1.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
2.
Oxford Street
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Oxford Street is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London, running from Marble Arch to Tottenham Court Road via Oxford Circus. It is Europes busiest shopping street, with half a million daily visitors. It is designated as part of the A40, a road between London and Fishguard, though it is not signed as such, and traffic is regularly restricted to buses. The road was originally a Roman road, part of the Via Trinobantina between Essex and Hampshire via London and it was known as Tyburn Road through the Middle Ages and was once notorious as a street where prisoners from Newgate Prison would be transported towards a public hanging. The first department stores in Britain opened on Oxford Street in the early 20th century, including Selfridges, John Lewis, unlike nearby shopping streets such as Bond Street, it has retained an element of downmarket street trading alongside more prestigious retail stores. The street suffered heavy bombing during World War II, and several longstanding stores including John Lewis were completely destroyed, the annual switching on of Christmas lights by a celebrity has been a popular event since 1959. However, the combination of a popular retail area and a main thoroughfare for London buses and taxis has caused significant problems with traffic congestion, safety. Various traffic management schemes have proposed by Transport for London, including a ban on private vehicles during daytime hours on weekdays and Saturdays. Oxford Street runs for approximately 1.2 miles, the eastward continuation is New Oxford Street, and then Holborn. The road is entirely within the City of Westminster and it is within the London Congestion Charging Zone. Numerous bus routes run along Oxford Street, including 10,25,55,73,98,390 and Night Buses N8, N55, N73, N98 and N207. Oxford Street follows the route of a Roman road, the Via Trinobantina, between the 12th century and 1782, it was variously known as Tyburn Road, Uxbridge Road, Worcester Road and Oxford Road. Despite being a major coaching route, there were several obstacles along it, a turnpike trust was established in the 1730s to improve upkeep of the road. It became notorious as the route taken by prisoners on their journey from Newgate Prison to the gallows at Tyburn near Marble Arch. Spectators drunkenly jeered at prisoners as they carted along the road, by about 1729, the road had become known as Oxford Street. The street began to be redeveloped in the 18th century after many of the fields were purchased by the Earl of Oxford. In 1739, local gardener Thomas Huddle began to build property on the north side, John Rocques Map of London, published in 1746, shows urban buildings as far as North Audley Street, but only intermittent rural property thereafter. Buildings began to be erected on the corner of Oxford Street, further development along the street occurred between 1763 and 1793
3.
City of Westminster
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The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough which also holds city status. It occupies much of the area of Greater London including most of the West End. It is to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and it was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon creation, Westminster was awarded city status, which had previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of parks and open spaces, the population density of the district is high. Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough, including St. Jamess Palace, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, much of the borough is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council, the current Westminster coat of arms were given to the city by an official grant on September 2,1964. Westminster had other arms before, which had an identical to the chief in the present arms. The symbols in the two thirds of the shield stand for former municipalities now merged with the city, Paddington. The original arms had a portcullis as the charge, which now forms the crest. The origins of the City of Westminster pre-date the Norman Conquest of England, in the mid-11th Century king Edward the Confessor began the construction of an abbey at Westminster, only the foundations of which survive today. For centuries Westminster and the City of London were geographically quite distinct, Westminster briefly became a city in 1540 when Henry VIII created the short-lived Diocese of Westminster. Following the dissolution of Westminster Abbey, a court of burgesses was formed in 1585 to govern the Westminster area, Jamess, Strand, Westminster, Pimlico, Belgravia, and Hyde Park. The Westminster Metropolitan Borough was itself the result of an amalgamation which took place in 1900. Sir John Hunt O. B. E was the First Town Clerk of the City of Westminster, the boundaries of the City of Westminster today, as well as those of the other London boroughs, have remained more or less unchanged since the Act of 1963. On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place on Westminster Bridge, Bridge Street and Old Palace Yard, five people - three pedestrians, one police officer, and the attacker - died as a result of the incident. More than 50 people were injured, an investigation is ongoing by the Metropolitan Police. The city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors, Westminster City Council is currently composed of 44 Conservative Party members and 16 Labour Party members
4.
Transport for London
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Transport for London is a local government body responsible for the transport system in Greater London, England. Its head office is in Windsor House in the City of Westminster, the underlying services are provided by a mixture of wholly owned subsidiary companies, by private sector franchisees and by licensees. In 2015-16, TfL had a budget of £11.5 billion, the rest comes from government funding, borrowing, other income and Crossrail funding. On 21 January 2016, it was announced that the responsibility for franchising all of Londons inner suburban services would be transferred from the DfT to TfL. This transfer will take place as current franchises fall due for renewal, TfL was created in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. It gained most of its functions from its predecessor London Regional Transport in 2000, the first Commissioner of TfL was Bob Kiley. The first Chair was then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, and the first Deputy Chair was Dave Wetzel, Livingstone and Wetzel remained in office until the election of Boris Johnson as Mayor in 2008. Johnson took over as Chairman, and in February 2009 fellow-Conservative Daniel Moylan was appointed as his Deputy, TfL did not take over responsibility for the London Underground until 2003, after the controversial Public-private partnership contract for maintenance had been agreed. Management of the Public Carriage Office had previously been a function of the Metropolitan Police, Transport for London Group Archives holds business records for TfL and its predecessor bodies and transport companies. Some early records are held on behalf of TfL Group Archives at the London Metropolitan Archives. After the bombings on the underground and bus systems on 7 July 2005 and they helped survivors out, removed bodies, and got the transport system up and running, to get the millions of commuters back out of London at the end of the work day. Those mentioned include Peter Hendy, who was at the time Head of Surface Transport division, and Tim OToole, head of the Underground division, carrying open containers of alcohol was also banned on public transport operated by TfL. The Mayor of London and TfL announced the ban with the intention of providing a safer, there were Last Round on the Underground parties on the night before the ban came into force. Passengers refusing to observe the ban may be refused travel and asked to leave the premises, the Greater London Authority reported in 2011 that assaults on London Underground staff had fallen by 15% since the introduction of the ban. In an effort to reduce sexual offences and increase reporting, TfL—in conjunction with the British Transport Police, Metropolitan Police Service, TfL is controlled by a board whose members are appointed by the Mayor of London, a position held by Sadiq Khan since May 2016. The Commissioner of Transport for London reports to the Board and leads a management team with individual functional responsibilities, the body is organised in three main directorates and corporate services, each with responsibility for different aspects and modes of transport. This network is sub-divided into three service units, BCV, Bakerloo, Central, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. JNP, Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines, SSL, Metropolitan, District, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines
5.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
6.
Central London Railway
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The Central London Railway, also known as the Twopenny Tube, was a deep-level, underground tube railway that opened in London in 1900. The CLRs tunnels and stations form the section of the London Undergrounds Central line. The railway company was established in 1889, funding for construction was obtained in 1895 through a syndicate of financiers and work took place from 1896 to 1900. After a rejected proposal to turn the line into a loop, it was extended at the end to Wood Lane in 1908. In 1920, it was extended along a Great Western Railway line to Ealing to serve a total distance of 17.57 kilometres. After initially making good returns for investors, the CLR suffered a decline in numbers due to increased competition from other underground railway lines. In 1913, it was taken over by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, in 1933 the CLR was taken into public ownership along with the UERL. In November 1889, the CLR published a notice of a bill that would be presented to Parliament for the 1890 parliamentary session. The CLR was to run in a pair of tunnels under Bayswater Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street, High Holborn, Holborn, Holborn Viaduct, Newgate Street, Cheapside, and Poultry. Stations were planned at Queens Road, Stanhope Terrace, Marble Arch, Oxford Circus, Tottenham Court Road, Southampton Row, Holborn Circus, St. Martins Le Grand and King William Street. The tunnels were to be 11 feet in diameter, constructed with a tunnelling shield, at stations, the tunnel diameter would be 22 feet or 29 feet depending on layout. A depot and power station were to be constructed on a 1. 5-acre site on the west side of Queens Road, hydraulic lifts from the street to the platforms were to be provided at each station. The City Corporation also objected, concerned about damage to buildings close to the route caused by subsidence as was experienced during the construction of the C&SLR. The Dean and Chapter of St Pauls Cathedral objected, concerned about the risks of undermining the cathedrals foundations, Sir Joseph Bazalgette objected that the tunnels would damage the citys sewer system. In November 1890, with the C&SLR about to start operating, the eastern terminus was changed to Cornhill and the proposed Southampton Row station was replaced by one in Bloomsbury. Intermediate stations were added at Lansdowne Road, Notting Hill Gate, Davies Street, the earlier plan to connect to the C&SLR was dropped and the diameter of the CLRs tunnels was increased to 11 feet 6 inches. This time the bill was approved by both Houses of Parliament and received Royal Assent on 5 August 1891 as the Central London Railway Act,1891, in November 1891, the CLR publicised another bill. The proposals received assent as the Central London Railway Act,1892 on 28 June 1892, the money to build the CLR was obtained through a syndicate of financiers including Ernest Cassel, Henry Oppenheim, Darius Ogden Mills, and members of the Rothschild family
7.
Baker Street and Waterloo Railway
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The Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, also known as the Bakerloo tube, was a railway company established in 1893 that built a deep-level underground tube railway in London. The company struggled to fund the work, and construction did not begin until 1898, in 1900, work was hit by the financial collapse of its parent company, the London & Globe Finance Corporation, through the fraud of Whitaker Wright, its main shareholder. In 1902, the BS&WR became a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London controlled by American financier Charles Yerkes, the UERL quickly raised the funds, mainly from foreign investors. Extensions between 1907 and 1913 took the end of the line to the terminus of the Great Western Railway at Paddington. Within the first year of opening it became apparent to the management and investors that the passenger numbers for the BS&WR. Despite improved integration and cooperation with the tube railways and the later extensions. In 1933, the BS&WR was taken into public ownership along with the UERL, today, the BS&WRs tunnels and stations operate as the London Undergrounds Bakerloo line. The idea of building a railway along the approximate route of the BS&WR had been put forward well before it came to fruition at the turn of the century. As early as 1865, a proposal was put forward for a Waterloo & Whitehall Railway, the scheme was abandoned three years later after a financial panic caused its collapse. Carl Wilhelm Siemens of the eponymous German engineering company served as engineer for a later abortive scheme. It was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1882 and got as far as constructing a 60 feet stretch of tunnel under the Victoria Embankment before running out of money. They were inspired by the recent success of the City and South London Railway, the worlds first deep-tube railway and this opened in November 1890 and carried large numbers of passengers in its first year of operation. In November 1891, notice was given of a bill that would be presented to Parliament for the construction of the BS&WR. The railway was planned to run entirely underground from the junction of New Street and Dorset Square west of Baker Street to James Street on the side of Waterloo station. From Baker Street, the route was to run eastwards beneath Marylebone Road, then curve to the south under Park Crescent and follow Portland Place, Langham Place and Regent Street to Piccadilly Circus. It was then to run under Haymarket, Trafalgar Square and Northumberland Avenue before passing under the River Thames to Waterloo station, a decision had not been made between the use of cable haulage or electric traction as the means of pulling the trains. The route was approved and the bill received assent on 28 March 1893 as the Baker Street. Stations were permitted at Baker Street, Oxford Circus, Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar Square, Embankment, the depot would have been at the south end of the line at James Street and Lower Marsh
8.
Tramlink
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Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Metrolink, Tyne and Wear Metro, in 1990 Croydon Council with London Regional Transport put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink. In 1996 Tramtrack Croydon Limited won a 99-year Private Finance Initiative contract to design, build, operate, TCL was a partnership comprising FirstGroup, Bombardier Transportation, Sir Robert McAlpine and Amey, and Royal Bank of Scotland and 3i. TCL kept the revenue generated by Tramlink and LRT had to pay compensation to TCL for any changes to the fares, TCL subcontracted operations to CentreWest Buses. One of the leading to its creation was that the London Borough of Croydon has no London Underground service. There are four routes, Route 1 – Elmers End to Croydon, Route 2 – Beckenham Junction to Croydon, Route 3 – New Addington to Wimbledon, and Route 4 – Therapia Lane to Elmers End. Route 2 runs parallel to the Crystal Palace to Beckenham Junction line of the Southern network between Birkbeck and Beckenham Junction – the National Rail track had been singled some years earlier. At Woodside the old station buildings stand disused, and the platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms. From Woodside to near Sandilands and from near Sandilands almost to Lloyd Park, Tramlink follows the former Woodside and South Croydon Railway, including the Park Hill tunnels. The section of Route 3 between Wimbledon and West Croydon mostly follows the single-track British Rail route, closed on 31 May 1997 so that it could be converted for Tramlink, a partial obstruction near this point has necessitated the use of interlaced track. A Victorian footbridge beside Waddon New Road was dismantled to make way for the flyover over the West Croydon to Sutton railway line, the footbridge has been re-erected at Corfe Castle station on the Swanage Railway. In March 2008, TfL announced that it had reached agreement to buy TCL for £98m, the purchase was finalised on 28 June 2008. The background to this purchase relates to the requirement that TfL compensates TCL for the consequences of any changes to the fares, in 2007 that payment was £4m, with an annual increase in rate. In October 2008 TfL introduced a new livery, using the blue, white and green of the routes on TfL maps, the colour of the cars was changed to green, and the brand name was changed from Croydon Tramlink to simply Tramlink. These refurbishments were completed in early 2009, the tram stops have low platforms,35 cm above rail level. They are unstaffed and have automated ticket machines, in general, access between the platforms involves crossing the tracks by pedestrian level crossing. There are 39 stops, most being 32.2 m long and they are virtually level with the doors and are all wider than 2 m
9.
World Geodetic System
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The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System. The coordinate origin of WGS84 is meant to be located at the Earths center of mass, the error is believed to be less than 2 cm. The WGS84 meridian of longitude is the IERS Reference Meridian,5.31 arc seconds or 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich meridian at the latitude of the Royal Observatory. The WGS84 datum surface is a spheroid with major radius a =6378137 m at the equator. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times, or 6356752.3142 m, currently, WGS84 uses the EGM96 geoid, revised in 2004. This geoid defines the sea level surface by means of a spherical harmonics series of degree 360. The deviations of the EGM96 geoid from the WGS84 reference ellipsoid range from about −105 m to about +85 m, EGM96 differs from the original WGS84 geoid, referred to as EGM84. Efforts to supplement the national surveying systems began in the 19th century with F. R. Helmerts famous book Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen Geodäsie. Austria and Germany founded the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung, a unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons, International space science and the beginning of astronautics. The lack of inter-continental geodetic information, efforts of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World Geodetic System 1960. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the level, plumb line. As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, the latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. The sole contribution of data to the development of WGS60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite. Prior to WGS60, the U. S. Army, the Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and gravimetric geoids. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS60
10.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
11.
Regent Street
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Regent Street is a major shopping street in the West End of London. It is named after George, the Prince Regent and was built under the direction of the architect John Nash, the street runs from Waterloo Place in St Jamess at the southern end, through Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, to All Souls Church. From there Langham Place and Portland Place continue the route to Regents Park, the street was completed in 1825 and was an early example of town planning in England, replacing a number of earlier roads including Swallow Street. Nashs street layout has survived, although all the buildings except All Souls Church have been replaced following reconstruction in the late 19th century. The street is known for its retail stores, including Liberty, Hamleys, Jaeger. The Royal Polytechnic Institution, now the University of Westminster, has based on Regent Street since 1838. Regent Street is approximately 0.8 miles long and begins at a junction with Charles II Street as a continuation of Waterloo Place. It runs north to Piccadilly Circus, where it left before curving round the Quadrant to head north again. It ends at a junction with Cavendish Place and Mortimer Street near the BBC Broadcasting House, with the road ahead being Langham Place, the southern section of the road is one-way northbound and part of the A4, a major road through West London. From Piccadilly Circus northwards, it is numbered A4201, though in common with roads inside the London congestion charging zone, the number does not appear on signs. Nearby tube stations are Charing Cross, Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, the lattermost being one of the busiest underground stations in London, numerous bus routes, such as 6,12, and 13, run along Regent Street. Regent Street was one of the first planned developments of London and it was hoped the road could link Pall Mall and the Haymarket, of which has since declined in quality. A further problem was increased congestion around Charing Cross, which would benefit from road improvements, the street was designed by John Nash, who had been appointed to the Office of Woods and Forests in 1806 and previously served as an adviser to the Prince Regent. He put forward his own plans for the street in 1810 following the death of Fordyce, envisioning broad, architecturally distinguished thoroughfares and public spaces. Nash originally wanted to construct a straight boulevard in the style seen in French cities. The northern section involved demolishing most of the existing Swallow Street, the road was designed to curve east between Oxford Street and Piccadilly so that it did not meet St Jamess Square, and the circuses allowed visual continuity down the street. The central section, known as the Quadrant, was designed for shops appropriated to articles of fashion and taste and it was built with a colonnade made out of cast-iron columns, allowing commuters to walk along the street without having to face bad weather. The road was planned to end outside Carlton House in Pall Mall, Nash insisted that businesses on the new street would be of high-quality, rivalling that of the nearby Bond Street, common trades such as butchers or greengrocers were not allowed
12.
Bakerloo line
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The Bakerloo line /ˌbeɪkərˈluː/ is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. It runs partly on the surface and partly at deep level, from Elephant and Castle in Central London, via the West End, the line serves 25 stations, of which 15 are below ground. It was so named because it serves Baker Street and Waterloo, North of Queens Park, the line shares tracks with London Overgrounds Watford DC Line and runs parallel to the West Coast Main Line. It is the ninth busiest line on the network, carrying over 111 million passengers annually, for a detailed history of the line, see Baker Street and Waterloo Railway. The route had its origins in the projects of the pneumatic 1865 Waterloo and Whitehall Railway. It was extended to Elephant & Castle five months later, on 5 August, the contraction of the name to Bakerloo rapidly caught on, and the official name was changed to match in July 1906. As a result, work on the line was stopped for a few months and did not resume until Charles Yerkes and UERL stepped in, in 1915 the line was extended to Queens Park, where it joined the LNWRs Euston-Watford DC line to Watford Junction. Bakerloo services to Watford Junction were reduced in the 1960s and cut back in 1982 to Stonebridge Park, services as far as Harrow & Wealdstone were gradually restored from 1984, and in 1989 the present all-day service was instituted. By the mid-1930s, the Metropolitan line was suffering from congestion caused by the capacity of its tracks between Baker Street and Finchley Road stations. The Bakerloo line took over the Metropolitan lines service to Stanmore on 20 November 1939, a projected extension as far as Camberwell was shown on a 1949 edition of the Underground map but no further work was done. The train describers at Warwick Avenue station showed Camberwell as a destination until the 1990s, one oddity is that, almost from its opening until 1917, the Bakerloo operated with the polarity of the conductor rails reversed, the outside rail negative and the centre rail positive. This came about because the Bakerloo shared a power source with the District Railway, on the Bakerloo, the outside conductor rail tended to leak to the tunnel wall, whereas on the District Railway, the centre rail shared a similar problem. The solution was to reverse the polarity on the Bakerloo line, in 1917, the two lines were separated when the LNWR began its New Line service between Euston and Watford Junction, which the Bakerloo would share north of Queens Park. As a result, normal operation was restored, the line celebrated its centenary on 10 March 2006, when various events were organised on the line. This was in conjunction with the reorganisation of a number of north London railways under London Overground, under a former London Plan it was projected that by 2026 the Bakerloo line would be re-extended from Harrow & Wealdstone to Watford Junction, restoring the pre-1982 service. The railway line from Queens Park to Watford Junction, currently shared with London Overground, the 1949 extension to Camberwell proposal was resurrected in 2006 when the then London Mayor, Ken Livingstone, suggested that an extension was being considered within 20 years. However, there are no firm commitments to this extension and it remains at the proposal stage, tfLs Transport T2025 - Transport Vision for a growing world city investment programme identifies the ambition to separate the present Northern line into two self-contained lines by 2025. In this scenario, an extension to the Bakerloo line would no longer be required, in its July 2011 London & South East Route Utilisation Strategy, Network Rail recommended extending the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle to Lewisham and then taking over the Hayes Line
13.
Central line (London Underground)
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The Central line is a London Underground line that runs through central London, from Ealing and Ruislip in the west to Epping, Essex in the north-east. Coloured red on the map, the line serves 49 stations. It is the longest tube line and it is also one of only two lines on the London Underground network to cross the Greater London boundary, the other being the Metropolitan. One of Londons deep-level tube railways, the trains are smaller than those on British main lines. The line was opened as the Central London Railway in 1900, crossing central London on an east–west axis and it was later extended to the western suburb of Ealing. After the Second World War, the line was expanded considerably into the recently constructed suburbs, taking over steam-hauled outer suburban routes to the borders of London and beyond to the east. This realised plans that had delayed by the war, when construction stopped. The Central line has mostly operated by automatic train operation since a major refurbishment in the 1990s. In terms of passengers, the Central line is the busiest line on the London Underground. In the year 2011/12 over 260 million passenger journeys were made on the Central line, the tunnels were bored with the nominal diameter of 11 feet 8 1⁄4 inches, increased on curves, reduced to 11 feet 6 inches near to stations. The tunnels generally rise approaching a station, to aid braking, the Central London Railway was the first underground railway to have the station platforms illuminated electrically. All the platforms were lit by Crompton automatic electric arc lamps, with the white glazed tiling, all underground Central London Railway platforms were very brightly lit. Earlier tube lines generated DC power at the required to run the trains. The line between Shepherds Bush and Bank was formally opened on 30 June 1900, public services beginning on 30 July, with a uniform fare of 2d the railway became known as the Twopenny Tube. This allowed higher-speed and lighter motors to be used, which reduced the weight of the locomotive as well as the unsprung weight. The railway also tried an alternative approach, it converted four coaches to accommodate motors, two of these experimental motor coaches were used in a 6-coach train, the control gear being operated by the system used on the Waterloo and City Railway. The modified locomotives were an improvement, but the motor coaches of an even lower weight were much better still. The CLR ordered 64 new motor cars designed to use Spragues recently developed traction control system, the CLR was exclusively using the resulting electric multiple units by 1903
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Victoria line
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The Victoria line is a deep-level London Underground route running from Brixton in the south in Zone 2 to Walthamstow Central in the north-east in Zone 3 of London. It is coloured blue on the Tube map. It is one of two lines to run entirely below ground, the other being the Waterloo & City line. The line has always operated using automatic train operation. The main purpose was to relieve congestion in the central area, the necessary Private Bill was introduced into Parliament in 1955. It described a line from Victoria to Walthamstow, there was also a proposal, though not included in the Bill, for a subsequent extension from Victoria to Fulham Broadway station on the District line. Construction began in 1962 on the initial Walthamstow to Victoria section, a test tunnel from Tottenham to Manor House under Seven Sisters Road had been bored in 1959 and was later incorporated into the running tunnels. In August 1967 the government gave approval for the Brixton extension, preparatory work had already started at Bessborough Gardens near Vauxhall Bridge Road in May 1967. In June 1968 a proposal to build a station at Pimlico was approved, the entire Walthamstow-Brixton line was completed in 1972. The name Victoria line dates back to 1955, other suggestions were Walvic line, during the planning stages, it was known as Route C and then was named the Victoria line after Victoria Station by David McKenna, whose suggestion was seconded by Sir John Elliot. It had been intended to build the line beyond Walthamstow Central to Wood Street, proposals were also made to extend the line as far north as South Woodford or Woodford, to provide interchange with the Central line. However, in a decision in 1961 the line was cut back to Walthamstow station. The first section to be opened was between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington, there was no initial opening ceremony, instead the normal timetable started on Sunday 1 September 1968. The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at about 6,30 am, later that year, the section between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street was opened, again without ceremony, on 1 December 1968. The official opening took place at Victoria station on 7 March 1969. After a short ceremony, she bought a 5d ticket and travelled to Green Park, the 3.5 mile extension from Victoria to Brixton was approved in August 1967. At the time, London Transport mentioned the possibility of extensions to Streatham, Dulwich and Crystal Palace. Princess Alexandra opened the Brixton extension on 23 July 1971, making a journey from Brixton to Vauxhall, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh had previously visited the line during its construction, in July 1968, they visited tunnel workings under Vauxhall Park
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Bond Street tube station
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Bond Street is a London Underground and future Crossrail station on Oxford Street, near the junction with New Bond Street. Note that the entrances are approximately 200 metres west of New Bond Street itself. The actual entrance to the station is inside the West One shopping arcade on the corner of Oxford Street, the station is on the Central line between Marble Arch and Oxford Circus and on the Jubilee line, between Baker Street and Green Park. It is in Travelcard Zone 1, the station was first opened on 24 September 1900 by the Central London Railway, three months after the first stations on the Central line opened. The surface building was designed, in common with all original CLR stations, the original plans for the railway included a station at Davies Street rather than Bond Street. The station has several major reconstructions. The first, which saw the original lifts replaced by escalators, a new ticket hall. This was demolished with the construction of the West One shopping arcade in the 1980s, some slight elements of the original facade do survive above the eastern entrance to the station. In 1920 a possible joint venture had been considered between London Underground and the nearby Selfridges store to rebuild the station, including an entrance in Selfridges basement, was mooted. The concept was revisited in the early 1930s, leading to a concept of a subway connecting the station to the store, however, these plans did not work out, probably due to the cost of the construction. London Buses routes 2,6,7,10,13,23,30,73,74,94,98,137,139,159,189,274 and 390 and night routes N2, N7, N73, N98 and N207 serve the station. The Elizabeth line will call at Bond Street, services are due to commence in 2018. The station is in the process of being reconstructed to accommodate the extra platforms and this will include a new street level entrance on the north side of Oxford Street. The station is to one of many newly made step free stations. This means that there will be lifts to provide a free way to access the platforms. Engineers and architects undertaking work on the station include Abbey Pynford, John McAslan and Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands
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Tottenham Court Road tube station
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Tottenham Court Road is a London Underground and future Crossrail station in central London. It is an interchange between the Central line and the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line, on the Central line it is between Oxford Circus and Holborn, and on the Northern line it is between Leicester Square and Goodge Street. It is located at St Giles Circus, the junction of Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street, the station opened as part of the Central London Railway on 30 July 1900. From that date until 24 September 1933, the station eastbound on the Central line was the now-defunct British Museum. The platforms are under Oxford Street west of St Giles Circus, the original station building is in Oxford Street and was designed in common with other CLR stations by Harry Bell Measures. Much modified, it now part of the station entrance. Apart from those very limited features of the entrance, the station building otherwise together with a whole row of other elegant old buildings were demolished in 2009. The next station north on the Northern line was originally called Tottenham Court Road, the original ticket office was on the south east corner of the junction of Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road, and its original lift shafts and emergency stairs are still extant. A set of stairs can used as access down to the ends of the Northern line platform. The lift shafts are used for offices and station facilities, the original CCE&HR station buildings were destroyed when the Centre Point tower block was built. Like a number of other area stations, Tottenham Court Road underwent improvements during the 1920s to replace the original sets of lifts with escalators. Works commenced in 1923, a new ticket hall, under St Giles Circus, was constructed. A shaft for three escalators was driven from the hall under the junction down to the east end of the Central line platforms ending at an intermediate circulation space. A further pair of escalators descend from level to the north end of the Northern line platforms. The lifts were removed and the redundant shafts were used as ventilation ducts, in 1938 a chiller plant began operating at the station. However, this is in itself a cause of congestion, as trying to leave the station from the Northern line finds itself in the path of traffic entering and travelling to the Central line. In 1984 the entire station was redecorated, losing the distinctive Leslie Green-designed platform tiling pattern of the Yerkes tube lines, the 1980s design includes panels of tessellated mural mosaic by Eduardo Paolozzi, and is a distinct and noticeable feature of the station. The mosaics frenetic design is intended to reflect the stations position adjacent to Tottenham Court Roads large concentration of hi-fi, some of this mosaic has now been removed in the expansion of the station for Crossrail
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Regent's Park tube station
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Regents Park is a London Underground station by Regents Park. It is on the Bakerloo line, between Baker Street and Oxford Circus and it is located on Marylebone Road between the two arms of Park Crescent in Travelcard Zone 1. The station was opened on 10 March 1906 by the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway, permission was granted to add it to the already partially constructed line in 1904. Unlike most of the BS&WRs other stations, Regents Park has no buildings and is accessed from a subway. The station is served by lifts, and between 10 July 2006 and 14 June 2007 it was closed to allow essential refurbishment work on these, there is also a staircase which can be used which has 96 steps. Nearby points of interest are Regents Park itself, the Royal Academy of Music, great Portland Street station is within walking distance to the east for interchanges to the Circle and Metropolitan lines. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Street level view of station,1921 Subway entrance to station,1974
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Piccadilly Circus tube station
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Piccadilly Circus is a London Underground station located directly beneath Piccadilly Circus itself, with entrances at every corner. Located in Travelcard Zone 1, the station is on the Piccadilly line between Green Park and Leicester Square and on the Bakerloo line between Charing Cross and Oxford Circus. The station was opened on 10 March 1906 by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway with the platforms of the Great Northern, Piccadilly, as originally built it had, like other stations, a surface booking hall. It was decided to construct a sub-surface booking hall and circulating area, work began in February 1925 and was completed in 1928. The architect was Charles Holden and the builder was John Mowlem & Co, eleven escalators were provided in two flights, leading to the two lines serving the station. Above these escalators was once a mural by artist Stephen Bone and this mural was later replaced by advertising. This station can act as a terminus for southbound Bakerloo line trains. Piccadilly Circus is one of the few London Underground stations which have no associated buildings above ground, Piccadilly Circus is a proposed stop on the Chelsea-Hackney Line, also known as the Crossrail 2. It would be between Victoria and Tottenham Court Road stations, effectively a new station would have to be built under the existing levels, possibly as part of a major overhaul of the existing buildings. However, there only be a stop at Piccadilly Circus if the Chelsea-Hackney Line is part of the London Underground network. This is the situation with many stations on the proposed route in Central London. London Buses routes 3,6,12,13,14,19,22,23,38,88,94,139,159 and 453 and night routes N3, N18, N19, N22, N29, N38, N97, N109 and N136 serves the station. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008, original station building shortly after opening Sub-surface ticket hall in 19291936 poster showing cut away of underground station arrangement Underground Journeys, The Heart of London. Illustrated history of Piccadilly Circus station, archived from the original on 4 May 2011
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Green Park tube station
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Green Park is a London Underground station located on the north side of Green Park, close to the intersection of Piccadilly and the pedestrian Queens Walk. The station was originally named Dover Street due to its location in that street, the station is one of two tube stations serving Buckingham Palace, the other being St Jamess Park on the Circle and District lines. The station was opened on 15 December 1906 by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, the station name was changed at this time. With the rebuilding of the station and similar works at Hyde Park Corner, the Victoria line platforms opened on 7 March 1969, interchange between that line and the Piccadilly line was via the ticket hall. Even today changing between the Jubilee and Victoria lines and the Piccadilly line involves a long walk, when travelling south from Green Park on the Jubilee line, Green Park Junction, where the new line diverges from the old, is visible from the train. While passenger services no longer operate to Charing Cross on the Jubilee line, on 9 October 1975, terrorists belonging to the Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a bomb outside Green Park tube station, killing 23-year-old Graham Ronald Tuck. Similar attacks during The Troubles resulted in deaths at West Ham station in 1976, in 2008 TfL proposed a project to provide step-free access to all three lines. The project was a TfL-funded Games-enabling project in its investment programme, the project was included in the strategy on accessible transport published by the London 2012 Olympic Delivery Authority and the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. All platforms have access to the trains, making the station fully accessible. The Diana Fountain was relocated from its site in the centre of the park to form the centrepiece of the new entrance. Each station had its own unique tile pattern and colours, the remains of the tile rings can still be seen at Green Park. London Buses routes 9,14,19,22,38, archived from the original on 2003-02-13. Archived from the original on 2008-03-18
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Warren Street tube station
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Warren Street is a London Underground station, located at the intersection of Tottenham Court Road and Euston Road, named after Warren Street. It is on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line and it is in Travelcard Zone 1 and is the nearest tube station to University College Hospital, being opposite the newly opened main building. It is also close to Euston Square on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. The station opened as part of the original Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway on 22 June 1907 under the name Euston Road, the platforms were built on the outside of the running lines. The stations name changed to Warren Street the following year, in 1934, the current station building replaced the original when escalators were installed. The Victoria line platforms opened on 1 December 1968, as part of introducing automatic ticket gates with the Victoria line, the ability to freely interchange with Euston Square station was withdrawn on 1 March 1969. To facilitate this, the Victoria line tracks had to switch from the standard left-hand running to right-hand, the Victoria line platforms at Kings Cross St. Pancras also have this feature for the same reason. Due to the running on the Victoria line and the Northern line having side platforms. London Buses routes 10,14,18,24,27,29,30,73,88,134,205 and 390 and night routes N5, N20, N29, N73, N205, N253 and N279 serve the station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Station in 1914 Station in 1934 after rebuilding Internal view of ticket office in 1934
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Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster
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Legislative session
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In each country the procedures for opening, ending, and in between sessions differs slightly. A session may last for the term of the legislature or the term may consist of a number of sessions. These may be of fixed duration, such as a year, a session of the legislature is brought to an end by an official act of prorogation. In either event, the effect of prorogation is generally the clearing of all outstanding matters before the legislature, historically, each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their constituencies. While a parliament is prorogued, between two sessions, the legislature is still constituted – i. e. no general election takes place. In many legislatures, prorogation causes all orders of the body – bills, motions, prorogations should thus not be confused with recesses, adjournments, or holiday breaks from legislation, after which bills can resume exactly where they left off. In the United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered and this break takes place so as to prevent the upper house from sitting during an election campaign and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays, governments today end sessions whenever it is most convenient, and often, a new session will begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In most cases, when parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session, each session begins with a speech from the throne, read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a viceroy or other representative. In the parliament of the United Kingdom, prorogation is immediately preceded by a speech to both chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. Instead, the speech is presented by the Lords Commissioners and read by the Leader of the House of Lords. Prior to 1977, it was common for the federal Parliament to have up to three sessions, with Parliament being prorogued at the end of session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament went full term without prorogation, the practice of having multiple sessions in the same Parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all Parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had a single session. Since 1990, it has been the practice for the Parliament to be prorogued on the day that the House is dissolved so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period. However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the 44th Parliament, elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April. Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date, in the Parliament of Canada and its provinces, the legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne. It remains in recess until the monarch, governor general, or lieutenant governor summons parliamentarians again, historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home ridings. However, this reason has become less important with the advent of rapid transcontinental travel, similarly, the provincial legislature for Ontario in Canada was prorogued in October 2012 under similar circumstances, and is alleged to have happened to avoid scrutiny on a number of issues
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Shepherd's Bush tube station
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Shepherds Bush is a London Underground station in the district of Shepherds Bush, which is located in west London, England, United Kingdom. The station is on the Central line, between White City and Holland Park stations, and it lies in Travelcard Zone 2. The station originally opened in 1900, but was closed for eight months in 2008 while the station building was replaced with a completely new structure. An entirely separate London Underground station, Shepherds Bush Market on the Circle, until 2008, it too was called Shepherds Bush until it was renamed to avoid confusion. The station opened on 30 July 1900 and was the western terminus of the Central London Railway. The original surface-level station building was a ticket hall with its entrance on the Uxbridge Road facing Shepherds Bush Green. Like all CLR stations, the building was designed by Harry Bell Measures. To the north of the station was located the CLRs power station, the eastbound tunnel ended to the west of the station in a dead-end reversing siding with a cross-over junction connecting it to the westbound tunnel. When the now disused Wood Lane station was opened on 14 May 1908 to the north, an extension to Richmond planned in 1920 would have started here with the next stop at the closed London and South Western Railway station at Hammersmith, the work was never carried out. For a short period before 2008, the station was renamed Shepherds Bush Green until the rename of the station to Shepherds Bush Market. A large-scale redevelopment began in 2005 to redevelop the White City area to the north of Shepherds Bush Green, as part of this project, Shepherds Bush Central line station was reconstructed in 2008 by Westfield as part of a Section 106 contribution. The Westfield redevelopment also included the construction of a bus interchange. The new Overground station opened on 28 September 2008 and is close to the site of the former Uxbridge Road station which closed in 1940, Shepherds Bush station re-opened to passengers on 5 October 2008. The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and disability pressure groups have been critical of the fact that the station remains inaccessible for those unable to use stairs
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Cornhill, London
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Cornhill is a ward and street in the City of London, the historic nucleus and financial centre of modern London. The street runs between Bank junction and Leadenhall Street, the hill from which it takes its name is one of the three ancient hills of London, the others are Tower Hill, site of the Tower of London, and Ludgate Hill, crowned by St Pauls Cathedral. The highest point of Cornhill is at 17.7 metres above sea level, Cornhill is one of the traditional divisions of the City. At its other end it meets Threadneedle Street, Poultry, Lombard Street, the mechanism, a force pump driven by a water wheel under the northernmost arch of London Bridge, transferred water from the Thames through lead pipes to four outlets. The service was discontinued in 1603 and this became the mark from which many distances to and from London were measured and the name still appears on older mileposts. In 1652, Pasqua Rosée, possibly a native of Ragusa, Italy, opened Londons first coffeehouse, the publishers Smith, Elder and Co, based at No. 65, published the literary journal Cornhill Magazine from 1860 to 1975. The magazine was first edited by William Makepeace Thackeray, in Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, Bob Cratchit slides down Cornhill 20 times in honour of it being Christmas Eve. Today, the street is associated with opticians and makers of optical apparatus such as microscopes and telescopes. A statue of the engineer James Henry Greathead was erected in 1994 in the road beside the Royal Exchange, underneath the modern pavement is the worlds first underground public toilet, which opened in 1855. Users were charged a fee of 1d, reputedly giving rise to the saying to spend a penny. Cornhill formed part of the course of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens Olympic marathon took place on 5 August and the mens Olympic marathon on 12 August, the four Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September. The postcode for the street is EC3V, Cornhill is one of 25 wards in the City of London, and each elects an Alderman to the Court of Aldermen, and Commoners to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation. Only electors who are Freeman of the City of London are eligible to stand, the current Alderman is Robert Howard and the current Members of Common Council are Reverend Stephen Haines, Peter Dunphy and Ian Seaton. Cornhill Ward The Official Ward Website City of London Corporation Map of Cornhill ward The English coffee houses Cornhill, after a London map of 1750
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Bank and Monument stations
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Bank and Monument are interlinked London Underground and Docklands Light Railway stations that form a public transport complex spanning the length of King William Street in the City of London. Bank station, named after the Bank of England, opened in 1900 at Bank junction and is served by the Central, Northern and Waterloo & City lines, and the Docklands Light Railway. Monument station, named after the Monument to the Great Fire of London, opened in 1884 and is served by the District, the stations have been linked as an interchange since 1933. The station complex is one of the busiest on the London Underground network and is in fare zone 1, the Bank–Monument station complex was created by building links between several nearby stations constructed by different companies. The first station was opened by the Metropolitan Inner Circle Completion Railway, the Metropolitan Railway and District Railway had, by 1876, built most of the Inner Circle, reaching Aldgate and Mansion House respectively. City financiers keen to see the completed, established the Metropolitan Inner Circle Completion Railway in 1874 to link Mansion House to Aldgate. Forced into action, the MR bought out the company and it, the new section of railway included two new stations, Tower of London tube station and another located close to the Monument. The station at Monument opened with the name Eastcheap on 6 October 1884, after the nearby street, initially, trains from both companies served the station on the Inner Circle service but other operational patterns have been used. The Inner Circle service achieved a separate identity as the Circle line in 1949 although its trains were provided by the District or Metropolitan lines. The Waterloo & City Railway was built by the London and South Western Railway to link its terminus at Waterloo to the City, the station, with platforms under Queen Victoria Street and close to Mansion House, opened on 8 August 1898 as City. The steeply sloping passages to the platforms were supplemented with the Travolator. Advertising at the Waterloo & City station often takes the form of painted murals on the walls and ceilings of the sloped exits. The Waterloo and City line platforms were renamed Bank on 28 October 1940, the first station to be known as Bank opened on 25 February 1900 when the City & South London Railway opened its extension from Borough to Moorgate. The earlier terminus of the line, King William Street, on a different tunnel alignment was closed at the same time, the C&SLR had obtained permission to demolish the 18th century church of St Mary Woolnoth on the corner of Lombard Street and build a station on the site. After public protest, the changed its plans to build only a sub-surface ticket hall. This necessitated moving the bodies elsewhere, strengthening the crypt with a steel framework, unusually for stations later converted to escalators, the original lift access from the ticket hall is still in use. The opening of the terminus of the Central London Railway at Bank followed on 30 July 1900. To avoid undermining the road above, the lifts were installed in separate lift shafts rather than paired two-per-shaft as usual
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James Henry Greathead
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James Henry Greathead was a civil engineer renowned for his work on the London Underground railway. Greathead was born in Grahamstown, South Africa, of English descent and he was educated at St. Andrews College, Grahamstown, and the Diocesan College private school in Cape Town. After migrating to England in 1859, he completed his education from 1859 to 1863 at the Westbourne Collegiate School and he spent some time as assistant engineer on the Midland Railway between Bedford and London. Soon after, in 1869, he rejoined Barlow and they work on designs for the Tower Subway. Barlow was the engineer for the tunnel and Greathead was in charge of the actual drive, the tunnelling shield for driving the Tower Subway, while designed by Greathead, was inspired by Barlows ideas for a circular tunnelling shield which he had patented in 1864 and 1868. The so-called Barlow-Greathead shield consisted of an iron cylinder 7 ft 3 in in diameter fitted with screw jacks which enabled it to be jacked forward. In use, the shield was inched forward as the face was excavated, while behind it a permanent tunnel lining of cast iron segments was fitted into place. Greathead patented many of his improvements including the use of compressed air and forward propulsion by hydraulic jacks and he was also a consultant in relation to the construction of the Blackwall Tunnel. In 1873 Greathead became resident engineer on the Hammersmith extension railway and the Richmond extension of the District Railway, after this he assisted in the preparation of the Regents Canal Railway, the Metropolitan Outer Circle Railway, a new London-Eastbourne line and in various light railways in Ireland. In 1888, he became joint engineer with Sir Douglas Fox on the Liverpool Overhead Railway and his final work was on the Central London Railway with Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker. The Greathead Injector Hydrant was a precursor to the sprinkler systems to pump water into a building or attach hoses externally to the mains system of underground water networks. Design of the Greathead Shield derived from Marc Isambard Brunels original idea, however, there were considerable design changes to make it distinguishable from Brunels shield, allowing a patent application for Greatheads design. Greatheads patented Shield for Tunnelling Soft Earth used pneumatic compression in the tunnel to ensure safety for workers. The second edition of his shield used hydraulic action at the face to create slurry, Greathead Grouting Machine mentioned in the repair of Winchester and Lincoln Cathedrals. An English Heritage blue plaque marks his home in Barnes, south-west London,3 St Marys Grove, in January 1994 a statue was erected outside the Bank station next to the Royal Exchange in the City of London. It was unveiled by the Lord Mayor of London and is positioned on a plinth which hides a ventilation shaft for the Underground, while Bank Station was being refurbished a section of the Barlow-Greathead shield was discovered in a passageway between the Underground and the Waterloo and City Railway. The section has been painted red and a plate erected as a further memorial to his achievements
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Sir John Fowler, 1st Baronet
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Sir John Fowler, 1st Baronet, KCMG, LLD, FRSE was an English civil engineer specialising in the construction of railways and railway infrastructure. In the 1850s and 1860s, he was engineer for the worlds first underground railway, Londons Metropolitan Railway, in the 1880s, he was chief engineer for the Forth Railway Bridge, which opened in 1890. Fowlers was a long and eminent career, spanning most of the 19th centurys railway expansion and he was the youngest president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, between 1865 and 1867, and his major works represent a lasting legacy of Victorian engineering. Fowler was born in Wadsley, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, to land surveyor John Fowler and he was educated privately at Whitley Hall near Ecclesfield. He trained under John Towlerton Leather, engineer of the Sheffield waterworks, from 1837 he worked for John Urpeth Rastrick on railway projects including the London and Brighton Railway and the unbuilt West Cumberland and Furness Railway. He then worked again for George Leather as resident engineer on the Stockton, Fowler initially established a practice as a consulting engineer in the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire area, but, a heavy workload led him to move to London in 1844. He became a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847, the year the Institution was founded, on 2 July 1850 he married Elizabeth Broadbent, daughter of J. Boadbent of Manchester. Fowler established a practice, working on many railway schemes across the country. In 1853, he became engineer of the Metropolitan Railway in London. Constructed in shallow cut-and-cover trenches beneath roads, the line opened between Paddington and Farringdon in 1863, Fowler was also engineer for the associated District Railway and the Hammersmith and City Railway. Today these railways form the majority of the London Undergrounds Circle line, for his work on the Metropolitan Railway Fowler was paid the great sum of £152,000, with £157,000, from the District Railway. Other railways that Fowler consulted for were the London Tilbury and Southend Railway, the Great Northern Railway, the Highland Railway, following the death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1859, Fowler was retained by the Great Western Railway. His various appointments involved him in the design of Victoria station in London, Sheffield Victoria station, St Enoch station in Glasgow, Liverpool Central station and Manchester Central station. The latter stations 210-foot wide train shed roof was the second widest unsupported iron arch in Britain after the roof of St Pancras railway station. Fowlers consulting work extended beyond Britain including railway and engineering projects in Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Egypt, France, Germany, Portugal and the United States. In 1870 he provided advice to an Indian Government inquiry on railway gauges where he recommended a narrow gauge of 3 feet 6 inches for light railways and he visited Australia in 1886, where he made some remarks on the break of gauge difficulty. As part of his projects, Fowler designed numerous bridges. In the 1860s, he designed Grosvenor Bridge, the first railway bridge over the River Thames, both remain in use today carrying railway lines across the River Severn
29.
Benjamin Baker (engineer)
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Sir Benjamin Baker KCB KCMG FRS FRSE was an eminent English civil engineer who worked in mid to late Victorian era. He helped develop the underground railways in London with Sir John Fowler. He made many notable contributions to civil engineering, including his work as an expert witness at the public inquiry into the Tay Rail Bridge disaster. Later, he helped design and build the first Aswan dam and he was born in Keyford, which is now part of Frome, Somerset in 1840, the son of Benjamin Baker, principal assistant at Tondu Ironworks, and Sarah Hollis. He was educated at Cheltenham Grammar School and, at the age of 16, became an apprentice at Messrs Price, after his apprenticeship he spent two years as an assistant to Mr. W. H. Wilson. Later, he associated with Sir John Fowler in London. He took part in the construction of the Metropolitan Railway and he was also a key expert witness in the Tay rail bridge disaster of 1879. He designed the vessel in which Cleopatras Needle, now standing on the Thames Embankment. He published a book on Long Railway Bridges in the 1870s which advocated the introduction of steel. The book is remarkably prescient for the way the properties of steel could be exploited in structures, in 1880, he was called as an expert witness to the inquiry into the Tay Rail Bridge disaster. Although he was acting on behalf of Thomas Bouch, the builder of the first railway bridge across the Tay, he performed his role with independence and his testimony was against the theory that the bridge was simply blown over by the wind that fateful night. He made a survey of structures at or near the bridge. Such smaller structures included walls, ballast on the track on the bridge and it was an almost unique design as a large cantilever bridge, and was built entirely in steel, another unprecedented development in bridge engineering. Stiffness was provided by hollow tubes which were riveted together so as to make sound joints, Baker promoted his design in numerous public lectures, and arranged demonstrations of the stability of the cantilever by using his assistants as stage props. With Sir John Fowler, he designed and engineered the Forth Bridge after the Tay bridge collapse and it was a cantilever bridge and Baker gave numerous lectures on the principles which lay behind his design. Thomas Bouch had originally been awarded the contract but he lost it after the Tay Bridge Inquiry reported in June 1880, the bridge was built entirely in steel, much stronger than cast iron. He used hollow steel tubes to create the cantilever, and it was then the largest bridge of its kind in the world, the bridge is regarded as an engineering marvel. It is 8,296 ft in length, and the track is elevated 151 feet above high tide
30.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
31.
New Works Programme
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The programme was to develop many aspects of the public transport services run by the LPTB and the suburban rail services of the Great Western Railway and London and North Eastern Railway. The investment was backed by government assistance as well as by the issuing of financial bonds and was estimated to cost £42,286,000 in 1936. Extra T stock driving motor coaches had been constructed to allow for this and this scheme was abandoned and later new stock was designed. Substantial and rapid progress was made on the network across the capital before the advent of World War II delayed, the Central line tunnel relining works were completed in 1938 and the replacement of the lines power supply was completed in 1940. The Bakerloo line service to Stanmore started on 20 November 1939, the 1938 tube stock came into operation as intended although the extensions they were built for were not completed at once. Progress on the Northern line works enabled the extension from Archway to come into service as far as East Finchley on 3 July 1939, underground services to High Barnet commenced on 14 April 1940. Highgate station came into use on 19 January 1941 and services started operating on the branch to Mill Hill East on 18 May 1941 and this latter section was finished, exceptionally, to serve Inglis Barracks. The outstanding electrification works on the remainder of the LNERs branch from Finsbury Park to Highgate, from Highgate to Alexandra Palace, other parts of the land purchased for the Bushey Heath extension were farmed during the war to provide food for London Transport canteens. On the Central line, works on the extension had progressed furthest with tunnels constructed to Leyton. These were put into service as air-raid shelters and as underground factories operated by Plessey, plans for the Bushey Heath Extension were reduced to an extension to Brockley Hill in 1949. In 1953 the decision was made to cancel this part as well, the GN&C branch had transferred to the Northern line before the war and remained under its control after the war, but it was never integrated into the rest of the line. The bridge just east of Mill Hill East was rebuilt with provision for a second track, the Finsbury Park-to-Alexandra Park section remained with the LNER, and then British Railways, until it was closed in 1954. The Mill Hill-to-Edgware section, which had closed to passenger traffic. The complete resignalling of the north of Rickmansworth was done by 1959. As electrification did not take all the way north to Aylesbury. The Plan to convert Locomotive-hauled steam stock to Electric working was abandoned and they were called the A60 stock. The scheme to replace trams with trolleybuses was halted shortly after the outbreak of war, the remaining tram routes, mainly in south London, were not finally replaced until 6 July 1952, and then by diesel buses, rather than trolleybuses. The Aldenham site was converted for use as a bus overhaul works for all London Transport buses and opened in 1955
32.
Marylebone station
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Marylebone station is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in the Marylebone area of the City of Westminster. On the National Rail network it is known as London Marylebone and is the southern terminus of the Chiltern Main Line to Birmingham. On the Underground it is on the Bakerloo line between Edgware Road and Baker Street and it is in Travelcard Zone 1. Marylebone was the last of Londons main line termini to be built and it has limited connections to the Underground as it was built after the main tube lines in the area. Marylebone station suffered from a lack of traffic and after the GCML closed in 1966, by the 1980s, it was threatened with closure, but was reprieved due to continued commuter traffic on the London to Aylesbury Line and from High Wycombe. In 1994 the station found a new role as the terminus of the Chiltern Main Line, following privatisation, the station was expanded with two additional platforms in 2006 and improved services to Birmingham Snow Hill. In 2015 services began between Marylebone and Oxford Parkway via a new chord connecting the line to the Oxford to Bicester Line. Marylebone is one of the squares on the British Monopoly board, the station stands on Melcombe Place just north of Marylebone Road, a straight west-to-east thoroughfare through Marylebone in central London, Baker Street is close by to the east and south east. It is in the northern, Lisson Grove, neighbourhood of the district, in a projection of the Bryanston. North-east is Regents Park, north in a network of residential streets is Lords Cricket Ground and south. Other nearby London termini are Euston and Paddington, the London Bus routes 2,13,18,27,30,74,113,139,189,205,274 and 453 and night routes N18, N74 and N205 serve the station. The main line station has six platforms, two built in 1899, two inserted into the carriage road in the 1980s, and two built in September 2006. It is the only non-electrified terminal in London, Marylebone is operated by Chiltern Railways, making it one of the few London terminal stations not to be managed by Network Rail. There are services to Oxford via the Oxford to Bicester Line, the early history of Marylebone is tied into the Great Central Railways Great Central Main Line extension into London. When Sir Edward Watkin became chairman of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway in 1864, the approach to Marylebone was the last section of the Great Central Main Line to be built. Progress was delayed in the 1890s because of objections, particularly as the line would pass through Lords, Watkin promised that Lords would not be disrupted by the railway construction, and an Act to complete the line was passed on 28 March 1893. The station was built on a 51-acre site around Blandford and Harewood Squares, Watkin resigned the chairmanship in 1894 following ill health, and was replaced by Lord Wharncliffe. The approach to the station through Lords was achieved by a cut, the station opened to coal traffic on 27 July 1898 and to passengers on 15 March 1899
33.
Elephant & Castle tube station
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Elephant & Castle is a London Underground station in the London Borough of Southwark in central London. It is on the Bank branch of the Northern line between Kennington and Borough stations, and is the terminus of the Bakerloo line, the next station being Lambeth North. The station is in both Travelcard Zones 1 and 2, the Northern line station was opened in 1890 by the City and South London Railway while the Bakerloo line station was opened sixteen years later by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway. There is out-of-station interchange with the nearby Elephant & Castle National Rail station, a girl born at the station in 1924 was the first baby to be born on the Underground network. The Bakerloo line building remains much as originally constructed and is a typical Leslie Green structure, the Northern line building was designed by Thomas Phillips Figgis, and was rebuilt several times until the current structure opened in 2003. Transport for London is currently planning an upgrade to the station. A Bakerloo line extension south to Camberwell was planned and approved in 1931, similar proposals have been revived on several occasions, in 2014 TfL ran a consultation on an extension to Hayes and Beckenham Junction, which is still under consideration. Elephant & Castle is located in the Elephant and Castle area of Newington in the London Borough of Southwark in central London, the station has two surface buildings, separated by a large traffic intersection. The northern building provides the most direct access to the Bakerloo line, access to the more northerly part of the station is via the original building, while the exit is via a new extension next to Skipton House. Between the entrance and two shops is the entrance to South London House, a block above the station. The BS&WR station building remains much as originally constructed and is a typical Leslie Green structure, the main alteration is a modern glass-sided and glass-topped flat-roofed extension abutting the original western elevation, giving access to three of the six arches. These arches, in a classic deep-red faience style, formed the original perimeter, as the station also functions as a drivers depot, London Underground uses the offices above the station for administration and drivers accommodation. The C&SLR station was designed by Thomas Phillips Figgis in a style to Kennington station. It was partially rebuilt in the 1920s when the C&SLR tunnels were modernised and it was rebuilt at the start of the 21st century, reopening on 12 December 2003. To get from either ticket hall to the platforms it is necessary to use the lifts or spiral stairs, the southern building has lifts from street level down to the level of the southbound Northern line platform, the only step-free platform at the station. From inside the station, the exit is labelled London South Bank University. The multi-coloured platform tiles on the Northern line were reconstructed in the 1920s in conjunction with an extension to Morden station, the tiles were carefully replicated in 2006 to replace the originals, which were in poor condition. The original C&SLR tiles dating from 1890 remain on the roofs of the Northern line platforms
34.
Baker Street tube station
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Baker Street is a station on the London Underground at the junction of Baker Street and the Marylebone Road. The station is in Travelcard Zone 1 and is served by five different lines and it is one of the original stations of the Metropolitan Railway, the worlds first underground railway, opened in 1863. On the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines it is between Great Portland Street and Edgware Road, on the Metropolitan line it is between Great Portland Street and Finchley Road. On the Bakerloo line it is between Regents Park and Marylebone, and on the Jubilee line it is between Bond Street and St. Johns Wood, the station has entrances on Baker Street, Chiltern Street and Marylebone Road. Nearby attractions include Regents Park, Lords Cricket Ground, the Sherlock Holmes Museum, the station layout is rather complex. The sub-surface station is connected to the open-air Metropolitan line station, below this is a deep-level tube station for the Bakerloo and Jubilee lines. These are arranged in a cross-platform interchange layout and there are connections between the two lines just to the north of the station, access to the Bakerloo and Jubilee lines is only via escalators. With ten platforms overall, Baker Street has the most London Underground platforms of any station on the network, of the MRs original stations, now the Circle and Hammersmith & City line platforms five and six are the best preserved dating from the stations opening in 1863. Plaques of the Metropolitan Railways coat of arms along the platform and old plans and photographs depict the station which has changed little in over a hundred. Restoration work in the 1980s on the oldest portions of Baker Street station brought it back to something similar to its 1863 appearance. The Metropolitan lines platforms one to four were largely the result of the rebuild in the 1920s to cater for the increase in traffic on its outer suburban routes. All Metropolitan line platforms can function as terminating tracks however under normal circumstance only dead ended platforms one, the Bakerloo line uses platforms eight and nine date from 10th March 1906 when the Baker Street & Waterloo railway opened between here and Lambeth North. The contraction of the name to Bakerloo rapidly caught on, by the mid-1930s, the Metropolitan line was suffering from congestion caused by the limited capacity of its tracks between Baker Street and Finchley Road stations. The Bakerloo line also took over the Metropolitan lines service to Stanmore on 20 November 1939, following refurbishment in the 1980s the original tiling scheme was replaced with tiles depicting the silhouette of Sherlock Holmes who lived at 221B, Baker Street. In 1999 the Jubilee line was extended from Green Park to Stratford, the design of the Jubilee line platforms at Baker Street has changed little since being opened with illustrations depicting famous scenes from Sherlock Holmes cases. Cross platform interchange is provided between Bakerloo and Jubilee lines in both directions, in 2008 TfL proposed a project to provide step-free access to the sub-surface platforms. The project was a TfL-funded Games-enabling project in its investment programme, the project was included in the strategy on accessible transport published by the London 2012 Olympic Delivery Authority and the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Access to the Metropolitan line platforms 1–4 would be provided by a bridge from the Bakerloo and Jubilee line ticket hall, through a passage from platforms 1–2, this would also give step-free access to platform 5
35.
Waterloo tube station
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Waterloo is a London Underground station located within the Waterloo station complex that incorporates both the tube station and the main line railway station. It is the busiest station in Great Britain, with in excess of 99 million passenger entries and it is served by four lines, the Bakerloo, Jubilee, Northern and Waterloo & City lines. The station is situated in fare zone 1 and is located near the South Bank of the River Thames and its within walking distance to the London Eye. The first Underground Line at Waterloo was opened on 8 August 1898 by the Waterloo & City Railway, a subsidiary of the owners of the line station. The W&CR, nicknamed The Drain, achieved in a way the L&SWRs original plan of taking its tracks the short distance north-east into the City of London. On 10 March 1906, the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway was opened, on 13 September 1926, the extension of the Hampstead & Highgate line was opened from Embankment to the existing City & South London Railway station Kennington with a new station at Waterloo. As a subsidiary of the L&SWR and its successor, the Southern Railway, following nationalisation of the main line railway companies in 1948, it became part of British Railways. London Transport had already sought parliamentary approval to construct tunnels from Aldwych to Waterloo in November 1964, detailed planning took place, although public spending cuts led to postponement of the scheme in 1967 before tenders were invited. Due to an Easter shut-down, the first Underground service on the line was on 5 April 1994, on 24 September 1999, the Jubilee line station was opened as part of the Jubilee Line Extension. The Jubilee line platforms are at the end of the site from those of the Bakerloo and Northern lines. The station is served by London Buses routes 1,4,26,59,68,76,77,139,168,171,172,176,188,211,243,341,381,507,521, RV1 and X68 and night routes N1, N68, N76, N171, N20, N343 and N381
36.
Bow, London
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Bow is a district in the East End of London, England, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is built-up and mostly residential, and 4.6 miles east of Charing Cross, the area was formerly known as Stratford, and Bow is an abbreviation of the medieval name Stratford-atte-Bow, in which Bow refers to a bridge built in the early 12th century. Bow is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and a section of the district is part of the park, Old Ford, and with it Fish Island, are usually taken to be part of Bow, but Bromley-by-Bow immediately to the south, is a separate locality. These distinctions have their roots in historic parish boundaries, stratforde was first recorded as a settlement in 1177, the name derived from its Old English meaning of paved way to a ford. The paved way is likely to refer to the presence of a causeway across the marshes. Land and Abbey Mill were given to Barking Abbey for maintenance of the bridge and this endowment was later administered by Stratford Langthorne Abbey. By 1549, this route had become known as The Kings Way and this has since been expanded to a four-lane road. In 1311 Bow remained a village, often cut off from St Dunstans. Permission was given to build a chapel of ease to allow the residents a place to worship. The land was granted by Edward III, on the Kings highway, in 1719, the parish became independent of Stepney and St Mary Stratford Bow consecrated. The parish included the Old Ford area, which has also known as North Bow. Located at 117 Bow Common Lane, E3 the church building by Frederick Arthur Walters opened in 1894, the parish is home to the Vietnamese chaplaincy in the Archdiocese of Westminster. Located at 179 Bow Road, E3, the building by Gilbert Blount opened in 1870. Formerly the parish was run by a community of Dominican nuns, a convent of Benedictine nuns was established at the nearby Priory of St Leonards, in modern Bromley-by-Bow. Ful weel she soong the service dyvyne, Entuned in hir nose ful semely, And frenssh she spak ful faire and fetisly, After the scole of stratford atte bowe, For frenssh of parys was to hire unknowe. This was a reference to the Prioress having learned the distinctive Anglo-Norman dialect of French. French still had the cachet of being the language of the royal court, Fairfield Road commemorates the Green Goose fair, held there on the Thursday after Pentecost. A Green Goose was a young or mid-summer goose, and a term for a cuckold or a low woman
37.
Board of Trade (Privy Council)
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The Board of Trade, originally the Lords of Trade and Plantations or Lords of Trade, is a committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. It was first established as a committee of Englands Privy Council to advise on colonial questions in the early 17th century. Between 1696 and 1782 the Board of Trade, in partnership with the secretaries of state over that time, held responsible for colonial affairs. The Home Secretary held colonial responsibility until 1801 when the Secretary of State for War, the committee has been known as the Board of Trade since 1786, but this name was only officially adopted by an act of 1861. The new Boards first functions were consultative like earlier iterations, and its concern with plantations, in such as the approval of colonial laws. This department was merged with the Ministry of Technology in 1970 to form the Department of Trade, the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry was also President of the Board of Trade. The full Board has met only once since the mid-20th century, in 2016, the role of President of the Board of Trade was transferred to the Secretary of State for International Trade. This would be followed by a number of committees and councils to regulate the colonies. The Boards formal title remains The Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council appointed for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade, in 1634, Charles I appointed a new commission for regulating plantations. Soon after however, the English Civil Wars erupted and initiated a period of political instability in England. Between 1643 and 1648 the Long Parliament would establish a parliamentary Commission for Plantations to take the lead in colonial and commercial affairs and this period also saw the first regulation of Royal tonnage and poundage and begin the modernization of customs and excise as growing sources of government revenue. During the Interregnum and Commonwealth three acts of the Rump Parliament in 1650 and 1651 are notable in the development of Englands commercial and colonial programs. These include the first Commission of Trade to be established by an Act of Parliament on 1 August 1650. It was the Lords of Trade who, in 1675, originated the idea of transforming all of the colonies in America into Royal Colonies for the purpose of securing English trade against the French. In 1696, King William III appointed eight paid commissioners to promote trade in the American plantations, the board carried on this work but also had long periods of inactivity, devolving into chaos after 1761 and dissolved in 1782 by an act of Parliament by the Rockingham Whigs. William Pitt the Younger re-established the committee in 1784, and an Order in Council of 23 August 1786 provided the basis that still remains in force. A secretariat was established included the president, vice president. By 1793, the board remained in its old structure
38.
Edwin Cornwall
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Sir Edwin Andrew Cornwall, 1st Baronet, PC, DL was an English politician and coal merchant. Cornwall was born in Lapford, Devon, at the age of thirteen he became a clerk in a coal merchants in Hammersmith, London, and by seventeen was manager of the companys depot at Kensington. A few years later he set up his own business, in 1900 he became the first mayor of the new Metropolitan Borough of Fulham, having long served on the predecessor vestry. In 1892 he was elected to the London County Council, sitting for the Progressive Party, having unsuccessfully contested the Fulham constituency in 1895 and 1900, in 1906 Cornwall was elected to Parliament as a Liberal for Bethnal Green North East. He was appointed a deputy lieutenant of the County of London at the end of March 1906 and he was also vice-chairman of the County of London Territorial Force Association from 1908 to 1914 and a member of the Port of London Authority. Cornwall was knighted in 1905, created a baronet in 1918, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir Edwin Cornwall
39.
Lambeth North tube station
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Lambeth North is a London Underground station in the neighbourhood of Lambeth, at the junction of Westminster Bridge Road and Baylis Road. It is on the Bakerloo line, between Elephant & Castle and Waterloo, and is in Travelcard Zone 1 and it is located at 110 Westminster Bridge Road, and is the nearest tube station to the Imperial War Museum. It closed for works in July 2016, and reopened in February 2017. Designed by Leslie Green, the station was opened by the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway on 10 March 1906 and it served as the temporary southern terminus of the line until 5 August 1906, when Elephant & Castle station was opened. The stations name was changed to Westminster Bridge Road in July 1906 and it was renamed, to Lambeth North. At 03,56 on 16 January 1941, a German Satan 1800 kg general-purpose bomb hit a hostel at nearby 92 Westminster Bridge Road, the shock wave severely damaged the southbound platform tunnel injuring 28 people sheltering there, one of whom died in hospital 15 days later. Thirty-seven rings of the tunnel had to be completely replaced,15 partially replaced. Traffic through the station resumed after 95 days, there are two tracks in separate tunnels. The station has two lifts and a staircase connecting the street level to platform level. Immediately north of the station is a crossover enabling trains to terminate at both platforms and this is necessary for trains that are stabled at the London Road Depot, which can be seen on St Georges Street and connects with the Bakerloo line north of the station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Station with name displayed as Westminster Bridge Road,1906 Lambeth North station,1925
40.
London Victoria station
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Victoria station is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Victoria, in the City of Westminster. It is near to Victoria Street, which along with the area and it is in Travelcard Zone 1. From the main lines, trains can connect to the Catford Loop Line, Dartford Loop Line, Southern operates the majority of commuter and regional services to south London, Sussex and parts of east Surrey, while Southeastern operates trains to south east London and Kent. Gatwick Express trains run direct from Victoria to Gatwick Airport, the Underground station is on the Circle and District lines between Sloane Square and St. Jamess Park, and the Victoria line between Pimlico and Green Park. With over 81 million passenger entries and exits in 2015/16, Victoria is the second-busiest station in London after Waterloo, combined with the Underground Station and interchanges in the national rail station, London Victoria handled about 170 million passengers in the 2015/2016 period. It is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail, the area around the station is an important interchange for other forms of transport, a local bus station is in the forecourt and Victoria Coach Station is nearby. Victoria Station came about in a fashion to help address this problem for the London Brighton and South Coast Railway. It consisted of two adjacent main line railway stations which, from the viewpoint of passengers, were unconnected, the London and Brighton Railway terminus at London Bridge provided reasonable access to the City of London but was most inconvenient for travellers to and from Westminster. As early as 1842 John Urpeth Rastrick had proposed that the railway should build a branch to serve the West End, but his proposal came to nothing. During the summer of 1857 a scheme for an independent Grosvenor Basin Terminus in the West End of London, the station was originally referred to as the Grosvenor Terminus but later renamed Victoria as it was sited at the end of Victoria Street. Three other railway companies were seeking a terminus in Westminster, the Great Western, the London & North Western. The first two already had access to Battersea through their joint ownership of the West London Line with the LB&SCR. The new line followed part of the route of the Grosvenor Canal with Victoria station on the canal basin. It required the construction of a new bridge over the Thames, originally known as Victoria Bridge and it was of mixed gauge to cater for GWR trains. The LB&SCR had hoped to amalgamate with the VS&PR, and introduced a Parliamentary Bill to allow it to do so in 1860 and this was opposed by the GWR and LC&DR and rejected. By way of compromise the LB&SCR was permitted to lease Victoria station from the VS&PR, Victoria station proved to be unexpectedly popular for both the main companies, and by 1862 there were frequent delays due to congestion at Stewarts Lane Junction. In March 1863 the LB&SCR and the LC&DR jointly funded a new route into Victoria, avoiding Stewarts Lane. The work was completed during 1867/8, the LB&SCR side of Victoria station opened on 1 October 1860, the temporary terminus in Battersea having closed the day before
41.
County of London Plan
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The County of London Plan was prepared for the London County Council in 1943 by Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie and John Henry Forshaw. Its main purpose was to point out the directions of development and reconstruction of London. It was prepared in anticipation of the end of World War II, the plan to build a high-quality road was not realised but the semi-circular route was assigned to existing roads through the southern suburbs. A similar plan was revisited in the 1960s under the name of the London Ringways, among the proposals was a series of orbital roads around the city with the outer ones built as American-style parkways - wide, landscaped roads with limited access and grade-separated junctions. The report recommended electrification of all routes and removal of viaducts. It was hoped that the removal of the bridges would enable the redevelopment of the South Bank. The proposals included an ambitious system of two-track bored rail tunnels in loop-shaped routes beneath built-up areas. These tunnels would provide tube-like service but without the need to change from a train to a tube train. As a result, some tube routes would be transformed into freight-only routes, the various mainline stations on the north bank of the Thames would no longer be served by open-air tracks over viaducts and bridges. South-east, City and West End Loop, proposed as a means of eliminating the railway bridges across the Thames and associated viaducts. It would connect Charing Cross, Cannon Street, Waterloo Junction, and London Bridge, rising to the surface in the vicinity of Surrey Canal, north-South Tunnel, from Herne Hill in the south through Blackfriars, connecting with King’s Cross in the north. Blackfriars and Elephant and Castle would be replaced by sub-surface stations, northern Arc, connecting Paddington, Marylebone, Euston, King’s Cross, and Liverpool Street. Outer Goods Ring, an arc across the northern parts of London, running substantially to the north of and it is not clear whether this would be at surface level or in tunnel, although there is mention of a tunnel under the Thames at Greenwich. These proposals were further reported on in May 1946 by the Railway Committee and it was chaired by Sir Charles Inglis and recommended a dozen new routes totalling over 100 miles, estimated to cost ₤230m and take at least 30 years to build. Among them were route 8, from East Croydon to Finsbury Park, in tunnel from Norbury via Streatham, Brixton and the Victoria line route, except Victoria-Hyde Park Corner-Bond St-Euston
42.
Cross-platform interchange
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A cross-platform interchange is a type of interchange between different lines at a metro station. The term originates with the London Underground, such layouts exist in other networks but are not commonly so named, in the United States, it is often referred to as a cross-platform transfer. The benefit of this design is that passengers do not need to use stairs to platform level for transfer. A cross-platform interchange arrangement may be due to the complexity of railtrack alignment. Common cross-platform interchanges allow passengers to change trains without changing to another platform and this applies at places where trains of different directions meet in minor and major hubs, but this arrangement is only found at some interchange stations in metro and other rail networks worldwide. Some railway lines, usually in more congested areas, also offer cross-platform interchanges between different categories of trains, for example between express and stopping trains. However, local–express interchanges are found in only a few networks, such as Chicago, Chengdu, London, New York City. In some, but not all, cases, the trains are coordinated in the timetable, in the case, the cross-platform infrastructure offers the possibility of easily changing trains, independently from the waiting time for the second train. This concept is used in Dutch, German, and Swiss railway networks. Most advanced are coordinated cross-platform interchanges wherein interconnected trains also wait for other to guarantee scheduled interchanges. In practice, most railways coordinating cross-platform interchanges define a certain waiting time window for each guaranteed interchange, some railway operators will briefly delay train departure signals to allow imminently arriving passengers time to interchange. For example, the Vienna U-Bahn metro signals train drivers to wait briefly, in most cases, only cross-platform interchanges used for both directions of travel are listed, with some exceptions. Further, cross-platform connections are offered at Amstel station between metro lines 51,53,54 and suburban services of Netherlands Railways, at Newmarket Station, there are three lines serving two island platforms. Western Line services use the line allowing cross-platform interchange with Southern Line services which use the outer lines. Guogongzhuang station offers cross-platform interchange between Line 9 and Fangshan Line, national Library Station offers cross-platform interchange between Lines 9 and 4. In addition Nanluoguxiang station, Zhuxinzhuang Station and Beijing West Railway Station offer cross-platform interchange, Berlin metro services offer cross-platform connections at Mehringdamm, Nollendorfplatz and Wittenbergplatz metro stations. Additionally, Wuhletal station offers cross-platform interchanges between lines S5 of Berlin suburban rail and U5 of Berlin metro, a part of one of the U5 tunnels is used by Berlin firefighters for fire and rescue training in a metro tunnel with an original train taken out-of-service. Similar provisions were made at Schloßstraße metro station for cross-platform interchanges between line U9 and a never realised line U10
43.
Provisional Irish Republican Army
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It was the biggest and most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the successor to the original IRA and called simply the Irish Republican Army. It was also referred to as such by others. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, following a split in the republican movement, the IRA initially focused on defence, but it began an offensive campaign in 1971. The IRAs primary goal was to force the British to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland and it used guerrilla tactics against the British Army and RUC in both rural and urban areas. It also carried out a campaign in Northern Ireland and England against what it saw as political. The IRA called a ceasefire in July 1997, after Sinn Féin was re-admitted into the Northern Ireland peace talks. It supported the 1998 Good Friday Agreement and in 2005 it disarmed under international supervision, the campaign was supported by arms and funding from Libya and from some Irish American groups. As a result, the IRA launched a new strategy known as the Long War and this saw them conduct a war of attrition against the British and increased emphasis on political activity, via the political party Sinn Féin. The success of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in mobilising support and winning elections led to the Armalite and ballot box strategy, with more time, the British demand was quickly dropped after the May 1997 general election in the UK. The IRA ceasefire was reinstated in July 1997 and Sinn Féin was admitted into all-party talks. The IRAs armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, the dead included around 1,100 members of the British security forces, and about 640 civilians. The IRA itself lost 275–300 members and an estimated 10,000 imprisoned at times over the 30-year period. The organisation remains classified as a proscribed terrorist group in the UK, two small groups split from the Provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA in 1986, and the Real IRA in 1997. Both reject the Good Friday Agreement and continue to engage in paramilitary activity and this new IRA group is estimated by Police Service of Northern Ireland intelligence sources to have between 250 and 300 active militants and many more supporting associates. The Provisional IRA was organised hierarchically, at the top of the organisation was the IRA Army Council, headed by the IRA Chief of Staff. All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to IRA General Army Conventions, the GAC was the IRAs supreme decision-making authority. Since 1969, there have only three, in 1970,1986, and 2005, owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret
44.
Smoking ban
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Smoking bans are public policies, including criminal laws and occupational safety and health regulations, that prohibit tobacco smoking in workplaces and other public spaces. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product, the rationale for smoking bans posits that smoking is optional, whereas breathing is not. Therefore, proponents say, smoking bans are enforced to protect people from the effects of smoke, which include an increased risk of heart disease, cancer, emphysema. Along with tax measures, cessation measures, and education, smoking bans are viewed by public health experts as an important element in reducing smoking rates, when effectively implemented they are seen as an important element of policy to support behaviour change in favour of a healthy lifestyle. Banning smoking in places has helped to cut premature births by 10 percent, according to new research from the United States. Specifically, meta-analyses show that lifelong non-smokers with partners who smoke in the home have a 20–30% greater risk of cancer than non-smokers who live with non-smokers. Non-smokers exposed to smoke in the workplace have an increased lung cancer risk of 16–19%. Sidestream smoke contains 69 known carcinogens, particularly benzopyrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. Several well-established carcinogens have been shown by the companies own research to be present at higher concentrations in second-hand smoke than in mainstream smoke. Scientific organisations confirming the effects of second-hand smoke include the U. S. National Cancer Institute, centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U. S. National Institutes of Health, the Surgeon General of the United States, and the World Health Organization. Restrictions upon smoking in bars and restaurants can substantially improve the air quality in such establishments, the CDC concluded that their results were similar to other studies which also showed substantially improved indoor air quality after smoking bans were instituted. A2004 study showed New Jersey bars and restaurants had more than nine times the levels of air pollution of neighbouring New York City. Research has also shown that air quality translates to decreased toxin exposure among employees. For example, among employees of the Norwegian establishments that enacted smoking restrictions and they stated that There is strong evidence supporting smoking bans and restrictions as effective public health interventions aimed at decreasing exposure to secondhand smoke. One of the worlds earliest smoking bans was a 1575 Roman Catholic church regulation which forbade the use of tobacco in any church in Mexico. In 1604, King James I of England published a treatise, A Counterblaste to Tobacco. The Ottoman Sultan Murad IV prohibited smoking in his empire in 1633 and had smokers executed, pope Urban VII also prohibited smoking in the Church in 1590 followed by Urban VIII in 1624. The earliest citywide European smoking bans were enacted shortly thereafter, such bans were enacted in Bavaria, Kursachsen, and certain parts of Austria in the late 17th century
45.
Elevator
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An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, in agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes screw, or the chain, languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a requirement in new multistory buildings. The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals. In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of a lifting device. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the buildings of England. Louis XV of France had a flying chair built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743. Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders, the invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793, several years later another of Kulibins elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal, the technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in the mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. It elevated paying customers to a height in the center of London. Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the decade, – in 1835 an innovative elevator called the Teagle was developed by the company Frost. The elevator was belt-driven and used a counterweight for extra power, the hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the steam driven elevators, exploiting Pascals law. A water pump supplied a variable level of pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder. Counterweights and balances were used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus
46.
Harry Bell Measures
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Harry Bell Measures CBE MVO was an English architect. He was responsible for a number of English improved housing developments for working men, such as the Rowton Houses in London and he designed the original station buildings for the Central London Railway, now the Central line of London Underground, which opened on 30 July 1900. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 New Year Honours for his efforts during the First World War,69 -79 The Drive, Hove Works for Artisans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company on Leigham Court Estate, Streatham. New College, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Measures was responsible for a number of buildings on the original section of the Central London Railway, many of which survve today as London Underground stations. He favoured terracotta as a material, constructing his station buildings using prefabrication of factory-made ceramic blocks. This allowed him to design stylistically consistent structures quite econnomically and his tunnel platforms were lined with glazed ceramic tiles. Measuress techniques influenced the work of another contemporary Underground station architect and his 1900 design for Oxford Circus station was a single-storey entrance on the corner of Argyll Street and Oxford Street, clad in pale pink terracotta and decorated in a Mannerist style. Today it is considered to be the best surviving example of Measures-designed station architecture and the entrance, and it should be noted that the red ceramic building on the western corner is by Leslie Green. Measures designed the stations on the Central London Railway, Shepherds Bush - building demolished. Holland Park - station building remains in use Notting Hill Gate - building demolished, not recognisable as a work by Measures when demolished in 2009. British Museum - station closed in 1933 when new Central line platforms opened at Holborn, chancery Lane - High Holborn station building remains but no longer used for access to station St Pauls - opened as Post Office. The station was closed in 1947 and the building has been demolished
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