1.
PSA Airlines
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PSA Airlines, Inc. is an American regional airline headquartered at Dayton International Airport in Vandalia, Ohio, that flies under the American Eagle brand for American Airlines. PSA is an owned subsidiary of American Airlines Group. PSA has crew bases in Washington, D. C, knoxville, Tennessee, Charlotte, North Carolina, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Dayton, Ohio. It has maintenance bases in Charlotte, North Carolina, Cincinnati, Ohio, Dayton, Ohio and at the Akron–Canton Airport in Green, as of October 2013, PSA Airlines employed 1,080 people. The airline operates 569 daily flights in 68 cities as American Eagle for American Airlines, named after its owner Vee Neal Frey, Vee Neal Airlines was established in 1979 and began initial operations from Latrobe, Pennsylvania. In May 1980, the operation was expanded to scheduled air services between Latrobe and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with a Cessna 402. Between June 1980 and 1982, Henry Fish and a John P. Leemhuis lobbied civic and business leaders in the Erie, after receiving financing,6 Jetstream aircraft were ordered to fashion a route system that would ensure air service links on a nonstop basis to key cities. In December 1983, the airline was renamed to Jetstream International Airlines after it took delivery of its first two Jetstream aircraft, within a year of renaming the airline, it relocated its maintenance department and corporate headquarters from Latrobe to Erie, Pennsylvania. In September 1985, the airline affiliated itself with Piedmont Airlines, Jetstream International Airlines was acquired by Piedmont Airlines in August 1986 and became a wholly owned subsidiary shortly thereafter. In 1987, Jetstream once again moved its headquarters to Dayton, Ohio and established maintenance bases in Dayton and Hagerstown. Following the USAir acquisition of Piedmont in November 1987, JIA began operating as Allegheny Commuter from the USAir hub in Philadelphia, in July 1988, JIA became a wholly owned subsidiary of USAir and operated in the colors of US Air Express, later US Airways Express. In 1989, JIA began feeder service to USAirs Indianapolis hub and this maintenance base was closed in May 1994 in conjunction with a further shift of flying to USAirs Pittsburgh hub. Later in that month, PSA also moved their headquarters to Vandalia. By March 1996, all of Jetstream International Airlines namesake Jetstream 31 aircraft had been replaced, in February 1997, USAir changed their name to US Airways and PSA began operating under the US Airways Express brand. In August 2002, US Airways Group, Inc. and its subsidiary, PSA airlines, filed voluntary petitions for reorganization, PSA emerged from Chapter 11 on March 31,2003. As a result of its emergence from Chapter 11, PSA Airlines was chosen for placement of Bombardier CRJ-200 and CRJ-700 aircraft, in September 2004, the last Dornier 328 was retired from the PSA fleet. In April 2004, a new base was opened in Philadelphia while the crew bases in Akron. A new maintenance base was opened in Philadelphia in September 2004 and another in Charlotte, North Carolina was opened in January 2005, in February 2005, PSA opened its Charlotte crew base
2.
Southwest Airlines
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Southwest Airlines Co. is a major U. S. airline, the worlds largest low-cost carrier, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The airline was established in 1967 by Herb Kelleher and adopted its current name in 1971, the airline has more than 53,000 employees as of October 2016 and operates more than 3,900 departures a day during peak travel season. As of 2014, it carried the most domestic passengers of any U. S. airline, as of December 2016, Southwest Airlines had scheduled services to 101 destinations in the United States and eight additional countries. Service to both Grand Cayman and Cincinnati begins June 4,2017, Southwest Airlines has used only Boeing 737s, except for the period from 1979 to 1987 when it leased some Boeing 727-200s from Braniff International Airways. As of January 2016, Southwest is the largest operator of the Boeing 737 worldwide, with over 700 in service, in 1966 Southwest Airlines was founded by Rollin King and Herbert Kelleher, in 1967 it was incorporated as Air Southwest Company. It was not until 1971 that the airline began scheduled flights, the same year the organization adopted the name Southwest Airlines. The expansion of flights started in 1975, to cities throughout Texas, Service to the East and the Southeast started in the 1990s. The company has employed humor in its advertising, the airlines current slogan is Low fares. Instead of a lawsuit, the CEOs for both companies staged an arm wrestling match, a promotional video was created showing the CEOs training for the bout and distributed among the employees and as a video press release along with the video of the match itself. Herb Kelleher lost the match for Southwest, with Stevens Aviation winning the rights to the phrase, kurt Herwald, CEO of Stevens Aviation, immediately granted the use of Just Plane Smart to Southwest Airlines. The net result was both companies having use of the trademark, $15,000 going to charity and good publicity for both companies, Southwest Airlines is the official commercial airline of the Honor Flight Network. Honor Flights are dedicated to bringing aging and ailing veterans to visit the monuments in Washington. The Southwest Airlines headquarters is located on the grounds of Dallas Love Field in the Love Field neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, on September 17,2012, Southwest broke ground on a new Training and Operational Support building. The TOPS Building is across the street from its current headquarters building, the property includes a two-story,100, 000-square-foot operations building that can withstand an EF3 tornado. It also includes a four-story,392, 000-square-foot office and training facility with two levels devoted to each function, the new facilities house 24-hour coordination and maintenance operations, customer support and services, and training. The project was completed in late 2013, with occupancy beginning in 2014, as of December 31,2016, Southwest Airlines has more than 53,000 employees. Gary C. Kelly is Chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines, Kelly replaced former CEO Jim Parker on July 15,2004 and assumed the title of President on July 15,2008, replacing former President Colleen Barrett. In July 2008, Herb Kelleher resigned his position as Chairman, Colleen Barrett left her post on the Board of Directors and as Corporate Secretary in May 2008 and as President in July 2008
3.
Ukraine International Airlines
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Ukraine International Airlines, PJSC is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Ukraine, with its head office in Kiev with its main hub at Boryspil International Airport. It operates domestic and international flights and cargo services to Europe, the Middle East. The airline was established on 1 October 1992, and started operations on 25 November 1992 with a Kiev-London flight and it was one of the first joint ventures with foreign capital in Ukraine and the first airline in the former Soviet Union to use new Boeing 737-400 aircraft. The founding shareholders were the Ukrainian Association of Civil Aviation and Guinness Peat Aviation, in 1996, Austrian Airlines and Swissair became shareholders, investing US$9 million in new equity. The airline began operations with a Boeing 737-200 aircraft on 13 November 1994 to London and Amsterdam. In 2000, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development became a shareholder by investing $5.4 million. In 2006 UIA adopted a new system for freight operations which allowed the airline to carry a wider range of goods, ranging from live animals to fresh food. Additionally, a service was introduced to meet the needs of customers wishing to make use of expedited cargo delivery services. In February 2011, the Ukrainian government sold its 61, 6% stake in UIA to three existing minority shareholders for 287 million UAH, in the first half of 2013, the airlines traffic rose by 60% to 2,200,000 passengers. According to the companys president Yuri Myroshnikov, the UIA planned to achieve the same 2013 yearly results, on 25 April 2014, UIA began non-stop flights from Kiev to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. In October 2015 UIA was banned by Russian government from flying to Russian destinations as a response to a ban by Ukrainian government of Russian airlines from flying into Ukraine, like lowcost-carriers UIA doesnt offer free catering on board excepting a free glass of water. However, passengers may order prepaid meals, since June 2016 most of UIAs international flights are sold with the basic handluggage-only-tariff. If passengers are booking this tariff and want to check in luggage, as of 22 June 2016, the ownership structure is registered as the following,74. 1627% Capital Investment Project, Ukraine and 15. 9108% Ontobet Promotions Ltd, Cyprus. UIA connects Ukraine to over 80 destinations in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, as well as to New York City, from its base at Boryspil Airport, and also operates domestic flights. UIA serves over 1100 flights per week and provides connections with its international flights to more than 3,000 other destinations across the world
4.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
5.
US Airways
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Publicly, the two carriers appeared to merge when their reservations systems and booking processes were merged on October 17,2015, however, other systems were still separate at that time. The airline had an international and domestic network, with 193 destinations in 24 countries in North America, South America, Europe. The airline was a member of the Star Alliance, before becoming a member of Oneworld in March 2014. The carrier operated the US Airways Shuttle, a US Airways brand which provided service between Boston, New York City and Washington, D. C. As of October 2013, US Airways employed 32,312 people worldwide, in 1979, after passage of the Airline Deregulation Act, Allegheny Airlines changed its name to USAir and began seeking to expand its operations. A decade later, it had acquired Piedmont Airlines and Pacific Southwest Airlines, in February 2013, American Airlines and US Airways announced plans to merge, creating the largest airline in the world. The holding companies of American and US Airways merged effective December 9,2013, in preparation for their eventual integration, the airlines began offering reciprocal frequent flyer benefits on January 7,2014, and US Airways left Star Alliance to join Oneworld on March 31,2014. US Airways management runs the combined airline from the American headquarters in Fort Worth, on April 8,2015, the FAA officially granted a single operating certificate for both carriers, marking the end of US Airways as an independent carrier. The brand continued to exist until October, on July 13,2015, American announced that it planned to discontinue the US Airways brand name on October 17,2015. On that date, US Airways made the flight for the airline from San Francisco to Philadelphia with stops at Phoenix and Charlotte. US Airways traces its history to All American Aviation Inc, a company founded by du Pont family brothers Richard C. du Pont, Alexis Felix du Pont, Jr. headquartered in Pittsburgh, the airline served the Ohio River valley in 1939. In 1949 the company was renamed All American Airways as it switched from airmail to passenger service, it became Allegheny Airlines in 1953. Alleghenys first jet was the Douglas DC-9 in 1966, it absorbed Lake Central Airlines in 1968, in 1973 it was the ninth largest airline in the free world by passengers carried. With expansion came growing pains, in the 1970s Allegheny had the nickname Agony Air due to customer dissatisfaction, Allegheny changed its name to USAir in 1979 after the passage in 1978 of the Airline Deregulation Act that allowed the airline to expand its network to the southeastern US. USAir was a customer for the Boeing 737-300, as it needed a larger aircraft for its growing Florida routes. USAir was then the worlds largest operator of DC-9s and approached McDonnell Douglas for a new design, after negotiations with McDonnell Douglas broke down, Boeing came forward with a proposed variant of the 737. USAir selected the new 737 and the company worked closely with Boeing during its development, USAir expanded in the late 1980s, purchasing San Diego–based Pacific Southwest Airlines in 1986 and Winston-Salem, North Carolina–based Piedmont Airlines in 1987. The PSA and Piedmont acquisitions were completed in 1988 and 1989, the Piedmont acquisition in 1989 was the largest airline merger until then and USAir became one of the worlds largest airlines, operating more than 5,000 flights daily
6.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
7.
Los Angeles International Airport
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It is most often referred to by its IATA airport code LAX, with the letters pronounced individually. LAX is in the southwestern Los Angeles area along the Pacific Ocean between the neighborhood of Westchester to its north and the city of El Segundo to its immediate south. It is owned and operated by Los Angeles World Airports, an agency of the government of Los Angeles, formerly known as the Department of Airports. In 2015, LAX handled 74,936,256 passengers, the airport holds the claim for the worlds busiest origin and destination airport, and has for many years. To wit, relative to airports, many more travelers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. The airport also was the third busiest by aircraft movements. It is also the airport to rank among the top five U. S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic. It is also notable for being one of the few U. S. airports with four parallel runways, LAX serves as a hub for Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, and Virgin America. The airport serves as a city for Allegiant Air, Air New Zealand, Qantas, Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines. LAX serves as either a hub or focus city for more Mainline US Carriers than any airport in the Country and is the only airport that all three legacy carriers have designated a hub. As the largest international airport on the U. S, West Coast, LAX is a major gateway to and from Europe, Latin America, Asia and Oceania. With its deep connections to Asia and Latin America in particular, in 1928, the Los Angeles City Council selected 640 acres in the southern part of Westchester for a new airport. The fields of wheat, barley and lima beans were converted into dirt landing strips without any terminal buildings and it was named Mines Field for William W. Mines, the real estate agent who arranged the deal. 1, was erected in 1929 and is in the National Register of Historic Places, Mines Field opened as the airport of Los Angeles in 1930 and the city purchased it to be a municipal airfield in 1937. The name became Los Angeles Airport in 1941 and Los Angeles International Airport in 1949, in the 1930s the main airline airports were Burbank Airport in Burbank and the Grand Central Airport in Glendale. Mines Field did not extend west of Sepulveda Boulevard, Sepulveda was rerouted circa 1950 to loop around the west ends of the extended east–west runways, which by November 1950 were 6,000 feet long. A tunnel was completed in 1953 allowing Sepulveda Boulevard to revert to straight, for the next few years the two runways were 8,500 feet long. Before the 1930s, existing airports used a two-letter abbreviation based on the stations at the airports
8.
San Diego International Airport
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San Diego International Airport, formerly known as Lindbergh Field, is an international airport 3 mi northwest of downtown San Diego, California, United States. It is operated by the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority, in 2015, traffic at San Diego International exceeded 20 million passengers. The airport had more than 500 scheduled operations carrying about 50,000 passengers each day, the airport has domestic flights and also has nonstop international flights to Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Japan. Nonstop service to Germany and Switzerland is scheduled to begin in the first half of 2017. San Diego is the largest metropolitan area in the United States that is not a hub or secondary hub, however, San Diego is a focus city for Alaska Airlines. The top five carriers in San Diego during 2015, by capacity, are Southwest Airlines, American Airlines, United Airlines, Alaska Airlines. It is the busiest single-runway commercial airport in the United States, the site of Dutch Flats is on the other side of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, in the Midway area, near the current intersection of Midway and Barnett avenues. Inspired by Lindberghs flight and excited to have made his plane, Lindbergh encouraged the building of the airport and agreed to lend his name to it. The new airport, dedicated on August 16,1928, was San Diego Municipal Airport – Lindbergh Field, the airport was the first federally certified airfield to serve all aircraft types, including seaplanes. The original terminal was on the northeast side of the field, the airport was also a testing facility for several early U. S. sailplane designs, notably those by William Hawley Bowlus who also operated the Bowlus Glider School at Lindbergh Field from 1929–1930. On June 1,1930, a regular San Diego – Los Angeles airmail route started, the airport gained international airport status in 1934, and a United States Coast Guard Air Base next to the field was commissioned in April 1937. The Coast Guards fixed-wing aircraft used Lindbergh Field until the mid-1990s when the aircraft were retired. Convair used the airport for test and delivery flights from 1935 to 1995, the Army Air Corps took over the field in 1942, improving it to handle the heavy bombers being manufactured in the region. Two camps were established at the airport during World War II and were named Camp Consair and this transformation, including an 8,750 ft runway, made the airport jet-ready long before jet airliners came into service. The May 1952 C&GS chart shows 8700-ft runway 9 and 4500-ft runway 13, Pacific Southwest Airlines established its headquarters in San Diego and started service at Lindbergh Field in 1949. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 42 departures per day,14 American,13 United,6 Western,6 Bonanza, American had a nonstop flight to Dallas and one to El Paso, aside from that, nonstop flights did not reach beyond California and Arizona. Nonstop flights to Chicago started in 1962 and to New York in 1967, the first scheduled jet flights at Lindbergh Field were in 1960, American Airlines Boeing 720s to Phoenix and United Airlines 720s to San Francisco. The original terminal was on the side of the airport and was used until the 1960s
9.
San Francisco International Airport
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San Francisco International Airport is an international airport 13 miles south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a gateway to Europe. SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second busiest in California, in 2014, it was the seventh busiest in the United States and the twenty-first busiest airport in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth largest hub for United Airlines and functions as United Airliness primary transpacific gateway and it also serves as Virgin Americas principal base of operations. It is the sole hub of United Airlines, and houses the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum. SFO is owned and policed by the City and County of San Francisco, between 1999 and 2004 the San Francisco Airport Commission operated city-owned SFO Enterprises, Inc. to oversee its business purchases and operations of ventures. San Francisco held a ceremony for Mills Field Municipal Airport on May 7,1927 on 150 acres of cow pasture. The land was leased from Ogden L. Mills who had leased it from his grandfather Darius O. Mills, San Francisco International Airport was named Mills Field Municipal Airport until 1931, when it became San Francisco Municipal Airport. Municipal was replaced by International in 1955, United Airlines served SFO and Oakland Municipal Airport beginning in the 1930s. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows 18 airline departures on weekdays— seventeen United flights, the aerial view c.1940 looks west along the runway that is now 28R, the seaplane harbor at right is still recognizable north of the airport. Earlier aerial looking NW1943 vertical aerial The August 1952 chart shows runway 1L7000 feet long, 1R7750 feet, 28L6500 feet and 28R8870 feet. Competition with United led Pacific Seaboard to move all of its operations to the eastern U. S. and rename itself Chicago and it became a large domestic and international air carrier. Chicago & Southern was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines in 1953 thus providing Delta with its first international routes, United Airlines Douglas DC-6 propliners flying to and from Hawaii used the Pan American World Airways terminal beginning in 1947. The first nonstops to the U. S. east coast were flown by United with Douglas DC-7 propliners in 1954, also in 1954 the airports Central Passenger Terminal opened on August 27 of that year. Included in the static display of aircraft on that day was a Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber. The Central Passenger Terminal was heavily rebuilt as the terminal in 1984. As for international flights, Pan American had 21 departures a week, Japan Airlines had five, the jet age arrived at SFO in March 1959 when TWA introduced Boeing 707-131 jetliners with nonstop service to New York Idlewild Airport. United then constructed a large facility at San Francisco for its new Douglas DC-8 jets
10.
Pacific Southwest Airlines
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Pacific Southwest Airlines was a United States airline headquartered in San Diego, California, that operated from 1949 to 1988. It was the first large discount airline in the United States, PSA called itself The Worlds Friendliest Airline and painted a smile on the nose of its airplanes, the PSA Grinningbirds. Opinion L. A. of the Los Angeles Times called PSA practically the unofficial flag carrier airline of California for almost 40 years, the airline initially operated as an intrastate air carrier wholly within California before expanding to other states after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. PSA was one of the four airlines that formed US Airways, PSA merged into USAir in 1988. USAir then changed its name to US Airways which merged with American Airlines in 2013, PSAs Boeing customer number was 14. Following the merger with USAir, the PSA name was given to Jetstream International Airlines by US Airways to preserve the PSA name, kenny Friedkin founded the airline in 1949 with a $1, 000-a-month leased Douglas DC-3. Friedkin obtained information from a travel agent upon starting the airline due to lessons learned from a failed precursor airline, the DC-3 started a weekly round trip from San Diego to Oakland via Burbank. Reservations were initially taken from a World War II surplus latrine refitted as a ticket office, in 1951 PSA flights moved from Oakland to San Francisco International. In 1955 PSA bought two Douglas DC-4s from Capital Airlines and painted rectangles around the windows to make the planes resemble the Douglas DC-6. In January 1958 it scheduled 37 DC-4s a week Burbank to San Francisco and four nonstop flights San Diego to San Francisco, United, Western and TWA then had 241 nonstop flights each week from Los Angeles to San Francisco and 49 flights a week Burbank-San Francisco. About half of their flights were First Class only, the rest carried coach passengers for $13.50, later in 1958 PSA shifted some flights from Burbank to Los Angeles, that year it carried 296,000 passengers. In late 1959 PSA began flying Lockheed L-188 Electras with 92 seats, Boeing 727-114s, Boeing 727-214s and Boeing 737-214s replaced the Electras in 1966-70. The May 1965 OAG shows 103 Electras a week Los Angeles to San Francisco,32 a week Los Angeles to Oakland,34 a week Burbank to San Francisco and 5 a week San Diego to San Francisco. Los Angeles-San Francisco was scheduled for 60 minutes, Burbank-San Francisco was 55, in 1966 PSA started flying to San Jose, and in 1967 to Sacramento Executive Airport, later that year they and everyone else moved to the new Sacramento International Airport. Ontario was added in 1968 and Long Beach, Fresno and Stockton in 1971–72, starting in 1974 PSA briefly operated several wide body Lockheed L-1011 TriStars until 1976 before deeming them unprofitable and selling them, PSAs L-1011-1s were unique in having lower deck seating. The L-1011s flew Los Angeles-San Francisco and San Diego-Los Angeles-San Francisco, PSA was the only US intrastate airline to operate wide body jets. Electras returned in 1975 for flights to Lake Tahoe that ended in 1979, PSA never served Lake Tahoe after retiring its Electras. After airline deregulation, PSA expanded beyond California to Reno, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Tucson and its first flight beyond California was Oakland to Reno in December 1978
11.
San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
12.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
13.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
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Low-cost carrier
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A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline is an airline that generally has lower fares and fewer comforts. To make up for revenue lost in decreased ticket prices, the airline may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat allocating, as of July 2014, the worlds largest low-cost carrier is Southwest Airlines, which operates in the United States and some surrounding areas. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with an operating cost structure than their competitors. Low-cost carrier business model practices vary widely, some practices are more common in certain regions, while others are generally universal. The common theme among all low-cost carriers is the reduction of cost, traditional airlines have also reduced their cost using several of these practices. Most low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class and these airlines tend to operate short-haul flights that suit the range of narrow-body planes. Long-range wide-body aircraft are too expensive for low cost carriers. In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft purchased second-hand, such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, since 2000, fleets generally consist of the newest aircraft, commonly the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. In 2013, ch-aviation published a study about the strategy of low-cost carriers. They summarized that major LCCs that order aircraft in large numbers get huge discounts and that saves a lot in operative costs. Aircraft often operate with a set of optional equipment, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower. Ryanair seats do not recline and do not have pockets, to reduce cleaning. Pilot conveniences, such as ACARS, may be excluded, often, no in-flight entertainment systems are made available, though many US low-cost carriers do offer satellite television or radio in-flight. It is also becoming a popular approach to install LCD monitors onto the aircraft and broadcast advertisements on them, most do not offer reserved seating, hoping to encourage passengers to board early and quickly, thus decreasing turnaround times. Some allow priority boarding for an extra fee instead of reserved seating, like the major carriers, many low-cost carriers develop one or more bases to maximize destination coverage and defend their market. Many do not operate traditional hubs, but rather focus cities, Airlines often offer a simpler fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations, in Europe luggage is not transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same airline. This saves costs and is thought to encourage passengers to take direct flights, tickets are not sold with transfers, so the airline wont need to take responsibility for a delay
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Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
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Flag carrier
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The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the flag of the country of their registry. A flag carrier may also be known as an airline or a national carrier. The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered. U. S. law requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws. Article 3 of Tokyo Convention declares that The State of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses, the American definition of U. S. -flag air carrier service contained in 48 CFR47. 403-1. is based on this first definition. The U. S. requirements under the Fly America Act, are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code would protect U. S. government employees on flights to foreign countries. The second and more broadly used definition of flag carrier is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies, governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned, Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers as they were the national airline. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israels El Al or Lebanons Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons, or to aid the countrys economy, in many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, in the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve routes with the result that there is no single flag carrier. The chart below lists airlines considered to be a carrier, based on current or former state ownership. International Air Transport Association US Maritime Administration
17.
Airline Deregulation Act
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The Airline Deregulation Act is a 1978 United States federal law that deregulated the airline industry in the United States, removing U. S. The Civil Aeronautics Boards powers of regulation were phased out, since 1938, the federal Civil Aeronautics Board had regulated all domestic interstate air transport routes as a public utility, setting fares, routes, and schedules. Airlines that flew only intrastate routes, however, were not regulated by the CAB and those airlines were regulated by the governments of the states in which they operated. The CAB promoted air travel, for instance by generally attempting to hold fares down in the short-haul market, the CAB also was obliged to ensure that the airlines had a reasonable rate of return. The CAB earned a reputation for bureaucratic complacency, airlines were subject to lengthy delays when applying for new routes or fare changes, which were not often approved. For example, World Airways applied to begin a low-fare New York City to Los Angeles route in 1967, continental Airlines began service between Denver and San Diego after eight years only because a United States Court of Appeals ordered the CAB to approve the application. This rigid system encountered tremendous pressure in the 1970s, the 1973 oil crisis and stagflation radically changed the economic environment, and technological advances such as the jumbo jet did the same thing. United States Congress became concerned that air transport in the run might follow the nations railroads into trouble. In 1970 the Penn Central Railroad had collapsed in what was then the largest bankruptcy in history, resulting in a taxpayer bailout. Leading economists had argued for decades that this sort of regulation led to inefficiency. Senator Ted Kennedy took the lead in these hearings, the committee was deemed a more friendly forum than what likely would have been the more appropriate venue, the Aviation Subcommittee of the Commerce Committee. The Gerald Ford administration supported the Judiciary Committee initiative, in 1977, President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred E. Kahn, a professor of economics at Cornell University, to be chair of the CAB. This coalition swiftly gained legislative results in 1978, dan McKinnon would be the last chairman of the CAB and would oversee its final closure on January 1,1985. Senator Howard Cannon of Nevada introduced S.2493 on February 6,1978, the bill was passed and was signed by Carter on October 24,1978. In practice, changes came rather more rapidly than that, the ADA also has the effect of preempting state law with regard to claims against airlines for delays, discrimination, consumer protection violations and other allegations of passenger mistreatment. A1996 Government Accountability Office report found that the fare per passenger mile was about nine percent lower in 1994 than in 1979. Between 1976 and 1990 the paid fare had declined approximately thirty percent in inflation-adjusted terms, passenger loads have risen, partly because airlines can now transfer larger aircraft to longer, busier routes and replace them with smaller ones on shorter, lower-traffic routes. However, these trends have not been distributed throughout the national air transportation network
18.
America West Airlines
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America West Airlines was a U. S. airline headquartered in Tempe, Arizona. Their main hub was at Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix, Arizona, with a hub at Las Vegas McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas. The airline became part of the US Airways Group after it acquired the airline in 2005. America West was the second largest low-cost carrier in the U. S. after Southwest Airlines and served approximately 100 destinations in the US, Canada, service to Europe was provided through codeshare partners. In March 2005, the airline operated a fleet of 140 aircraft, regional jet and/or turboprop feeder flights were operated on a code sharing basis by Mesa Airlines and Chautauqua Airlines as America West Express. Apart from two aircraft, the only remaining America West branding on aircraft can be found on some seat covers. The merged airline used America Wests CACTUS callsign and ICAO code AWE, the US Airways brand continued until October 17,2015. In the early years, passengers could purchase their tickets on board the aircraft, the airline quickly expanded, with 11 737s operating flights to 13 cities, and by late 1986 they developed a secondary hub in Las Vegas, Nevada. In 1984, America Wests fleet grew to 21 aircraft operating flights to 23 cities, America West also started as a full-service airline, in contrast with Southwest Airlines, the discount air carrier competing in many of the same markets. The airline also started operating flights from Las Vegas in order to increase aircraft utilization. America Wests rapid growth resulted in large operating losses, and by 1986 the company was on the verge of bankruptcy. In August 1987, a unit of Ansett Transport Industries, an Australian airline company and at the time 50% owned by News Corporation, purchased a 21.6 percent stake in America West. In 1988, Patrick Thurston, Vice-President of Operations, Bob Russell, Chief of Pilots, and Carl Wobser, the following article is from a pilot involved, The Down UnderWare Chronicles America West Pilot article. The proposal was rejected, however, and the Reagan Administration awarded the route to another airline, America West did lease four Boeing 747-200 aircraft and began operating nonstop wide body 747 service between Phoenix and Honolulu, Hawaii and also nonstop between Honolulu and Nagoya, Japan. The 747 was the wide body aircraft ever operated by America West. The airline also expanded narrow body jet service to Mexican destinations, in 1990, the America West moved into the new Terminal 4 at Phoenix and also took delivery of several Airbus A320 aircraft originally destined for the now-defunct Braniff Airways. Braniff had purchased the aircraft order rights from Pan Am, another troubled carrier. The U. S. Department of Transportation started classifying America West Airlines as a major airline, despite these developments, the airline continued to lose money
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American Airlines
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American Airlines, Inc. commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the worlds largest airline measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the name of American Eagle. American operates out of ten located in Dallas/Fort Worth, Charlotte, Chicago-OHare, Philadelphia, Miami, Phoenix, Washington, DC-National, Los Angeles, New York-JFK. American operates its primary base at Tulsa International Airport in addition to the maintenance locations located at its hubs. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is Americans largest passenger carrying hub handling 51.1 million passengers annually with an average of 140,000 passengers daily, the company as of 2015 employs over 113,300 people. Through the airlines parent company, American Airlines Group, it is traded under NASDAQ. American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines, the two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first formed in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation and this in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system, between 1970 and 2000, the company grew into being an international carrier, purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001. In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, in 2013, US Airways and American Airlines merged. Eventually operations were merged under one operating certificate to create the largest United States airline which kept the American Airlines brand name, American Airlines is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The headquarters is located in two buildings in the CentrePort office complex and these buildings together have about 1,400,000 square feet of space. As of 2014 over 4,300 employees work at this complex, before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. In 1979 American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a betrayal of New York City. American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas, the airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. As of 2015 American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth, in 2015 the airline announced it will build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy is scheduled for summer 2019, the airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building
20.
Lockheed L-188 Electra
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The Lockheed L-188 Electra is an American turboprop airliner built by Lockheed. First flown in 1957, it was the first large turboprop airliner built in the United States, Initial sales were good, but after two fatal crashes that led to expensive modifications to fix a design defect, no more were ordered. Jet airliners soon supplanted turboprops for many purposes, and many Electras were modified as freighters, some Electras are still being used in various roles into the 21st century. The air-frame was also used as the basis for the more successful Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft. Lockheed had established a position in commercial airliner production with its piston-engine Constellation series. Further development brought turboprop engines to the Constellation airframe with the Lockheed L-1249 Super Constellation, subsequently, Capital Airlines went on to order 60 British Vickers Viscounts. In 1954, as a result of American Airlines interest in developing a twin engine aircraft, the idea resurfaced and this newer design was a high-wing type and would allow for 60 to 70 passengers. This design was shelved for lack of interest from other carriers. The following year, American Airlines revised its requirement to a design for 75 passengers with 2,000 miles range. Lockheed proposed a new design, the CL-310 with a low wing, the CL-310 design met the American Airlines requirement, but failed to meet another interested carrier, Eastern Air Lines. Its requirements were for a range, a minimum cruising speed of 350 miles per hour. Lockheed redesigned the CL-310 to use the Allison 501-D13, a version of the T56 developed for the Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport. The airframe was stretched to allow for more seats and handle the increased performance and this design was launched as the Model 188 with an order for 35 by American Airlines on June 8,1955. This was followed by Eastern Air Lines with an order for 40 on September 27,1955, the first aircraft took 26 months to complete and by that time Lockheed had orders for 129. The prototype, a Model 188A, was completed and first flew on December 6,1957, Lockheed was awarded a type certificate by the Civil Aeronautics Administration on 22 August 1958. The first delivery – to Eastern Air Lines – was on October 8,1958, in 1957 the United States Navy issued a requirement for an advanced maritime patrol aircraft. The Model 188 Electra is a cantilever monoplane powered by four wing-mounted Allison 501-D13 turboprops. It has a tricycle landing gear and a conventional tail
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Boeing 737
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The Boeing 737 is an American short- to medium-range twinjet narrow-body airliner. The 737 is Boeings only narrow-body airliner in production, with the 737 Next Generation variants currently being built, production has also begun on the re-engined and redesigned 737 MAX, which is set to enter service in 2017. Originally envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 made its first flight in April 1967, Next, the lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968. In the 1980s Boeing launched the -300, -400, and -500 models, the 737 Classics added capacity and incorporated CFM56 turbofan engines along with wing improvements. In the 1990s, Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation, with changes including a redesigned, increased span laminar flow wing, upgraded glass cockpit. The 737 Next Generation comprises the four -600, -700, -800, Boeing Business Jet versions of the 737 Next Generation are also produced. The 737 series is the best-selling jet commercial airliner in history, the 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 9,401 aircraft delivered and 4,423 orders yet to be fulfilled as of February 2017. Assembly of the 737 is performed at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington, many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707,727,757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family. As of 2006, there were an average of 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, Boeing had been studying short-haul jet aircraft designs and wanted to produce another aircraft to supplement the 727 on short and thin routes. Preliminary design work began on May 11,1964, and Boeings intense market research yielded plans for a 50- to 60-passenger airliner for routes 50 to 1,000 mi long, consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter resulted in an increase in capacity to 100 seats. On April 5,1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s, United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737. So Boeing stretched the fuselage 91 centimeters ahead of, and 102 cm behind the wing, the longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100. Detailed design work continued on both variants at the same time, Boeing was far behind its competitors when the 737 was launched, as rival aircraft BAC-111, Douglas DC-9, and Fokker F28 were already into flight certification. To expedite development, Boeing used 60% of the structure and systems of the existing 727 and this fuselage permitted six-abreast seating compared to the rival BAC-111 and DC-9s five-abreast layout. Design engineers decided to mount the nacelles directly to the underside of the wings to reduce the landing gear length and kept the low to the ground for easy ramp inspection. Originally, the arrangement of the airfoil sections of the 737 wing was planned to be very similar to that of the 707 and 727. However, an improvement in drag at high Mach numbers was achieved by altering these sections near the nacelle. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, with the wing-mounted engines, Boeing decided to mount the horizontal stabilizer on the fuselage rather than the T-tail style of the Boeing 727
22.
Douglas DC-3
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The Douglas DC-3 is a fixed-wing propeller-driven airliner. Its cruise speed and range revolutionized air transport in the 1930s and 1940s and its lasting effect on the airline industry and World War II makes it one of the most significant transport aircraft ever made. The DC-3 was a twin-engine metal monoplane, developed as a larger and it had many exceptional qualities compared to previous aircraft. It was fast, had a range and could operate from short runways. It was reliable and easy to maintain and carried passengers in greater comfort, before the war it pioneered many air travel routes. Civil DC-3 production ended in 1942 with 607 aircraft being produced, however, together with its military derivative, the C-47 Skytrain, and with Russian- and Japanese-built versions, over 16,000 were built. Following the Second World War, the market was flooded with surplus C-47s and other transport aircraft. While the DC-3 was soon made redundant on main routes by more advanced such as the Douglas DC-6 and Lockheed Constellation. Large numbers continue to see service in a variety of niche roles well into the 21st century. In 2013 it was estimated that approximately 2,000 DC-3s and military derivatives were still flying, the DC-3 was the culmination of a development effort that began after an inquiry from Transcontinental and Western Airlines to Donald Douglas. TWA asked Douglas to design and build an aircraft that would allow TWA to compete with United, Douglas design, the 1933 DC-1, was promising, and led to the DC-2 in 1934. The DC-2 was a success, but there was room for improvement, Douglas agreed to go ahead with development only after Smith informed him of Americans intention to purchase twenty aircraft. The new aircraft was engineered by a led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond over the next two years, and the prototype DST first flew on December 17,1935. Its cabin was 92 in wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14–16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3, there was no prototype DC-3, the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line and was delivered to American Airlines. The DC-3 and DST popularized air travel in the United States, eastbound transcontinental flights could cross the U. S. in about 15 hours with three refueling stops, westbound trips against the wind took 17 1⁄2 hours. A few years such a trip entailed short hops in slower and shorter-range aircraft during the day. A variety of engines were available for the DC-3. Early-production civilian aircraft used Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9s, but later used the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp
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Friedkin Airlines
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Friedkin Airlines was an unsuccessful charter airline created by the businessman and aviator Kenneth Giles Friedkin. The airline flew between El Centro and San Diego, California, the first customer was flown by J. Floyd Andrews to El Centro. As it was raining, the passenger was afraid to fly back to San Diego, on the drive back, the customers car slipped off the road, and he was killed. Another passenger was a pregnant woman having a baby, the airlines failure led to the success of Pacific Southwest Airlines. This time, Friedkin obtained advice from a travel agent
24.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
25.
Burbank, California
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Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States,12 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The population at the 2010 census was 103,340, Entertainment, Nickelodeon Animation Studios, NBC, Cartoon Network Studios with the West Coast branch of Cartoon Network, and Insomniac Games. The city is home to Bob Hope Airport. Burbank consists of two areas, a downtown/foothill section, in the foothills of the Verdugo Mountains. Burbank is the easternmost city in the San Fernando Valley, Burbanks neighbor, Glendale, is the westernmost city in the San Gabriel Valley. The city was referred to as Beautiful Downtown Burbank on Laugh-In, the city was named after David Burbank, a New Hampshire-born dentist and entrepreneur who established a sheep ranch there in 1867. Historically, this area was the scene of a skirmish which resulted in the unseating of the Spanish Governor of California. Remnants of the battle reportedly were found many years later in the vicinity of Warner Bros. Studio when residents dug up cannonballs, by 1876, the San Fernando Valley became the largest wheat-raising area in Los Angeles County. But the droughts of the 1860s and 1870s underlined the need for water supplies. A professionally trained dentist, Dr. Burbank began his career in Waterville and he joined the great migration westward in the early 1850s and, by 1853 was living in San Francisco. At the time the American Civil War broke out he was well established in his profession as a dentist in Pueblo de Los Angeles. In 1867, he purchased Rancho La Providencia from David W. Alexander and Francis Mellus, Dr. Burbanks property reached nearly 9,200 acres at a cost of $9,000. Dr. Burbank wouldnt acquire full titles to both properties until after a decision known as the Great Partition was made in 1871 dissolving the Rancho San Rafael. Dr. Burbank also later owned the Burbank Theatre, which opened on November 27,1893, though the theater was intended to be an opera house, instead it staged plays and became known nationally. The theatre featured famous actors of the time including Fay Bainter and Marjorie Rambeau, when the area that became Burbank was settled in the 1870s and 1880s, the streets were aligned along what is now Olive Avenue, the road to the Cahuenga Pass and downtown Los Angeles. These were largely the roads the Indians traveled and the settlers took their produce down to Los Angeles to sell. At the time, the primary long-distance transportation methods available to San Fernando Valley residents were stagecoach, stagecoaching between Los Angeles and San Francisco through the Valley began in 1858
26.
Douglas DC-4
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The Douglas DC-4 is a four-engine propeller-driven airliner developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Military versions of the plane, the C-54 and R5D, served during World War II, in the Berlin Airlift, from 1945, many civil airlines operated the DC-4 worldwide. Douglas took the new requirement and produced a new design, the DC-4A, with a simpler unpressurised fuselage, R-2000 Twin Wasp engines, the first, a C-54, flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California on 14 February 1942. To meet military requirements the first production aircraft had four additional auxiliary fuel tanks in the cabin which reduced the passenger seats to 26. The following batch of aircraft were designated C-54A and were built with a floor, cargo door with a hoist. The first C-54A was delivered in February 1943, with the introduction of the C-54B in March 1944 the outer wings were changed to hold integral fuel tanks allowing two of the cabin tanks to be removed, this allowed 49-seats to be fitted. The C-54C was a hybrid for Presidential use, it had a C-54A fuselage with four fuel tanks. The most common variant was the C-54D which entered service in August 1944, with the C-54E the last two cabin fuel tanks were moved to the wings which would allow more freight or 44 passenger seats. A total of 1,163 C-54/R5Ds were built for the United States military between 1942 and January 1946, another 79 DC-4s were built postwar, a variant, equipped to fly over 40% faster, was built in Canada postwar as the Canadair North Star. The DC-4/C-54 proved a popular and reliable type,1245 being built between May 1942 and August 1947, including 79 postwar DC-4s, several remain in service as of 2014. One current operator is Buffalo Airways of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Douglas continued to develop the type during the war in preparation for a return to airline use when peace returned. The types sales prospects were affected when 500 wartime ex military C-54s and R5Ds came onto the civil market, DC-4s were a favorite of charter airlines such as Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines and Transocean Airlines. In the 1950s Transocean was the largest civil C-54/DC-4 operator, Douglas produced 79 new-build DC-4s between January 1946 and August 9,1947, the last example being delivered to South African Airways. Pressurization was an option, but all civil DC-4s were built un-pressurized, several airlines used new-build DC-4s to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Latin America and Europe. Among the earliest were Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela, Iberia Airlines of Spain, basic prices for a new DC-4 in 1946-7 was around £140, 000-£160,000. In 1960 used DC-4s were available for around £80,000, Canadair North Star Canadian production of a Rolls-Royce Merlin – powered variant, plus a single Pratt & Whitney R-2800 – powered aircraft. Aviation Traders Carvair British cargo and car ferry adaptation, very few DC-4s remain in service today. The last two passenger DC-4s operating worldwide are based in Johannesburg, South Africa and they fly with old South African Airways colors
27.
Capital Airlines
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Capital Airlines was an airline serving the eastern, southern, southeastern, and midwestern United States. Capitals headquarters were located at Washington National Airport across the Potomac river from Washington, D. C. where crew training, in the 1950s Capital was the fifth largest United States domestic carrier by passenger count after the Big Four air carriers. Capital merged with United Airlines in 1961, Clifford A. Ball, a McKeesport, Pennsylvania, automobile dealer and owner of a controlling interest in Bettis Field near Pittsburgh, won airmail contract route No.11 on March 27,1926. In April of the year, The Clifford Ball Airline began operating between Pittsburgh Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio. Clifford Ball Airlines operated from Pittsburghs first commercial airport Bettis Field, the airplane which flew the first flight from Pittsburgh to Cleveland, a Waco 9 named Miss Pittsburgh, is currently displayed at the Pittsburgh International Airport. Famed humorist and performer Will Rogers was known to be an early and regular passenger, a Path of the Eagle brochure and schedule are displayed at the Pitcarin Field Web site. Ball sold his interests in November 1930 to Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corp. PAL was reorganized as Pennsylvania Airlines after the Air Mail scandal of the early 1930s. In 1934 Pennsylvania Airlines acquired Kohler Aviation, Central Airlines was founded in 1934 by the men who had formed Pittsburgh Airlines in 1929. Central was notable for hiring Helen Richey, the first female pilot in the U. S. Central Airlines became PALs main competitor and they engaged in ruinous rate wars with prices well below those charged for railroad seats, the two companies merged to form Pennsylvania Central Airlines, or PCA, on November 1,1936. The merged airlines flew Stinson A and Boeing 247 aircraft, early in its existence, PCA faced a minor crisis in January 1937 when the Bureau of Air Commerce temporarily grounded the airlines Boeing 247s. The six B-247s were all sold off in 1937, the airlines 15 B-247Ds were all gone by the end of 1942. PCA, based at the new Allegheny County Airport near Pittsburgh, continued to add routes, notably to Chicago in 1938, and aircraft, notably the Douglas DC-3, in 1940. In 1941 PCA moved their headquarters to the new Washington National Airport in Arlington, Virginia, the row of office buildings next to its hangars became mahogany row and the airline adopted the slogan The Capital Airline, with its aircraft dubbed Capitaliners. In September 1943 Pennsylvania Central requested the CAB authorize new routes affecting 23 states indicating plans for an expansion after the war. PCA even had big trans-Atlantic ambitions, PCA did see expansion as the war wound down. In 1946 PCA began flying the Douglas DC-4 but found the airplane was unprofitable on some of its low volume short segment routes. One of PCAs DC-4s had been used to transport President Roosevelt to the Casablanca conference during World War II Ten DC-4s still served Capital at the time of the UAL merger, all were immediately disposed of by United
28.
Douglas DC-6
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The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and transport aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, more than 700 were built and many still fly today in cargo, military, and wildfire control roles. The United States Army Air Forces commissioned the DC-6 project as the XC-112 in 1944, the Army Air Forces wanted a lengthened, pressurized version of the DC-4-based C-54 Skymaster transport with more powerful engines. By the time the prototype XC-112A flew on 15 February 1946 the war was over, the USAAF had rescinded its requirement, Douglas Aircraft modified the design into a civil transport 80 in longer than the DC-4. The civil DC-6 first flew on 29 June 1946, being retained by Douglas for testing, the first airline deliveries were to American Airlines and United Airlines on 24 November 1946. A series of inflight fires grounded the DC-6 fleet in 1947, the cause was found to be a fuel vent next to the cabin cooling turbine intake, all DC-6s were modified and the fleet was flying again after four months on the ground. In April 1949, United, American, Delta, National, United flew them to Hawaii, Braniff flew them to Rio de Janeiro, and Panagra flew Miami-Buenos Aires, KLM, SAS, and Sabena flew DC-6s across the Atlantic. BCPA DC-6s flew Sydney to Vancouver, and Philippine flew Manila to London, pan Am used DC-6Bs to start transatlantic tourist-class flights in 1952. These were the first DC-6Bs that could gross 107,000 lb, several European airlines followed with their own transatlantic services. The DC-6A/B/C subtypes could perhaps fly nonstop from the eastern US to Europe, the military version, similar to the DC-6A, was the USAF C-118 Liftmaster, the USN R6D version used the more powerful R-2800-CB-17 engines. These were later used on the commercial DC-6B to allow international flights, the R6D Navy version had Curtiss Electric constant-speed reversing propellers. The USAF and USN renewed their interest in the DC-6 during the Korean War, Harry Trumans first presidential aircraft was an Air Force short-fuselage DC-6 which was designated VC-118, and named The Independence. It is preserved in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Dayton, total production of the DC-6 series was 704, including military versions. In the 1960s two DC-6s were used as platforms for educational television, based at Purdue University, in a program called the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction. DC-6/7s surviving into the jet age were replaced in frontline intercontinental passenger service by the Boeing 707, basic prices of a new DC-6 in 1946–47 were around £210, 000–£230,000 and had risen to £310,000 by 1951. By 1960, used prices were around £175,000 per aircraft, prices for the DC-6A in 1957–58 were £460, 000–£480,000. By 1960, used prices were around £296,000, equivalent prices for the DC-6B in 1958 were around £500,000. Used prices in 1960 were around £227,000, from 1977 to 1990 five yellow-painted Douglas DC-6Bs were used as water bombers in France by the Sécurité Civile
29.
United Airlines
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
30.
Western Airlines
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The airline also served other international destinations such as London, England and Nassau, Bahamas during its existence. Western had hubs at Los Angeles International Airport, Salt Lake City International Airport, before it merged with Delta Air Lines it was headquartered at Los Angeles International Airport. The companys slogan for years was Western Airlines. The Only Way To Fly. In 1925, the United States Postal Service began to give contracts to carry air mail throughout the country. Western Airlines first incorporated in 1925 as Western Air Express by Harris Hanshue and it applied for, and was awarded, the 650-mile long Contract Air Mail Route #4 from Salt Lake City, Utah to Los Angeles. On 17 April 1926, Westerns first flight took place with a Douglas M-2 airplane and it began offering passenger services a month later, when the first commercial passenger flight took place at Woodward Field. Tomlinson perched atop U. S. mail sacks and flew with pilot C. N, jimmy James on his regular eight-hour mail delivery flight to Los Angeles. The company reincorporated in 1928 as Western Air Express Corp, then, in 1930, purchased Standard Air Lines, subsidiary of Aero Corp. of Ca. founded in 1926 by Paul E. Richter, Jack Frye and Walter Hamilton. WAE with Fokker aircraft merged with Transcontinental Air Transport to form Trans World Airlines, in 1934, Western Air Express was severed from TWA and briefly changed its name to General Air Lines, returning to the name Western Air Express after several months. In a 1934 press release by the company, it called itself the Western Air Division of General Air Lines, in 1941 Western Air Express changed its name to Western Air Lines and later to Western Airlines. The carrier also billed itself as Western Airlines International at one point, Western was later awarded a route between Minneapolis and Salt Lake City via Casper, Wyoming, thus allowing the airline to develop from a large regional airline into a major mainline air carrier. This growth also enabled the airline to introduce Douglas DC-6, Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprops, the airlines president was Terrell Terry Drinkwater. Drinkwater got into a dispute with the administration in Washington D. C. that severely hampered WALs growth. Pressured in a phone call by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to buy American made aircraft, Drinkwater reportedly responded, Mr. President, you run your country. Manufacture while their competitors fleets included aircraft that had built in Europe by British or French companies. In August 1953 Western was serving 38 airports, by June 1968, that number had only grown to 42 airports. Western entered the jet age in 1960 when it introduced Boeing 707 jetliners with flights between Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, OR and Seattle, in 1967 WAL acquired Pacific Northern Airlines, which served the state of Alaska from Anchorage and Seattle. In the late 1960s Western aimed for a fleet, adding Boeing 707-320s, 727-200s and 737-200s to their fleet of 720Bs
31.
Trans World Airlines
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Trans World Airlines was a major American airline from 1924 until 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis, Kansas City, and other stops, with Ford Trimotors. With American, United, and Eastern, it was one of the Big Four domestic airlines in the United States formed by the Spoils Conference of 1930. Hughes gave up control in the 1960s, and the new management of TWA acquired Hilton International and Century 21 in an attempt to diversify the companys business. As the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 led to a wave of airline failures, start-ups, Carl Icahn acquired control of TWA and took the company private in a leveraged buyout in 1988. TWA became saddled with debt, sold its London routes, underwent Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, in 2001, TWA filed for a third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American laid off many former TWA employees in the wake of the September 11,2001 attacks and closed its St. Louis hub in 2003. TWA was headquartered at one time in Kansas City, Missouri, and planned to make Kansas City International Airport its main domestic and international hub, the airline later developed its largest hub at Lambert-St. Its main trans-Atlantic hub was the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, TWAs corporate history dates from the July 16,1930, forced merger of Transcontinental Air Transport and Western Air Express to form Transcontinental & Western Air. The companies merged at the urging of Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown, both airlines brought high-profile aviation pioneers who would give the airline the panache of being called The Airline Run by Flyers. The airlines were known for years as being on the cutting edge of aviation. Transcontinental, the bigger of the two, had the expertise of Charles Lindbergh and was already offering a 48-hour combination of plane. Western, which was older, having been founded in 1925, had the expertise of Jack Frye. On October 25,1930, the airline offered one of the first all-plane scheduled service from coast to coast, the route took 36 hours and initially called for overnights in Kansas City. In summer 1931, TWA moved its headquarters from New York to Kansas City, investigation revealed that the wings wooden structure had deteriorated. In the wake of the crash, the Fokker F.10 was temporarily grounded, the F. 10s public image, and that of all wooden-structured aircraft, suffered badly from the crash. The dominant manufacturer of the day was Bill Boeing, but his contract with United Air Lines did not allow him to sell his 247 to competing lines, Frye and other members of TWA approached several other manufacturers, including Donald Douglas, with specifications for a larger plane. On September 20,1932, the contract was signed with Douglas and the DC-1 was delivered to TWA in December 1933 and this was followed by the delivery of 32 Douglas DC-2s that started operations in May 1934
32.
Boeing 727
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The Boeing 727 is a midsized, narrow-body three-engined jet aircraft built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from the early 1960s to 1984. It can carry 149 to 189 passengers and later models can fly up to 2,700 nautical miles nonstop, intended for short and medium-length flights, the 727 can use relatively short runways at smaller airports. It has three Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines below the T-tail, one on side of the rear fuselage with a center engine that connects through an S-duct to an inlet at the base of the fin. The 727 is Boeings only trijet aircraft, the 727 followed the 707, a quad-jet airliner, with which it shares its upper fuselage cross-section and cockpit design. The 727-100 first flew in February 1963 and entered service with Eastern Air Lines in February 1964, the 727 became a mainstay of airlines domestic route networks and was also used on short- and medium-range international routes. Passenger, freighter, and convertible versions of the 727 were built, the 727 was heavily produced into the 1970s, the last 727 was completed in 1984. As of July 2016, a total of 64 Boeing 727s were in service with 26 airlines, plus a few more in government. Airport noise regulations have led to 727s being equipped with hush kits, United Airlines requested a four-engine aircraft for its flights to high-altitude airports, especially its hub at Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado. American Airlines, which was operating the four-engined Boeing 707 and Boeing 720, eventually, the three airlines agreed on a trijet design for the new aircraft. In 1959, Lord Douglas, chairman of British European Airways, suggested that Boeing and de Havilland Aircraft Company work together on their trijet designs, the two designs had a similar layout, the 727 being slightly larger. At that time Boeing intended to use three Allison AR963 turbofan engines, license-built versions of the Rolls-Royce RB163 Spey used by the Trident, Boeing and de Havilland each sent engineers to the other companys locations to evaluate each others designs, but Boeing eventually decided against the joint venture. Once Pratt & Whitney agreed to go ahead with development of the JT8D, Eddie Rickenbacker, chairman of the board of Eastern, told Boeing that the airline preferred the JT8D for its 727s. Boeing had not offered the JT8D, as it was about 1,000 lb heavier than the RB163, though more powerful. Boeing reluctantly agreed to offer the JT8D as an option on the 727, with high-lift devices on its wing, the 727 could use shorter runways than most earlier jets. The airliners middle engine at the rear of the fuselage gets air from an inlet ahead of the vertical fin through an S-shaped duct. This S-duct proved to be troublesome in that flow distortion in the duct induced a surge in the engine on the take-off of the first flight of the 727-100. This was fixed by the addition of several large vortex generators in the inside of the first bend of the duct, the 727 was designed for smaller airports, so independence from ground facilities was an important requirement. This led to one of the 727s most distinctive features, the built-in airstair that opens from the underbelly of the fuselage
33.
McDonnell Douglas DC-9
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The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 is a twin-engine, single-aisle jet airliner. It was first manufactured in 1965 with its maiden flight later that year, the DC-9 was designed for frequent, short flights. The final DC-9 was delivered in October 1982, the DC-9-based airliners, MD-80, MD-90 and Boeing 717 later followed in production. With the final deliveries of the 717 in 2006, production of the DC-9/MD-80/90/717 aircraft family ceased after 41 years, during the 1950s Douglas Aircraft studied a short- to medium-range airliner to complement their higher capacity, long range DC-8. A medium-range four-engine Model 2067 was studied but it did not receive enough interest from airlines, in 1960, Douglas signed a two-year contract with Sud Aviation for technical cooperation. Douglas would market and support the Sud Aviation Caravelle and produce a licensed version if airlines ordered large numbers, none were ordered and Douglas returned to its design studies after the cooperation deal expired. In 1962, design studies were underway, the first version seated 63 passengers and had a gross weight of 69,000 lb. This design was changed into what would be initial DC-9 variant, Douglas gave approval to produce the DC-9 on April 8,1963. Unlike the competing but larger Boeing 727 trijet, which used as many 707 components as possible, the DC-9 has two rear-mounted Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofan engines, relatively small, efficient wings, and a T-tail. The DC-9s takeoff weight was limited to 80,000 lb for a flight crew by Federal Aviation Agency regulations at the time. DC-9 aircraft have five seats across for economy seating, the airplane seats 80 to 135 passengers depending on version and seating arrangement. Accessibility and short field characteristics were called for, turnarounds were simplified by built-in airstairs, including one in the tail, which shortened boarding and deplaning times. The tail-mounted engine design facilitated a clean wing without engine pods, for example, flaps could be longer, unimpeded by pods on the leading edge and engine blast concerns on the trailing edge. This simplified design improved airflow at low speeds and enabled lower takeoff and approach speeds, thus lowering field length requirements, the second advantage of the tail-mounted engines was the reduction in foreign object damage from ingested debris from runways and aprons. With this position, the engines could ingest ice streaming off the wing roots, third, the absence of engines in underslung pods allowed a reduction in ground clearance, making the aircraft more accessible to baggage handlers and passengers. The first DC-9, a model, flew on February 25,1965. The second DC-9 flew a few later, with a test fleet of five aircraft flying by July. This allowed the initial Series 10 to gain airworthiness certification on November 23,1965, the initial Series 10 would be followed by the improved -20, -30, and -40 variants
34.
Sacramento Executive Airport
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Sacramento Executive Airport is a public airport three miles south of downtown Sacramento, in Sacramento County, California. The airport covers 540 acres and has three runways and a helipad, when it opened in 1930, Executive Airport was known as Sutterville Aerodrome. As the city-owned facility expanded, in 1941 construction was underway to pave, the U. S. Army Air Corps took over the airport during World War II. After the war, control was returned to the city and the facility was renamed Sacramento Municipal Airport, during the late 1940s and early 1950s, improvements were made to parking and taxiway paving, water and sewer systems, and runway/taxiway lighting. The terminal building was built in 1955 along with some navigational aids, flights by Pacific Air Lines to the north continued to Chico, Eureka/Arcata, Crescent City and Portland, OR. Pacific Air Lines flight 771 flew Reno-Lake Tahoe-Sacramento-San Francisco-San Jose-Fresno-Bakersfield-Burbank-Los Angeles-San Diego, united Airlines flight 224 was a Boeing 727-100 San Francisco-Sacramento-Reno-Denver-Chicago-New York La Guardia. Aircraft included Martin 4-0-4s and Fairchild F-27s, Lockheed L-188 Electras, Boeing 727-100s and Boeing 720Bs, in October 1967 the airlines moved to the new Sacramento Metropolitan Airport and Sacramento Municipal Airport was renamed Sacramento Executive Airport. The County of Sacramento became the operator of both airports, since then Executive Airport has become Northern Californias primary general aviation airport. Executive Airport is self-supporting, receiving no city, county, or tax money, all operating expenses are paid by users. On September 24,1972, a former military Canadair Sabre Mk.5 jet in civilian ownership with US registration N275X was set to perform an air display at the Golden West Sport Aviation Show. Due to pilot error, the failed to become airborne, went off the end of the runway, across a road. The explosion killed 22, twelve of those children, and injured 28 more people, the tragedy prompted closure of that runway, stricter regulations at the airport, and the opening of the Sacramento Firefighters Burn Institute. A memorial was constructed at the site and dedicated in March 2003. Sacramento Executive Airport is a general aviation airport with facilities and services. In addition to an FAA tower, the airport has three paved runways and has tie-downs and hangar rentals, in 2004, aircraft operations averaged 370 per day. Over 20 businesses are located at Executive, providing, air charters, aircraft sales, rentals and repairs, flight training, pilot supplies, computer-based testing, and car rentals. Located 10 minutes from downtown Sacramento, Executive is close to tourist attractions such as Old Sacramento, the State Capitol, Cal Expo State Fairgrounds, the airport is also located near three public golf courses and major shopping areas. Executive has three runways, two lighted, Runway 2/20 measures 5,503 ft x 150 ft, a Medium Intensity Approach Light System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights is installed on Runway 2, while REIL and VASI are on Runway 20
35.
Sacramento International Airport
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Sacramento International Airport is 10 miles northwest of downtown Sacramento, in Sacramento County, California. It is run by the Sacramento County Airport System, Southwest Airlines carries about half the airline passengers. Sacramento International Airport opened October 21,1967 as Sacramento Metropolitan Airport with one 8600-foot runway, until then the airlines used Sacramento Municipal Airport, now called Sacramento Executive Airport. The airport initially had five airlines, Pacific Air Lines, Pacific Southwest Airlines, United Airlines, Western Airlines, for a short time around 1975 PSA tried Lockheed L-1011 TriStars at Sacramento, nonstop to San Francisco and direct to Los Angeles. L-1011 flights were found uneconomical and PSA soon replaced the L-1011 with smaller jets such as the Boeing 727-200, during the 1980s development included, the in-flight catering facility, an FAA Flight Inspection Field Office, a second air cargo facility and the east runway. The east runway’s opening was celebrated by the landing of a Concorde SST, america West Airlines, Continental Airlines, Morris Air, Northwest Airlines and American Eagle Airlines joined the original carriers at Sacramento Metropolitan Airport during this time. In the 1990s the consolidated rental car facility and Terminal A opened in 1999, with the opening of a new terminal building it was renamed Sacramento International Airport, though it did not receive international flights until 2002 when Mexicana started nonstops to Guadalajara. The airport was designated a port of entry on October 5,2006, the consolidated rental car terminal, the first of its kind in the nation, gave all rental car customers a single point of access that could be reached on a single shuttle. This innovation streamlined bus operations to reduce congestion at the terminal, the Sacramento County Airport System launched its Web site in April 1997. Southwest Airlines, Alaska Airlines, Horizon Air and Trans World Airlines were added to the list of carriers at Sacramento, Southwest and Alaska Airlines grew quickly, offsetting the departure of airlines such as American Eagle, Continental and USAir which had acquired PSA. Airport security procedures were changed after September 11,2001. The newly formed Department of Homeland Security and Transportation Security Administration were created, September 11 did not deter growth at Sacramento International Airport. Four airlines were added to Sacramento International, Continental returned and Frontier, Mexicana, Hawaiian. Mexicana’s arrival initiated international nonstop flights and necessitated completion of the International Arrivals Building for federal inspection services, the Terminal A Parking Garage opened September 23,2004. The six-story structure had covered parking, a walk to the terminal. In 2006 Sacramento International Airport was one of the first airports in the nation to offer free wireless Internet service, as the nation’s economy was taking a hit in 2008, commercial aviation was challenged by reduced passenger numbers and increasing fuel and other costs. ExpressJet ceased independent operations in 2008, Aloha Airlines ceased operations in 2008, however, prior to the economic downturn, new services began and airliners merged. America West and US Airways merged, Northwest and Delta Merged and, United, despite these challenges, Alaska added nonstop flights to Guadalajara, Mexico and Hawaii while Aeromexicos debut reestablished foreign-flag service with daily nonstops to Guadalajara, Mexico
36.
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar
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The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, commonly referred to as the L-1011 or TriStar, is a medium-to-long-range, wide-body trijet airliner by Lockheed Corporation. It was the third wide-body airliner to enter commercial operations, after the Boeing 747, the airliner has a seating capacity up to 400 passengers and a range over 4,000 nautical miles. Its trijet configuration has three Rolls-Royce RB211 engines with one engine under each wing, and an engine, center-mounted with an S-duct air inlet embedded in the tail. The aircraft has a capability, an automated descent control system. The L-1011 TriStar was produced in two fuselage lengths, the original L-1011-1 first flew in November 1970, and entered service with Eastern Air Lines in 1972. The shortened, longer range L-1011-500 first flew in 1978, the original-length TriStar was also produced as the high gross weight L-1011-100, up-rated engine L-1011-200, and further upgraded L-1011-250. Post-production conversions for the L-1011-1 with increased takeoff weights included the L-1011-50 and L-1011-150, between 1968 and 1984, Lockheed manufactured a total of 250 TriStars, assembled at the Lockheed plant located at the Palmdale Regional Airport in southern California north of Los Angeles. The aircrafts sales were hampered by two years of delays due to developmental and financial problems at Rolls-Royce plc, the manufacturer of the TriStars engines. After production ended, Lockheed withdrew from the aircraft business due to its below-target sales. Lockheed had not produced civilian airliners since 1961 with the L-188 Electra, in the 1950s the Electra was designed for turboprop propulsion, which Lockheed had successfully used on the C-130 Hercules military transport. Lockheed won contracts for jet military transports with the C-141 StarLifter, Boeing lost the military contract, but its private venture 747 captured what would become a much larger civilian airliner market for wide-body airliners. Having experienced difficulties with some of their programs, Lockheed was eager to re-enter the civilian market with a smaller wide-body jet. The aircraft was conceived as a jumbo twin, but a three-engine design was ultimately chosen to give the aircraft enough thrust to take off from existing runways. The design featured an interior with a maximum of 400 passengers, a three-engine layout, low noise emissions, improved reliability. A further major difference between the L-1011 and the DC-10 was Lockheeds selection of the Rolls-Royce RB211 as the engine for the L-1011. As originally designed, the RB211 turbofan was an advanced design with a carbon fiber fan. This made the L-1011 more efficient, a selling point. The L-1011 and DC-10s engineering approach differed greatly, by contrast Lockheed would take the most advanced technology of the day and when that technology was lacking, Lockheed created it for the L-1011
37.
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
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The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Basin and Range Province. The vast majority of the lies in the state of California. The Sierra runs 400 miles north-to-south, and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west, the Sierra is home to three national parks, twenty wilderness areas, and two national monuments. These areas include Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks, the character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology. More than one hundred years ago during the Nevadan orogeny. The range started to uplift four M. A. ago, the uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones. Uplift continues due to faulting caused by forces, creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada has a significant history, the California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912, the Sierra Nevada lies in Central and Eastern California, with a very small but historically important spur extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevadas elevation increases gradually from 1,000 feet in the Central Valley to an height of about 10,500 feet at its crest only 50–75 miles to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra Escarpment, unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to orographic lift. The Sierra Nevada stretches from the Susan River and Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south and it is bounded on the west by Californias Central Valley and on the east by the Basin and Range Province. The geographical boundary between the Sierra and the Cascades is virtually indistinguishable, with the Fredonyer Pass designation being traditional, physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade-Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. The range is drained on its western slope by the Central Valley watershed, the northern third of the western Sierra is part of the Sacramento River watershed, and the middle third is drained by the San Joaquin River. The eastern slope watershed of the Sierra is much narrower, its rivers flow out into the endorheic Great Basin of eastern California and western Nevada. Although none of the eastern rivers reach the sea, many of the streams from Mono Lake southwards are diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct which provides water to Southern California, the height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the range from 5,000 feet to more than 9,000 feet. The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet high, farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is Mount Lyell
38.
Pacific Air Lines
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Pacific Air Lines was a regional airline on the West Coast of the United States which began scheduled passenger operations in the mid 1940s under the name Southwest Airways. The company was essentially a feeder airline, primarily linking smaller communities in California with larger cities such as Los Angeles, flights were also operated to Portland, Oregon, and eventually reached Las Vegas and Reno in Nevada. Founded largely with money from investors from the Hollywood motion picture industry, the name Pacific Air Lines passed into history in 1968 in a merger with Bonanza Air Lines and West Coast Airlines, forming Air West, which then became Hughes Airwest. Neither man was a stranger to aviation, Connelly was also a former test pilot, airplane salesman, Civil Aeronautics Administration instructor pilot, Hayward was an active private pilot and was on the board of directors of Transcontinental and Western Airlines. The two men enlisted the support of commercial pilot and photographer John Swope to oversee the training of aviation cadets, together, they founded a maintenance depot for overhauling training aircraft, a wartime air cargo line, and a military pilot training complex consisting of Thunderbird Field No. 2, and Falcon Field in Arizona, by the end of World War II, Southwest Airways was the largest training contractor in the United States, and trained more than 20,000 pilots from over 24 countries. After the war, Connelly and Hayward raised $2,000,000 from investors including James Stewart and Darryl Zanuck to expand Southwest into the airline business and they were awarded a three-year experimental charter from the Civil Aeronautics Board on May 22,1946, for their feeder service. Scheduled flights began on December 2,1946, with war-surplus C-47s, the initial route was Los Angeles to San Francisco with stops in Oxnard, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, San Luis Obispo, Paso Robles, Coalinga, Monterey, Santa Cruz/Watsonville, and San Jose. In 1960, a Crescent City to Portland, Oregon, flight was added, in August 1953, Southwest scheduled flights to 23 airports, all in California except for Medford. In May 1968, Pacific flew to 29 airports, Connelly, president, and Hayward, board chairman, were the majority owners of the airline, and as such could hold sway concerning how the company would operate. Running on slim operating margins, Southwest Airways was a no-frills airline decades before low-cost carriers became common, the airline speeded ground operations to the point where a DC-3 could load and discharge passengers and begin taxiing for takeoff 90 seconds after coming to a stop. To save money, the airline had its own pilots do the refueling instead of paying airport personnel, ground time was reduced by keeping one engine running while a male purser quickly escorted passengers to and from the plane. Pacifics DC-3s were modified with an airstair, a door that doubled as a staircase for passengers, the airstair eliminated waiting for a ground crew to roll a wheeled staircase up to the plane. In August 1953, a daily Southwest DC-3 was scheduled from SFO to LAX in 3 hours and 45 minutes with eight stops, by the following year, the airline had made 1,200 routine instrument landings at the often fog-shrouded Arcata airport. By 1948, Southwest had a fleet of 10 planes, all Douglas DC-3s, the airline had no fatal accidents until the evening of April 6,1951, when Southwest Airways Flight 7 crashed, killing all 19 passengers and three crew members, including 12 military personnel. The DC-3 was flying a 20-minute route between Santa Maria and Santa Barbara, the Civil Aeronautics Board was unable to determine the cause. By late 1952, the fleet included eight secondhand piston-engined Martin 2-0-2s. The airline became Pacific Air Lines on March 6,1958, the corporate logo was changed from an earth-toned Thunderbird reminiscent of a Navajo sandpainting to a simpler, modern design with bright colors
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Air California
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Air California, later renamed AirCal, was founded by William E. Myers and Bill Perrera and began as an intrastate airline operating solely within California. The airlines home airport was Orange County Airport, now known as John Wayne Airport, the airline ceased operations 6, Apr 1981 and was merged into American Airlines in 1987. In April 1967, Air California was operating 48 nonstop Lockheed L-188 Electra propjet flights a week from Orange County to San Francisco, the fare was $14.85 plus 5% tax. It added Orange County - San Jose - Oakland flights around the beginning of 1968, in May SNA to SFO had 92 flights a week, mostly Douglas DC-9-10 twin jets, and 50 flights a week from SNA to SJC. By January 1969, Boeing 737s had taken over all flights with the Electras, in the late 1970s, Air Californias fleet was composed mainly of Boeing 737-200 jetliners, two Boeing 737-100s were added in 1977-78. It also flew two Douglas DC-9-10s in 1968, which had been leased while Air California was awaiting its new 737s and it resumed flying Electra propjets in order to serve Lake Tahoe Airport in 1975, as this airfield banned airline jets until the 1980s. The Electras were retired again when Lake Tahoe was dropped as destination in 1979 with the airline then becoming an air carrier for the remainder of its existence. AirCal returned to Lake Tahoe in the early 1980s commencing jet service with McDonnell Douglas MD-80s, in early 1985, the airline was operating nonstop MD-80 jet service between Lake Tahoe and Los Angeles, San Francisco and San Jose. When the airline introduced the new McDonnell Douglas MD-80, one could purchase discounted one-way passes for flights to San Jose, the price was $9.80 one way/$19.60 round trip, with a limit of four round trips. Later that year San Francisco was added to the program as well. It was a competitor of Pacific Southwest Airlines, another intrastate carrier that subsequently expanded outside of California. Following the federal Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, Air California started flights to Las Vegas and Reno, service to Portland, Oregon was then added followed by Seattle and Phoenix. The growing airline then became a target for larger, national air carriers. In 1981 the airline changed its name to AirCal and adopted a new logo and image. During the 1980s it had a fleet of Boeing 737s as well as seven McDonnell Douglas MD-80s. MD-80s and BAe 146s were also operated by rival Pacific Southwest Airlines on some of the same routes, the BAe 146 allowed AirCal to increase flights at noise-sensitive Orange County Airport as this British-built jet was quieter than other jets. By May 1987 AirCal had introduced new flights serving Chicago, Anchorage and its only international destination, Vancouver, in 1984 AirCal partnered with Texas-based Muse Air with connecting flights between the two airlines being published in their respective timetables. The AirCal January 1,1984, system timetable listed connections to Muse Air flights at Los Angeles and Ontario for service to Austin, Houston Hobby Airport, Midland/Odessa and New Orleans
40.
McDonnell Douglas MD-80
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The McDonnell Douglas MD-80 is a series of twin-engine, short- to medium-range, single-aisle commercial jet airliners. It was lengthened and updated from the DC-9 and this series can seat from 130 to 172 passengers depending on variant and seating configuration. The MD-80 series was introduced into service on October 10,1980 by Swissair. The series includes the MD-81, MD-82, MD-83, MD-87 and these all have the same fuselage length except the shortened MD-87. The series was followed into service in modified form by the MD-90 in 1995, Douglas Aircraft developed the DC-9 in the 1960s as a short-range companion to their larger DC-8. The DC-9 was a design, using two rear fuselage-mounted turbofan engines, and a T-tail. The DC-9 has a fuselage design with five-abreast seating, and holds 80 to 135 passengers depending on seating arrangement. The development of MD-80 series began in the 1970s as a lengthened, growth version of the DC-9-50, with a higher maximum take-off weight and a higher fuel capacity. Availability of newer versions of the Pratt & Whitney JT8D engine with higher bypass ratios drove early studies including designs known as Series 55, Series 50, the design effort focused on the Series 55 in August 1977. With the projected entry into service in 1980, the design was marketed as the DC-9 Series 80, Swissair launched the Series 80 in October 1977 with an order for 15 plus an option for five. The MD-80 is a mid-size, medium-range airliner, the series featured a fuselage 14 ft 3 in longer than the DC-9-50. The DC-9s wing design was enlarged by adding sections at the wing root, the initial Series 80 first flew October 19,1979. It was certified as a version of the DC-9 and it was the second generation of the DC-9, originally called the DC-9-80 and the DC-9 Super 80. The design was the generation of the DC-9 with two rear fuselage-mounted turbofan engines, small, highly efficient wings, and a T-tail. The aircraft has distinctive five-abreast seating in the coach class, the aircraft series was designed for frequent, short-haul flights for 130 to 172 passengers depending on plane version and seating arrangement. The MD-80 series aircraft also have longer fuselages than their earlier DC-9 counterparts, some customers, such as American Airlines, still refer to the planes in fleet documentation as Super 80. This model is still flown extensively by American Airlines and Delta Air Lines, comparable airliners to the MD-80 series include the Boeing 737-400 and Airbus A320. The first MD-80, DC-9 line number 909, made its first flight on October 19,1979, the flight-testing leading up to certification had involved three aircraft accumulating a total of 1,085 flying hours on 795 flights
41.
Boeing 737 Classic
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The Boeing 737 Classic is the -300/-400/-500 series of the Boeing 737, so named following the introduction of the -600/-700/-800/-900 series. They are short- to medium-range, narrow-body jet airliners produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, the Classic series was introduced as the new generation of the 737. Produced from 1984 to 2000,1,988 aircraft were delivered, development began in 1979, and in 1980 preliminary aircraft specifications were released at the Farnborough Airshow. In March 1981, USAir and Southwest Airlines each ordered 10 aircraft, the wing incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The wing tip was extended 9 inches, the leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps were adjusted. The flight deck was improved with the optional EFIS, and the passenger cabin incorporated improvements similar to those on the Boeing 757, Boeing selected the CFM56-3 to exclusively power the 737-300 variant. The 737 wings were closer to the ground than previous applications for the CFM56, the overall thrust was also reduced, from 24,000 to 20,000 lbf, mostly due to the reduction in bypass ratio. The prototype of the -300 rolled out of the Renton plant on January 17,1984, after it received its flight certification on November 14,1984, USAir received the first aircraft on November 28. A very popular aircraft, Boeing received 252 orders for it in 1985, the 300 series remained in production until 1999 when the last aircraft was delivered to Air New Zealand on December 17,1999, registration ZK-NGJ. The 737-300 can be retrofitted with Aviation Partners Boeing winglets, the 737-300 retrofitted with winglets is designated the -300SP. Used passenger -300 aircraft have also converted to freighter versions. The 737-300 has been replaced by the 737-700 in the Boeing 737 Next Generation family, the 737-400 design was launched in 1985 to fill the gap between the 737-300 and the 757-200, and competed with the Airbus A320 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80. It stretched the 737-300 another 10 ft to carry up to 188 passengers and it included a tail bumper to prevent tailscrapes during take-off, and a strengthened wing spar. The prototype rolled out on January 26,1988, and flew for the first time on 19 February 1988, the aircraft entered service on September 15,1988, with launch customer Piedmont Airlines. The 737-400F was not a model delivered by Boeing, but a 737-400 converted to freighter, the Boeing 737-400 never included winglets as an option, just like the Boeing 737-600. Alaska Airlines was the first to one of their 400s from regular service to an aircraft with the ability to handle ten pallets. The airline has also converted five more into fixed combi aircraft for half passenger and these 737-400 Combi aircraft are now in service. The 737-400 was replaced by the 737-800 in the Boeing 737 Next Generation family, the fuselage length of the -500 is 1 ft 7 in longer than the 737-200, accommodating up to 140 passengers
42.
Airline deregulation
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Airline deregulation is the process of removing government-imposed entry and price restrictions on airlines affecting, in particular, the carriers permitted to serve specific routes. In the United States, the term applies to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. A new form of regulation has been developed to some extent to deal with such as the allocation of the limited number of slots available at airports. As jets were integrated into the market in the late 1950s and early 1960s, by the mid-1960s, they were carrying roughly 100 million passengers and by the mid-1970s, over 200 million Americans had traveled by air. In order to address growing concerns airline deregulation began in the USA in 1978. It was, and still is, a part of an experiment to ultimately reduce ticket prices. Globally, state supported airlines are still common, maintaining control over ticket prices and route entry. A similar but less laissez-faire approach has taken by the European Union, Australia, United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Ireland and select South. The beginning of government regulation of the interstate airline industry can be traced to the Air Mail Act of 1925. Additional federal regulation of aviation was imposed with the passage of the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938. The CAB had three functions, to award routes to airlines, to limit the entry of air carriers into new markets. Brown had changed the mail system to encourage the manufacture of passenger aircraft instead of mail carrying aircraft. His influence was crucial in awarding contracts so as to four major domestic airlines, United, American, Eastern. Similarly, Brown had also helped give Pan American a monopoly on international routes, typical regulatory thinking from the 1940s onward is evident in a Civil Aeronautics Board report. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 removed many of the previously mentioned controls, prior to deregulation, it was required that airlines first seek regulatory approval to serve any given route. Thus incumbent airline operators could raise barriers to the challenge of new competition and this system was dismantled as a result of the Airline Deregulation Act. It also dismantled the notion of a flag carrier, in the wake of deregulation, airlines have adopted new strategies and consumers are experiencing a new market. Below are the effects of deregulation
43.
Reno, Nevada
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Reno is a city in the U. S. state of Nevada. It is in Northern Nevada, approximately 22 miles from Lake Tahoe, known as The Biggest Little City in the World, Reno is famous for its casinos and as the birthplace of Caesars Entertainment Corporation. It is the county seat of Washoe County, in the part of the state. The city sits in a desert at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Reno area. As early as the mid 1850s a few settled in the Truckee Meadows. Gold was discovered in the vicinity of Virginia City in 1850, and a modest mining community developed, to provide the necessary connection between Virginia City and the California Trail, Charles W. Fuller built a log toll bridge across the Truckee River in 1859. A small community that would service travelers soon grew up near the bridge, after two years, Fuller sold the bridge to Myron C. Lake, who continued to develop the community with the addition of a grist mill, kiln, in 1864, Washoe County was consolidated with Roop County, and Lakes Crossing became the largest town in the county. Lake had earned himself the founder of Reno. Lake deeded land to the CPRR in exchange for its promise to build a depot at Lakes Crossing, once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9,1868. CPRR construction superintendent Charles Crocker named the community after Major General Jesse Lee Reno, in 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located in Washoe City. However, political power in Nevada remained with the communities, first Virginia City and later Tonopah. The extension of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to Reno in 1872 provided a boost to the new citys economy. Despite this, Nevada is still the third-largest gold producer in the world, after South Africa and Australia, the Reno Arch was erected on Virginia Street in 1926 to promote the upcoming Transcontinental Highways Exposition of 1927. The arch included the words Nevadas Transcontinental Highways Exposition and the dates of the exposition. After the exposition, the Reno City Council decided to keep the arch as a permanent downtown gateway, no acceptable slogan was received until a $100 prize was offered, and G. A. Burns of Sacramento was declared the winner on March 14,1929, with Reno, The Biggest Little City in the World
44.
Las Vegas
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The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85. 2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2013 estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C, frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas Fremont Street is named after him, eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue. Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city,1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935, in 1941, the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established. Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base, it is home to the team called the Thunderbirds
45.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
46.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
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