1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
Petrified Forest National Park
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Petrified Forest National Park is a United States national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona. Named for its deposits of petrified wood, the fee area of the park covers about 230 square miles, encompassing semi-desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded. The site, the part of which extends into the Painted Desert, was declared a national monument in 1906. The park received 643,274 recreational visitors in 2016, representing a decrease of 19% from the prior year, typical visitor activities include sightseeing, photography, hiking, and backpacking. Averaging about 5,400 feet in elevation, the park has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 100 °F to winter lows well below freezing. More than 400 species of plants, dominated by such as bunchgrass, blue grama. About half of the park is designated wilderness, the Petrified Forest is known for its fossils, especially fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic Period, about 225 million years ago. The sediments containing the logs are part of the widespread and colorful Chinle Formation. Beginning about 60 million years ago, the Colorado Plateau, of which the park is part, was pushed upward by tectonic forces and exposed to increased erosion. All of the rock layers above the Chinle, except geologically recent ones found in parts of the park, have been removed by wind. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the parks fossils since the early 20th century, the parks earliest human inhabitants arrived at least 8,000 years ago. By about 2,000 years ago, they were growing corn in the area, later inhabitants built above-ground dwellings called pueblos. Although a changing climate caused the last of the parks pueblos to be abandoned by about 1400 CE, more than 600 archeological sites, including petroglyphs, have been discovered in the park. Later, roads and a railway followed similar routes and gave rise to tourism and, before the park was protected, theft of petrified wood remains a problem in the 21st century. Petrified Forest National Park straddles the border between Apache County and Navajo County in northeastern Arizona, I-40, former U. S. Route 66, the BNSF Railway, and the Puerco River bisect the park generally east–west along a similar route. Adamana, a ghost town, is about 1 mile west of the park along the BNSF tracks, Holbrook, about 26 miles west of park headquarters along I-40, is the nearest city. Bisecting the park north–south is Park Road, which runs between I-40 near park headquarters on the north and U. S. Route 180 on the south, Historic Highway 180, an earlier alignment of the modern route, crosses the southern edge of the park. Like Route 66, it has deteriorated and is closed, many unpaved maintenance roads, closed to the public, intersect Park Road at various points
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Mary Colter
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Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter was an American architect and designer. She was one of the few female American architects in her day. She was the designer of many buildings and spaces for the Fred Harvey Company. Mary Colter was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and her family moved to Colorado and Texas before settling down in St. Paul, Minnesota, which she considered to be her home. There she graduated high school at the age of 14, after her father died in 1886, Colter attended the California School of Design, and apprenticed with a local architectural firm. She then taught art, drafting, and architecture in St. Paul for some years, Colter taught at the Mechanic Arts High School for fifteen years and lectured at the University Extension School. By one account, in 1901 Minnie Harvey Huckel helped Colter land a job with her familys Fred Harvey Company. Colter began working full-time for the company in 1910, moving from interior designer to architect, for the next 38 years, Colter served as chief architect and decorator for the Fred Harvey Company. Fred Harvey conquered the West along the Santa Fes main route through strategic use of restaurant efficiency, clean-cut and pretty women, high-end tourism. Anthropologists on his staff located the most appealing Native American art and artifacts like pottery, jewelry and his merchandisers designed goods based on those artifacts. The Santa Fe railroad bought the La Fonda hotel on the plaza of the old city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1925, for a major expansion, Colter was assigned to do the interior design and decorating. She hired artists and artisans from the nearby pueblos to make the furniture, Native American styles were employed in hand-crafted chandeliers, copper and tin lighting fixtures, tiles and textiles, and other ornamentation. La Fonda became the most successful of the Harvey House hotels and its striking blend of Pueblo people and Spanish artistic influences, today known locally as the Santa Fe Style, became very popular across the region. Colter also decorated, but did not design, the parks El Tovar Hotel, in 1987, the Mary Jane Colter Buildings, as a group, were listed as a National Historic Landmark. Colters work is credited with inspiring the Pueblo Deco style, the Harvey Company got the concession in 1922 to operate a camp at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Considering the Phantom Ranchs location, Colters use of on-site fieldstone and her structures at the Grand Canyon set the precedent for using on-site materials and bold, large-scale design elements. For her Bright Angel Lodge on the South Rim, she used a 6-foot scale model to ensure that the lodge, a chain-smoking perfectionist, Colter cared about backstory and attractive features. She conceived Hermits Rest as a sort of folly, as if it had been wired together by a mountain man
6.
Pueblo Revival architecture
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The Pueblo Revival style is a regional architectural style of the Southwestern United States, which draws its inspiration from the Pueblos and the Spanish missions in New Mexico. The style developed at the turn of the 20th century and reached its greatest popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, Pueblo style architecture is most prevalent in the state of New Mexico. Pueblo-style architecture imitates the appearance of traditional Pueblo adobe construction, though materials such as brick or concrete are often substituted. If adobe is not used, rounded corners, irregular parapets, walls are usually stuccoed and painted in earth tones. Multistory buildings usually employ stepped massing similar to that seen at Taos Pueblo, the regional architecture from which the Pueblo style draws its inspiration is primarily found in New Mexico and Arizona, but also Colorado. Although the revival movement is most closely associated with the state of New Mexico, in the 1890s, architect A. C. Schweinfurth incorporated Pueblo features into a number of his buildings in California, mary Elizabeth Jane Collters Hopi House in Grand Canyon National Park drew heavily on the Pueblo style. In 1908, architect Isaac Rapp used the San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church as a template for his Colorado Supply Company warehouse in Morley, the best known of these was his 1908 remodeling of Hodgin Hall, though a new heating plant and the Estufa were completed earlier. Nearly all subsequent university buildings have also employed the Pueblo style, the other stronghold of Pueblo-style architecture is Santa Fe, where it was popularized in the 1920s and 1930s by a group of artists and architects seeking to establish a unique regional identity. In 1957, a committee led by John Gaw Meem drafted Santa Fe H Historical District Regulations Ordinance No, 1957-18, commonly known as the Historical Zoning Ordinance. This ordinance mandated the use of the Old Santa Fe Style and this ordinance remains in effect, meaning the Pueblo style continues to predominate. Pueblo-style houses are frequently constructed in Albuquerque, Santa Fe. Updated versions of the style have also used for newer commercial and public buildings such as the Albuquerque International Sunport terminal. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, only in New Mexico, An Architectural History of the University of New Mexico, the First Century 1889-1989. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press
7.
Navajo County, Arizona
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Navajo County is located in the northern part of the U. S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census, its population was 107,449, Navajo County comprises the Show Low, AZ Micropolitan Statistical Area. Navajo County contains parts of the Hopi Indian reservation, the Navajo Nation, Navajo County was split from Apache County on March 21,1895. The first county sheriff was legendary gunman Commodore Perry Owens, who had served as the sheriff of Apache County. It was the location for many of the events played out during the Pleasant Valley War. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 9,960 square miles. Many people think that Arizona is a vast, open desert without vegetation, however, Navajo County offers not only the Monument Valley, but Keams Canyon, part of the Petrified Forest National Park, and the largest stand of Ponderosa Pines in North America. The population density was 10 people per square mile, there were 47,413 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile. 8. 22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 77% reported speaking Navajo at home,5. 94% other Southern Athabaskan languages,4. 71% Spanish, and 3. 23% Hopi. 19. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.68. In the county, the population was out with 35. 40% under the age of 18,8. 80% from 18 to 24,25. 30% from 25 to 44,20. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 98.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,569, and the median income for a family was $32,409. Males had an income of $30,509 versus $21,621 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,609, about 23. 40% of families and 29. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36. 60% of those under age 18 and 20. 30% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 107,449 people,35,658 households, the population density was 10.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 56,938 housing units at a density of 5.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 49. 3% white,43. 4% American Indian,0. 9% black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 1% Pacific islander,3. 4% from other races, and 2. 5% from two or more races
8.
Interstate 40 in Arizona
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Interstate 40 is an east–west Interstate Highway that has a 359. 6-mile section in the U. S. state of Arizona connecting sections in California to New Mexico. It enters Arizona from the west at a crossing of the Colorado River southwest of Kingman and it travels eastward across the northern portion of the state connecting the cities of Kingman, Ash Fork, Williams, Flagstaff, Winslow, and Holbrook. I-40 continues into New Mexico, heading to Albuquerque, the highway has major junctions with U. S. Route 93 in Kingman, the main highway connecting Phoenix and Las Vegas, Nevada, and I-17 in Flagstaff, the Interstate linking Phoenix and Flagstaff. For the majority of its routing through Arizona, I-40 follows the alignment of U. S. Route 66. The lone exception is a stretch between Kingman and Ash Fork where US66 took a northerly, less direct route that is now State Route 66. Construction of I-40 was ongoing in the 1960s and 1970s and reached completion in 1984, with the completion of I-40 in 1984, the entire routing of US66 had been bypassed by Interstate Highways which led to its decertification a year later in 1985. I-40 enters Arizona from California at a bridge crosses the Colorado River at Topock in Mohave County. It heads east from Topock and begins to curve towards the north at Franconia, the interstate continues to head north until it reaches Kingman. In this city, I-40 has a junction with US93 at exit 48, US93 heads towards the northwest from this junction to Hoover Dam and Las Vegas. US93 south begins to run concurrently with I-40 as they both head east through Kingman, the two separate at exit 71 as US93 heads towards the south towards Phoenix while I-40 heads east towards Flagstaff. I-40 continues towards the east, passing through the town of Seligman and then at Ash Fork, where it meets State Route 89, next, it passes through Williams at exit 165 with SR64, and heads north towards Grand Canyon National Park. I-40 continues to the east to Flagstaff, where it has a junction with I-17 at exit 195, I-17 heads south from the interchange with I-40 to Phoenix. East of Flagstaff, I-40 heads towards the east-southeast direction as it goes through the town of Winslow and it continues towards this direction until it reaches Holbrook, where it curves towards the northeast. Along this stretch, it passes through Petrified Forest National Park and continues to the northeast, passing through Chambers, the highway still continues to the northeast to the New Mexico border southwest of Gallup, New Mexico as it continues on towards Albuquerque. With the exception of a stretch between Kingman and Flagstaff, I-40 directly replaced the famed US66 across northern Arizona, where possible, US66 was upgraded to Interstate standards to become I-40 directly. Exceptions to this were through the business districts of the cities and towns that US66 passed through. On October 26,1984, after the last section of I-40 was completed in Williams, the portions through cities that did not overlap I-40 would become business loops of I-40. The routing of a road near the current corridor of I-40 in Arizona was first surveyed, the road was a popular route for immigrants during the 1860s and 1870s until the transcontinental railroad was built across northern Arizona in the 1880s
9.
U.S. Route 66 in Arizona
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U. S. Route 66 covered 401 miles as part of a former United States Numbered Highway in the state of Arizona. The highway was decommissioned in 1985, although portions remain as State Route 66, in 1914 the road was designated National Old Trails Highway, in 1926 it was re-designated as US66. The section remained as Route 66 until 1953, and is open to traffic today as the Oatman Highway. On October 13,1984, Williams, Arizona, was the last point on US66 to be bypassed by an Interstate highway. US66 was dropped from the US Highway system in 1985, parts of the highway were either absorbed into Interstate 40, turned over to the state, a later alignment is now I-40. The older alignment passes through the Black Mountains complete with numerous hairpin turns, SR66 is the only part of old US66 in Arizona to have state route markers. It still serves communities that the freeway avoids, including Valentine, Hackberry and Peach Springs and its western terminus is near Kingman at exit 52 on I-40 and its eastern terminus was originally near Seligman at exit 123 on I-40. The state highway designation currently covers just 66 miles of a section east of Kingman, the road continues east into Yavapai County as a county-maintained road as the state turned over the easternmost 16.8 miles of SR66 to Yavapai County in 1990 for maintenance. Hackberry almost became a ghost town, at one point artist Bob Waldmire was a resident, members of the Grigg family have lived in Hackberry since the 1890s. Hackberry cemetery has seven generations of Grigg family members buried there, the Grand Canyon Caverns, just east of Peach Springs, are among the largest of dry caverns in the United States. Seligman is the birthplace of the first route 66 association, established by local barber Angel Delgadillo in 1987 and this group obtained the first Historic Route 66 designation, which the state initially placed on the segment of US66 between Kingman and Seligman. From Seligman to east of Flagstaff, the area is mountainous, the old section through Flagstaff itself is officially named Route 66. Shortly before joining I-40 east of Flagstaff, US66 passes through Winona, several abandoned portions of the former US66 highway are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. These include Abandoned Route 66, Ash Fork Hill, Abandoned Route 66, Parks east of Parks, Arizona and Abandoned Route 66, Parks west of Parks, Arizona. Williams Historic Business District and Urban Route 66, Williams were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and 1989, the Meteor Crater is south of old US66 near Winslow. The Homolovi State Park near Winslow preserves over 300 Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites, the Petrified Forest National Park is located east of Holbrook. About sixty miles before reaching New Mexico, the highway passed through the Painted Desert. Portions of US66 were paved over by I-40 construction or converted to frontage roads and this list follows the final non-freeway alignment
10.
Painted Desert (Arizona)
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The Painted Desert is a United States desert of badlands in the Four Corners area running from near the east end of the Grand Canyon National Park southeast into the Petrified Forest National Park. It is most easily accessed in the portion of The Petrified Forest National Park. The Painted Desert is known for its brilliant and varied colors, that not only include the common red rock. Finding the cities were not made of gold, Coronado sent an expedition to find the Colorado River to resupply him, passing through the wonderland of colors, they named the area El Desierto Pintado - The Painted Desert. Much of the Painted Desert within the Petrified Forest National Park is protected as the Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area where motorized travel is limited, but the park offers both easy and longer hikes into the colored hills. The Painted Desert continues north into the Navajo Nation where off-road travel is by permit, the desert is composed of stratified layers of easily erodible siltstone, mudstone, and shale of the Triassic Chinle Formation. These fine grained rock layers contain abundant iron and manganese compounds which provide the pigments for the colors of the region. Thin resistant lacustrine limestone layers and volcanic flows cap the mesas, numerous layers of silicic volcanic ash occur in the Chinle and provide the silica for the petrified logs of the area. The erosion of layers has resulted in the formation of the badlands topography of the region. In the southern portions of the desert the remains of a Triassic period coniferous forest have fossilized over millions of years, wind, water and soil erosion continue to change the face of the landscape by shifting sediment and exposing layers of the Chinle Formation. An assortment of fossilized plants and animals are found in the region, as well as dinosaur tracks. The Painted Desert extends roughly from Cameron–Tuba City southeast to past Holbrook, the desert is about 120 miles long by about 60 miles wide, making it roughly 7,500 square miles in area. Bordering southwest and south is the Mogollon Plateau, and on the south border the Mogollon Rim. Owing to the rain shadow of the Mogollon Rim, the Painted Desert has a cold desert climate, with hot, dry summers and cold. The annual precipitation is the lowest in northern Arizona and in places is lower even than Phoenix. Much of the region is only by foot or unpaved road though major highways. The towns of Cameron and Tuba City, both on the Navajo Nation, are two major settlements
11.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
12.
Civilian Conservation Corps
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The Civilian Conservation Corps was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was expanded to young men ages 17–28. Robert Fechner was the head of the agency, the CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. At the same time, it implemented a general natural resource conservation program in every state, maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Over the course of its nine years in operation,3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them shelter, clothing. The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs, principal benefits of an individuals enrollment in the CCC included improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans, approximately 15,000 Native Americans participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. Despite its popular support, the CCC was never a permanent agency and it depended on emergency and temporary Congressional legislation and funding to operate. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, the need for work relief declined, as governor of New York, Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale. He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing, uniforms, the Emergency Conservation Work Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5,1933 which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, the organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative each of the supervising departments. In addition, the Office of Education and Veterans Administration participated in the program, to end the opposition from labor unions Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the American Machinists Union, as director of the corps. William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor, was taken to the first camp to demonstrate that there would be no job training involved beyond simple manual labor. Reserve officers from the U. S. Army were in charge of the camps, General Douglas MacArthur was placed in charge of the program but said that the number of Army officers and soldiers assigned to the camps was affecting the readiness of the Regular Army. But the Army also found benefits in the program. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals, CCC also provided command experience to Organized Reserve Corps officers. Through the CCC, the Regular Army could assess the performance of both Regular and Reserve Officers
13.
Petrified wood
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Petrified wood is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having completely transitioned to stone by the process of permineralization, all the organic materials have been replaced with minerals, while retaining the original structure of the stem tissue. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, the petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment or volcanic ash and is initially preserved due to a lack of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition. Mineral-laden water flowing through the material deposits minerals in the plants cells, as the plants lignin and cellulose decay. The organic matter needs to become petrified before it decomposes completely, a forest where such material has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest. Elements such as manganese, iron, and copper in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood a variety of color ranges, pure quartz crystals are colorless, but when contaminants are added to the process the crystals take on a yellow, red, or another tint. Structures such as rings and the various tissues are often observed features. Petrified wood is a fossil in which the remains have been replaced by minerals in the slow process of being replaced with stone. This petrification process generally results in a quartz chalcedony mineralization, special rare conditions must be met in order for the fallen stem to be transformed into fossil wood or petrified wood. In general, the plants get buried in an environment free of oxygen. The other conditions include an access to mineral rich water in contact with the tissues. The end result is petrified wood, a plant, with its basic structure in place. Exotic minerals allow the red and green hues that can be seen in rarer specimens, australia – has deposits of petrified and opalised wood. Chinchilla, Queensland is famous for its Chinchilla Red, belgium – Geosite Goudberg near Hoegaarden. Brazil, in the geopark of Paleorrota, there is a vast area with petrified trees, canada – in the badlands of southern Alberta, Petrified wood is the provincial stone of Alberta. Axel Heiberg Island in Nunavut has a petrified forest. In and around the North Saskatchewan river, around the Edmonton area, Czech Republic, Nová Paka – The most famous locality on Permian-Carboniferous rocks in the Czech Republic. Ecuador – Puyango Petrified Forest - One of the largest collections of petrified wood in the world, large, upright trunks complete with root systems can be found, as well as trunks up to 22 m in length
14.
Fred Harvey Company
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The Fred Harvey Company was the owner of the Harvey House chain of restaurants, hotels, and other hospitality industry businesses alongside railroads in the western United States. The company traces its origins to the 1875 opening of two railroad eating houses located at Wallace, Kansas and Hugo, Colorado on the Kansas Pacific Railway and these cafés were opened by Fred Harvey, then a freight agent for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The café operation ended within a year, but Harvey had been convinced of the profits from providing a high quality food. In 1878, Harvey started the first of his eating house-hotel establishments along the AT&SF tracks in Florence, the rapid growth of the Harvey House chain soon followed. Fred Harvey is credited with creating the first restaurant chain in the U. S. Harvey, the popularity of the Harvey Girls grew even stronger in 1946 when Judy Garland starred in the film version of Samuel Hopkins Adams’s novel The Harvey Girls. After 1926, Harvey Cars were used in the provision of Indian Detours services offered from a number of Harvey hotel locations, the company continued to adjust to the trends. The Fred Harvey legacy was continued in the family until the death of a grandson in 1965, portions of the Fred Harvey Company have continued to operate since 1968 as part of a larger hospitality industry conglomerate. Fare typically consisted of nothing more than meat, cold beans. Such poor conditions discouraged many Americans from making the journey westward. The subsequent growth and development of the Fred Harvey Company was closely related to that of AT&SF, under the terms of an oral agreement, Harvey opened his first depot restaurant in Topeka, Kansas in January 1876. Railroad officials and passengers alike were impressed with Fred Harveys strict standards for quality food. As a result, AT&SF entered into subsequent contracts with Harvey wherein he was given unlimited funds to set up a series of what were dubbed eating houses along most of the route, at more prominent locations, these eating houses evolved into hotels, many of which survive today. By the late 1880s, there was a Fred Harvey dining facility located every 100 miles along the AT&SF. S, the company maintained two dairy facilities to ensure a consistent and adequate supply of fresh milk. The Harvey Company and AT&SF established a series of signals allowed the dining room staff to make the necessary preparations to feed an entire train in just thirty minutes. Harvey Houses served their meals on fine China and Irish linens, Fred Harvey, a fastidious innkeeper, set high standards for efficiency and cleanliness in his establishments, personally inspecting them as often as possible. It was said that nothing escaped his notice, and he was known to completely overturn a poorly set table. Male customers were required to wear a coat and tie in many of Harveys dining rooms, the Harvey Houses served many a meal to GIs traveling on troop trains during World War II. This mutually beneficial relationship, characterized as one of the most successful and influential business partnerships in the early American West, for the Southwest, Harvey hired architects Charles Whittlesey and designer Mary Colter for influential landmark hotels in Santa Fe and Gallup, New Mexico
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Fred Kabotie
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Fred Kabotie was a celebrated Hopi painter, silversmith, illustrator, potter, author, curator and educator. Fred Kabotie was born into a highly traditional Hopi family at Songoopavi, Second Mesa and his family founded Hotevilla, which is a community faithful to preserving Hopi traditions that were disappearing. He belonged to the Bluebird Clan, and his father belonged to the Sun Clan, Kaboties Hopi name was Naaqavoma meaning, The sun coming up day after day. His paternal grandfather gave him the nickname, Qaavotay meaning, Tomorrow, Kaboties teacher at Toreva Day School spelled his nickname, Kabotie which stuck with him for the rest of his life. As a child he drew images of Hopi Katsinas with bits of coal, Kabotie wasnt the best student with his spotty attendance at the local day school. English was the language students were allowed to speak. John DeHuff became superintendent of the school and went against the government policy of suppressing Native cultures. Johns wife Elizabeth taught painting to the students at the school and she encouraged her students to embrace their culture within their paintings. Kabotie painted Katsinas because he missed home, and sold his first painting for 50 cents to the schools carpentry teacher, john DeHuff was demoted and forced to leave the school because of his encouragement of Native cultures. He convinced Kabotie to continue his education at Santa Fe Public High School, during his summer vacations Kabotie worked with artists Velino Shije Herrera and Alfonso Roybal on archaeological excavations for the Museum of New Mexico. Kabotie commenced a long association with local archaeologist Edgar Lee Hewett and he joined him at archaeological excavations at Jemez Springs, New Mexico and Gran Quivira. After his graduation in the 1920s the Museum of New Mexico hired Kabotie to paint, Elizabeth DeHuff hired him to illustrate books. The George Gustav Heye Center in New York City commissioned him to paint a series depicting Hopi ceremonies and he also sold works to private collectors. Kabotie primarily painted with watercolor on paper, in 1930 Kabotie moved back to Shungopavi, AZ where he lived for most of his life. He was initiated into the Wuwtsimt mens society and married Alice Talayaonema and they eventually had three children together. Mary Colter commissioned him to paint murals in her Desert View Watchtower in 1933, in 1937 Oraibi High school opened for Hopi students and Kabotie taught painting there for 22 years. He had a desire to, Spread Hopi culture to young children. Kabotie taught hundreds of Hopi students and some went on to have successful art careers of their own and he was an advisor at the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco, CA where he curated a show of Native American art
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Hopi
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The Hopi are a Native American tribe, who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona. According to the 2010 census, there were 19,327 Hopi in the United States, the Hopi language is one of 30 in the Uto-Aztecan language family. The majority of Hopi people are enrolled in the Hopi Tribe of Arizona, the Hopi Reservation covers a land area of 2,531.773 sq mi. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, the Hopi, the Hopi are descended from the Ancient Pueblo Peoples who constructed large apartment-house complexes in northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. They lived along the Mogollon Rim, especially from the 12th–14th century, the name Hopi is a shortened form of their autonym, Hopituh Shi-nu-mu. The Hopi Dictionary gives the meaning of the word Hopi as, behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite. In the past, Hopi sometimes used the term Hopi and its cognates to refer to the Pueblo peoples in general, in contrast to other, Hopi is a concept deeply rooted in the cultures religion, spirituality, and its view of morality and ethics. The Hopi observe their traditional ceremonies for the benefit of the entire world, traditionally, Hopi are organized into matrilineal clans. When a man marries, the children from the relationship are members of his wifes clan and these clan organizations extend across all villages. Children are named by the women of the fathers clan, on the twentieth day of a babys life, the women of the paternal clan gather, each woman bringing a name and a gift for the child. In some cases where many relatives would attend, a child could be given over forty names, the childs parents generally decide the name to be used from these names. Current practice is to use a non-Hopi or English name or the parents chosen Hopi name. A person may change the name upon initiation into one of the religious societies, such as the Kachina society. The Hopi have always viewed their land as sacred, agriculture is a very important part of their culture, and their villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception of land being bounded and divided and they lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16,1882 President Arthur passed an order creating a reservation for the Hopi. It was much smaller than the Navajo reservation, which was the largest in the country, on October 24,1936 the Hopi people ratified a Constitution. That Constitution created a government where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council
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Hopi House
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Hopi House is located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, within Grand Canyon National Park in the U. S. state of Arizona. Hopi House was built by the Fred Harvey Company as a market for Native American crafts, the Hopi, as the historic inhabitants of the area, were chosen as the featured artisans, and the building was designed to closely resemble a traditional Hopi pueblo. Hopi House opened on January 1,1905, two weeks before the El Tovar Hotel, located just to the west, was opened, Mary Colter had worked on a number of projects for the Fred Harvey Company, principally as an architect and interior designer. She was particularly successful in a project, the Indian Building at the Fred Harvey Companys Alvarado Hotel in Albuquerque. Colter planned Hopi House as a sort of living museum, in which Hopi Indians could live while making and selling traditional crafts, the structure was based on Colters interpretation of the Hopi dwelling at Oraibi, Arizona. A variety of interior spaces provide museum, sales and demonstration space, Hopi House is a stepped structure executed in sandstone of varying size, texture and coursing. The roof surfaces function as terraces in the manner as traditional Hopi dwellings. Windows are small and sparse, with doorways on the small scale. Interior walls are plastered with adobe, while ceilings are composed of saplings, twigs, fireplaces are located in the corners of rooms. The old staircase to the floor is decorated with murals by an unknown Hopi artist. The second floor houses a shrine, called a kiva, with Hopi religious artifacts, floors on the second floor were made to look like adobe but were actually cement, which later in the 1930s the floor was laid with hard wood flooring. The third floor was used as an apartment for the former managers. It has since updated and is now used as storage. Most of the furnishings in the main level, were picked out by Colter, have been preserved. Hopi House is a component of the multi-site Mary Jane Colter Buildings National Historic Landmark, Hopi House and the Lookout Studio are also major contributing structures in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District. Parkitecture in Western National Parks, Hopi House M. E. J, Colter Buildings, Architecture in the Parks
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Grand Canyon National Park
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Grand Canyon National Park is the United States 15th oldest national park. Named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, the park is located in northwestern Arizona, the parks central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often considered one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The park covers 1,217,262 acres of unincorporated area in Coconino, the park received nearly six million recreational visitors in 2016, which is the second highest count of all U. S. national parks after Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Grand Canyon was officially designated a park in 1919, though the landmark had been well known to Americans for over thirty years prior. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt visited the site and said and it is beyond comparison—beyond description, absolutely unparalleled through-out the wide world. Let this great wonder of nature remain as it now is, do nothing to mar its grandeur, sublimity and loveliness. But what you can do is to keep it for children, your childrens children. Despite Roosevelts enthusiasm and his strong interest in preserving land for public use, harrison unsuccessfully reintroduced his bill in 1883 and 1886, after his election to the presidency, he established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation on 28 November 1906, the National Park Service, established in 1916, assumed administration of the park. The creation of the park was a success of the conservation movement. Its national park status may have helped thwart proposals to dam the Colorado River within its boundaries, in 1975, the former Marble Canyon National Monument, which followed the Colorado River northeast from the Grand Canyon to Lees Ferry, was made part of Grand Canyon National Park. In 1979, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site, in 2010, Grand Canyon National Park was honored with its own coin under the America the Beautiful Quarters program. The Grand Canyon, including its system of tributary canyons, is valued for its combination of size, depth. The canyon itself was created by the incision of the Colorado River and its tributaries after the Colorado Plateau was uplifted, the primary public areas of the park are the North and South Rims of the Grand Canyon itself. The rest of the park is rugged and remote, although many places are accessible by pack trail. Only the Navajo Bridge near Page connects the rims by road in Arizona, otherwise, the two rims of the Canyon are connected via the Mike OCallaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge and the Hoover Dam. The park headquarters are at Grand Canyon Village, not far from the entrance to the park. Park accommodations are operated by Xanterra Parks and Resorts, the North Rim is a smaller, more remote area with less tourist activity
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Heritage Documentation Programs
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These programs were established to document historic places in the United States. Records consist of measured drawings, archival photographs, and written reports, in 1933, NPS established the Historic American Buildings Survey following a proposal by Charles E. Peterson, a young landscape architect in the agency. It was founded as a constructive program for architects, draftsmen. Guided by field instructions from Washington, D. C. the first HABS recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of Americas architectural heritage, by creating an archive of historic architecture, HABS provided a database of primary source material and documentation for the then-fledgling historic preservation movement. Earlier private projects included the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, notable HABS photographers include Jack Boucher, who worked for the project for over 40 years. The Historic American Engineering Record program was founded on January 10,1969, by NPS, HAER documents historic mechanical and engineering artifacts. Since the advent of HAER, the program is typically called HABS/HAER. Today much of the work of HABS/HAER is done by student teams during the summer, eric DeLony headed HAER from 1971 to 2003. In October 2000, NPS and the American Society of Landscape Architects established a sister program, a predecessor, the Historic American Landscape and Garden Project, recorded historic Massachusetts gardens between 1935 and 1940. That project was funded by the Works Progress Administration, but was administered by HABS, the permanent collection of HABS/HAER/HALS are housed at the Library of Congress, which was established in 1790 as the replacement reference library of the United States Congress. It has since expanded to serve as the National Library of the United States, U. S. publishers are required to deposit a copy of every copyrighted and published work, book monograph. As a branch of the United States Government, its works are in the public domain in the US. Many images, drawings, and documents are available through the Prints and Photographs Online Catalog, including proposed, demolished, and existing structures, locales, projects, and designs. Jack Boucher, former HABS/HAER photographer Jet Lowe, former HAER photographer National Register of Historic Places HAER,30 Years of Recording Our Technological Heritage, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Documenting Complexity, The Historic American Engineering Record and Americas Technological History, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. National Park Service−NPS, official Heritage Documentation Programs website
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Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
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Painted Desert Community Complex Historic District
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The Painted Desert Community Complex is the administrative center of Petrified Forest National Park. Work on the community began in 1961 and was completed by 1965, the complex contrasts with earlier Park Service architecture that sought to blend with the environment. The Painted Desert community used straight manufactured materials that draw a contrast with the natural environment. The most significant building is the Painted Desert Visitor Center, designed as a severely modernist structure that includes administrative offices, a visitor center, an auditorium, a clinic and staff apartments. Other structures include a community center, school and a Fred Harvey Company concession building, pedestrian circulation paths are used as defining organizing elements. The original landscape design used non-native plants that required regular watering, removal of irrigation caused these plants to die, altering the landscape. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, list of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona National Register of Historic Places listings in Apache County, Arizona
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Agate House Pueblo
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Agate House is a partially reconstructed Puebloan building in Petrified Forest National Park, built almost entirely of petrified wood. The eight-room pueblo has been dated to approximately the year 900 and occupied through 1200, of the Pueblo II, the agatized wood was laid in a clay mortar, in lieu of the more usual sandstone-and-mortar masonry of the area. The ruins of Agate House were reconstructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1933-34 under the direction of C. B. Cosgrove Jr. of the New Mexico Laboratory of Anthropology, room 7 was fully reconstructed with a new roof. Room 2s walls were rebuilt to a height of five feet, but not roofed, media related to Agate House Pueblo at Wikimedia Commons Petrified Forest National Park. gov, Agate House
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Contributing property
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Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
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