons of Oz, Jack Snows The Magical Mimics in Oz, Frank Alexander portrayed him as a villain in Larry Semons Wizard of Oz. In MGMs 1939 musical adaptation The Wizard of Oz, Uncle Henry is played by Charley Grapewin, hickory addresses Aunt Em as Mrs. Gale just before she offers crullers to the three farmhands, and Hunk does so just afterward. The name Gale appears on the mailbox and Miss Almira Gulch addresses him as Mr. Gale and he and Aunt Em reunite with their three farmworkers, and Professor Marvel when Dorothy awakens from being unconscious. In the 1974 animated film Journey Back to Oz, Paul Ford voices Uncle Henry and he and Aunt Em have a farmworker named Amos who does not have an alter ego in Oz. In the 1980 animated short film Dorothy in the Land of Oz, in the 1985 film Return to Oz, Uncle Henrys wife Emily is called Mrs. Blue, implying that his full name is Henry Blue. He is played by Matt Clark opposite Piper Laurie and he has a broken leg throughout the film that Aunt Em insists is mended. In the comic book The Oz/Wonderland Chronicles, Henry Gale was born in 1852 and he was buried in St. Anns Cemetery in Kansas. Due to Oz residents never really dying in entirety, the new Witch in Oz had Henry in unconscious stasis, after his Earthly soul had died. In the American television program Lost, the character Benjamin Linus initially tells survivors his name is Henry Gale, and claims to have arrived on the island via hot air balloon
9.
Toto (Oz)
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Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baums Oz series of childrens books, and works derived from them. The name is pronounced with a long O, a homophone of toe toe, the dog was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of the Wizard of Oz. He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz, The Wiz, Toto belongs to Dorothy Gale, the heroine of the first and many subsequent books. In the first book, he never spoke, although other animals, native to Oz, in subsequent books, other animals gained the ability to speak upon reaching Oz or similar lands, but Toto remained speechless. In Tik-Tok of Oz, continuity is restored, Toto reveals that he is able to talk, just like animals in the land of Oz. In The Lost Princess of Oz, he talks a blue streak, other major appearances include The Road to Oz, The Emerald City of Oz, Grampa in Oz and The Magical Mimics in Oz, in which he is the first to recognize the Mimics. In subsequent books he becomes a Boston Terrier for reasons that are never explained, Toto is the title character in two apocryphal Oz books, Toto in Oz by Chris Dulabone and Toto of Oz by Gina Wickwar. On the way, he wanders into the town of Arfrica, digs up an ivory scepter that he mistakes for a bone and he requires everyone to learn the language of dogs in a series of lessons. When he is about to be forced into a marriage with a princess, he escapes on a magic carpet. Ultimately, he names a Second Magistrate to serve in his place, in Gregory Maguires novel Wicked, The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, Toto is a minor character who is only described as being vile and annoying. In the musical adaption Wicked, he is mentioned briefly when Glinda mistakenly calls him Dodo. In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, Toto was played by a female brindle Cairn Terrier whose real name was Terry and she was paid a $125 salary each week, which was far more than many of the human actors. During production, Terrys foot was broken one of the Winkie guards accidentally stepped on it. A second dog had to be used while she healed, due to the popularity of the movie, and because that role was the one she was most remembered for, her owner and trainer changed her official name to Toto. She actually appeared in 13 films, willard Carroll wrote her autobiography, I, Toto. When she died in 1945 Carl Spitz buried her on his ranch in Studio City, however, the construction of the Ventura Freeway in 1958 destroyed her grave. On June 18,2011 a permanent memorial for Terry was dedicated at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, in Disneys 1985 movie Return to Oz, Toto was played by a female Border Terrier named Tansy. The 1978 movie version of The Wiz featured a dark gray Schnauzer as Toto, Toto appears in The Wizard of Oz cartoon with his vocal effects provided by Frank Welker
10.
Margaret Hamilton (actress)
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Margaret Brainard Hamilton was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayers classic film The Wizard of Oz. A former schoolteacher, she worked as an actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. The Wicked Witch of the West was eventually ranked No.4 in the American Film Institutes 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time, in later years, Hamilton made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals, Hamilton was born to Walter J. Hamilton, and his wife, Mary Jane, in Cleveland, Ohio, and was the youngest of four children. She later attended Hathaway Brown School, while the school was located at 1945 East 93rd Street in Cleveland, drawn to the theater at an early age, Hamilton made her stage debut in 1923. Hamilton also practiced her craft doing childrens theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member and she later moved to Painesville, Ohio. Before she turned to acting exclusively, her parents insisted that she attend Wheelock College in Boston, Hamiltons career as a film actress was driven by the very qualities that placed her in stark contrast to the stereotypical Hollywood glamour girl. Her image was that of a New England spinster, extremely pragmatic, Hamiltons looks helped to bring steady work as a character actor. She made her debut in 1933 in Another Language. She went on to appear in These Three, Saratoga, You Only Live Once, nothing Sacred, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, My Little Chickadee, and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock with Harold Lloyd. She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son, she never put herself under contract to any one studio and priced her services at $1,000 a week. Hamilton co-starred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long-running local melodrama The Drunkard, later in the decade, she was in a little-known film noir, titled Bungalow 13, in which she again co-starred opposite Cromwell. Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark and she appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s, and sporadically thereafter. Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, she played a heavily made-up witch in Comin Round the Mountain and she appeared, uncredited, in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs People Will Talk as Sarah Pickett. After she recuperated, she said, I wont sue, because I know how this business works, I will return to work on one condition — no more fireworks. Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son, studio executives cut some of Hamiltons more frightening scenes, worrying that they would frighten children too much. Later on in life, she would comment on the role of the witch in a light-hearted fashion, for an interview, she joked, I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time and my agent called. I said, Yes. and he said Maggie, they want you to play a part on the Wizard, I said to myself, Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz
11.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
12.
National Endowment for the Arts
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The National Endowment for the Arts is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence. It was created by an act of the U. S. Congress in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government, the NEA had its offices in Washington, D. C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, in March of 2017, a proposal to eliminate all federal funding for the program was put forward by the Trump administration. The NEA is dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established, bringing the arts to all Americans, and providing leadership in arts education. Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99, since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million. For FY2010, the reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million. The NEA is governed by a Chairman appointed by the President to a four-year term and this body consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity. On June 12,2014, Dr. Jane Chu was confirmed as the 11th Chair of the NEA by the Senate, the NEA offers grants in the categories of, 1) Grants for Arts Projects, 2) National Initiatives, and 3) Partnership Agreements. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose, the NEA has partnerships in the areas of state and regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional organizations are the NEAs primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies, the NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President. The NEA is the largest grantmaker to arts organizations in the nation, artist William Powhida has noted that in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christies in New York. He further commented, If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could double the NEA budget in two nights. Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period, another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called anti-Christian bigotry, in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al DAmato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club, on June 12,1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to adversely affect the NEAs congressional appropriations
13.
Bea Wain
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Beatrice Bea Wain is an American Big Band-era singer born in the Bronx, New York City. She had a number of hits with Larry Clinton and his Orchestra, after her marriage she and her husband became involved in radio. On a 1937 recording with Artie Shaw, she was credited as Beatrice Wayne, on record labels, her name was shortened to Bea by the record company, ostensibly for space considerations. As she explained, They cut it to Bea Wain and they cut the Beatrice out to Bea. I was just an old girl singer, but thats the truth. So thats how my name became Bea Wain and she led the vocal group Bea and the Bachelors and the V8 on the Fred Waring show. In 1937, Wain joined former Tommy Dorsey arranger Larry Clinton and His Orchestra and her debut with Clinton was made in the summer of 1938 at the Glen Island Casino, New York. She was featured with Clinton on a number of hit tunes, including Martha and Heart, in 1939, she was voted the most popular female band vocalist in Billboard annual college poll, and that same year she began her solo career. Her first theater tour as a solo led to her being signed for the Your Hit Parade, Wain made her debut on radio at age six as a featured performer on the NBC Childrens Hour. Wain had four No.1 hits, Cry, Baby, Cry, Deep Purple, Heart and Soul, on May 1,1938, Wain married radio announcer André Baruch. Their honeymoon in Bermuda was cut short when Fred Allen called Baruch asking him to return to New York to substitute for his ailing announcer and they were married for 53 years. The couple had two children, Bonnie and Wayne, following her musical career, the couple worked as a husband-and-wife disc jockey team in New York on WMCA, where they were billed as Mr. and Mrs. Music. In 1973, the moved to Palm Beach, Florida. During the early 1980s, the pair hosted a version of Your Hit Parade, reconstructing the list of hits of selected weeks in the 1940s. In a 2004 interview with Christopher Popa, Wain reflected, Actually, Ive had a wonderful life, and Im still singing, and Im still singing pretty good. This past December, I did a series of shows in Palm Springs, California, I did six shows in six different venues, and I was a smash. And I really got a kick out of it, amanda Wildes 2007 interview with Bea Wain Sara Fishkos 2007 interview with Bea Wain on WNYC Radio ArtistDirect. com, Bea Wain, accessed 17 October 17,2005. Bea Wain & Bea and the Bachelors, parabrisas. com, Bea Wain at the Internet Movie Database Profile, daisyfoundation. org Profile, kuow. org
14.
Larry Clinton
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Larry Clinton was a trumpeter who became a prominent American bandleader and arranger. Clinton was born in Brooklyn, New York and he became a versatile musician, playing trumpet, trombone, and clarinet. While in his twenties, he became an arranger for dance orchestras, bandleaders Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Glen Gray, Louis Armstrong. His first stint as a bandleader was from 1937 to 1941, the Clinton bands repertoire was split between pop tunes of the day, ambitious instrumentals penned by Clinton, and swing adaptations of classical compositions. This last category swept the industry, and orchestras everywhere were swinging the classics by adding pop lyrics to melodies by Debussy and his version of Debussy’s Reverie, with vocalist Bea Wain, was particularly popular. Entitled My Reverie, his version peaked at #1 on Billboards Record Buying Guide in 1938, Clintons band was predominantly a recording group that also played college proms and hotel ballrooms. On the strength of Clintons record hit The Dipsy Doodle, Vitaphone, all were filmed in New York. In 1941 Clinton and his band appeared in six musical films. This was one of his last jobs as a bandleader, he quit the business upon the outbreak of World War II. A rated pilot, he rose to the rank of captain, was stationed with the Air Transport Command in Calcutta and China during Hump airlift and he resumed his musical career and enjoyed further success as a bandleader from 1948 to 1950. He remained active in the music business – often leading a band for pop singers like Barry Frank – until 1961. He died in 1985 in Tucson, Arizona, at the age of 75
15.
Irving Berlin
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Irving Berlin was an American composer and lyricist, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history. His music forms a part of the Great American Songbook. Born in Imperial Russia, Berlin arrived in the United States at the age of five. He published his first song, Marie from Sunny Italy, in 1907, receiving 33 cents for the publishing rights and he also was an owner of the Music Box Theatre on Broadway. Alexanders Ragtime Band sparked a dance craze in places as far away as Berlins native Russia. In doing so, said Walter Cronkite, at Berlins 100th birthday tribute, he helped write the story of country, capturing the best of who we are. He wrote hundreds of songs, many becoming major hits, which him a legend before he turned thirty. During his 60-year career he wrote an estimated 1,500 songs, including the scores for 19 Broadway shows and 18 Hollywood films, with his songs nominated eight times for Academy Awards. Many songs became popular themes and anthems, including Easter Parade, White Christmas, Happy Holiday, This Is the Army, Mr. Jones, and Theres No Business Like Show Business. His Broadway musical and 1942 film, This is the Army, Celine Dion recorded it as a tribute, making it no.1 on the charts after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2015, pianist and composer Hershey Felder began touring nationwide as a show, portraying Berlin. Composer George Gershwin called him the greatest songwriter that has ever lived, Berlin was born on May 11,1888, in Tolochin, Russian Empire. He was one of eight children of Moses and Lena Lipkin Beilin and his father, a cantor in a synagogue, uprooted the family to America, as did many other Jewish families in the late 19th century. In 1893 they settled in New York City, as of the 1900 census, the name Beilin had changed to Baline. By daylight the house was in ashes, as an adult, Berlin said he was unaware of being raised in abject poverty since he knew no other life. Tsar Alexander III of Russia and then Tsar Nicholas II, his son, had revived with utmost brutality the anti-Jewish pogroms, which created the spontaneous mass exodus to America. When they reached Ellis Island, Israel was put in a pen with his brother and his Yiddish-speaking family eventually settled on Cherry Street, a windowless cold-water basement flat in the Theater District of the Lower East Side. His father, unable to find work as a cantor in New York, took a job at a kosher meat market and gave Hebrew lessons on the side
16.
White Christmas (song)
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White Christmas is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. According to the Guinness World Records, the version sung by Bing Crosby is the single of all time. Other versions of the song, along with Crosbys, have sold over 150 million copies, accounts vary as to when and where Berlin wrote the song. He often stayed up all night writing—he told his secretary, Grab your pen, I just wrote the best song Ive ever written—heck, I just wrote the best song that anybodys ever written. At first, Crosby did not see anything special about the song and he just said I dont think we have any problems with that one, Irving. The song initially performed poorly and was overshadowed by Holiday Inns first hit song, Be Careful, by the end of October 1942, White Christmas topped the Your Hit Parade chart. It remained in position until well into the new year. A few weeks after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Crosby introduced “White Christmas” on a Christmas Day broadcast, the Armed Forces Network was flooded with requests for the song. The recording is noted for Crosbys whistling during the second chorus, in 1942 alone, Crosbys recording spent eleven weeks on top of the Billboard charts. The original version hit number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for three weeks, Crosbys first-ever appearance on the black-oriented chart. Re-released by Decca, the returned to the No.1 spot during the holiday seasons of 1945 and 1946. The recording became a perennial, reappearing annually on the pop chart twenty separate times before Billboard magazine created a distinct Christmas chart for seasonal releases. In Holiday Inn, the won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1942. In the film, Crosby sings White Christmas as a duet with actress Marjorie Reynolds and this now-familiar scene was not the moviemakers initial plan. In the script as originally conceived, Reynolds, not Crosby, the song would feature in another Crosby film, the 1954 musical White Christmas, which became the highest-grossing film of 1954. The version most often heard today on radio during the Christmas season is the 1947 re-recording, the 1942 master was damaged due to frequent use. Crosby re-recorded the track on March 19,1947, accompanied again by the Trotter Orchestra, the re-recording is recognizable by the addition of flutes and celesta in the beginning. Although Crosby dismissed his role in the success, saying later that a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully
17.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
18.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
19.
United States Postal Service
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The United States Postal Service, is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution, Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees, the USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price, the USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked U. S. The USPS lost $5.5 billion in fiscal year 2014 and $5.1 billion in 2015, in the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, for example, informal independently-run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639, with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672. A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service, the patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. The tax was repealed a year later, Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster. The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692, rates of postage were fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neales patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies, the chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic. Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies, most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created a new postal system. The United States Post Office was created on July 26,1775, the official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department. It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress To establish post offices, the 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network, and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate. The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence, and provided the country with low-cost access to information on public affairs. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi
20.
STS-88
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STS-88 was the first Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station. It was flown by Space Shuttle Endeavour, and took the first American module, Zarya, built by Boeing and the Russian Space Agency, was launched on a Russian Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan in November 1998. Node 1, named Unity, was the first space station hardware delivered by the space shuttle and it has two Pressurized Mating Adapters, one attached to either end. One PMA is permanently mated to Zarya, and the other is used for orbiter dockings, Unity also contains an International Standard Payload Rack used to support on-orbit activities, which was activated after the fifth Shuttle/Station assembly flight. To begin the sequence, the crew conducted a series of rendezvous maneuvers similar to those conducted on other Shuttle missions to reach the orbiting FGB. On the way, Currie used the Shuttles robot arm to place Node 1 atop the Orbiter Docking System. Cabana completed the rendezvous by flying Endeavour to within 10 metres of the FGB, allowing Currie to capture the FGB with the robot arm and place it on the Nodes Pressurized Mating Adapter. Once the two elements were docked, Ross and Newman conducted two scheduled spacewalks to connect power and data cables between the Node, PMAs and the FGB, the day following the spacewalks, Endeavour undocked from the two components, completing the first Space Station assembly mission. S. Flight controllers to monitor the outposts systems, the rest of the crew followed and began turning on lights and unstowing gear in the roomy hub to which other modules would be connected in the future. Each passageway within Unity was marked by a sign leading the way into tunnels to which new modules would later be connected. About an hour later, Robert Cabana and Sergei Krikalev opened the hatch to the Russian-built Zarya control module, Krikalev and Currie replaced a faulty unit in Zarya which controlled the discharging of stored energy from one of the modules six batteries. The battery had not been working properly in its automatic configuration, the astronauts also completed their initial outfitting of the station. The hatches to Zarya and Unity were closed before Endeavour undocked from the new station, at 12,15 am EST on Monday,23 June 1997, an Air Force C-5 air cargo plane arrived at the Shuttle Landing Facility carrying Unity. On 1 February 1998, Endeavour was towed to Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1, on 15 October 1998, Endeavour was moved from Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1 to the Vehicle Assembly Building. On 21 October 1998, Endeavour was transported atop the Crawler Transporter to Kennedy Space Centers Launch Pad 39A, Space Shuttle Endeavour launched at 3,35,34 am EST from the Kennedy Space Center’s Launch Pad 39A. STS-88 was the first shuttle flight to the International Space Station, after launch, the crew opened the shuttle’s payload bay doors, deployed the Ku-Band antenna, and activated the shuttle’s Hitchhiker payload. The crew also started preparing for the multiple engine firings that will be performed to bring shuttle Endeavour within the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System’s reach of the Zarya FGB. At launch, Zarya was 240 statute miles above the Kennedy Space Center, on Flight Day 2, the crew of shuttle Endeavour performed several tasks to get ready for the docking on Sunday and the extra-vehicular activities to be completed on the mission
21.
Robert D. Cabana
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Robert Donald Cabana is the director of NASAs John F. Kennedy Space Center, a NASA astronaut, and a veteran of four Space Shuttle flights. He is also a former Naval Flight Officer and Naval Aviator in the United States Marine Corps, born January 23,1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota to Ted and Annabell Cabana, who still reside in Minneapolis. He is the older of two sons and his younger brother is Gary Cabana and he is married to the former Nancy Joan Shimer of Cortland, New York. He has three children, Jeffrey, Christopher and Sarah and he graduated from Washburn High School, Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1967. He Received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis and he returned to NAS Pensacola in 1975 for pilot training and was redesignated as a Naval Aviator in September 1976. He was then assigned to the 2nd MAW at MCAS Cherry Point, prior to his selection as an astronaut candidate he was serving as the Assistant Operations Officer of Marine Aircraft Group 12 at MCAS Iwakuni, Japan. Cabana retired from the Marine Corps in August 2000 in the rank of Colonel and he has logged over 7,000 hours in 34 different kinds of aircraft. Selected by NASA as a candidate in June 1985, Cabana completed initial astronaut training in July 1986. His initial assignment was as the Astronaut Office Space Shuttle flight software coordinator until November 1986, at that time he was assigned as the Deputy Chief of Aircraft Operations for the Johnson Space Center where he served for 2-1/2 years. He then served as the astronaut in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory where the Orbiters flight software is tested prior to flight. Cabana has served as a communicator in Mission Control during Space Shuttle missions. Prior to his assignment to command STS-88, Cabana served three years as NASA’s Chief of the Astronaut Office, following STS-88, Cabana served as the Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations. After joining the ISS Program in October 1999, Cabana served as Manager for International Operations, from August 2001 to September 2002, he served as Director, Human Space Flight Programs, Russia. Upon his return to Houston, Cabana was assigned briefly as the Deputy Manager, from October 2007 through October 2008 Cabana served as Director, John C. Stennis Space Center. In October 2008 he was reassigned as Director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, sTS-41 Discovery launched on October 6,1990 from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 10,1990. STS-53 Discovery launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on December 2,1992, the crew of five deployed the classified Department of Defense payload DOD-1 and then performed several Military-Man-in-Space and NASA experiments. After completing 115 orbits of the Earth in 175 hours, Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, sTS-65 Columbia launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 8,1994, returning to Florida on July 23,1994. The crew conducted the second International Microgravity Laboratory mission utilizing the long Spacelab module in the payload bay, the flight consisted of 82 experiments from 15 countries and six space agencies from around the world
22.
Songwriters Hall of Fame
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It not only celebrates these established songwriters, but is also involved on the development of new songwriting talent through workshops, showcases and scholarships. There are many programs designed to teach and discover new songwriters, the Hall of Fame only existed as an online virtual collection until 2010, when it was first put on display as a physical gallery inside The Grammy Museum in Los Angeles. With an under-construction basement installation at the Brill Building in New York, the Hall doesnt have a permanent place, through 2010,383 individuals had been inducted into the SHOF. The British rock band Queen was the first band to be inducted in 2003, the American singer Lady Gaga was the first artist ever to win the award. 2015 – Lady Gaga The Hal David Starlight Award honors young artists who have made an impression on the music industry. It goes to writers already inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame for having established a history of outstanding creative works and he was later director of ASCAP, and a founder of the Songwriters Hall of Fame which, in 1983, named the Abe Olman Publisher Award. In his honor, the Abe Olman Scholarship is given out each year by his family in the interest of encouraging and supporting the careers of young songwriters, the Holly Prize is administered and juried by the SongHall
23.
Jackie Evancho
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She has released three solo Public Broadcasting Service concert specials. In 2010, at the age of ten, she gained notice with her 2nd-place finish in the fifth season of Americas Got Talent. She performed at the 2010 National Christmas Tree lighting in Washington, in 2011, her first full-length album, Dream With Me, produced by Foster, debuted at No.2 on the Billboard 200 chart, and she became the youngest top-5 debut artist in UK history. Billboard ranked Evancho the top Classical Albums Artist for 2011, from late 2012 to 2014, she toured the U. S. to support her 2012 album, Songs from the Silver Screen, which was Evanchos third top-ten album debut. In 2013 she headlined benefit concerts at Carnegie Hall, the LDS Conference Center and she also appeared in the 2013 Robert Redford film The Company You Keep and modelled for Guess Kids clothing. After releasing her 2014 album, Awakening, Evancho began high school continuing to tour. Later music releases included several singles and collaborations, and a 2016 holiday album, Someday at Christmas, in 2017, Evancho performed the U. S. Evancho was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Lisa and Michael Evancho. Her father operated a video security business until 2010 and she has an older transgender sister Juliet, a younger brother Zachary, and a younger sister Rachel. She and her family are Catholic and reside in a suburb of Pittsburgh, Evancho began her education in the Pine-Richland School District public schools, but in 2010, because of her performing schedule, she switched to cyber schooling. In 2014 she returned to school at Pine-Richland High School. Evanchos interests include playing the violin and piano, sewing, swimming, playing with her pets, drawing, archery and riding horses. Evancho saw the version of the musical The Phantom of the Opera and liked it so much that her mother purchased the DVD. Her parents have said that they did not recognize that her voice was unusual until her first talent competition, in the competition, Kean Idol, Evancho finished in second place. She began taking lessons and singing at various events, churches and nursing homes. In 2009, Evancho competed in Las Vegas in the 15th annual U. S. A, World Showcase Talent Competition, where she also finished in second place. At the 2009 Kean Idol contest, she was again runner-up, in other 2009 talent contests, she won the Golden Ribby Award – WonderworldTV and the Talent Quest TV Show. She made various singing appearances around Pennsylvania in 2009 and 2010, Evancho first caught record producer David Fosters attention in 2009. In November 2009, Evancho released her independent debut album, Prelude to a Dream, the album featured mainly covers of classical crossover songs such as Con te partirò, The Prayer, To Where You Are, Concrete Angel and Amazing Grace
24.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
25.
National Recording Registry
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The National Recording Registry is a list of sound recordings that are culturally, historically, or aesthetically important, and/or inform or reflect life in the United States. The registry was established by the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000, the legislative intent of the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000 was to develop a national program to guard Americas sound recording heritage. The Act resulted in the formations of the National Recording Registry, The National Recording Preservation Board, beginning in 2002, the National Recording Preservation Board began selecting nominated recordings each year to be preserved. The first four yearly lists included 50 selections, however, since 2006,25 recordings have been selected annually. Thus, a total of 475 recordings have been preserved in the Registry as of 2017, each calendar year, public nominations are accepted for inclusion in that years list of selections to be announced the following spring. Those recordings on the Library of Congress National Recording Registry that are of a political nature will tend to overlap with the collection of the National Archives. The list shows overlapping items and whether the National Archives has an original or a copy of the recording, recordings may be a single item or group of related items, published or unpublished, and may contain music, non-music, spoken word, or broadcast sound. Recordings will not be considered for inclusion into the National Recording Registry if no copy of the recording exists, no recording should be denied inclusion into the National Recording Registry because that recording has already been preserved. No recording is eligible for inclusion into the National Recording Registry until ten years after the recordings creation, on January 27,2003, the following 50 selections were announced by the National Recording Preservation Board. In March 2004, the following 50 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, in April 2005, the following 50 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board. In April 2006, the following 50 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on March 6,2007, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board. On May 14,2008, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on June 10,2009, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board. On June 23,2010, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on April 6,2011, the following 25 selections were announced. On May 23,2012, the following 25 selections were made by the National Recording Preservation Board, on March 21,2013, the following 25 selections were announced. On April 2,2014, the following 25 selections were announced, on March 25,2015, the following 25 selections were announced. On March 23,2016, the following 25 selections were announced, on March 29,2017, the following 25 selections were announced. As of 2014, the oldest recording on the list is Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinvilles Phonautograms which date back to 1853. The most recent is Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman by Joan Tower, performed by the Colorado Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Marin Alsop, which was released in 1999
26.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
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King Vidor
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King Wallis Vidor was an American film director, film producer, and screenwriter whose career spanned nearly seven decades. In 1979, he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award for his achievements as a cinematic creator and innovator. He was nominated five times for a Best Director Oscar, Vidors best known films include The Big Parade, The Crowd, Stella Dallas, and Duel in the Sun. Vidor was born in Galveston, Texas, where he survived the great Galveston Hurricane of 1900, based on that experience, he published a fictionalized account of that cyclone, titled Southern Storm, for the May 1935 issue of Esquire magazine. Erik Larson excerpts a passage from that article in his 2005 book, Isaacs Storm, as we stood there in the sandy street, my mother and I, I wanted to take my mothers hand and hurry her away. I felt as if the sea was going to break over the edge of the bowl and his grandfather, Károly Vidor, was a refugee of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, who settled in Galveston in the early 1850s. A freelance newsreel cameraman and cinema projectionist, Vidor made his debut as a director in 1913 with The Grand Military Parade, a successful mounting of Peg o My Heart in 1922 won him a long-term contract with Goldwyn Studios. Three years later he made The Big Parade, among the most acclaimed war films of the silent era, and this success established him as one of MGMs top studio directors for the next decade. In 1928, Vidor received his first Oscar nomination, for The Crowd, widely regarded as his masterpiece, Vidors first sound film was Hallelujah. A groundbreaking film featuring an African-American cast and he had no difficulty adjusting to sound and he continued making feature films until the late 1950s. Some of his better known films include Stella Dallas, Our Daily Bread, The Citadel, Duel in the Sun, The Fountainhead. He directed the Kansas sequences in The Wizard of Oz when director Victor Fleming had to replace George Cukor on Gone with the Wind, in 1962 he was head of the jury at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1969 he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival and he was nominated five times for an Oscar but never won in direct competition, he received an honorary award in 1979. In 1967, Vidor researched the unsolved 1922 murder of fellow director William Desmond Taylor for a possible screenplay, Vidor never published or wrote of this research during his lifetime, but biographer Sidney D. Kirkpatrick posthumously examined Vidors notes. He alleged in his 1986 book A Cast of Killers that Vidor had solved the sensational crime, in 1944, Vidor joined the anti-communist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. Vidor published his autobiography, A Tree is a Tree, in 1953 and this books title is inspired by an incident early in Vidors Hollywood career. Vidor wanted to film a movie in the locations where its story was set, a budget-minded producer told him, A rock is a rock. King Vidor was a Christian Scientist and wrote occasionally for church publications, such as The Bible and his remains were cremated and scattered on the ranch property
28.
San Luis Obispo, California
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San Luis Obispo, or SLO /ˈsloʊ/ for short, is a city in the U. S. state of California, located roughly midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the Central Coast. The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census, the population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010. Founded in 1772 by Spanish Franciscan Junípero Serra, San Luis Obispo is one of Californias oldest communities, serras original mission was named for the 13th Century saint and bishop Louis of Toulouse. The city, locally referred to as San Luis, SLO, the earliest human inhabitants of the local area were the Chumash people. One of the earliest villages lies south of San Luis Obispo, the Chumash people used marine resources of the inlets and bays along the Central Coast and inhabited a network of villages, including sites at Los Osos and Morro Creek. Mission San Diego was the first Spanish mission founded in Alta California that same year, on September 7–8,1769, an expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá entered the San Luis Obispo area from coastal areas around todays Pismo Beach. One of the expeditions three diarists, padre Juan Crespí, recorded the name given to area by the soldiers as Cañada de Los Osos. The party traveled north along San Luis Obispo Creek, turned west through Los Osos valley, in 1770, Portola established the Presidio of Monterey and Junípero Serra founded the second mission, San Carlos Borromeo, in Monterey. The mission was moved to Carmel the following year, as supplies dwindled in 1772 at the mission and presidio, the people faced starvation. Remembering the Valley of the Bears, Presidio of Monterey commander Pedro Fages led an expedition to bring back food. Over twenty-five mule loads of dried meat and seed were sent north to relieve the missionaries, soldiers. The natives were impressed at the ease by which the Spaniards could take down the huge grizzlies with their weapons, some of the bear meat was traded with the local people in exchange for edible seed. It was after this that Junípero Serra decided that La Cañada de Los Osos would be a place for the fifth mission. The area had abundant supplies of food and water, the climate was very mild. With soldiers, muleteers, and pack animals carrying mission supplies, on September 1,1772, Junípero Serra celebrated the first Mass with a cross erected near San Luis Creek. The very next day, he departed for San Diego leaving Fr, josé Cavaller, with the difficult task of building the mission. José Cavaller, five soldiers and two began building Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, which would later become the town of San Luis Obispo. The first mission structures were built with whatever materials could be found nearby, later, more permanent buildings were constructed with adobe walls, wood timber roof beams and tile roofs
29.
Louis B. Mayer
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Louis Burt Mayer was an Belarusian-Canadian-American film producer and co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios in 1924. Mayer was skilled at developing star actors, including actors, then placing them in consistently slick productions, such as musicals or comedies. Under Mayers management, MGM became the most prestigious film studio and he renovated and expanded several other theaters in the Boston area catering to higher end audiences. After expanding and moving to Los Angeles, he teamed up with Irving Thalberg, Mayer handled the business part of running the studio, such as setting budgets and approving new productions, while Thalberg, still in his twenties, ran all MGM productions. During his reign at MGM, after Thalbergs early death in 1936, some stars did not appreciate his control over their lives, while others saw him as a father figure, important in their lives. He believed in wholesome entertainment and went to lengths to discover new actors. Actors working under Mayer would generally portray an idealized vision of men and women, family life, virtue and he believed that movies should not be a mere reflection of life, but be an entertaining escape from life. Because of his gift for understanding the nature of stardom and the needs of the audience and he was forced to resign MGM as its vice president in 1951, when the studios parent company, Loews, Inc. wanted to improve MGMs declining profits. Mayer was a conservative, at one time the chairman of Californias Republican party. In 1927 he was one of the founders of AMPAS, famous for its annual Academy Awards, Mayer was born Lazar Meir to a Jewish family in Minsk, Russian Empire. Probably his date of birth was July 12,1884 and his parents were Jacob Meir and Sarah Meltzer, and he had two sisters—Yetta, born in 1878, and Ida, born in 1883. Mayer first moved with his family to Rhode Island, where lived from 1887 to 1892. Then, they moved to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada where Mayer attended school and his father started a scrap metal business, J. Mayer & Son. An immigrant unskilled in any trade, he struggled to earn a living, young Louis quit school at age twelve to work with his father and help support his family. He roamed the streets with a cart that said Junk Dealer, wilson remembered that he was impressed with the boys good manners and bright personality. Whenever Mayer visited Saint John in later years, he placed flowers on Wilsons grave and it was a crappy childhood, said Mayers nephew Gerald. His family was poor, and Mayers father spoke little English and had no valuable skills and it thereby became young Mayers ambition and drive which supported the family. With his family speaking mostly Yiddish at home, his goal of self-education when he quit school was more difficult
30.
Mervyn LeRoy
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Mervyn LeRoy was an American film director, film producer and occasional actor. LeRoy was born in San Francisco, to Jewish parents Edna and his family was financially ruined by the 1906 earthquake. To make money, young Mervyn sold newspapers and entered talent shows as a singer, through this he worked his way into vaudeville. When his act broke up, he and his cousin, Jesse Lasky, LeRoy worked in costumes, processing labs and as a camera assistant until he became a gag writer and actor in silent films, including The Ten Commandments in 1923. LeRoy credits Ten Commandments director, Cecil B, DeMille, for inspiring him to become a director, As the top director of the era, DeMille had been the magnet that had drawn me to his set as often as I could go. Leroy also credits DeMille for teaching him the techniques required to make his own films. His first directing job was in 1927s No Place to Go, when his movies made lots of money without costing too much, he became well received in the movie business. He directed two key films which launched Edward G. Robinson into major stardom, the Oscar-nominated critique of tabloid journalism Five Star Final, from that point forward, LeRoy would be responsible for a diverse variety of films as a director and producer. In 1938 he was chosen as head of production at MGM and he was responsible for discovering Clark Gable, Loretta Young, Robert Mitchum and Lana Turner. In the 1950s, LeRoy directed such musicals as Lovely to Look At, Million Dollar Mermaid, Latin Lovers and Rose Marie. He moved to Warner Brothers, where he was responsible for such films as Mister Roberts, The Bad Seed, No Time for Sergeants, The FBI Story. He was nominated in 1943 for Best Director for Random Harvest, in addition, he received an honorary Oscar in 1946 for The House I Live In, for tolerance short subject, and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1976. A total of eight movies Mervyn LeRoy directed or co-directed were nominated for Best Picture at the Oscars, LeRoy married three times and had many relationships with Hollywood actresses. He was first married to Elizabeth Edna Murphy in 1927, which ended in divorce in 1933, during their separation, LeRoy dated Ginger Rogers, but they ended the relationship and stayed lifelong friends. In 1934, he married Doris Warner, the daughter of Warner Bros. founder, the couple had one son, Warner LeRoy and one daughter. The marriage ended in divorce in 1942, in 1946, he married Katherine Spiegel, who was his wife until his death. LeRoy retired in 1965 and wrote his autobiography, Take One and he died from Alzheimers disease in Beverly Hills, California at age 86. He was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, on February 8,1960, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1560 Vine Street, for his contributions to the motion pictures industry
31.
Jeanette MacDonald
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Jeanette Anna MacDonald was an American singer and actress best remembered for her musical films of the 1930s with Maurice Chevalier and Nelson Eddy. During the 1930s and 1940s she starred in 29 feature films, four nominated for Best Picture Oscars and she later appeared in opera, concerts, radio, and television. MacDonald was one of the most influential sopranos of the 20th century, introducing opera to movie-going audiences, MacDonald was born June 18,1903, at her familys Philadelphia home at 5123 Arch Street. She was the youngest of the three daughters of Anna Mae and Daniel MacDonald and she had Scottish, English, and Dutch ancestry. Starting at an age, she took dancing lessons with Al White, imitated her mothers opera records. She performed at church and school functions and began touring in kiddie shows and she was the younger sister of character actress Blossom Rock who is most famous as Grandmama on the TV show Addams Family. In 1920 she appeared in two musicals, Jerome Kerns Night Boat as a replacement, and Irene on the road as the second female lead. Shipman once remarked that MacDonald did not have the legs for a chorus girl. In 1921 MacDonald played in Tangerine, as one of the Six Wives, in 1922 MacDonald was a featured singer in a Greenwich Village revue, Fantastic Fricassee. Good press notices brought her a role in The Magic Ring, MacDonald played the second female lead in this long-running musical which starred Mitzi Hajos. In 1925 MacDonald again had the female lead opposite Queenie Smith in Tip Toes. The following year found her still in a female lead in Bubblin Over. MacDonald finally landed the role in Yes, Yes, Yvette. Planned as a sequel to producer H. H. Frazees No, No, Nanette, MacDonald also played the lead in her next two plays, Sunny Days, her first show for producers Lee and J. J. Shubert, for which she received rave reviews, and Angela and her last play was Boom Boom, with her name above the title. While MacDonald was appearing in Angela, film star Richard Dix spotted her and had her screen-tested for his film Nothing, the Shuberts wouldn’t let her out of her contract to appear in the film, which starred Dix and Helen Kane, the Boop-boop-a-doop girl. In 1929, famed film director Ernst Lubitsch was looking through old screen tests of Broadway performers and he cast her as the leading lady in his first sound film, The Love Parade, which starred the Continental sensation Maurice Chevalier. In the first rush of sound films, 1929–30, MacDonald starred in six films and her first, The Love Parade, directed by Lubitsch and co-starring Chevalier, was a landmark of early sound films and received a Best Picture nomination
32.
Opening credits
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In a motion picture, television program or video game, the opening credits or opening titles are shown at the very beginning and list the most important members of the production. They are now shown as text superimposed on a blank screen or static pictures. There may or may not be accompanying music, when opening credits are built into a separate sequence of their own, the correct term is title sequence. Opening credits since the early 1980s, if present at all, identify the major actors and crew, while the credits list an extensive cast. In movies and television, the title and opening credits may be preceded by an open, or teaser. For instance, the sequence of the 1968 film Oliver. The only credit at films end is a listing of most of the cast and these are set against a replay of some of the Consider Yourself sequence. Some opening credits are presented over the sequences of a film. The opening credits for the 1993 film The Fugitive continued intermittently over several opening scenes, the opening credits for the 1968 film Once Upon a Time in the West lasted for fourteen minutes. The first sound film to begin without any opening credits was Walt Disneys Fantasia and this general release version has been the one most often seen by audiences. In the roadshow version of the film, unseen by most audiences until its DVD release, the intermission was omitted in the general release version. Orson Welles Citizen Kane begins with only a title credit and this practice was extremely uncommon during that era. West Side Story begins with a shot of an ink sketch of the New York City skyline as it was when the film was made, as the background of the shot changes color several times, we hear an overture medley of some of the films songs. As the overture ends, the camera back and we see the title of the film the rest of the credits are shown as graffiti at the end of the film. Most Disney films released between 1937 and 1981 had all the information in the opening credits, while the closing consisted only of the credit The End. However, Mary Poppins was the first Disney film to have longer closing credits, most Soviet films presented all film-related information in the opening credits, rather than at the closing which consist of only a THE END title. The final credit screen identified the studio corresponding to the logo at the beginning, and it could also contain the frame with the technical information about the cinematographic film manufacturer. American films also tended to list the names of the actors before the names of the directors, screenwriters, exceptions were made in the films of director Frank Capra, whose name was usually billed before the films title
33.
Rhino Entertainment
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Rhino Entertainment Company is an American specialty record label and production company founded in 1978. It is currently the division for the Warner Music Group. Founded in 1978, Rhino was originally a novelty and reissue label during the 1970s and 1980s, one of Rhinos early artists was The Twisters, whose Los Angeles popularity far exceeded their album sales. The labels on early Rhino records featured the mascot character. Some of the labels earliest successes with reissues were achieved by acquiring the rights to the White Whale Records catalog that included the Turtles, by the mid-1980s, most of Rhinos releases were reissues of previously released recordings licensed from other companies. Rhino was quick to get into the disc market, releasing dozens of oldies CDs at the dawn of the CD age in 1984. Their retrospective compact disc releases, such as those in the Billboard Top Hits series, are often remastered to restore or improve upon the original analog audio quality. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the company continued to sign artists and release new music, on the main Rhino label and on subsidiary labels such as RNA. In 1985, Rhino signed a distribution agreement with Capitol Records. During 1989 Rhino and Capitol’s parent EMI made a deal to jointly acquire Roulette Records, Rhino received the US rights to Roulettes catalog, excluding jazz. When the distribution deal with Capitol ended in 1992, Rhino signed a new deal with Atlantic Records. In 1998, Time Warner bought the other half of Rhino, the Rhino Records retail store, which was not part of the sale, closed in 2005. Periods, in addition to WBs own post-1949 period, Rhinos soundtrack releases include Gone with the Wind, The Wizard of Oz, Easter Parade, North by Northwest, Casablanca, King Kong, Doctor Zhivago, Superman, and Finians Rainbow. The Turner Entertainment and Warner Bros. film soundtrack libraries are managed by Warner Bros. in-house label subsidiary. In 1999, Rhino started the Rhino Handmade division of limited-edition releases available primarily from their website, all Handmade deluxe editions were limited to about 3,000 copies or less, and once sold out were not re-pressed. In 2003, co-founders and longtime executives Richard Foos and Harold Bronson left Rhino, soon after, Foos inaugurated a new label, Shout. Factory, which began releasing dozens of CDs and videos mirroring the original early-1990s Rhino philosophy, in 2004, Time Warner spun off its music divisions and today Rhino is part of the newly organized Warner Music Group. In June 2006, Warner Strategic Marketing in the U. K. was dissolved, the division has two main factions, TV-advertised compilations and catalog material from the Warner vaults
34.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
