1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
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Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
3.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
4.
Katherine Grainger
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Dame Katherine Jane Grainger DBE is a British rower and with five Olympic medals is Great Britains most decorated female Olympian. She is a 2012 Summer Olympics gold medallist, four-time Olympic silver medallist, since 2015 she has been chancellor of Oxford Brookes University. Grainger first won silver at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 in the womans Quadruple Sculls, in Athens in 2004, she won silver in the coxless pairs. In Beijing 2008 she won her silver, again in the Quadruple Sculls. At the London Olympics 2012, Anna Watkins and Grainger broke the Olympic record as they qualified for the Double Sculls final, Grainger secured a silver medal at the Rio Olympic Games 2016 with Victoria Thornley, after a two-year break from the sport. Grainger has won eight medals at World Championships, between 1997 and 2011, graingers family moved to Netherley, Aberdeenshire. Grainger holds an LLB at the University of Edinburgh, an LLM in medical law at the University of Glasgow, in July 2013 Kings made Grainger a fellow. She remarked, Without planning it both my Olympic career and my PhD have met at the time and the culmination for both is 2012 – not by design. Grainger took up rowing at the University of Edinburgh in 1993 and she trained on the River Dee. She first won silver at Sydney in 2000 in the quadruple sculls with Guin Batten, Gillian Lindsay. Four years later in Athens in 2004, she won again when she took part in the coxless pairs with Cath Bishop, losing to Georgeta Damian. On 3 August 2012, she won an Olympic gold medal at London in the double sculls with Anna Watkins, at the 2016 Olympics, she won a silver medal in double sculls with Vicky Thornley. Grainger has won eight medals at the World Championships and this quad had Debbie Flood instead of Romero, who had retired after the 2005 world championships. Another gold came in 2007, again in the quadruple sculls, in 2009, having switched to the single scull after the Beijing Olympics, Grainger claimed a surprise silver at the World Championships in Poland. She has won the Rowing World Cup in the Quadruple Sculls in 2005,2006,2007 and 2010 and she was elected President of the Edinburgh University Boat Club in 1996/97. She was elected the Edinburgh University Sports Unions female athlete of the winner in 1995/96, in March 2013, she became patron of the National Coastwatch Institution. It is the first international development legacy initiative linked to an Olympic and Paralympic Games, international Inspirations board members include British broadcaster David Davies, former UK government minister Andrew Mitchell, and Sebastian Coe KBE
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Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
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Oxford
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Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270, it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, the city is situated 57 miles from London,69 miles from Bristol,65 miles from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 miles from Reading. The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford, buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period. Oxford is known as the city of dreaming spires, a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold, Oxford has a broad economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a number of information technology and science-based businesses. Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was known as Oxenaforda, meaning Ford of the Oxen. It began with the establishment of a crossing for oxen around AD900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes, Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned to a governor, Robert DOyly, the castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. DOyly set up a community in the castle consisting of a chapel. The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britains oldest places of formal education and it was there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place and we have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation, a grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order, and friars of various orders all had houses of varying importance at Oxford. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century, the Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, these documents are often regarded as Englands first written constitution. Richard I of England and John, King of England the sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively. A plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates these events, the University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxfords earliest colleges were University College, Balliol and Merton and these colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers
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University Alliance
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University Alliance is an association of British universities which was formed in 2006 as the Alliance of Non-Aligned Universities, adopting its current name in 2007. Alliance institutions educate more than a quarter of students in the UK, including 27% of those on STEM courses and they deliver 40% of the UK’s sandwich degrees and maintain links with 19,000 businesses, including 13,000 SMEs. It is the only UK university association or grouping which is above benchmark on both access and retention of students, a large proportion of courses offered by Alliance universities are accredited by professional bodies. In 2015, University Alliance launched the Doctoral Training Alliance, the UKs largest multi-partner doctoral training programme building on its members research strengths, the initial programme in applied biosciences for health was followed in 2016 with a second programme, focused on energy. University Alliance has put forward proposals on lifelong learning, calling on the government to take steps to ensure people can benefit from opportunities at all stages of life. Its policy work has focused on the role of universities in supporting the UK’s industrial strategy and nurturing arts, culture. The association is headed by the Chair, Deputy Chair and the Treasurer who are elected, operational running on a daily business is overseen by the Chief Executive
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Universities UK
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Universities UK is an advocacy organisation for universities in the United Kingdom. The current president is Dame Julia Goodfellow, vice-chancellor of the University of Kent, the current Chief Executive is Nicola Dandridge. In 1918 the first consultative meeting of all vice-chancellors was held, at that time, the committee consisted of just twenty-two universities and university colleges. In the early 1980s, they commissioned the Jarratt report, published in 1985, on 1 December 2000, CVCP’s name, logo and identity were changed to Universities UK in order to reflect changes which had taken place in the organisation in recent years. Universities UKs task is to support the work of universities and promote their interests, there is also an additional group, Universities Scotland, whose membership comprises the Universities UK members in Scotland. Universities Scotland promotes and supports the work of Universities UK, the percentage of state educated school students at the prestigious Russell Group universities has been falling. State educated secondary school pupils eligible for school meals are very much less likely to go to Oxbridge than privately educated pupils. Overall more young people are entering university than previously and it is hoped this will improve social mobility, cutbacks in government funding for students may deter poorer potential students from going to university according to the education charity, Sutton Trust. Following comments by Prime Minister David Cameron that universities should not enforce gender segregation on audiences the case study which triggered this debate was withdrawn. The Efficiency and effectiveness in higher education, A report by the Universities UK Efficiency, in response to the report the Efficiency Exchange was set up to help higher education institutions to share ideas and good practice. The Exchange facilitates the sharing of resources, Universities UK health work programme addresses the NHS education reforms, research and innovation and AHSNs, healthcare employment and health education regulation. In 2012 A picture of health and education was published which depicts the vital connections between higher education and healthcare, in July 2015 UUK launched a campaign in support of the UKs continuing membership of the EU which generated wide media coverage. This was criticised by some Conservative and UKIP Members of the European Parliament who said such political activity undertaken by a registered charity which is largely state-funded was wrong
9.
Association of MBAs
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The Association of MBAs is a global organisation founded in 1967 which focuses primarily on international business school accreditation and membership. Based in London, AMBA is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education and styles itself as the worlds authority on postgraduate management education. It differs from AACSB in the US and EQUIS in Brussels as it accredits a schools portfolio of postgraduate management programmes but does not accredit undergraduate programmes, all MBA students and alumni of the 245 accredited member schools join AMBA as individual members free of charge. AMBA also accredits generalist MBM programmes and DBA programmes, and admits as members students, AMBAs long-serving president is Sir Paul Judge, the founding benefactor of Cambridge Judge Business School. AMBAs current Chief Executive is Andrew Main Wilson, who joined the organisation from the Institute of Directors in 2013, len Jones was elected Chairman of the AMBA Board of Trustees in 2014. The founders saw a lack of awareness in Europe of the value of the MBA degree and they decided to form a lobby and membership group to promote the benefits of postgraduate business education, under the name of Business Graduates Association. The Associations first Director General was Vice-Admiral David Clutterbuck who assumed this position in 1969, in 1983 BGA began to accredit the growing number of MBA programmes, while preserving its functions as a membership organization. BGA was renamed Association of MBAs in 1987, the Associations current president is Sir Paul Judge, who helped establish Cambridge Judge Business School in 1990 and whose name the school continues to carry. The Association of MBAs accredits MBA, MBM and DBA degree programmes, the Associations process of accrediting a schools MBA programmes portfolio includes reviewing compliance AMBAs MBA criteria, most of them qualitative rather than quantitative. AMBA holds three annual conferences for business school deans and directors, a Global Conference, an Asia Pacific Conference. Participation is open to both accredited and non-accredited schools, AMBA also hosts an annual Gala Dinner in London, which is open only to accredited schools. AMBA also organizes webinars, lectures and networking events on a regular basis catering to MBA alumni, current MBA students, prospective MBA students and these on-campus events are held at accredited business schools and often feature distinguished speakers and practitioners in fields such as leadership, entrepreneurship and innovation
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Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
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John Henry Brookes
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John Henry Brookes OBE, was an English craftsman, artist and educator associated with the predecessor institutions of Oxford Brookes University, which is named in his honour. His father was Head of the Boot and Shoe Department of Leicester College of Technology, Brookes trained in Silversmithing at the Chipping Campden Guild of Handicrafts. He was an accomplished artist but became both a teacher and accomplished administrator. In 1922 he was appointed as a teacher of sculpture in the Oxford City School of Arts. In 1934 the technical and art schools were merged as the Schools of Technology Art, John Henry Brookes was the first Principal. There were 10 full-time staff and 1,284 students, by 1946 the Schools were in 19 sites around the city and John Henry Brookes had of necessity become an accomplished cyclist. With the spread of the Schools around the town there was a desire to move them all onto one site. The Morrells brewing family offered 33 acres at the top of Headington Hill, unfortunately the City Council turned them down. There was a public protest and a citizens meeting was held in a packed Town Hall. The foundation stone was laid by Lord Nuffield, John Henry Brookes encouraged printing as a discipline in the college and also had many of his own drawings published. For many years his pen and ink drawings were a feature of the Oxford Times. He was very involved in the Oxford community and was on many committees especially those concerned with young people. He served as a magistrate for many years and when he retired from the College he became one of the directors of the Oxford Playhouse. Built on John Henry Brookess solid foundations the Schools of Technology Art and Commerce evolved into Oxford College of Technology, Oxford Polytechnic, John Henry Brookes, Craftsman, Educator, Administrator Edited by A. Stuart Addison
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University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
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Taylor Institution
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The Taylor Institution is the Oxford University library dedicated to the study of the European Languages. Its building also includes lecture rooms used by the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, since 1889 a prestigious Annual Lecture on a subject of Foreign Literature has been given at the Taylorian Institution. The Taylor Institution was established in 1845, funded largely by a bequest from the estate of the notable architect Sir Robert Taylor, Modern European languages were not then taught at the University. Since the Bodleian lacked space, the Taylorian was initially used to things as varied as Stubbss lectures on English history. There is a building in Wellington Square which houses the Institutions Greek, the library serves, for the greater part, those studying for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, for the various Masters degrees, and for the D Phil. The Greek and Slavonic annexe consists of European languages found further eastward, including the Greek, Slavic, Uralic, the library holds many world-class collections. Its holdings in German start with Luthers Flugschriften, including the first edition of his Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen, italian works run from Dante and Tasso through one of the largest collections of Giovanni Battista Guarinis seminal Il Pastor fido to Foscolo and Futurist manifestos. The Spanish and Portuguese collections contain early editions of Lope de Vega, Camoens, Cervantes, Góngora, Quevedo, russian first editions are well represented. The librarys greatest strength, however, lies in its French holdings and its collection of French Enlightenment authors stars the only complete collection in the world of all the French editions of Voltaires Candide printed in 1759, the year of first publication. The Taylorian also owns one of the two known copies of the first edition of Benjamin Constants Adolphe. Media related to Taylor Institution, Oxford at Wikimedia Commons Taylor Institution Library Brief history of the Taylorian building
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St Giles', Oxford
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St Giles is a wide boulevard leading north from the centre of Oxford, England. At its northern end, the divides into Woodstock Road to the left and Banbury Road to the right. At the southern end, the road continues as Magdalen Street at the junction with Beaumont Street to the west, also to the west halfway along the street is Pusey Street. At the northern end of St Giles is St Giles Church, the church originates from the 12th century. Working from north to south, on the east side are the Lamb & Flag public house, St Johns College, the Oxford Internet Institute, Balliol College, the southern end meets Magdalen Street at the Martyrs Memorial, commemorating the Oxford Martyrs. Balliol Hall used to stand on the east side of St Giles at the point that the Banbury Road and it was in rooms here that lessons began under A. E. Clarke in September 1877 at a school that was to become known as the Dragon School. The school expanded and moved two years to Crick Road and then in 1895 to its current location in Bardwell Road in North Oxford. The street is closed to traffic for two days each September for the traditional St Giles Fair, formerly, the University Parks was also closed to demonstrate that they are owned by the University of Oxford rather than formally being public. Their closure date is now Christmas Eve
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St. Ebbes
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St Ebbes is a district of central Oxford, England, southwest of Carfax. St Ebbes Street runs south from the end of Queen Street. The area takes its name from the church of St Ebbes. The name was first recorded in about 1005, when the church, the parish extended to the River Thames. By 1279 the area was known for property inhabited by the poorer townsfolk, in 1818 gas works were built on the north bank of the River Thames in St Ebbes, to supply the city with gas. St Ebbes expanded significantly in the 19th century, and by 1882 there was no room to expand the gas works, a railway bridge was built across the river to connect the gas works to the Great Western Railway line. The gas works were closed in 1960, the area was redeveloped between the 1950s and the 1980s. A new main road, Thames Street, was built through the area in 1968, between 1970 and 1972 the Westgate Shopping Centre was built in St Ebbes, and much of the rest of the area became car parks. Only a few residential properties remain to the north of Thames Street, there is a small housing estate between Thames Street and the river, known as St Ebbes by the River. St Ebbes Street runs south from Queen Street past Pembroke Street, St Ebbes Church of England parish church in Pennyfarthing Place, on the corner with St Ebbes Street is now a conservative evangelical congregation. St Ebbes Church of England Primary School is south of the river, the Victorian photographer Henry Taunt was born at Pensons Gardens, St Ebbes, on 14 June 1842. Castle Street, Oxford Paradise Street, Oxford Eleanor Chance, Christina Colvin, Janet Cooper, C. J. Day, victoria County History, A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 4. CS1 maint, Uses authors parameter Curl, James Stevens, Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd. pp. 107–132
16.
Headington
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Headington is a suburb of Oxford, England. It is at the top of Headington Hill overlooking the city in the Thames Valley below, the life of the large residential area is centred upon London Road, the main road between London and Oxford. The site of Headington shows evidence of continued occupation from the Stone Age, as the 2001 field excavations in Barton Lane found, anglo-Saxon burial remains from about AD500 have also been discovered. Headingtons toponym is derived from the Old English Hedenas dun, meaning Hedenas hill, when it was the site of a palace or hunting lodge of the Kings of Mercia. In a charter of 1004, Ethelred II of England, written at the royal ville called Headan dune, gave land in Headington to Frideswides priory, which included the quarry and the area around it. Henry I granted a chapel at Headington to the Augustinian canons regular of the Priory of St Frideswide, the Church of England parish church of Saint Andrew was built in the middle of the 12th century and enlarged in the 13th century. The bell tower was started in the 13th or 14th century, St. Andrews was repaired in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Gothic Revival architect J. C. Buckler restored the building, in 1927, it became an urban district separate from the Headington Rural District and in 1929 it was added to the city of Oxford. The other side of the London Road is called New Headington, Oxford United was originally Headington United F. C. Until 2001 its home ground was the Manor Ground, which had its entrance on London Road. In 2001 Oxford United moved to the Kassam Stadium near Blackbird Leys, the Manor Ground has since been demolished and a private hospital built on the site. The City of Oxford Silver Band began as the Headington Brass Band having been founded in the 19th century. In 2002 a re-warding of the City created a ward called Headington representing both sides of the London Road, from Bury Knowle Park to Headley Way, with two elected representatives, the first councillors for this ward were David Rundle and Stephen Tall. Ruth Wilkinson was elected to succeed Stephen Tall in May 2008, Headington has a large and growing population. Headingtons main employment sectors are medicine, education, and research, in the centre of Headington are a number of shops, pubs, cafés, restaurants, and other services. The area also includes the campus of Oxford Brookes University, Ruskin College. Headingtons most famous landmark is The Headington Shark, made by John Buckley for local broadcaster Bill Heine in 1986. Headington has a number of spaces including Headington Hill and Bury Knowle parks
17.
Wheatley, Oxfordshire
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Wheatley is a relatively large town and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about 5 miles east of Oxford. There was a Roman villa on Castle Hill, about 1 mile southeast of the parish church and it was excavated in 1845, when Roman coins dating from AD260 to 378 and fragments of Roman pottery and Roman tiles were found. The village had its beginnings in the Anglo-Saxon era and it is in a valley running eastwards, the stream of which flows through the centre of the village to join the River Thame. The stream used to be in the open, with stepping stones for people to cross it, however, it is now in a culvert that runs along under the High Street. In 1883 a Saxon cemetery was excavated, and artefacts removed from it are housed in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, in the 13th century Wheatley was part of the property of the Abbey of Abingdon and in 1279 was described as a hamlet of Cuddesdon. Wheatley manor house was enlarged and improved in 1601, and bears an inscription on the front stating T. A.1601, which stands for Thomas Archdale and it still retains its original appearance whereas most of the other old cottages and buildings have been restored. The Church of England parish church of St. Mary the Virgin was built in the 18th century, samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, disliked the building and had it rebuilt in 1855-1857 by the Oxford Diocesan architect, G. E. Street. Its tower has a peal of six bells, four of which came from the former 18th century church, there is also a Russian bell from Troitsa, thought to have been claimed as a spoil of war and given to the church early in the 20th century. The Congregational church was built in 1842–1843 on the site of the old tannery and it is now a United Reformed Church. Wheatleys Roman Catholic church is Our Lady of Lourdes in Crown Road and it is part of the parish of Corpus Christi, Headington. Wheatley Community Church is a new church which formed in 2015. There was once also an independent church in the old Granary building at 30 Church Road, many Wheatley residents talk of having attended Sunday School at the mission, which is how a generation usually identify the church. All the churches in Wheatley are now in a Local Ecumenical Partnership which also includes the church of Saint Bartholomew in Holton. Other occupations included faggot cutting and ochre cutting, the ochre being crushed at the windmill which stands today. There were two windmills on the hill southwest of the village, one was a post mill which burnt down in 1875. The other, Littleworth Mill, is a mill that dates from before 1671. It has been rebuilt and re-equipped a number of times, including in 1784 when the Eagle Ironworks, the tower mill had fallen out of use by 1915, but since 1977 the Wheatley Mill Restoration Society has been restoring it. Wheatley once had ten public houses, a plaque on a gable of the Kings Arms in Church Street says that it was built in 1756
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Westminster College, Oxford
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Westminster College was a teacher training college and college of higher education in England. The college was founded in London in 1851 as an institute for teachers for Wesleyan Methodist schools. Before the move, it was part of the London Institute for Education, from 1959 to 1981, its qualifications were awarded by Oxford University. From 1981 to 1992, its qualifications were awarded by the CNAA, from 1993 to 2000, its courses were validated by the Oxford University again. In 2000, financial pressures caused the college to close, the Methodist Church subsequently leased the colleges site at Harcourt Hill to Oxford Brookes University and it became the home of that universitys Westminster Institute of Education. John Wesley was convinced of the importance of education and, following the advice of his friend Dr. Philip Doddridge, opened schools at The Foundery in London, with the extension of franchise in 1832, both Church and Government recognised the need for education for the masses. The Rev. John Scott, was grandfather of John Scott Lidgett, the outcome of the Wesleyan Education Report for 1844 was the foundation in 1851 of Westminster Training College at Horseferry Road, Westminster, London, with Rev. Scott its first Principal. It remained the source of Wesleyan Methodist teachers worldwide until the Methodist Union of 1932. Its neo-Gothic buildings were requisitioned during the First World War, the site was severely damaged by an incendiary bomb on 4 March 1944 during the blitz in the Second World War, and the buildings were never repaired. They were demolished in the 1960s and the headquarters of the television station Channel 4 now stand on the site, principals John Scott 1851–1868 J. H. Rigg 1868–1903 H. B. Following the move, the qualifications were validated by the University of Oxford through its Institute of Education and, later. Oxford University also had an arrangement with other local teacher training colleges. The qualifications included a Certificate in Education, the Bachelor of Education degree, a certificate in education. Oxford University ended this arrangement in 1981, the colleges qualifications were then validated by the Council for National Academic Awards until 1992, when the CNAA ceased to exist. The college then entered into a new arrangement with Oxford University from 1993, Oxford University validated a number of qualifications at the college from this date, including degrees in Education and Theology. Westminster College was an Approved Society of the University of Oxford and those who read for its degrees were entitled to become members of Oxford University Student Union and life members of the Oxford Union, and to attend all lectures at the university. Students received notification of their results from the university, not the college. Degree certificates were those of the University of Oxford in toto, thus, they are nonetheless Oxford graduates, though not Oxford B. A. s
19.
Janet Beer
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Janet Beer is the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Liverpool. She is a graduate of the University of Reading and Warwick University and she worked for the Inner London Education Authority between 1983 and 1989 and has fulfilled academic and leadership roles at Warwick, Roehampton and Manchester Metropolitan. Beer completed her term of office as chair of the group for the National Student Survey in 2016. She chairs the Equality Challenge Unit, is Vice President England and Northern Ireland, UUK and she is a Trustee of UCAS and of the British Council, and is a member of the Advisory Board of the Higher Education Policy Institute. From 2011 until 2015 she was an elected Visiting Fellow of Nuffield College, Beer has an established record of research in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American literature and culture and contemporary Canadian women’s writing. She has written a number of books about Edith Wharton, most recently, in 2011, Sex, Satire and she has published widely on early twentieth-century American literary figures, transatlantic relationships and cultures
20.
Shami Chakrabarti
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Sharmishta Chakrabarti, Baroness Chakrabarti, CBE, commonly known as Shami Chakrabarti, is a British Labour Party politician and member of the House of Lords. She is also a barrister, and was the director of Liberty, Chakrabarti was born in Harrow, London, and studied Law at the London School of Economics. After graduating, she was called to the Bar and then worked as a legal counsel for the Home Office. When she was the director of Liberty, she campaigned against excessive anti-terror legislation, in this role she frequently contributed to BBC Radio 4 and various newspapers, and was described in The Times as probably the most effective public affairs lobbyist of the past 20 years. In September 2014, she was appointed as Chancellor of the University of Essex, Chakrabarti was one of the panel members of the Leveson Inquiry into press standards throughout 2011 and 2012. In April 2016 she was invited by Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn to chair an inquiry into alleged anti-semitism in the Labour Party, in August 2016 she was nominated by Corbyn to receive a life peerage in the Prime Ministers Resignation Honours. Chakrabarti was born to Bengali parents in the suburb of Kenton in the London Borough of Harrow and her father, a bookkeeper, has been cited by Chakrabarti as an influence on her gaining an interest in civil liberties. She attended Bentley Wood High School, a comprehensive school. She was a member of the SDP, both her parents were educated in Catholic schools in Calcutta, while she herself attended a Baptist Sunday school as a child. In 2007 she broadcast a Lent talk for BBC Radio 4, after graduating with a Bachelor of Laws, Chakrabarti was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1994. In 1996, she started working as a barrister for the Home Office, on 10 September 2001, she joined the human rights organisation Liberty. After working as counsel, Chakrabarti was appointed director of Liberty in 2003. The organisation is a prominent opponent of recent counter-terrorism legislation, Chakrabarti is a frequently invited contributor to BBC Radio 4 and various newspapers on the topic of human rights and civil liberties. The Observer wrote that she puts in seemingly endless appearances on Question Time and she was also described by David Aaronovitch in The Times as probably the most effective public affairs lobbyist of the past 20 years. In December 2005, the BBC Radio 4 Today programme ran a poll of listeners to establish who runs Britain, after many hours of debate, Today placed Chakrabarti on the shortlist of ten people who may run Britain. She was shortlisted in the Channel 4 Political Awards 2006 for the Most Inspiring Political Figure award and it was voted for by the public and she came second to Jamie Oliver, above Tony Blair, David Cameron, George Galloway and Bob Geldof. Chakrabarti left Liberty on 31 March 2016, martha Spurrier was announced as her successor to the post of director. Davis, a Conservative MP, was said by Burnham to have had late-night, Chakrabarti received an apology from Burnham for his innuendo and attempted character assassination
21.
Liberty (advocacy group)
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The NCCL was founded in 1934 by Ronald Kidd and Sylvia Crowther-Smith. In 2009, the organisation celebrated its 75th anniversary, Libertys aim is to not only protect civil liberties but also to engender a rights culture within British society. Liberty announced Martha Spurrier as its new director on 31 March 2016, the immediate spur to the organisations formation was the National Hunger March 1932. The first Secretary was Ronald Kidd, and first President E. M. Forster, Vice-Presidents were the politician and author A. P. Herbert and the journalist Kingsley Martin of the New Statesman. H. G. Wells, Vera Brittain, Clement Attlee, Rebecca West, Edith Summerskill, the National Council for Civil Liberties was founded in 1934. The inaugural meeting took place in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London on 22 February, the first campaign was against the criminalisation of pacifist or anti-war literature. Under the proposed Incitement to Disaffection Bill, commonly known as the Sedition Bill, it would have been an offence to possess pacifist literature. Although the Bill became law as the Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934, other prominent early themes included campaigning against fascists, against film censorship and support for striking miners in Nottinghamshire. After never fully recovering from a car accident in 1937, general secretary Ronald Kidd died in 1942 and was succeeded by Elizabeth Acland Allen, in 1989 NCCL changed its name to Liberty. During this period, the organisation was headed by Andrew Puddephatt, on 10 September 2001, Shami Chakrabarti joined Liberty. After working as counsel, she was appointed director of Liberty in 2003. Liberty became increasingly high-profile, with Chakrabarti making regular appearances in the media and she was described in The Times newspaper as the most effective public affairs lobbyist of the past 20 years. Since the 2015 UK general election, Liberty has spearheaded the campaign to save the Human Rights Act, in August 2015, Chakrabarti said Liberty intended to become more vigilant and active in Scotland. She later shared a platform with Scotlands First Minister Nicola Sturgeon to jointly defend the HRA, in January 2016 it emerged that Chakrabarti was standing down as Libertys director. Martha Spurrier took up the post at the end of May, BBC ban During the 1940s NCCL led protests against a BBC ban on artists who attended a Peoples Convention organised by the Communist Party. NCCL found a witness who confirmed the mens alibi and they were released from prison, the 1960s saw the organisation broaden its scope, particularly from 1966 under new general secretary Tony Smythe. It campaigned on issues, on behalf of gypsies, children, prisoners. This broader range of campaigning resulted in a rise in membership
22.
Jon Snow (journalist)
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Jon Snow is an English journalist and television presenter, currently employed by ITN. He is best known as the longest running presenter of Channel 4 News, Snow has held numerous honorary appointments, including Chancellor of Oxford Brookes University from 2001 to 2008. Snow was born in Ardingly, Sussex, the son of George DOyly Snow, Bishop of Whitby, and his wife Joan and he is a grandson of WW1 General Sir Thomas DOyly Snow and is the cousin of retired BBC television news presenter Peter Snow. Snow won a scholarship by Winchester Cathedral, and spent five years at the Pilgrims School. He grew up at Ardingly College, where his father was headmaster, in 2013, he recounted how the inquiry into Sir Jimmy Savile had allowed him to re-evaluate his own childhood when he was molested by one of the schools domestic staff. Snow subsequently attended St Edwards School, Oxford, when he was 18 he spent a year as a VSO volunteer teaching in Uganda. However, he did not complete his studies, being rusticated for his part in a 1970 anti-apartheid socialist student protest. He served as ITNs Washington correspondent and as editor before becoming the main presenter of Channel 4 News in 1989. In 1992 he was the anchor for ITNs election night programme, broadcast on ITV, he presented the programme alongside Robin Day, Alastair Stewart. Snow is known for sporting his vast collection of colourful ties, while working as a journalist in Uganda, he flew alongside President Idi Amin in the presidential jet. In 1976, Snow reputedly rejected an approach by British intelligence services to spy on his colleagues, at first he was asked to supply information about the Communist Party, but he was then asked to spy on certain left-wing people working in television. In return he would have received secret monthly, tax-free payments into his bank account, in 2002 he returned to radio, presenting Jon Snow Reports on Oneword Radio, a weekly show and podcast. He wrote regular articles for the Channel 4 News website and Snowmail – a daily email newsletter on the big stories coming up on the edition of Channel 4 News. In 2003, at the height of the dodgy dossier affair, Alastair Campbell walked into the studio to rebut statements by the BBC, without notes or preparation, Snow attempted to question Campbell about the affair. In 2004, Snow published an autobiography, Shooting History, the book was published by Harper Perennial and details Snows life from his childhood, up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The infamous US blogger has broken the best kept secret of recent times. Editors have been sworn to secrecy over Prince Harry being sent to fight in Afghanistan three months ago and these remarks provoked criticism from some viewers and media outlets. On 9 February 2009, Snow interviewed Lt-Col Yvonne Bradley, the counsel for Binyam Mohamed
23.
Swindon
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Swindon is a large town in Wiltshire, South West England, midway between Bristol,35 miles to the west and Reading,35 miles to the east. London is 78 miles to the east, and Cardiff is 78 miles to the west, at the 2011 census, it had a population of 185,609. Swindon became an Expanded Town under the Town Development Act 1952, Swindon railway station is on the line from London Paddington to Bristol. Swindon Borough Council is an authority, independent of Wiltshire Council since 1997. Residents of Swindon are known as Swindonians, the town and wider borough also has the headquarters of the Nationwide Building Society and a Honda car manufacturing plant. The original Anglo-Saxon settlement of Swindon sat in a position atop a limestone hill. It is referred to in the Domesday Book as Suindune, believed to be derived from the Old English words swine and dun meaning pig hill or possibly Sweyns hill, Swindon was a small market town, mainly for barter trade, until roughly 1848. This original market area is on top of the hill in central Swindon, the Industrial Revolution was responsible for an acceleration of Swindons growth. It started with the construction of the Wilts and Berks Canal in 1810, the canals brought trade to the area and Swindons population started to grow. Between 1841 and 1842, Isambard Kingdom Brunels Swindon Works was built for the repair, the GWR built a small railway village to house some of its workers. The Steam Railway Museum and English Heritage, including the English Heritage Archive, in 1878 the fund began providing artificial limbs made by craftsmen from the carriage and wagon works, and nine years later opened its first dental surgery. In his first few months in post the dentist extracted more than 2000 teeth, from the opening in 1892 of the Health Centre, a doctor could also prescribe a haircut or even a bath. The cradle-to-grave extent of service was later used as a blueprint for the NHS. The Mechanics Institute, formed in 1844, moved into a building looking rather like a church and included a covered market, on 1 May 1855. The New Swindon Improvement Company, a co-operative, raised the funds for this path self-improvement and it was a groundbreaking organisation that transformed the railways workforce into some of the countrys best-educated manual workers. It had the UKs first lending library, and a range of improving lectures, access to a theatre, the Institute also nurtured pioneering trades unionists and encouraged local democracy. During the second half of the 19th century, Swindon New Town grew around the line between London and Bristol. In 1900, the market town, Old Swindon, merged with its new neighbour at the bottom of the hill to become a single town
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Headington Hill Hall
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Headington Hill Hall stands on Headington Hill in the east of Oxford, England. It was built in 1824 for the Morrell family, local brewers, the family remained in residence for 114 years. Oscar Wilde attended a fancy dress May Day Ball given by Mr. Lady Ottoline Morrell, who owned the Hall for a period, was associated as a hostess with the Bloomsbury Group. Subsequently, the publisher Robert Maxwell, founder of Pergamon Press and he described it as the best council house in the country. During his time there, Maxwell commissioned a window depicting Samson at the Gates of Gaza by Israeli sculptor Nehemia Azaz. Since 1992, Headington Hill Hall has been leased to Oxford Brookes University and it currently houses a number of Law lectures, and the Oxford Brookes University School of Law Headington Hill Park Historic England
25.
Cheney Student Village
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Cheney Student Village is one of the nine halls of residence at Oxford Brookes University in Oxford, England. Located on Cheney Lane in Headington, a few minutes away from the Gipsy Lane campus, it houses 750 students in single study bedrooms with en suite shower rooms. Originally named Cheney Hall and knocked down in 2002 to 2003, Phase Two opened one year later in September 2004 although a number of rooms were not completed until late October 2004. This meant a group of student having to stay in Keble College and St Catherines College, Oxford. Cheney Student Village was built as part of a partnership between Oxford Brookes University and Jarvis UPP and this private finance initiative meant that the Hall was financed, built and run by Jarvis UPP on behalf of the University on a 30-year contract. University Partnership Program took over operation of the business from Jarvis PLC in September 2005, in the summer of 2006 the common room was completed and opened ready for the start of the 2006/07 academic year. Cheney Student Village is situated in landscaped grounds and has two onsite launderettes, and a centre with a floodlit all-weather football pitch nearby. Newly built and all en suite, the residence is made up of 750 single study bedrooms arranged in flats of five or six with shared kitchen/living/dining rooms, there is a common room with digital TV and DVD/Video combo. There is a no smoking and no policy in this area. Cheney Student Village — Oxford Brookes Accommodation website
26.
Mass media
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The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically, via such media as film, radio, recorded music, digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as email, social sites, websites. Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers, event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media. The organizations that control these technologies, such as studios, publishing companies. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries, books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question. For example, it is whether to include cell phones, computer games. In the 2000s, a called the seven mass media became popular. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, the sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as digital media, and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a mass form of media. While a telephone is a communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a phone which is equipped with Internet access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium. There is currently a system by which marketers and advertisers are able to tap into satellites and this transmission of mass advertising to millions of people is another form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium, video games provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online, excluding the Internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually
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Methodist Church of Great Britain
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The Methodist Church of Great Britain is the fourth-largest Christian denomination in Britain and the mother church to Methodists worldwide. It participates in the World Methodist Council, the World Council of Churches, in July 2014 the church had approximately 202,000 members in 4,650 congregations, and 575,000 adherents in total. Methodism began primarily through the work of John Wesley, who led a revival in 18th century Britain. His preaching centred upon the universality of Gods grace for all, the effect of faith on character and he organised the new converts locally and in a Connexion across Britain. In the 19th century, the Wesleyan Methodist Church experienced many secessions, the main streams of Methodism were reunited in 1932, forming the Methodist Church as it is today. Methodist circuits, containing several local churches, are gathered into thirty-one districts, the movement which would become the Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield and they focused on methodical study of the Bible and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the Holy Club, the first Methodist movement outside the Church of England was associated with Howell Harris in Wales. This was to become the Calvinistic Methodist Church, another branch of the Methodist revival was under the ministry of George Whitefield, resulting in the Countess of Huntingdons Connexion. The largest branch of Methodism in England was organised by John Wesley and he took to open-air preaching to recruit followers to his movement. He formed small classes in which his followers would receive religious guidance, most importantly, Wesley appointed itinerant evangelists to travel and preach as he did and to care for these groups of people. It is a tribute to Wesleys powers of oratory and organisational skills that the term Methodism is today assumed to mean Wesleyan Methodism unless otherwise stated, Methodist preachers were famous for their enthusiastic sermons and often accused of fanaticism. Theophilus Evans, a critic of the movement, even wrote that it was the natural Tendency of their Behaviour, in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions. In one of his prints, William Hogarth likewise attacked Methodists as enthusiasts full of Credulity, Superstition, other attacks against the Methodists were physically violent—Wesley was nearly murdered by a mob at Wednesbury in 1743. The Methodists responded vigorously to their critics and thrived despite the attacks against them, as Wesley and his colleagues preached around the country they formed local societies, authorised and organised through Wesleys leadership and conferences of preachers. Wesley insisted that Methodists regularly attend their local church as well as Methodist meetings. In 1784, Wesley made provision for the governance of Methodism after his death through the Yearly Conference of the People called Methodists and he nominated 100 people and declared them to be its members and laid down the method by which their successors were to be appointed. The Conference has remained the governing body of Methodism ever since, as his societies multiplied, and elements of an ecclesiastical system were successively adopted, the breach between Wesley and the Church of England gradually widened
28.
Oxford Brookes Students' Union
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Brookes Union is a union representing students at Oxford Brookes University. The union offers a range of services for students, it hosts a number of student societies, a safety bus service, a service. The union-run Morals bar was open from 1992 until it was shut down in 2012. However, as part of a university redevelopment, when the union moved to Gipsy Lane Campus, in 2012, it scored one of the lowest satisfaction rates in the National Student Survey. The Helena Kennedy Centre where the union was located was formerly the headquarters of Pergamon Press. Throughout the years Oxford Polytechnic Students Union saw students involved in various movements, in July 1985 the union sent two students from the peace group to Moscow to take part in the 12th World Festival of Youth and Students. There were some international solidarity campaigns, the group took students on coaches to London to protest British support for the policy of apartheid in South Africa. This group had a lot of support from Clive Booth who went on to become the vice-chancellor when the became a university. Some students took part in a delegation to Nicaragua during the Contra War. Later on the Students Union passed a motion of solidarity with the people of Nicaragua, the union also received speakers from Sinn Féin and SWAPO representing national liberation movements in Ireland and Namibia respectively. There were debates around the issue of Israel, with Jonathan Djanogly taking a zionist position and he was the treasurer of the conservative society at the time. After 1992, Oxford Polytechnic was converted to a university and the union changed its name. In 2012, students protested on the front lawn of the Gipsy Lane campus and they set up camp on 18 April and stayed there until 19 May when they packed up and left overnight. A petition in support of their demands raised 700 signatures, in August 2013, Oxford Brookes Students Union re-branded to become Brookes Union. The union sported new logos and designs, each representing a different aspect of the union whilst retaining overall a design cohesion. As such the VP, Student Experience split into 2 roles, VP, Societies Development and VP, all UK universities and Students Unions are ranked from top to bottom based on overall student satisfaction from graduating student feedback collected in their last year of studying. The National Students Survey was launched in 2005 with and Question 23 was introduced in 2012 with the intention of gauging student satisfaction of their respective students union, Question 23 asks I am satisfied with the Students Union at my institution. And features a variety of activities and entertainment to provide an alternative to social drinking that is already provided for by the numerous pubs and clubs in
29.
Royal Institute of British Architects
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After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and it was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887,1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Councils approval. The design of the Institutes Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson and it was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History has a section on the Statutory registration of architects with an extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK, eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper Reform of Architects Registration. RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBAs examinations in architecture, under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK. The RIBA is an organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name, formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer, those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA. Members gain access to all the services and receive its monthly magazine. The RIBA has been recognised as a business Superbrand since 2008, RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library and it has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events, the Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle and its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal, in Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is part of RIBA Enterprises. The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members
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Oxford Preservation Trust
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The Oxford Preservation Trust was founded in 1927 to preserve the city of Oxford, England. The Trust seeks to enhance Oxford by encouraging development and new design, while protecting historic buildings. The Trust is a charity and is run by a board of trustees. It employs five staff including its Director, Debbie Dance, the Trust is a member of the Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board. The Trusts notable projects have included the conversion in the early 1990s of St Georges Tower on the Oxford Castle site into a popular tourist attraction. It has also published reports advising on the redevelopment of parts of Oxford including Broad Street, the Trust has an ongoing role in preserving Oxfords green belt. To this end it owns several pieces of land at Boars Hill and elsewhere in, during its history OPT has been chaired by a number of prominent academic and other figures. Several have chaired OPT at the time as being vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford. Herbert Fisher Professor Sandie Lindsay Professor G. S. Gordon Sir David Ross Sir Richard Livingstone Dr. William Stallybrass Very Rev. John Lowe Sir Maurice Bowra A. H. Smith Rt. Fitzrandolph John Betjeman Sam Smith, JP Sir Douglas Veale Ivan Lloyd-Phillips R. W. S, malcolm Alderman Frank Pickstock Mrs. Helen Turner Mrs. Moyra Haynes Mrs. Debbie Dance Oxford Civic Society Oxford Preservation Trust website Oxford Open Doors website
31.
Architects' Journal
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The Architects Journal is a weekly architectural magazine published in London by Ascential. The first edition was produced in 1896, in June 2012, the magazine had a circulation of 6,714. Three years later, this figure had risen slightly to 6,817
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School of Law, Oxford Brookes University
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The School of Law is the law school of Oxford Brookes University. It is based in Oxford, United Kingdom, the School was also ranked 16th in the 2016 Guardian Good University guide, gaining legal media coverage for outranking several Russell Group Law schools. The School of Law is part of the faculty of Humanities, the School of Law at Oxford Brookes University offers a range of undergraduate, postgraduate masters and doctoral level degree study. The LLB Honours in Law The LLB Honours in Commercial Law The LLB Honours in Criminal Justice All providing qualifying law degree routes. Students can opt to move from the LLB Law to the LLB Commercial Law or the LLB Criminal Justice at the end of their first year of study. Depending upon the route chosen, Oxford Brookess undergraduate law degrees offer around twenty optional modules from which to choose. Oxford Brookes Universitys School of Law is joint third placed University Law School in England and Wales in the 2016 National Student Survey, Law courses provided by Oxford Brookes also are ranked in the top 150-200 bracket of the QS World University Subject Rankings. The Law School was also 16th placed Law School in the 2016 Guardian Good University guide and it also has a specialism in the law of the Caribbean, and hosts the Small Jurisdiction Service. Various staff are part of externally funded research projects
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School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University
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The Oxford School of Architecture was founded in 1927. Forming part of the Oxford City Technical School, this became the Oxford College of Technology in 1956, the Oxford Polytechnic in 1970 and Oxford Brookes University in 1992. Now called the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Technology, Design & the Environment, it is one of the largest architecture schools in the UK, with around 600 students and 70 staff. The school has one of the most competitive architecture schools. The schools courses are validated by the Royal Institute of British Architects, the school was formed in 1927 when a small group of enthusiastic young architects decided that Oxford needed a school of architecture. They formed the club to promote this and asked the University of Oxford to start the school and this was declined as no funds were available. This was the time of the General Strike of 1926, so they approached the new principal of the then School of Technology, Arts and Sciences, John Henry Brookes, who agreed to found the school, named the Oxford School of Architecture. There were three students, two women and one man, one woman left after the first year to get married, but the school grew to one of the largest in the country. The department also have a society called the Doric Club founded the year as the school itself in 1927. The school operates mostly open plan studio spaces, with students from all years sharing working space, the digital studio was designed by Niall McLaughlin Architects and new studio space provided follows a similar design. Centre for Development and Emergency Practice, CENDEP was awarded the Queens Anniversary Prize and is well known for its programme for humanitarian practitioners. CENDEP provides a setting for the study of cities, humanitarianism. Singer and activist Annie Lennox is patron of the Masters Course in Development, the school has a student-run society called the Oxford Architecture Society also known as OxArch. It hosts a variety of guest lectures, workshops, competitions, films, launched in 2014 and published three times a year, the student-led OSA magazine offers a platform for students to publish original and edited articles and projects related to the theme of each issue. Mike Jenks — Emeritus Professor, Co-founder of OISD Prof
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College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
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Green Flag Award
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The Green Flag Award is the benchmark national standard for publicly accessible parks and green spaces in the United Kingdom. The scheme was set up in 1996 to recognise and reward green spaces in England and it is also seen as a way of encouraging others to achieve the same high environmental standards, creating a benchmark of excellence in recreational green areas. Any free to public park or green space is eligible to apply for an Award. Privately owned but publicly accessible parks have received such as Chavasse Park. The scheme is owned by the government through the Department for Communities and Local Government, a pilot scheme was started in 2007 in Scotland and three parks were given awards that year. Both primary and secondary schools may be awarded the Green Flag in recognition of steps taken towards making the school increasingly eco-friendly, meanwhile, the award goes to other countries too for example to Germany. Parks and green spaces are judged in April and May each year, parks must apply each year to keep their Green Flag Award, and winning sites are eligible to fly a Green Flag in the park for a year. This scheme, started in 2002, has adapted the criteria for voluntary organisations, between 2012 and 2017 both parties will be working to expand Green Flag Award into the social housing sector. The scheme was run by volunteers from its founding in the 1990s. It was then sponsored by the government and run by the Civic Trust till the latter went into administration in 2009, since then it has been managed by a consortium of Keep Britain Tidy, the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers, and the charity Greenspace. Judges continue to be unpaid volunteers with experience and competence in the management of parks, Green Flag Award - home page
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