1.
Pep's
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Peps is a French artist based in Grenoble, with musical styles encompassing genres such as rock, R&B & reggae. The group was formed in 2001, the stage name of singer comes from a nickname inspired by the lead singers name, Florian Peppuy. His influences are diverse, ranging from Led Zeppelin and Noir Désir, to Ben Harper, Otis Redding. Florian Peppuy first picked up the trombone age 6 and a later he started composing and performing locally in a group by the name of Recycled. At the age of 18, he left for Paris, changed his name to Pep’s. It was around this time, that the group, Peps was formed, in 2001, the group self-produced and released their first CD with six tracks named Follow the Flo. In 2003, after performing at over 300 concerts, Peps recorded their first studio album, the lead single, entitled Liberta featuring singer Djazia Satour from the group Mig, quickly became a national phenomenon, and increased the band’s reputation. Richard Pesenti, the manager as well as a musician in the band, left the group to pursue a career, and was replaced in 2005 by Sebastian Michaut. A maxi Pending album was released in 2006, in 2007, Guillaume Alexandre and Combeau Diederichs left the group, to pursue other activities. Guillaume Marocco a drummer from Grenoble, replaced the original drummer, Peps has an eclectic style, which varies from song to song - mainly based around, rock, reggae, soul, funk, jazz and hip-hop. De lair À linsouciance Me contenter …Ça vient 2001, Follow the Flo 2006, En attendant
2.
Quebec City
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Quebec City, French, Ville de Québec, officially Québec) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The citys landmarks include the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline, and La Citadelle, the National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, and the Musée de la civilisation are found within or near Vieux-Québec. Thus, Québec is officially spelled with an accented é in both Canadian English and French, although the accent is not used in common English usage. Quebec City is one of the oldest European settlements in North America, while many of the major cities in Latin America date from the sixteenth century, among cities in Canada and the U. S. few were created earlier than Quebec City. Also, Quebecs Old Town is the only North American fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist, French explorer Jacques Cartier built a fort at the site in 1535, where he stayed for the winter before going back to France in spring 1536. He came back in 1541 with the goal of building a permanent settlement, Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat on 3 July 1608, and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona. Champlain, also called The Father of New France, served as its administrator for the rest of his life, the name Canada refers to this settlement. Although called the cradle of the Francophone population in North America, the place seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony. In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, however, Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended, he worked to have the lands returned to France. As part of the negotiations of their exit from the Anglo-French War. These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates. In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city, one-quarter of the people were members of religious orders, secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hotel-Dieu. Quebec City was the headquarters of many raids against New England during the four French, in the last war, the French and Indian War, Quebec City was captured by the British in 1759 and held until the end of the war in 1763. France ceded New France, including the city, to Britain in 1763, at the end of French rule in 1763, forests, villages, fields and pastures surrounded the town of 8,000 inhabitants. The town distinguished itself by its architecture, fortifications, affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec City remained a small city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at the two city markets, during the American Revolution revolutionary troops from the southern colonies assaulted the British garrison in an attempt to liberate Quebec City, in a conflict now known as the Battle of Quebec
3.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
4.
Swimming pool
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A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or paddling pool is a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the ground or built above ground, many health clubs, fitness centers and private clubs, such as the YMCA, have pools used mostly for exercise or recreation. Many towns and cities provide public pools, many hotels have pools available for their guests to use at their leisure. Educational facilities such as universities typically have pools for physical education classes, recreational activities, hot tubs and spas are pools filled with hot water, used for relaxation or hydrotherapy, and are common in homes, hotels, and health clubs. Special swimming pools are used for diving, specialized water sports, physical therapy as well as for the training of lifeguards. Swimming pools may be heated or unheated, the Great Bath at the site of Mohenjo-Daro in modern-day Pakistan was most likely the first swimming pool, dug during the 3rd millennium BC. This pool is 12 by 7 metres, is lined with bricks, ancient Greeks and Romans built artificial pools for athletic training in the palaestras, for nautical games and for military exercises. Roman emperors had private swimming pools in which fish were also kept, the first heated swimming pool was built by Gaius Maecenas of Rome in the 1st century BC. Gaius Maecenas was a rich Roman lord and considered one of the first patrons of arts, ancient Sinhalese built pairs of pools called Kuttam Pokuna in the kingdom of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in the 4th century BC. They were decorated with flights of steps, punkalas or pots of abundance, Swimming pools became popular in Britain in the mid-19th century. As early as 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards existed in London, the Maidstone Swimming Club in Maidstone, Kent is believed to be the oldest surviving swimming club in Britain. It was formed in 1844, in response to concerns over drownings in the River Medway, the club used to swim in the River Medway, and would hold races, diving competitions and water polo matches. The South East Gazette July 1844 reported an aquatic breakfast party, coffee, the coffee was kept hot over a fire, club members had to tread water and drink coffee at the same time. The last swimmers managed to overturn the raft, to the amusement of 150 spectators, the Amateur Swimming Association was founded in 1869 in England, and the Oxford Swimming Club in 1909. The presence of indoor baths in the area of Merton Street might have persuaded the less hardy of the aquatic brigade to join. So, bathers gradually became swimmers, and bathing pools became swimming pools, in 1939, Oxford created its first major public indoor pool at Temple Cowley. The modern Olympic Games started in 1896 and included swimming races, in the US, the Racquet Club of Philadelphia clubhouse boasts one of the worlds first modern above-ground swimming pools. The first swimming pool to go to sea on an ocean liner was installed on the White Star Lines Adriatic in 1907, the oldest known public swimming pool in America, Underwood Pool, is located in Belmont, Massachusetts
5.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
6.
Tennis
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Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent or between two teams of two players each. Each player uses a racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return, the player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society, the sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis and it had close connections both to various field games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s, two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. Tennis is played by millions of players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. Historians believe that the ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France. Louis X of France was a player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, in due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. Because of the accounts of his death, Louis X is historys first tennis player known by name. Another of the enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France. It wasnt until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called tennis, from the French term tenez, an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in England and France, although the game was played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England. This in turn led to the codification of rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls. In 1872, along with two doctors, they founded the worlds first tennis club in Leamington Spa. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, Sports historians all agree that deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis, according to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield popularized this game enormously
7.
Hockey
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Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponents goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport is referred to simply as hockey. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherds stave, the curved, or hooked ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the use of cork bungs, in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing hock ale, also called hocky, Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, by the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, Bandy is played with a ball on a football field-sized ice arena, typically outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and is considered a sport in Russia. The sport is recognised by the IOC, its governing body is the Federation of International Bandy. Bandy World Championships have been played since 1957 and Womens Bandy World Championships since 2004, there are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in the Bandy World Cup every year. Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm in diameter. The game is popular among males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex, the governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation. Mens field hockey has played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted, while field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London, field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan
8.
Long track speed skating
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Speed skating is an Olympic sport where competitors are timed while crossing a set distance. It is also a sport for leisure, sports such as short track speedskating, inline speedskating, and quad speed skating are also called speed skating. Speed skaters attain maximum speeds of 60 km/h, organized races on ice skates first developed in the 19th century. Norwegian clubs hosted competitions from 1863, with races in the town of Christiania drawing five-digit crowds, in 1884, the Norwegian Axel Paulsen was named Amateur Champion Skater of the World after winning competitions in the United States. The Nederlandse Schaatsrijderbond was founded in 1882 and organised the championships of 1890 and 1891. Skaters started in pairs, each to their own lane, competitions were exclusively for amateur skaters. Peter Sinnerud was disqualified for professionalism in 1904 and lost his world title, World records were registered since 1891 and improved rapidly, Jaap Eden lowered the world 5000-metre record by half a minute during the Hamar European Championships in 1894. The record stood for 17 years, and it took 50 years to lower it further by half a minute, the Elfstedentocht was organised as a competition in 1909 and has been held at irregular intervals whenever the ice on the course is deemed good enough. Other outdoor races developed later, with Noord-Holland hosting a race in 1917, since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the top long track speed skaters and marathon skaters in the world. Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice became the Alternative Elfstedentocht, at the 1914 Olympic Congress, the delegates agreed to include long track speed skating in the 1916 Olympics, after figure skating had featured in the 1908 Olympics. Charles Jewtraw from Lake Placid, New York, won the first Olympic gold medal, Finland won the remaining four gold medals at the 1924 Games, with Clas Thunberg winning 1,500 metres,5,000 metres, and allround. It was the time an allround Olympic gold medal has been awarded in speed skating. Norwegian and Finnish skaters won all the medals in World Championships between the world wars, with Latvians and Austrians visiting the podium in the European Championships. At the time, North American races were usually conducted packstyle, similar to the races in the Netherlands. The ISU approved the suggestion that the 1932 Olympic speed skating competitions should be held as packstyle races, Canada won five medals, all silver and bronze, while defending World Champion Clas Thunberg stayed at home, protesting against this form of racing. At the World Championships held immediately after the Games, without the American champions, Norwegian racers won all four distances, in the 1930s, women began to be accepted in ISU speed skating competitions. Although womens races had been held in North America for some time and competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in a demonstration event, however, Zofia Nehringowa set the first official world record in 1929. The womens long track speed skating was dominated by East Germany and later reunified Germany
9.
1976 Summer Olympics
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The 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics, officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event in Montreal, Quebec, in 1976, and the first Olympic Games held in Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12,1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, over the bids of Moscow and it is so far the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada. Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010, the vote occurred on May 12,1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Los Angeles was eliminated after the first round and Montreal won in the second round, Moscow would go on to host the 1980 Summer Olympics and Los Angeles the 1984 Summer Olympics. One blank vote was cast in the second and final round, toronto had made its third attempt for the Olympics but failed to get the support of the Canadian Olympic Committee, which selected Montreal instead. Robert Bourassa, then the Premier of Quebec, first asked Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to advise Canadas monarch, Elizabeth II, however, Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be with sovereigntists in the province, annoying Trudeau, who had already made arrangements. The Oxford Olympics Study estimates the outturn cost of the Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics at USD6.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 720% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, the cost overrun for Montreal 1976 is the highest cost overrun on record for any Olympics. The cost and cost overrun for Montreal 1976 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The ceremony marked the opening of the Games of the XXI Olympiad, the queen entered the Royal Box with her consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and her son, Prince Andrew. The parade of athletes began moments later with the arrival of the Greek team, All other teams entered the stadium according to French alphabetical order. Although most would eventually boycott the Games in the days to follow, much of the music performed for the parade was arranged by Vic Vogel and was inspired by late Quebec composer, André Mathieu. Immediately following the parade, a troupe of 80 women dancers dressed in white performed a dance in the outline of the Olympic rings. Following that came the official speeches, first by Roger Rousseau, head of the Montreal Olympic organizing committee and her Majesty was then invited to proclaim the Games open, which she did, first in French, then in English. Accompanied by the Olympic Hymn, the Olympic flag was carried into the stadium, the flag was carried by eight men and hoisted by four women, representing the ten provinces and two territories of Canada. As the flag was hoisted, a choir performed an a cappella version of the Olympic Hymn. Once the flag was unfurled, a troupe of Bavarian dancers, representing Munich, host of the previous 1972 Summer Olympics, following a brief dance, that flag was then passed from the Mayor of Munich to the IOC President and then to the Mayor of Montreal
10.
Handball at the 1976 Summer Olympics
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Handball at the 1976 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women. On July 26, a Croatian nationalist ran onto the field of play during the match between SFR Yugoslavia and West Germany and burned the Yugoslav flag. Tunisia withdrew after 2 matches which they lost to Poland and Czechoslovakia, five nations competed in both tournaments. Japan entered only a squad of women and twelve men. Only four male reserve players did not participate
11.
Quebec Remparts
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There have been two junior ice hockey franchises known as the Quebec Remparts that played in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The first B league franchise played from 1969 to 1985, the current franchise has played since 1997, both franchises were based out of Quebec City, Quebec. The teams played games at the Centre Vidéotron, although the new edition of the Remparts played for two seasons at PEPS on the campus of Laval University between 1997 and 1999. The name Remparts means curtain walls in French, the original Quebec Remparts team was founded in 1969 by a group of investors who purchased the assets of the junior Quebec Aces team. The Remparts were finalists for the George Richardson Memorial Trophy in 1969–70 and it was this team, which featured future Hockey Hall of Famer Guy Lafleur, that won a Memorial Cup championship in 1971. The team also won the Presidents Cup five times and this edition of the Remparts is known to have the most American-born players on the roster every season. After the 1984–85 season, the team went into dormancy for three seasons before being resurrected, after returning to play, then-sponsored by Le Collège Français, the team moved to Longueuil to become the Longueuil Collège Français. The team played for three seasons before moving to Verdun in 1991 to become the Verdun Collège Français, the franchise ceased operations in 1994. They are considered one of the most popular Canadian Hockey League teams, similar to the National Football Leagues Cleveland Browns, the team claims the history and records of the original Remparts. On May 28,2006, the Remparts won the Memorial Cup, then-Head Coach Patrick Roy became the seventh coach to win the Cup in his first year as head coach, and the first to do so since Claude Julien of the Hull Olympiques in 1997. It was also the first time in Memorial Cup history that the finals involved two teams from the QMJHL, Quebec also won the Cup without winning a League championship and without hosting the event, another first in Memorial Cup history. The 2006 Remparts were known for a number of players from the New England region. On November 27,2014, the Remparts were sold to Quebecor for a price between $20 million and $25 million. The team moved to Centre Vidéotron on September 12,2015, the Remparts were chosen to be the host of the 2015 Memorial Cup. They defeated the Rimouski Oceanic in tie-breaker 5-2, but got eliminated by the Kelowna Rockets in the semi-finals 9-3, michel Goulet and Guy Lafleur are the former Remparts in the Hockey Hall of Fame
12.
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
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The Quebec Major Junior Hockey League is one of the three major junior ice hockey leagues which constitute the Canadian Hockey League. The league is often referred to as The Q. The league comprises teams across the provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Since the departure of the Lewiston Maineiacs from Lewiston, Maine, the current Commissioner of the QMJHL is Gilles Courteau. The Presidents Cup is the trophy of the league. The QMJHL champion then goes on to compete in the Memorial Cup against the OHL and WHL champions, the QMJHL had traditionally adopted a rapid and offensive style of hockey. Former QMJHL players hold many of the Canadian Hockey Leagues career, Hockey Hall of Fame alumni of the QMJHL include Mario Lemieux, Guy Lafleur, Ray Bourque, Pat LaFontaine, Mike Bossy, Denis Savard, Michel Goulet, Luc Robitaille, and goaltender Patrick Roy. The Rosemont National and Laval Saints transferred from the MMJHL, most of the teams were within a few hours drive of Montreal. From the first season in 1969–70, only Shawinigan remains in the city with an uninterrupted history. In 1972 the QMJHL had been in operation for three years, and wanted a team in the provinces largest city and it threatened a lawsuit to force the Montreal Junior Canadiens of the Ontario Hockey Association into the Quebec-based league. The OHA then reactivated the suspended franchise for the 1973–74 season in Kingston, Ontario, under new ownership and with new players, starting in 1994, the QMJHL began to expand further east, outside of Quebec. Teams in Atlantic Canada comprise the entire Eastern Division of the QMJHL, in recent seasons, the QMJHL has been scouting players from the Atlantic Canada region along with a surge in players coming out of the New England area. This is a list of Canadian Hockey League career and single season records accomplished by QMJHL players, East, Quebec City Remparts, Shawinigan Bruins, Drummondville Rangers, Sorel Éperviers, Trois-Rivières Ducs, and Sherbrooke Castors. West, Saint-Jérôme Alouettes, Cornwall Royals, Rosemont National, Verdun Maple Leafs, 1971- Rosemont National move to Laval. 1972- The Saint-Jérôme Alouettes and the Verdun Maple Leafs fold, the Montreal Junior Canadiens franchise of the OHA transfers to QMJHL, becoming the Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge. 1973- League split into two divisions, East, Sorel, Quebec, Shawinigan, Trois-Rivières, Chicoutimi, West, Cornwall, Montreal, Sherbrooke, Laval, Drummondville, Hull. Chicoutimi Saguenéens, and the Hull Festivals granted franchises, 1974- Drummondville Rangers fold, Trois-Rivières Ducs become Trois-Rivières Draveurs. 1975- Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge became Montreal Juniors, 1976- Hull Festivals became Hull Olympiques
13.
Women's Tennis Association
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The Womens Tennis Association, founded in 1973 by Billie Jean King, is the principal organizing body of womens professional tennis. It governs the WTA Tour which is the professional tennis tour for women. Its counterpart organization in the professional game is the Association of Tennis Professionals. Rosie Casals won this first event, the WTAs corporate headquarters is in St. Petersburg, Florida, with its European headquarters in London and its Asia-Pacific headquarters in Beijing. The Open Era, in professional players are allowed to compete alongside amateurs. The first open tournament was the British Hard Court Championships in Bournemouth, at the first Open Wimbledon the prize fund difference was 2.5,1 in favour of men. Billie Jean King won £750 for taking the title while Rod Laver won £2,000, the total purses of both competitions were £14,800 for men and £5,680 for women. Confusion also reigned as no one knew how many open tournaments there were supposed to be, the tournaments that did not want to provide prize money eventually faded out of the calendar, including the U. S. Eastern Grass Court circuit with stops at Merion Cricket Club and Essex county club, There were two professional tennis circuits in existence at the start of the Open Era, World Championship Tennis, which was for men only, and the National Tennis League. Ann Jones, Rosie Casals, Françoise Dürr, and Billie Jean King joined NTL, King was paid $40,000 a year, Jones was paid $25,000, and Casals and Durr were paid $20,000 each. The group played established tournaments such as the US Open and Wimbledon, but the group also organised their own tournaments, playing in the south of France for two months. By the 1970s the pay differential had increased, King said Promoters were making more money. Male tennis players were making more money, everybody was making more money except the women. In 1969, ratios of 5,1 in terms of pay between men and women were common at smaller tournaments, by 1970 these figures had increased to up to 12,1. In 1970 Margaret Court won the Grand Slam and received only a $15,000 bonus, the low point in womens pay inequality came before the US Open in 1970. The Pacific Southwest Championships directed by Jack Kramer, had announced a 12,1 ratio in the prize money difference between males and females would win. The tournament would not take place until after the US Open, several female players contacted Gladys Heldman, publisher of World Tennis Magazine, and stated that they wanted to boycott the event. While she advised against it, she created the 1970 Houston Womens Invitation for nine women players
14.
Quebec Kebs
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The Quebec Kebs were a professional basketball team located in Laval, Quebec, formerly based out of Quebec City, Quebec. The Kebs were part of the National Basketball League of Canada and they also played in the Atlantic Division of the Premier Basketball League. Prior to May 2008, they played in the American Basketball Association, Kebs is short for Kebekwa, a phonetic spelling of the word Québécois, or Quebecers. Prior to folding, the team was renamed the Laval Kebs. The team held a survey to name the team and 66% of the people preferred the name Kebekwa, the team earned a trip to the playoffs in their inaugural season and were defeated by the Strong Island Sound 108-97 in the first round. Going with a new image, the team changed its logo. The team won its season opener 108-106 against the Manchester Millrats on October 12,2007 at the Pavillon de la jeunesse. While the team finished with a 15-19 record, the Pavillon was the location of the 2008 ABA Championship Series, home-court advantage could not save them from first-round defeat, as the Kebs lost in the quarterfinals to the Texas Tycoons by a score of 122-120. After the ABA playoffs, the team chose to join the PBL, the Kebs changed their home arena from the Pavillon de la Jeunesse in Quebec City to PEPS at LUniversité Laval in Laval. Due to controversial officiating in the PBL playoffs, the Kebs, together with the Saint John Mill Rats, on 12 May 2011, the Kebs were one of three teams announced as founding members of the National Basketball League of Canada. The team was replaced in the NBL Canada by the Montreal Jazz, Canada Basketball Official website of the Quebec Kebs Frozen Hoops ABA - Frozen Hoops ABA
15.
National Basketball League of Canada
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The National Basketball League of Canada is a Canadian professional mens basketball league. The NBL was founded in 2011, when three teams formerly of the Premier Basketball League joined with four new franchises to form the NBLs Original Seven, by 2016, the league had grown to ten teams, with five located in the Maritime provinces and five in Ontario. The current champions are the Halifax Hurricanes, having defeated the London Lightning 4–3 in the 2016 NBL Finals, in mid-2011, discussion began of a domestic basketball minor league in Canada. Three franchises from the Premier Basketball League, the Halifax Rainmen, Quebec Kebs, the teams had been unhappy with the officiating in the PBL. On May 12 of that year in Halifax, Nova Scotia, by the end of the summer, the London Lightning, Moncton Miracles, Oshawa Power, and Summerside Storm were established and had announced that they would join the league. There had also been attempts to start up teams in Fredericton, New Brunswick and Kingston. In June 2011, the league finalized rules for its first season, there would be seven teams, four of which qualified for the playoffs, and no divisions. It would follow FIBA rules and each team would play 36 games in the regular season, team rosters could contain 10–12 players, at least two of them Canadian, and they had a salary cap of $150,000 Canadian. Players could earn potentially $70,000 in one season, and each game would draw an average of 3,000 fans, Levingston envisioned the NBL Canada as a more stable alternative to other North American minor basketball leagues with players living close to home while playing professionally. The NBL Canada held its first draft on August 21,2011, the Power selected Morgan Lewis of the University of Findlay with the first overall pick. Jerome Brown, who was picked fifth overall by the Mill Rats, was the first Canadian to be taken in the draft, the event was viewed by more than 6,000 people online from 93 different countries. 180 players from across the world attended the preceding NBL Canada combine, the first player to be signed into the NBL Canada was Canadian Yannick Anzuluni, who joined the Kebs on a three-year contract on August 17,2011. On October 29, in the first game of the NBL Canadas inaugural 2011–12 NBL Canada season, within a week, every team in the league had played at least one game. The NBL Canadas opening season brought in players such as Gabe Freeman, Anthony Anderson. Amid the 2011 NBA lockout, six different players with past experience in the National Basketball Association, including Eddie Robinson and Rodney Buford, joined the NBL Canada. The London Lightning, coached by Micheal Ray Richardson, soon emerged as the top team in the league, going 28–8 by end of the regular season, the team defeated the Halifax Rainmen, 3–2, in the best-of-five NBL Canada Finals series to claim the championship. They drew a league-high 5,106 fans to the John Labbatt Centre for the game, following the NBL Canadas inaugural year, Canadian sports analyst Alex Walling claimed it was a success, commenting, The NBL could hold its head up high. It has been a season and theyve gained a great deal of creditability
16.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
17.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
18.
Laval Rouge et Or
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Rouge et Or is the name of Université Lavals varsity sports teams. Home games are all held in the PEPS indoor and outdoor sports facilities, Université Laval is located in Quebec City. The Rouge et Or have won a record nine Vanier Cup championships and they are also the only program to have played in four straight Vanier Cups. Laval won their first national championship in 1999, under head coach, Jacques Chapdelaine. Chapdelaine left the following the 2000 season. In 2001, current head coach Glen Constantin was hired and the team went on to win eight more Vanier Cup titles, the Rouge et Or have a record of 9–1 in the Vanier Cup. In the 2006 Vanier Cup, they defeated the University of Saskatchewan Huskies 13–8, linebacker Éric Maranda was chosen to play in the U. S. East-West Shrine Game in Houston, Texas on January 19,2008. In the 2008 Vanier Cup, Laval, ranked first in Canada, in 2010, Laval dominated the University of Calgary Dinos 29–2 to win their sixth Vanier Cup championship. They are the first team in CIS history to win 13 straight games in 13 weeks of play after they played nine season games in 2010. Their defence also set a Vanier Cup record for fewest yards allowed,147, Laval lost to McMaster University in the 2011 Vanier Cup, their first loss in a Vanier Cup game, and stalled the programs bid to win a record seven Vanier Cups. The close game was won by McMaster 41-38, with a goal in double overtime. The Rouge et Or defeated the McMaster Marauders 37-14 to win the 2012 Vanier Cup, the Championship is the seventh in Université Laval history, making them the all-time winningest school in Canadian championship history. Were later forced to forfeit all victories and postseason title for use of players during the season. Vanier Cup Le Rouge et Or official website Sports history at Laval University
19.
U Sports football
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U Sports football is the highest level of amateur play of Canadian football and operates under the auspices of U Sports. At the end of season, the champions of each conference advance to semifinal bowl games. The origins of North American football can be traced here, where the first documented game was played at University College at the University of Toronto in 1861, a number of U Sports programs have been in existence since the origins of the sport. It is from these Canadian universities that the now known as Canadian football began. In 1874, McGill University challenged Harvard University to a series of games, many U Sports players have gone on to professional careers in the CFL and elsewhere, a number are drafted annually in the Canadian College Draft. In 2015, there were a record 199 CIS alumni on CFL rosters, including 136 on active rosters,41 on injured lists,20 on practice rosters, one on suspended lists and one on disabled lists. For the 2017 U Sports football season, the Bishops Gaiters will move from the RSEQ to the AUS, the regular season is eight to ten weeks long, depending on the conference, and, as of 2017, opens on the last Friday of August. Teams play eight regular season games and regular season games are in-conference with exhibition games being played between conferences, throughout the season, there are featured homecoming and rivalry games in most regions. Following the conclusion of the season, the Hec Crighton Trophy is awarded annually to the Most Valuable Player of U Sports football. After the regular season, single elimination playoff games are held between the top teams in conference to determine conference champions. In the Canada West and Quebec conferences, the top four qualify for the playoffs. In Ontario, the top six teams qualify with the top two teams receiving byes to the next round. Each conference has its own trophy, the Hardy Trophy in the West, the Yates Cup in Ontario, the Dunsmore Cup in Quebec. The conference champions proceed to national semifinal games, the Mitchell Bowl. The participant conferences of each bowl are determined several years in advance on a rotating basis, the winners of each bowl game meet in the Vanier Cup national championship, first established in 1965 and named in honour of Governor General Georges Vanier. The game was held in Toronto every year through 2003 when host conference bids were first accepted, yielding a move to Hamilton for 2004 and 2005, followed by Saskatoon in 2006. In 2007, the returned to Toronto, along with the Grey Cup. The Vanier Cup game moved back to Hamilton in 2008 before heading to Quebec City for the 2009 and 2010 games, the 2011 Vanier Cup was played in the newly renovated BC Place in Vancouver
20.
Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats have similar longevity. The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league and its championship game, the Grey Cup, is one of Canadas largest sporting events, attracting a broad television audience, though it has been shrinking in recent years. In 2009, about 40% of Canadas population watched part of the game, in 2014, it was closer to 33%, great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton, Ontario. Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer, the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9,1861, at University College, University of Toronto. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was Sir William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. The first written account of a game played was on October 15,1862 and it was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals,2 rouges to nothing. In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, the game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3,1869. Montreal formed a team April 8,1872, Toronto was formed on October 4,1873, and this rugby-football soon became popular at Montreals McGill University. McGill challenged Harvard University to a game, in 1874 using a game of English rugby devised by the University of McGill. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union were formed, and then the Interprovincial and Western Interprovincial Football Union, the CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, and then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become the CFL. The Burnside rules closely resembling American football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game, the rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first, the primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not. The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game was played in wider fields, initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, the move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football. Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the other country to have hosted high-level Canadian football games
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Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
22.
Canadian Football League
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The Canadian Football League is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football and its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions, the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the features a 20-week regular season. The CFL was officially founded on January 19,1958, the league was formed from a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union founded in 1907 and the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded in 1936. Rugby football began to be played in Canada in the 1860s, the CRFU was reorganized as the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891, and served as an umbrella organization for several provincial and regional unions. The Grey Cup was donated by Governor General Earl Grey in 1909 to the winning the Senior Amateur Football Championship of Canada. By that time, the sport as played in Canada had diverged markedly from its rugby origins, in 1956, the IRFU and WIFU formed a new umbrella organization, the Canadian Football Council. In 1958, the CFC left the CRU and became the Canadian Football League, as part of an agreement between the CRU and CFL, the CFL took possession of the Grey Cup, even though amateurs had not competed for it since 1954. The CRU remained the governing body for amateur play in Canada, initially, the two unions remained autonomous, and there was no intersectional play between eastern and western teams except at the Grey Cup final. This situation was analogous to how the American baseball leagues operated for years. The IRFU was renamed the Eastern Football Conference in 1960, while the WIFU was renamed the Western Football Conference in 1961, also in 1961, limited intersectional play was introduced. It was not until 1981 that the two agreed to a full merger, becoming the East and West Divisions of the CFL. With the merger came a full interlocking schedule of 16 games per season, Other team names had traditional origins. With rowing a national craze in the late 19th century, the Argonaut Rowing Club of Toronto formed a team for its members off-season participation. The football team name Toronto Argonauts still remains though it. After World War II, the two teams in Hamilton—the Tigers and the Flying Wildcats—merged both their organizations into the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, after the 1981 season, the Alouettes folded and were replaced the next year by a new franchise named the Concordes. In 1986 the Concordes were renamed the Alouettes to attract more fan support, the demise of the Alouettes forced the League to move its easternmost Western team, Winnipeg, into the East Division. In 1993, the league admitted its first United States-based franchise, after modest success, the league then expanded further in the U. S. in 1994 with the Las Vegas Posse, Baltimore Stallions, and Shreveport Pirates
23.
Montreal Alouettes
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The Montreal Alouettes are a Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice, the Alouettes compete in the East Division of the Canadian Football League and last won the Grey Cup championship in 2010. Their home field is Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season, the original Alouettes team won four Grey Cups and were particularly dominant in the 1970s. After their collapse in 1982, they were immediately reconstituted under new ownership as the Montreal Concordes, after playing for four years as the Concordes, they revived the Alouettes name for the 1986 season. A second folding in 1987 led to a hiatus of CFL football in the city. The current Alouettes franchise was established in 1996 by the owners of the Baltimore Stallions, many players from the Stallions 1995 roster signed with the Alouettes and formed the core of the teams 1996 roster. The CFL considers all clubs that have played in Montreal as one franchise dating to 1946, the Alouettes had from 1996 to 2014 the CFLs longest active playoff streak, having missed the playoffs twice since returning to the league. The streak came to an end in 2015 and they have hosted a playoff game every year except 2001,2007,2013,2015 and 2016 and have never finished with fewer than six wins. Their only four losing seasons came in 2007,2013 and 2015 and 2016,2015 and 2016 marked the first time the team missed the playoffs in consecutive years since their re-activation. Major stars of the recent era include Mike Pringle, the CFL career leader in rushing yards, and quarterback Anthony Calvillo, the Alouettes are owned by American investment banker Robert Wetenhall. It is currently the only CFL team to have non-Canadian ownership, Jim Popp served as the teams general manager, his tenure with the franchise, which extended back to the Baltimore era, ended on November 7,2016. Founded, The original Montreal club was founded on April 8,1872, the original club was renamed as the Montreal Alouettes in 1946. However, the original Alouettes club ceased operations following the 1981 season and was replaced by a new team, the Montreal Concordes, the Concordes were rechristened the new Alouettes for the 1986 season, but ceased operations the day before the 1987 season was due to start. The current Montreal Alouettes franchise commenced play in 1996, uniform Colours, Blue, red, silver, white, and black Home Stadium, The Alouettes play at Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season, while they play at Olympic Stadium for playoff games. The Alouettes were first formed in 1946 by CFL hall of famer Lew Hayman along with businessmen Eric Cradock and they named themselves after Alouette, a work song about plucking the feathers from a skylark, which had become a symbol of the Québécois. They won their first Grey Cup championship in 1949, beating Calgary 28–15 led by quarterback Frank Filchock, from 1954 to 1956, they reached the Grey Cup in three straight years, but questionable defensive units led the Alouettes to defeat against the Edmonton Eskimos all three times. The team was purchased in 1954 by Ted Workman – and while the team continued to enjoy success, that all changed at the end of the 1960 season. To be more specific, the team was shaken by an announcement on November 10 – namely the trade of Hal Patterson and Sam Etcheverry to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for Bernie Faloney, Workman had concluded the deal without consulting with general manager Perry Moss
24.
Ottawa Renegades
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Ottawa Renegades was the name of a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario founded in 2002, six years after the storied Ottawa Rough Riders folded. After four seasons, the Renegades franchise was suspended indefinitely by the due to financial instability. After two years in limbo, a new franchise was awarded to Jeff Hunt, best known as the owner of the Ottawa 67s, the new franchise was revived in 2014 as the Ottawa Redblacks. Hunt chose not to reuse the Renegades nickname or franchise history, the Ottawa Renegades returned Canadian Football League action to Canadas capital in 2002. Ottawa had been without a team since 1996, when the Ottawa Rough Riders folded, the logo chosen draws similarities to the logo used by the Rough Riders for much of their existence up until 1992. The Renegades played four seasons and never qualified for the playoffs, the teams only head coach was Joe Paopao. On November 7,2005, the Ottawa Renegades announced John Jenkins as head coach and General Manager for 2006, however, this did not occur because of the suspension of the teams operations. The organization has become known for its fan following, an informal group called Renegade Nation. On March 3,2006, Lonie Glieberman resigned from day-to-day operations of the team, on March 22,2006, Bernie Glieberman decided to stop funding the Renegades. While the CFL previously took over operations of the Toronto Argonauts and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 2003, on April 9,2006, the CFL started looking for a new owner. The players of the Ottawa Renegades were dispersed to the remaining 8 CFL teams in a dispersal draft, steelback Brewery president Frank DAngelo announced in April 2006 that he was exploring opportunities to revive the team. The announcement was not cleared with the Canadian Football League, who indicated that they had had only one informal conversation with DAngelo, in which no decision was made. On May 15,2007, the CFL announced that it had ended discussions with a led by William Palmer regarding the return of a CFL team to Ottawa for the 2008 season. CFL Commissioner Mark Cohon stated everal parties have expressed interest regarding a franchise for Ottawa, however, in September 2007, the lower south side of Frank Clair Stadium was closed, due to cracks in the concrete structure. Ottawa mayor Larry OBrien was quoted at the time that this was an opportunity to do a review of the usage, on March 25,2008, the league ended the teams indefinite limbo by awarding the franchise to Jeff Hunt, owner of the Ottawa 67s. The team began play in 2014, and did not retain the name Renegades because of its troubled history, as of the end of the 2016 CFL season, Kyries Hebert was the last active former Renegade player still on a CFL team roster. Former Renegades Korey Banks, Kerry Joseph, Yo Murphy, Marc Parenteau, dan Crowley was the teams first starting quarterback. Throughout 2002, backup quarterbacks, Chuck Clements and Oteman Sampson, however, in 2003, Kerry Joseph, would be the quarterback to ultimately succeed Crowley
25.
U Sports
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U Sports is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country. Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is The Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports. The name until October 20,2016 was Canadian Interuniversity Sport, on that date, the organization rebranded as U Sports. The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955, composed only of universities from Ontario, with the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s, calls for a new, national governing body for university sport accelerated. Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer, in the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary, autonomous, educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast. In 1978, the CIAU changed its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union, according to the organization, the name change to U Sports came about in part due to a desire for a brand that was instantly recognizable and identical in both French and English. The rebrand was accompanied by a new approach to presentation of Canadian University sports, its teams, and its players. The new, singular logo and name came with a new website to better present stories taking place throughout the athletics programs U Sports governs, bolstered by a new approach to social media. Source, On October 20,2016, CIS announced that it would be changing its name to U Sports, accompanied by a new logo, the name was chosen in part to better represent Canada as a bilingual nation with a united name as opposed to separate acronyms. The new name and look are also intended to increase the marketability of Canadian University sports through a more marketable presentation, signifying a major shift in the presentation of Canadian University sports, U Sports aims to better engage with Canadian sports fans and present the athletes it governs. The U Sports member institutions offer athletic scholarships known as Athletic Financial Awards, the AFAs are capped and may not exceed the value of the tuition and compulsory fees for the student-athlete. The University of Windsor has an Adopt-A-Lancer program, for example, U Sports has no regulations regarding how much each school can provide to teams through private support. The Université Lavals Rouge et Or football team, winner of seven the last 12 Vanier Cups, is so successful with fund raising, Hockey players who play in the CHL are ineligible for NCAA athletic scholarships, although many attend a CHL training camp. However, they can stay a max of 48 hours. Source, There are 56 member Universities in U Sports, the 56 member universities of U Sports are currently organized into the four following regional associations. In some of these sports, these associations are sometimes referred to as conferences, CWUAA has two divisions, Pioneer and Explorer, while the OUA has four, North, East, Central, and West. As of the 2016-2017 U Sports season,47 of the 56 member institutions have both mens and womens basketball teams, the U Sports mens and womens basketball teams are organized in the following way,27 of the 56 member schools participated in the 2016 CIS football season. The U Sports football teams are organized in the way, As of the 2017–18 academic year
26.
Vanier Cup
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The Vanier Cup is the championship of U Sports football and the name of the trophy awarded to the victorious team. It is currently played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. It is named after Georges Vanier, the former Governor General of Canada and was first awarded in 1965 to the winner of an event contested between two teams that were selected by a panel. In 1967, the trophy was declared the official CIAU National Football Championship, from its creation until 1982, it was known as the Canadian College Bowl. The game typically occurs in late November, although it is played in December. The Laval Rouge et Or have won the most Vanier Cups, seventeen teams have won the Vanier Cup, while three others have played for the championship but never won. There are seven teams that have never appeared in the championship game. The 52nd Vanier Cup was played on November 26,2016 at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, the Laval Rouge et Or defeated the Calgary Dinos 31–26 to win their ninth championship. The Vanier Cup was created in 1965 as the trophy of the Canadian College Bowl. For the first two years of competition, the Canadian College Bowl was an event, with a national panel selecting two teams to play, similar to other U. S. collegiate bowl games. The Vanier Cup was played in Toronto, Ontario, from its inception in 1965 through 2003, however, after the CIS opened the game to host conference bids in 2001, the possibility arose to have games held outside Toronto. As of 2016,41 of the 52 Vanier Cups have been played in Toronto, four in Hamilton, four in Québec City, one in Saskatoon, one in Vancouver, no games have been staged in the Atlantic region. Four times, the game has played in the same city and during the same weekend as the Grey Cup,1973,2007 and 2012 in Toronto. The Vanier Cup is played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl, the Uteck and Mitchell Bowls, in turn, are contested by the Loney Bowl, Hardy Cup, Dunsmore Cup, and Yates Cup champions. The Vanier Cups most valuable player is awarded the Ted Morris Memorial Trophy and it was first awarded at the first championship in 1965 and named in honour of Teddy Morris, who died the same year. Morris, a Hall of Fame former Toronto Argonauts player and coach, was an organizer of the first bowl, the Bruce Coulter Award was first awarded in 1992 and is dependent on what position the winner of the Ted Morris Trophy played. If the winner is from the offence, then the Bruce Coulter Award winner will be the most outstanding defensive player or vice versa and it was named after Bruce Coulter, long-time Head Coach at Bishops University and former offensive and defensive player with the Montreal Alouettes in the 1950s. Coulter was inducted as a builder in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1997, the Vanier Cup final game is regularly broadcast nationally
27.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
28.
Beauport Harfangs
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The Beauport Harfangs were a junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League from 1990 to 1997. The team played its games at the Aréna Marcel Bédard in the Quebec City suburb of Beauport. The teams first coach was Alain Chainey, who had previously been an assistant coach with the National Hockey League s Quebec Nordiques, the Harfangs played for seven seasons before relocating to Quebec City in 1997 to become the second incarnation of the Quebec Remparts. Alain Vigneault, who coached the Harfangs in the final two seasons, guided them to the QMJHL finals in 1995-96. Vigneault has since gone on to serve as a coach in the NHL. Jocelyn Joe Hardy, who coached the Harfangs during part of the 1992–93 season, also played briefly in the NHL, nineteen players graduated to play in the NHL. Season-by-season results All-time roster List of NHL alumni
29.
Videotron Centre
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The Videotron Centre is an indoor arena in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The 18, 259-seat arena replaced Colisée Pepsi as Quebec Citys primary venue for indoor events, the building opened on September 8,2015. It is now the seventh-largest indoor arena in Canada, arena construction began on September 10,2012. The arena was expected to cost $400 million, but cost $370 million instead, 50% of the cost will be covered by the city and province each. The value of the deal will increase if an NHL franchise moves into the arena and this arrangement was made without public tender, for which the provincial government provided legal immunity. The arena held its opening on September 3, running public two-hour tours for the following three days. On September 12, Videotron Centre broke the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League attendance record by attracting 18,259 spectators to a match between the Quebec City Remparts and the Rimouski Oceanic. Metallica was the first musical attraction of the stadium, on September 16, the design is also similar to the Rogers Place, the home arena of the Edmonton Oilers. A television studio, valued at between C$30 million and C$40 million, is constructed within the arena, amundsen added that the design was specific to Canadian hockey preferences, It is a steeper and more intimate bowl than you see in the U. S. In Canada they are more about the game than the surrounding events and they were very adamant they wanted it as steep and tight as it could possibly get. You feel like you are on top of the ice and it is about going into the arena and sitting in a seat and not getting up until the game is over. The angle of the seating bowl is so steep that rails had to be installed at every row to satisfy local building code requirements
30.
Memorial Cup
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The Memorial Cup is a junior ice hockey club championship trophy awarded annually to the Canadian Hockey League champion. Sixty teams are eligible to compete for the Memorial Cup, representing nine provinces, the London Knights are the current champions, defeating the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 3-2 in overtime. The Memorial Cup is often regarded as one of the toughest trophies to win, due to 60 teams participating, the trophy was originally known as the OHA Memorial Cup and was donated by the Ontario Hockey Association in 1919 to be awarded to the junior champion of Canada. When the trophy was created, it was dedicated in honour of the soldiers who died fighting for Canada in the war and it was rededicated during the 2010 tournament to honour all soldiers who died fighting for Canada in any conflict. Often referred to as the ‘Father of Hockey’, Captain Liam G. Carr is the man responsible for the Memorial Cup, the well-traveled Kingston shoe salesman was a great hockey booster and administrator, championing his hometown of Kingston as the birthplace of hockey. George T. Richardson, was killed in action in 1916, the idea for the Memorial Cup was born. The Ontario Hockey Association’s annual meeting was unanimous that a memorial be established to members of the OHA who had fallen on the field of war. The cup, coveted prize of Canadian junior hockey, was the brainchild of Capt, jim when he was overseas in the Great War and at the time, President of the Ontario Hockey Association. George T. Richardson*, who died in France, Feb.9,1916, --William J. Walshe, Comments on Sport, The Kingston Whig-Standard, Jan. It started as an East-versus-West format, where the George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions from the East would play the Abbott Cup champions from the West, in 1929, the Memorial Cup Final became a best-of-three series. From 1937 the Memorial Cup was a series, and in 1943 reverted to a best-of-seven series. From 1972 to 1973 these three played a single round-robin, with the top two teams advancing to a single-game final. A semi-final game was added in 1974, in 1977 the tournament was expanded to a double round-robin, with no semi-final. The tournament was held at a site which was rotated among the three leagues. The 1983 Memorial Cup tournament saw the inclusion of a team, the team hosting the event. The first tournament under this format was held in Portland, Oregon, the host Winter Hawks also won the Cup that year, becoming the first American team to win the Memorial Cup. The four teams played a single round-robin, the site of the tournament continued to be rotated between the three leagues. This is the format that continues to be used today, if the host team also wins its respective league championship, the Memorial Cup berth reserved for the league champion is instead awarded to that leagues runner-up
31.
2006 Memorial Cup
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The 2006 MasterCard Memorial Cup was held in Moncton, New Brunswick, from May 19–28. It was the 88th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League. The host team Moncton Wildcats were the team guaranteed a spot in the tournament. The Remparts won the Memorial Cup, defeating the Wildcats 6–2 in the first all-QMJHL final in tournament history and it also marked the first time in Memorial Cup history that the winning team was neither the host nor a league champion. *Peterborough finished ahead of Vancouver on goal differential, but Vancouver won the tie-breaker game, for regular season final standings and other stats, see 2005–06 OHL season. For regular season standings and other stats, see 2005–06 QMJHL season. Note, teams cross over between conferences for the final four, CHL Top Prospects Game Official Site
