1.
Stark, New York
–
Stark is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 757 at the 2010 census, the town was named after a Revolutionary War General named John Stark. The Town of Stark is in the part of Herkimer County. Settlement occurred before 1775, but many residents departed during the Revolutionary War, the town was established from part of the Town of Danube in 1828. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings bought property in Van Hornesville to obtain background for her novel, The Sojourner, ray V. Pierce, former US Congressman Owen D. Young, founder of the Radio Corporation of America, was a lifelong resident of Van Hornesville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.5 square miles. The east town line is the border of Montgomery County, New York, otsquago Creek flows through the town to its confluence with the Mohawk River. As of the census of 2000, there were 767 people,286 households, the population density was 24.3 people per square mile. There were 334 housing units at a density of 10.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 99. 09% White,0. 39% African American,0. 39% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 26% of the population. 20. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.13. In the town, the population was out with 29. 2% under the age of 18,5. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 110.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $31,518, and the median income for a family was $34,545. Males had an income of $27,813 versus $21,042 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,128, about 14. 1% of families and 19. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33. 3% of those under age 18 and 10. 8% of those age 65 or over. Cramer Corners – A location near the town line. Deck – A hamlet west of Smith Corners, Smith Corners – A hamlet in the northwest part of the town
Stark, New York
–
Owen D. Young Central School in Van Hornesville
2.
St. Augustine, Florida
–
St. Augustine is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast in northeastern Florida. It is the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States, the county seat of St. Johns County, it is part of Floridas First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census, the city population was 12,975, the United States Census Bureaus 2013 estimate of the citys population was 13,679, while the urban area had a population of 69,173 in 2012. Saint Augustine was founded on September 8,1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Floridas first governor. He named the settlement San Agustín, as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine. The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years, since the late 19th century, St. Augustines distinct historical character has made the city a major tourist attraction, and it is also the headquarters for the Florida National Guard. Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, in 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivière de Mai, then sailed northward, Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman René de Laudonnière, who had participated in the expedition and he arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22,1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline. He was ordered as well to drive away any intruders who were not subjects of the Spanish crown. On July 28, Menéndez set sail from Cádiz with a led by his 600-ton flagship, the San Pelayo, accompanied by several smaller ships, and carrying over 1,000 sailors, soldiers. On the feast day of St. Augustine, August 28, Menéndez then sailed north and confronted Ribaults fleet outside the bar of the River May in a brief skirmish. On September 6, he returned to the site of his first landfall, naming it after the Catholic saint, disembarked his troops, and quickly constructed fortifications to protect his people and supplies. Menéndez then marched his soldiers overland for an attack on Fort Caroline. Jean Ribault had already put out to sea with his ships for an assault on St. Augustine, there they were confronted by the Spaniard and his men on the opposite side. After several parleys with the Spanish, Jean Ribault and the Frenchmen with him surrendered, almost all of them were executed in the dunes near the inlet, in 1572, the settlement was relocated to the mainland, in the area just south of the future town plaza. Confident that he had fulfilled the conditions of his contract with the King, including the building of forts along the coast of La Florida. After several more transatlantic crossings, Menéndez fell ill and died on September 17,1574, succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans, allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years
St. Augustine, Florida
–
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
St. Augustine, Florida
–
Top, left to right:
Castillo de San Marcos,
St. Augustine Light,
Flagler College,
Lightner Museum, statue near the
Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine,
St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park,
Old St. Johns County Jail
St. Augustine, Florida
–
Map depicting Sir
Francis Drake 's 1586
attack on St. Augustine
St. Augustine, Florida
–
City Gate, St. Augustine ca. 1861–1865 View looking into town, St. George Street
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Industrialist
–
A business magnate refers to an entrepreneur of great influence, importance, or standing in a particular enterprise or field of business. Such individuals may also be called czars, moguls, proprietors, tycoons, taipans, barons, the word magnate derives from the Latin magnates, meaning a great man or great nobleman. The word tycoon derives from the Japanese word taikun, which means great lord, the word entered the English language in 1857 with the return of Commodore Perry to the United States. U. S. President Abraham Lincoln was humorously referred to as the Tycoon by his aides John Nicolay, the term spread to the business community, where it has been used ever since. The word mogul is an English corruption of mughal, Persian or Arabic for Mongol and it alludes to emperors of the Mughal Empire in the Medieval India, who possessed great power and storied riches capable of producing wonders of opulence such as the Taj Mahal. Modern business magnates are entrepreneurs that amass on their own or wield substantial family fortunes in the process of building or running their own businesses and their dominance was known as the Second Industrial Revolution, the Gilded Age, or the Robber Baron Era. The Famous 15, Americas Most Fascinating Tycoons,25 Tycoons Who Run the World
Industrialist
–
Howard Hughes was a major American aviation and film tycoon during the 20th century.
Industrialist
–
Microsoft co-founder
Bill Gates is an American software mogul consistently ranked among the top five
wealthiest people in the world
5.
RCA
–
RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in late 1985 and split it up the following year, after World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of equipment was allocated to the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, the war ended in November of that year. The ending of the governments monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War. On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard, the proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company, the Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA, the result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The first chief officer of RCA was Owen D. Young. RCAs incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens, as the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong. Over the years, RCA continued to operate international services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930. In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and this included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan. The new subsidiary then became RCA Victor, with Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper His Masters Voice trademark. This trademark is used by the British music & entertainment company HMV. RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930, in 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records
RCA
–
RCA trademark exhibit at Heritage Museum in
Big Spring,
Texas (2004 photograph)
RCA
–
Original RCA logo. A later variation of this logo was revived by BMG after it bought
RCA Records from GE, and is still used by
Sony Music today.
RCA
–
Ad for the beginning of regularly scheduled television broadcasting in New York City by RCA-NBC in April, 1939 via station W2XBS, the forerunner of today's WNBC
RCA
–
Television
test pattern created by RCA in 1939
6.
General Electric
–
General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
General Electric
–
General Electric in Schenectady, NY, aerial view, 1896
General Electric
–
General Electric Company
General Electric
–
Plan of Schenectady plant, 1896
General Electric
–
A 23-ton
diesel-electric locomotive made at the General Electric Corp. plant in
Schenectady, New York
7.
German Palatines
–
The German Palatines were early 18th century emigrants from the Middle Rhine region of the Holy Roman Empire, including a minority from the Palatinate which gave its name to the entire group. The Poor Palatines were some 13,000 Germans who migrated to England between May and November 1709 and their arrival in England, and the inability of the British Government to integrate them, caused a highly politicized debate over the merits of immigration. The English tried to settle them in England, Ireland and the Colonies, the Palatine settlements did not prove to be viable in the long term, except for those settled in County Limerick and County Wexford in Ireland and in the colony of New York in British North America. In Ireland, less than 200 families remained after the settlement in 1709. Nevertheless, they maintained their distinctive culture until well into the nineteenth century, the largest concentration of descendants of Irish Palatine residents lives around Rathkeale, Co Limerick. The English transported nearly 3,000 German Palatines in ten ships to New York in 1710, many of them were first assigned to work camps along the Hudson River to work off their passage. Close to 850 families settled in the Hudson River Valley, primarily in what are now Germantown and Saugerties, later additional Palatine Germans settled along the Mohawk River for several miles, founding towns such as Palatine Bridge, and in the Schoharie Valley. Throughout the Nine Years War and the War of Spanish Succession, the migrants came principally from regions comprising the modern German states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, and northern areas of Baden-Württemberg along the lower Neckar. During the so-called Kleinstaaterei period when this occurred, the Middle Rhine region was a patchwork of secular. What triggered the mass emigration in 1709 of mostly impoverished people to England was the Crowns promise of land in the American Colonies. Parliament discovered in 1711 that several “agents” working on behalf of the Colony of Carolina had promised the peasants around Frankfurt free passage to the plantations. Spurred by the success of several dozen families the year before, thousands of German families headed down the Rhine to England, the first boats packed with refugees began arriving in early May 1709. The first 900 people were given housing, food and supplies by a number of wealthy Englishmen, throughout the summer, ships unloaded thousands of refugees, and almost immediately their numbers overwhelmed the initial attempts to provide for them. By summer, most of the Poor Palatines were settled in Army tents in the fields of Blackheath, a Committee dedicated to coordinating their settlement and dispersal sought ideas for their employment. During the reign of Queen Anne, political polarization increased, immigration and asylum had long been debated, from coffee-houses to the floor of Parliament, and the Poor Palatines were inevitably brought into the political crossfire. For the Whigs, who controlled Parliament, these provided an opportunity to increase Britain’s workforce. Only two months before the German influx, Parliament had enacted the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708, the rationale was the belief that an increased population created more wealth, and that Britain’s prosperity could increase with the accommodation of certain foreigners. Britain had already benefited from French Huguenot refugees, as well as the Dutch exiles, louis XIV of France had become infamous for the persecution of Protestants within his realm
German Palatines
–
Queen Anne of Great Britain
German Palatines
–
Robert Livingston the Elder (December 13, 1654 – October 1, 1728) was a
New York colonial official and first lord of
Livingston Manor.
8.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
9.
Protestant
–
Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
Protestant
–
(
The Ninety-Five Theses)
Protestant
–
The Memorial Church in
Speyer, Germany
Protestant
–
Key figures of the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther and John Calvin depicted on a church
pulpit. These reformers emphasised preaching and made it a centerpiece of worship.
Protestant
–
The Bible translated into
vernacular by Martin Luther. The supreme authority of
scripture is a fundamental principle of Protestantism.
10.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
–
Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death, Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne and his suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charless instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Annes Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Annes elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Annes finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Marys accession, William and Mary had no children. After Marys death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702, as queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession and her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, from her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Anne was born at 11,39 p. m. on 6 February 1665 at St Jamess Palace, London, the child and second daughter of James, Duke of York. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess, her sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne, as a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as defluxion. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, Queen Henrietta Maria. Following her grandmothers death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, on the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year, as was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Annes preceptor, around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
–
Portrait by
Michael Dahl, 1705
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
–
Anne (centre) and her sister Mary (left) with their parents, the Duke and Duchess of York, painted by
Sir Peter Lely and
Benedetto Gennari II
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
–
Anne, circa 1684, painted by
Willem Wissing and
Jan van der Vaardt
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
–
Mary of Modena and James Francis Edward, Anne's stepmother and half-brother
11.
Mohawk River
–
The Mohawk River is a 149-mile-long river in the U. S. state of New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River, the Mohawk flows into the Hudson in the Capital District, a few miles north of the city of Albany. The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy and it is a major waterway in north-central New York. The river and its canal, the Erie Canal, connect the Hudson River and port of New York with the Great Lakes at Buffalo. The lower part of the Mohawk River has five permanent dams, nine movable dams, Schoharie Creek and West Canada Creek are the principal tributaries of the Mohawk River. Both of these tributaries have several significant dams including the Hinckley Dam on the West Canada, the Gilboa Dam, which was completed in 1926 as part of the New York City water supply system, is the subject of an active and aggressive rehabilitation project. The Mohawk Valley allowed easier passage than going over the mountains to the north or south of the valley, as a result, it was strategically important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, and a number of important battles were fought here. The fertile Mohawk Valley also attracted early settlers, in the early nineteenth century water transport was a vital means of transporting both people and goods. A corporation was formed to build the Erie Canal off the Mohawk River to Lake Erie, the canal cut shipping costs to Lake Erie by 95%. It also simplified and reduced the difficulties of westward settler migration, the Mohawk Valley still plays an important role in transportation. Railroads followed the Water Level Route, as did major east-west roads such as Route 5, the Mohawk River Heritage Corridor Commission was created to preserve and promote the natural and historic assets of the Mohawk River. This commission was created by the NY State Legislature in 1997 to improve historic preservation along the river, the Mohawk watershed drains a large section of the Catskill Mountains, the Mohawk Valley proper, and a section of the southern Adirondack Mountains. All three regions have distinct geology, and the underlying rocks become progressively younger to the south. Overall, this part of New York is represented by lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that overlie the Grenville-aged metamorphic rocks of the Adirondacks. In the watershed, these rocks are only significant in the headwaters of the West Canada Creek, much of the main trunk of the Mohawk River sits in Cambro-Ordovician carbonates and Middle Ordovician sandstones and shales. The southern tributaries are underlain by a sequence of Devonian limestones that are overlain by a thick sequence of sandstones and shale of the Catskill Delta. During the Pleistocene, the watershed was extensively modified by continental glaciation, as a result of glacial scour and deposition, the surficial deposits in much of the watershed are poorly sorted boulder- and clay-rich glacial till. During deglaciation, several glacial lakes left varved clay deposits, in the final stages of deglaciation, approximately 13,350 years ago, the catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois, a pro-glacial lake, was through what would become the modern Mohawk Valley
Mohawk River
–
Cohoes Falls, near the eastern end of the Mohawk River in
Cohoes,
New York
Mohawk River
–
Hudson River watershed map showing the Mohawk River
Mohawk River
–
As the
Laurentian Glacier retreated, it blocked the outflow of
Glacial Lake Iroquois. Instead of flowing down the
St Lawrence Valley it flowed down the Mohawk River.
12.
St. Lawrence University
–
St. Lawrence University is a private, four-year liberal arts college located in the village of Canton in Saint Lawrence County, New York, United States. It has roughly 2400 undergraduate and 100 graduate students, about equally split between male and female, the church almost did not place the school in Canton, however, as they felt that students might be exposed to too much excitement within the village limits in 1856. Lawrence University, which was progressive in its philosophy and coeducational from the beginning. The university as it today was created as a Preparatory Department to provide a foundation for theological study. That department became todays liberal arts University, while the closed in 1965 with the Unitarian/Universalist consolidation. Early in the 20th century, the graduate program in education came into being. The mid-1960s also saw the birth of one of St. Lawrences nationally known programs, in 1974, two early campus buildings, Richardson Hall and Herring-Cole Hall, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1984, structures built before 1930 were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Lawrence University-Old Campus Historic District, the campus student center was completed in the spring of 2004 and serves as the schools hub at the center of campus. The Johnson Hall of Science opened in the fall of 2007, and expanded learning and lab space in several disciplines, notably biology, chemistry, biochemistry, neuroscience. Johnson Hall received LEED Gold certification for its design, it was the first Gold science building in New York State. The Noble Center, formerly used as a student center, is now undergoing major renovations to double the space available for the arts, a new Center for Arts Technology opened in January 2007. In 2016, Money magazine ranked St. Lawrence University number 29 on its national list of Best Liberal Arts College, in 2015, The Princeton Review profiled St. Lawrence University in its Colleges That Create Futures,50 Schools That Launch Careers By Going Beyond the Classroom. In its Best 380 Colleges 2016 edition, The Princeton Review ranked St. Lawrence 7th for Most Popular Study Abroad Programs and 20th for Best Science Lab Facilities. The 2013 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report categorizes it as more selective, forbes in 2012 rated St. Lawrence 79th in its ranking of American private colleges. Kiplingers Personal Finance places St. Lawrence at 73rd in its 2012 ranking of best value liberal arts colleges in the United States, in 2014, USA Today listed St. Lawrence as fourth in highest paid graduates in the Liberal Arts and Sciences. For the class of 2016, St. Lawrence received 4,067 applications, the number enrolling was 644, the yield rate was 32. 8%. In terms of rank,44. 4% of enrolled freshmen were in the top 10% of their high school classes,75. 8% ranked in the top quarter. The class of 2016 included 37% from New York State, 55% from 32 other states, of the 644 matriculants, 56% were female, 44% were male
St. Lawrence University
St. Lawrence University
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St. Lawrence University
St. Lawrence University
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Gunnison Memorial Chapel
St. Lawrence University
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Richardson Hall
13.
Canton, New York
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Canton is a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The population was 10,995 at the 2010 census, the town contains two villages, one also named Canton, the other named Rensselaer Falls. The town is named after the port of Canton in China. Canton is the home of St. Lawrence University and SUNY Canton, Canton Central School District is centered in the village of Canton. The first settler arrived in 1800, the town was organized/incorporated on May 14th,1805 from part of the town of Lisbon. The name Canton was supposedly selected due to interests in the China trade. Canton was one of the ten towns of the county. In 1845, the community of Canton was incorporated as a village, the Brick Chapel Church and Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 105.9 square miles. The Grasse River flows northward through the centre of St. Lawrence County, U. S. Route 11 is a northeast-southwest highway, which intersects New York State Route 68 and New York State Route 310 at Canton village. As of 2000, the census reported there were 10,334 people,3,198 households. The population density was 98.6 people per square mile, there were 3,515 housing units at an average density of 33.5 per square mile. 91. 81% White,4. 49% Black or African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 99% Asian,1. 02% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 92% of the population. 29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was out with 18. 9% under the age of 18,29. 6% from 18 to 24,21. 8% from 25 to 44,18. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 27 years, for every 100 females there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $43,819. Males had an income of $33,993 versus $25,989 for females
Canton, New York
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Seal
14.
Southbridge, Massachusetts
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The Town of Southbridge has a city form of government with a city council legislative body, but via a statute calls itself a Town. It is located in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States, the population was 16,719 at the 2010 census. Southbridge is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have applied for, the area was initially inhabited by the Nipmuck and Mohegan tribes, with the Quinebaug River dividing their territories. As early as 1638, John Winthrop, Jr. purchased Tantiusques a tract for mining lead centered at what is now Leadmine Road in Sturbridge, in fact the mineral deposit was graphite which the Winthrops commercialized employing Nipmuck miners. Southbridge was first settled by Europeans in 1730, in 1816 this parish was incorporated to become the township of Southbridge. Among the first settlers was Moses Marcy, who owned a home on the site of what is now Notre Dame church and was elected to Congress, and the Dennison family. Water power from the Quinebaug River made Southbridge a good location for sawmills and gristmills in the 18th century, and textile mills in the 19th century. After the Civil War, many immigrants of Irish and French Canadian descent came to work and live there, by the 1930s they had joined by Poles, Greeks, Italians. Southbridge has a history of manufacturing optical products, earning it the unofficial title Eye of the Commonwealth. Under the Wells family, the American Optical Company became the worlds largest manufacturer of ophthalmic products, many of its workers were exempted from the draft during World War II since they were doing vital defense work, including making Norden bombsights and even some work on the atomic bomb. By the early 1960s, the town had a movie theatre, an AM radio station. New immigrants from Puerto Rico, Laos, and Vietnam began arriving in the 1970s and 1980s, the American Optical Company shut down in 1984, and Southbridge is still struggling from the loss of these and other manufacturing jobs. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.9 square miles, of which 20.4 square miles is land and 0.5 square miles. Southbridge is drained by the Quinebaug River, the principal road in Southbridge is Route 131, known as Main Street through downtown and East Main Street past the AO Rotary and through Sandersdale, a village on the towns east side. North-south roads include Eastford Road and Elm Street, and Worcester Street-Mechanic Street-North Woodstock Road, Southbridge was formed out of portions of three of its neighboring towns, Sturbridge to the west, Charlton to the north, and Dudley to the east. The other neighboring towns are Woodstock, Connecticut, and Eastford, as of the census of 2010, there were 16,719 people,7,077 households, and 4,522 families residing in the city. The population density was 858.9 people per square mile, there were 7,511 housing units at an average density of 368.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81. 2% White,2. 6% Black or African American,0. 5% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26. 6% of the population
Southbridge, Massachusetts
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Southbridge Town Hall
Southbridge, Massachusetts
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View of Southbridge c. 1905
15.
Philip Young (ambassador)
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Philip Young was an American government official and diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to the Netherlands. The son of Owen D. Young, Philip Young was born in Lexington and he graduated from the Choate School, received his bachelors degree from St. Lawrence University, and graduated with a master of business administration degree from Harvard University in 1933. Young joined the United States Navy after the United States became involved in hostilities, after the war Young entered the private sector, where he worked until becoming Dean of Columbia Universitys Business School in 1948. While at Columbia he worked closely with Dwight D. Eisenhower during Eisenhowers term as president of the university, when Eisenhower became President of the United States in 1953, he appointed Young as his personnel manager and named him to a position on the Civil Service Commission. In 1957 Young was appointed Ambassador to the Netherlands, where he served until 1960, upon returning to the United States, Young was named Executive Director of the United States Council for the International Chamber of Commerce, where he served until 1965. He then worked for years as a management consultant before retiring to Van Hornesville, New York and Great Falls. He died in Arlington, Virginia on January 15,1987, Philip Young diplomatic career summary, Office of the Historian, United States Department of State
Philip Young (ambassador)
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Philip Young in the Netherlands in 1957
16.
Columbia Business School
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Columbia Business School is the business school of Columbia University in Manhattan, New York City. It is one of six Ivy League business schools, and is among the most selective of top business schools, the School was founded in 1916 with 11 full-time faculty members and an inaugural class of 61 students, including 8 women. Banking executive Emerson McMillin provided initial funding in 1916, while A, barton Hepburn, then president of Chase National Bank, provided funding for the Schools endowment in 1919. The School expanded rapidly, enrolling 420 students by 1920, and in 1924 added a PhD program to the existing BS, in 1945, Columbia Business School authorized the awarding of the MBA degree. In 1952, CBS admitted its last class of undergraduates, the school currently offers executive education programs that culminate in a Certificate in Business Excellence and full alumni status, and several degree programs for the MBA and PhD degrees. Students in jointly run programs earn an MBA degree from each of the cooperating institutions, on July 1,2004, R. Glenn Hubbard became Columbia Business Schools eleventh dean. Today, Columbia Business School is primarily housed in Uris Hall, an auxiliary space, Warren Hall, is situated on Amsterdam Avenue and is shared with the law school. Eventually, the school will be moved to a new, more spacious facility at Columbias planned new campus on 125th Street in Manhattanville, currently under construction. The donation will go toward construction of the business school’s new site in the Manhattanville section of New York City, one of the school’s two new buildings will be named for Kravis. The buildings will be designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, in December 2012, Ronald Perelman also donated $100 million to the construction of the second business school building. The Columbia MBA Program is highly competitive with a rate of 15% in 2009. The student body is highly accomplished and diverse, students in the class that entered in 2009 come from 61 countries and speak more than 50 languages. The revised core curriculum, launched in the fall of 2008, students enter Columbias MBA program in two tracks. The traditional fall term is approximately 550 students, while the January term J-Term is approximately 200 students, students entering in the fall are divided into eight clusters of approximately 65 students that take all first year core classes together. J-Term students are broken into three clusters, beginning in orientation and continuing through core classes and electives, students are immersed in cases that use faculty research to address real-world business issues. Columbia CaseWorks challenges students to debate corporate decision making and to develop recommendations and solutions. During their first year, students study and discuss a case that focuses on a single company and is incorporated into several core courses. This encourages students to think about a company holistically, analyzing it from the perspective of various disciplines, in 2013, the median starting base salary was $110,000, with a median $30,000 signing bonus and a median $20,000 of other guaranteed compensation
Columbia Business School
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Columbia Business School
Columbia Business School
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Butler Library
Columbia Business School
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Low Memorial Library
Columbia Business School
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Uris Hall, standing behind
Clement Meadmore 's 1968 sculpture "The Curl"
17.
United States Civil Service Commission
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In 1979, it was dissolved as part of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, the Office of Personnel Management and the Merit Systems Protection Board are the successor agencies. In 1871, President Ulysses S. However, Congress who relied heavily on patronage, especially the Senate, President Grants successor, President Rutherford B. Hayes requested a renewal of funding but none was granted. President Hayes successor, James A. Garfield, advocated Civil Service reform and his efforts against the spoils system, also known as patronage, were cut short after he was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau. President Garfields successor, President Chester A. Arthur, took up the cause of Civil Service reform and was able to lobby Congress to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. The Pendleton law was passed in due to public outcry over the assassination of President Garfield. The Pendleton Act renewed funding for the Civil Service Commission and established a commission to run Civil Service whose commissioners were chosen by President Arthur. The Civil Service Commission administered the service of the United States federal government. President Arthur and succeeding Presidents continued to expand the authority of the Civil Service Commission, the Civil Service Commission, in addition to reducing patronage, also alleviated the burdensome task of the President of the United States in appointing federal office seekers. Under the Commission Model, policy making and administrative powers were given to semi-independent commission rather than to the president, Civil Service Commissions typically consisted of three to seven individuals appointed by the chief executive on a bipartisan basis and for limited terms. Commissioners were responsible for administration of personnel system, including rule-making authority, administration of merit examinations. In addition, other functions were placed under jurisdiction of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Federal Labor Relations Authority and the Office of Special Counsel
United States Civil Service Commission
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Contents
United States Civil Service Commission
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George W. Curtis The first Chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission appointed by President
Ulysses S. Grant in 1871.
18.
United States Ambassador to the Netherlands
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The United States diplomatic mission to the Netherlands consists of the embassy located in The Hague and a consular office located in Amsterdam. In 1782, John Adams was appointed Americas first Minister Plenipotentiary to Holland and these loans from the United Provinces, which have been called the Marshall Plan in reverse, were the first the new government received. The American Embassy building in The Hague opened on July 4,1959 and it was designed by architect Marcel Breuer. Notable Americans such as former Presidents Adams and John Quincy Adams, General Hugh Ewing, besides the embassy, a U. S. consulate-general is located on Curaçao which is responsible for the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean. This consulate is not part of the U. S. diplomatic mission to the Netherlands. On July 18,2013, President Obama nominated Timothy M. Broas to become the next U. S. ambassador to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, succeeding Fay Hartog-Levin, Broas, an attorney and philanthropist, was a major donor to President Obamas campaigns. He was first nominated in April 2012, but withdrew his name in June after being arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol and he subsequently plead guilty to the reduced charge of driving while impaired and was placed on probation. Broas was finally appointed in March 2014. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm, United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for the Netherlands United States Department of State, Netherlands United States Embassy in The Hague
United States Ambassador to the Netherlands
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Incumbent
Timothy M. Broas as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary since 2014
United States Ambassador to the Netherlands
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Seal of the United States Department of State
United States Ambassador to the Netherlands
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The building of the American Embassy in
The Hague, Netherlands
19.
International law
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International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations. It serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations, International law differs from state-based legal systems in that it is primarily applicable to countries rather than to private citizens. National law may become law when treaties delegate national jurisdiction to supranational tribunals such as the European Court of Human Rights or the International Criminal Court. Treaties such as the Geneva Conventions may require national law to conform to respective parts, much of international law is consent-based governance. This means that a member is not obliged to abide by this type of international law. This is an issue of state sovereignty, however, other aspects of international law are not consent-based but still are obligatory upon state and non-state actors such as customary international law and peremptory norms. The term international law can refer to three distinct legal disciplines, Public international law, which governs the relationship between states and international entities. It includes these legal fields, treaty law, law of sea, international law, the laws of war or international humanitarian law, international human rights law. Private international law, or conflict of laws, which addresses the questions of jurisdiction may hear a case. The two traditional branches of law are, jus gentium – law of nations jus inter gentes – agreements between nations. Several legal systems developed in Europe, including the systems of continental European states and English common law, based on decisions by judges. Some doubt the effectiveness of law, as they see the implementation of international law as a policy option among others to tackle global dilemmas. They say that international law must be evaluated with other, possibly more effective, International law is sourced from decision makers and researchers looking to verify the substantive legal rule governing a legal dispute or academic discourse. The sources of law applied by the community of nations to find the content of international law are listed under Article 38. Many scholars agree that the fact that the sources are arranged sequentially in the Article 38 of the ICJ Statute suggests a hierarchy of sources. The sources have influenced by a range of political and legal theories. During the 20th century, it was recognized by legal positivists that a state could limit its authority to act by consenting to an agreement according to the principle pacta sunt servanda. Public international law concerns the treaty relationships between the nations and persons which are considered the subjects of international law, evidence of consensus or state practice can sometimes be derived from intergovernmental resolutions or academic and expert legal opinions
International law
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Created in 1945, the
United Nations is responsible for much of the current framework of international law.
International law
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The
First Geneva Convention (1864) is one of the earliest formulations of international law.
International law
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The
Italian thinker
Sir Alberico Gentili is acknowledged to be the founder of the science of international law.
20.
Admiralty law
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Admiralty law or maritime law is a distinct body of law that governs maritime questions and offenses. It is a body of domestic law governing maritime activities, and private international law governing the relationships between private entities that operate vessels on the oceans. It deals with matters including marine commerce, marine navigation, marine salvaging, shipping, sailors, Admiralty law also covers many commercial activities, although land based or occurring wholly on land, that are maritime in character. Seaborne transport was one of the earliest channels of commerce, in southern Italy the Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris at Trani and the Amalfian Laws were in effect from an early date. Islamic law also made contributions to international admiralty law, departing from the previous Roman. Islamic law departed from Justinians Digest and the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos in condemning slave jettison, the Islamic influence on the development of an international law of the sea can thus be discerned alongside that of the Roman influence. Admiralty law was introduced into England by the French Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine while she was acting as regent for her son, in England, special admiralty courts handle all admiralty cases. These courts do not use the law of England, but are civil law courts largely based upon the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian. Admiralty courts were a prominent feature in the prelude to the American Revolution, because the Stamp Act was unpopular, a colonial jury was unlikely to convict a colonist of its violation. However, because admiralty courts did not grant trial by jury, Admiralty law became part of the law of the United States as it was gradually introduced through admiralty cases arising after the adoption of the U. S. Many American lawyers who were prominent in the American Revolution were admiralty and those included are Alexander Hamilton in New York and John Adams in Massachusetts. The result was the Seventh Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, in the more modern era, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes was an admiralty lawyer before ascending to the bench. The doctrine of maintenance and cure is rooted in Article VI of the Rolls of Oleron promulgated in about 1160 A. D. The obligation to cure requires a shipowner to provide care, free of charge, to a seaman injured in the service of the ship. The concept of maximum medical cure is more extensive than the concept maximum medical improvement, the obligation to cure a seaman includes the obligation to provide him with medications and medical devices which improve his ability to function, even if they dont improve his actual condition. They may include long term treatments that permit him to continue to function well, common examples include prostheses, wheelchairs, and pain medications. The obligation of maintenance requires the shipowner to provide a seaman with his living expenses while he is convalescing. Once a seaman is able to work, he is expected to maintain himself, consequently, a seaman can lose his right to maintenance, while the obligation to provide cure is ongoing
Admiralty law
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Admiralty law
21.
Law professor
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Legal education is the education of individuals in the principles, practices, and theory of law. Legal education can take the form of a variety of programs, including, Primary degrees in law, advanced academic degrees in law, such as masters and doctoral degrees. Practice or training courses, which prospective lawyers are required to pass in some countries before they may enter practice, applied or specialised law accreditation, which are less formal than degree programs but which provide specialised certification in particular areas. Continuing legal education, which do not lead to a qualification, early Western legal education emerged in Republican Rome. Initially those desiring to be advocates would train in schools of rhetoric, around the third century BC Tiberius Coruncanius began teaching law as a separate discipline. His public legal instruction had the effect of creating a class of legally skilled non-priests, after Coruncanius death, instruction gradually became more formal, with the introduction of books on law beyond the then scant official Roman legal texts. It is possible that Coruncanius allowed members of the public and students to attend consultations with citizens in which he provided legal advice and these consultations were probably held outside the College of Pontiffs, and thus accessible to all those interested. Canon and ecclesiastical law were studied in universities in medieval Europe, however, institutions providing education in the domestic law of each country emerged later in the eighteen century. In England, legal education emerged in the thirteenth century through apprenticeships. The Inns of Court controlled admission to practice and also provided legal training. English universities had taught Roman and canon law for some time, in many countries, including most of those in the Commonwealth of Nations, the principal law degree is an undergraduate degree, usually known as a Bachelor of Laws. Graduates of such a program are eligible to become lawyers by passing the countrys equivalent of a bar exam, in these countries, graduate law programs are advanced degrees which allow for more in-depth study or specialisation. In the United States, the law degree is a graduate degree known as the Juris Doctor. Students may pursue such a degree only after completing an undergraduate degree, the undergraduate degree can be in any field, though most American lawyers hold bachelors degrees in the humanities and social sciences. American law schools are usually an autonomous entity within a larger university, Primary degrees in law are offered by law schools, known in some countries as faculties of law. Law schools may have varying degrees of autonomy within a university or, in some countries. Higher degrees allow for advanced academic study. These include the Masters of Law by coursework or research, practitioners may undertake a Masters of Law by coursework to obtain greater specialisation in an area in which they practice
Law professor
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Gustavianum, The Swedish
Uppsala University built 1622–1625 and now a museum. was one of pioneers in formal legal education
Law professor
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University of Pretoria Faculty of Law
Law professor
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the
talk page.
22.
Boston University
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Boston University is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students and it offers bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and doctorates, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Bostons Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, BU is categorized as an R1, Doctoral University in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education, the University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities, and 32nd among global universities by U. S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings. In 1876, BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab, American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAAs Division I, BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League, and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for hockey, in which it has won five national championships. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969, on April 24–25,1839 a group of Methodist ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, Vermont, the school was named the Newbury Biblical Institute, in 1847, the Congregational Society in Concord, New Hampshire, invited the Institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused Congregational church building with a capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs, one stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the Methodist General Biblical Institute, with the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the Trustees of the Concord Biblical Institute purchased 30 acres on Aspinwall Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts, as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in Boston, in 1869, three Trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature a charter for a university by name of Boston University. These three were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises and they were Isaac Rich, Lee Claflin, and Jacob Sleeper, for whom Boston Universitys three West Campus dormitories are named. Lee Claflins son, William, was then Governor of Massachusetts, on account of the religious opinions he may entertain, provided, nonetheless, that this section shall not apply to the theological department of said University. Every department of the new university was open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race. The Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the BU School of Theology, in January 1872 Isaac Rich died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the University was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout the core of the city of Boston and was appraised at more than $1.5 million, Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university to that time
Boston University
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688 Boylston Street, the early home of the College of Liberal Arts, the precursor to the College of Arts & Sciences
Boston University
Boston University
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Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone at Boston University
Boston University
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Helen Magill White, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from an American university
23.
Beta Theta Pi
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Beta Theta Pi is a North American social fraternity that was founded in 1839 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. One of North Americas oldest, the fraternity currently consists of 110 active chapters and 26 colonies in the United States, more than 300,000 members have been initiated worldwide and there are currently around 10,000 undergraduate members. Beta Theta Pi is the oldest of the three fraternities that formed the Miami Triad along with Phi Delta Theta and Sigma Chi, students at Miami University at the time of Betas founding had previously formed two rival literary societies, The Erodelphian and Union Literary Society. A student of the school, John Reily Knox began to members of both the Erodelphian and Union Literary Societies with the goal of creating a new fraternity. Beta Theta Pi was founded at 9,00 pm on Thursday, August 8,1839, the group held its first regular meeting in the Hall of the Union Literary Society, an upper room of the campus building known as Old Main. These are the underpinnings for their statement to develop men of principle for a principled life. In 1879, Beta Theta Pi became the first college fraternity to publish its constitution, the fraternity continues to guard certain secrets about membership. Similar to other fraternities, Beta Theta Pis code emphasizes international fellowship, cultural development, in August 1996, St. Lawrence University Chairman and Beta Theta Pi alumnus E. B. In response to Wilson and a number of difficulties, the Men of Principle initiative was started during the 1998–99 academic year. Three chapters, Nebraska, Georgia and Pennsylvania, were used as pilot chapters for the new program, after this first year of piloting, the Men of Principle initiative was officially introduced at the 160th General Convention in Oxford, in 1999. Before Men of Principle, the Fraternitys average chapter GPA was just above a 2.8, in 2016, the fraternitys GPA had risen to a 3.22. The average chapter size in 2016 was 77.2 men, in 1997, there was an average of two advisors per chapter, while as of 2016 there was an average of eight advisors working with each one of the chapters. Beta received some backlash for the initiative, between the beginning of the program in 1998 and 2013, its international headquarters closed 85 chapters for failing to comply with the Men of Principle initiative. As part of the Men of Principle initiative, Beta runs several programs for undergraduate members. In the 1996-97 academic year, before the initiative, Beta sent seven undergraduates to a development program — equivalent to 0.1 percent of the total undergraduate membership. In the 2015-16 academic year, nearly 2,000 Betas attended one of the fraternitys programs — or 20 percent of the undergraduate membership. All told, in the years since the introduction of Men of Principle, as part of a multi-year dispute over co-ed student housing issues, the Beta Theta Pi chapter at Wesleyan University had been refusing access to campus security personnel. In March 2010, Wesleyan issued a warning to students to avoid the chapter house, in October of that year a freshman was raped by a non-member, non-student at a Beta Theta Pi Halloween party
Beta Theta Pi
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Beta Theta Pi
24.
Stone and Webster
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Stone & Webster was an American engineering services company based in Stoughton, Massachusetts. It was founded as a testing lab and consulting firm by electrical engineers Charles Stone. In the early 20th century, Stone & Webster was known for operating systems in many cities across the United States, examples include Dallas, Houston. Charles A. Stone and Edwin S. Webster first met in 1884, in 1890, only two years after graduating, they formed the Massachusetts Electrical Engineering Company. The name was changed to Stone & Webster in 1893 and their company was one of the earliest electrical engineering consulting firms in the United States. Stone & Websters first major project was the construction of a plant for the New England paper company in 1890. Stone & Webster not only had valuable insight into developing and managing utilities, through the panic of 1893, Stone & Webster were able to acquire the Nashville Electric Light and Power Co. for a few thousand dollars and later sold it for $500,000. Throughout the next ten years, Stone & Webster acquired interest in number of utilities while offering managerial, engineering. Even though Stone & Webster were not a company, their financial and managerial presence meant that they had considerable influence in policy decisions. They would often be paid in utility stock, by 1900, they had controlled and merged eight small rail lines in Seattle, soon after, they also took over the street railway systems of Tacoma and Everett. The Seattle Electric Co. and Whatcom County Railway and Light Co, Stone & Webster took over construction operations and on September 21,1906, Bellingham received power from the plant via a 47 mile long transmission line. Despite the independence allowed its subsidiaries, J. D. Ross, listing 49 companies under Stone & Websters management at the time. Founded in 1886, to form Stone & Webster and Blodgett Inc, in January,1946, the name of the business, was changed to Stone and Webster Securities Corporation. Much of the capacity in petrochemical and plastics development was also developed as a result of Stone & Webster efforts. Americas entry into World War II brought an increase in demand for all types of engineering and construction. According to former Stone & Webster president Allen, Few elements of war production were not impacted in a significant way by Stone & Webster, the company was also called upon to engage in more creative projects. Perhaps the most creative Stone & Webster wartime effort was its involvement in the Manhattan Project, Stone & Webster was involved in creating the facilities and laboratories for the Manhattan Project. Prior to its acquisition it was part of the Maine Yankee decommissioning project
Stone and Webster
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Rex Dunbar Frazier (photographer and representative of Stone & Webster Engineering) in camp following 1915 Galveston Hurricane
Stone and Webster
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Stone & Webster
Stone and Webster
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Men loitering at Stone & Webster Engineering camp at Virginia Point, Texas following
1915 Galveston Hurricane
Stone and Webster
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Stone & Webster headquarters at 245 Summer St. in Boston in 1980
25.
Charles A. Coffin
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Charles Albert Coffin was the cofounder and first President of General Electric corporation. He was born in Fairfield, Maine, the son of Albert Coffin and he married Caroline Russell of Holbrook, Massachusetts and had three children. He moved to join his uncle Charles E. Coffin at his company in Lynn, Massachusetts at the age 18. Eventually he established his own shoe factory named Coffin and Clough in Lynn, in 1883, he was approached by another Lynn businessman, Silas A. Barton, to bring to town a struggling electric company from New Britain, Connecticut, finance it and to lead it. With the engineering work of Elihu Thomson, Coffin was able to build the company, during this time they deployed power plants in the South, including two in Atlanta, Georgia to run the electric lighting and in 1889, Joel Hurts electric streetcar line. When General Electric was formed from Thomson-Houston and Edisons companies, Coffin was its first chief executive officer, the company was tested quickly during the Panic of 1893, where Coffin negotiated with New York banks to advance money in exchange for GE-owned utility stocks. He established a duopoly of important electric patents with Westinghouse Electric in the late 1890s, suggested by Charles Proteus Steinmetz, this was the first industrial research lab in the US. He supported GE engineers in the adaptation and development of the Curtis steam turbine and he retired from the board in 1922, and retained a large amount of GE stock. Upon his death in 1926, he was one of the wealthiest men in the world, biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders. Men and Volts, The Story of General Electric, the 10 Greatest CEOs of All Time
Charles A. Coffin
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Subsidiaries and
divisions
26.
Schenectady
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Schenectady /skᵻˈnɛktədi/ is a city in Schenectady County, New York, United States, of which it is the county seat. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 66,135, the name Schenectady is derived from a Mohawk word skahnéhtati meaning beyond the pines. The city was founded on the side of the Mohawk River by Dutch colonists in the 17th century. They were prohibited from the fur trade by the Albany monopoly, residents of the new village developed farms on strip plots along the river. Connected to the west via the Mohawk River and Erie Canal, by 1824 more people worked in manufacturing than agriculture or trade, and the city had a cotton mill, processing cotton from the Deep South. Numerous mills in New York had such ties with the South, the city was part of emerging technologies, with GE collaborating in the production of nuclear-powered submarines and, in the 21st century, working on other forms of renewable energy. The city is in eastern New York, near the confluence of the Mohawk and it is in the same metropolitan area as the state capital, Albany, which is about 19 miles southeast. In December 2014, the announced that the city was one of three sites selected for development of off-reservation casino gambling, under terms of a 2013 state constitutional amendment. The project would redevelop an ALCO brownfield site in the city along the waterfront, with hotels, housing, when first encountered by Europeans, the Mohawk Valley was the territory of the Mohawk nation, one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, or Haudenosaunee. They had occupied territory in the region since at least 1100 AD, in the 1640s, the Mohawk had three major villages, all on the south side of the Mohawk River. The easternmost one was Ossernenon, located about 9 miles west of present-day Auriesville, about 3200 acres of this unique ecosystem are now protected as the Albany Pine Bush. Eventually, this word entered the lexicon of the Dutch settlers, the settlers in Fort Orange used skahnéhtati to refer to the new village at the Mohawk flats, which became known as Schenectady. In 1661 Arent van Curler, a Dutch immigrant bought a big piece of land on the side of the Mohawk River. Other colonists were given grants of land by the government in this portion of the flat fertile river valley. The settlers recognized that these bottomlands had been cultivated for maize by the Mohawk for centuries, Van Curler took the largest piece of land, the remainder was divided into 50-acre plots for the other first fourteen proprietors. As most early colonists were from the Fort Orange area, they may have anticipated working as fur traders, the settlers here turned to farming. Their 50-acre lots were unique for the colony, laid out in strips along the Mohawk River, with the narrow edges fronting the river and they relied on rearing livestock and wheat. From the early days of interaction, early Dutch traders in the valley had unions with Mohawk women and their children were raised within the Mohawk community, which had a matrilineal kinship system, considering children born into the mothers clan
Schenectady
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Nott Memorial Hall, Union College
Schenectady
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Former GE headquarters building
Schenectady
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Proctor's Theatre
Schenectady
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An accordion-playing guide welcomes visitors to a restored Dutch home in the Schenectady Stockade District
27.
Gerard Swope
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Gerard Swope was a U. S. electronics businessman. He served as the president of General Electric Company between 1922 and 1939, and again from 1942 until 1944, during this time Swope expanded GEs product offerings, reorienting GE toward consumer home appliances, and offering consumer credit services. Swope was born in St. Louis, Missouri to Ida and Isaac Swope and he graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. He was the brother of Herbert Bayard Swope, and father of Henrietta Swope and John Swope and he is possibly best known for his labor relations innovations. Swope increased sales and overall efficiency, earning high profits and market share, while focusing on training, retention. Before the passage of the Wagner Act, Swope had long supported labor legislation and he served as Chairman of The Business Council, then known as the Business Advisory Council for the United States Department of Commerce in 1933. Swope was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in 1942, in 1942 he was chairman of the Committee to Study Budgets of Relief Appeals for Foreign Countries. For this work he won the Hoover Medal and he died in New York City in 1957. In 2005, Forbes Magazine ranked Swope as the 20th most influential businessman of all time, in September 1931, Swope presented a proposal for recovery, the Swope Plan. Under the plan, the Federal Trade Commission would supervise trade associations established for each industry, Trade associations would cover every company with at least 50 employees. Associations would regulate output and set prices, workers would receive life insurance, pensions, and unemployment insurance paid for in part by employers. The Chamber of Commerce and other groups provided enthusiastic support. President Herbert Hoover, who strongly supported voluntary trade associations, denounced the plan for being compulsory, inefficient, in an oral history interview, Leon H. Keyserling said the New Deals National Industrial Recovery Act started as a trade association act. The original draft of the act out of the so-called Gerard Swope plan for Recovery
Gerard Swope
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Gerard Swope
28.
Radio Corporation of America
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RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in late 1985 and split it up the following year, after World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of equipment was allocated to the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, the war ended in November of that year. The ending of the governments monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War. On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard, the proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company, the Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA, the result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The first chief officer of RCA was Owen D. Young. RCAs incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens, as the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong. Over the years, RCA continued to operate international services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930. In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and this included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan. The new subsidiary then became RCA Victor, with Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper His Masters Voice trademark. This trademark is used by the British music & entertainment company HMV. RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930, in 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records
Radio Corporation of America
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RCA trademark exhibit at Heritage Museum in
Big Spring,
Texas (2004 photograph)
Radio Corporation of America
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RCA Corporation
Radio Corporation of America
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Ad for the beginning of regularly scheduled television broadcasting in New York City by RCA-NBC in April, 1939 via station W2XBS, the forerunner of today's WNBC
Radio Corporation of America
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Television
test pattern created by RCA in 1939
29.
Rockefeller Foundation
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The Rockefeller Foundation is a private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. It was established by the six-generation Rockefeller family, the Foundation was started by Standard Oil owner John D. Rockefeller, along with his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. Its stated mission is promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, as of 2015, the Foundation was ranked as the 39th largest U. S. foundation by total giving. By year-end 2008 assets were tallied at $3.1 billion from $4.6 billion in 2007, on January 5,2017, the Board of Trustees announced the unanimous selection of Dr. Rajiv Shah to serve as the 13th president of the foundation. Shah became the youngest person, at 43, and first-ever Indian-American to serve as president of the foundation. He assumed the position March 1, succeeding Dr. Judith Rodin who served as president for twelve years and announced her retirement, at age 71. Rodin in turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005, a former president of the University of Pennsylvania, Rodin was the first woman to head the foundation. It was in that year he gave the first $100,000 to fund the University of Chicago, over the next two decades, $35 million dollars were gifted to the institution by Rockefeller. It was also in 1906 that the Russell Sage Foundation was established, though its program was limited to working women, Rockefellers would thus not be the first foundation in America, but it brought to it unprecedented international scale and scope. On May 14,1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a charter for the foundation - two years after the Carnegie Corporation - with Junior becoming the first president. With its large-scale endowment, a part of Seniors fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes. On December 5, the Board made its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D. C. At the beginning the foundation was global in its approach and concentrated in its first decade entirely on the sciences, public health and medical education. In 1913 the foundation set up the International Health Commission, the first appropriation of funds for work outside the US and its early field research on hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever provided the basic techniques to control these diseases and established the pattern of modern public health services. In 1913 it also began a 20-year support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research and education on birth control, maternal health and sex education. Also in 1914, the set up a new Department of Industrial Relations. The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, during its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by John D. Rockefeller Jr. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, John D. Rockefeller Jr. became the foundation chairman in 1917
Rockefeller Foundation
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Original Rockefeller logo, no longer in use
Rockefeller Foundation
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Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory Field Assistant,
Nariva Swamp,
Trinidad. 1959
30.
Woodrow Wilson
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Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Born in Staunton, Virginia, he spent his years in Augusta, Georgia and Columbia. In 1910, he was the New Jersey Democratic Partys gubernatorial candidate and was elected the 34th Governor of New Jersey, while in office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since 1801. Leading the Congress that was now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. The Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, through passage of the Adamson Act that imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality, Wilson faced former New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes in the presidential election of 1916. By a narrow margin, he became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to two consecutive terms, Wilsons second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies, although without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving military strategy to the generals, loaning billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, the United States aided their finance of the war effort. On the home front, he raised taxes, borrowing billions of dollars through the publics purchase of Liberty Bonds. In his 1915 State of the Union Address, Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917, the crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who implemented racial segregation at the Treasury, Navy and he gave department heads greater autonomy in their management. Following his return from Europe, Wilson embarked on a tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty. The treaty was met with concern by Senate Republicans, and Wilson rejected a compromise effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge. Due to his stroke, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having diminished his power, forming a strategy for re-election, Wilson deadlocked the 1920 Democratic National Convention, but his bid for a third-term nomination was overlooked. Wilson was a devoted Presbyterian and Georgist, and he infused his views of morality into his domestic and he appointed several well known radically progressive single taxers to prominent positions in his administration. His ideology of internationalism is now referred to as Wilsonian, an activist foreign policy calling on the nation to promote global democracy and he was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilsons paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland and his mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow
Woodrow Wilson
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President Wilson in 1919
Woodrow Wilson
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Wilson c. mid 1870s
Woodrow Wilson
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Ellen Axson Wilson (1883)
Woodrow Wilson
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daughters Jessie and Margaret
