1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
Petrified Forest National Park
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Petrified Forest National Park is a United States national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona. Named for its deposits of petrified wood, the fee area of the park covers about 230 square miles, encompassing semi-desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded. The site, the part of which extends into the Painted Desert, was declared a national monument in 1906. The park received 643,274 recreational visitors in 2016, representing a decrease of 19% from the prior year, typical visitor activities include sightseeing, photography, hiking, and backpacking. Averaging about 5,400 feet in elevation, the park has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 100 °F to winter lows well below freezing. More than 400 species of plants, dominated by such as bunchgrass, blue grama. About half of the park is designated wilderness, the Petrified Forest is known for its fossils, especially fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic Period, about 225 million years ago. The sediments containing the logs are part of the widespread and colorful Chinle Formation. Beginning about 60 million years ago, the Colorado Plateau, of which the park is part, was pushed upward by tectonic forces and exposed to increased erosion. All of the rock layers above the Chinle, except geologically recent ones found in parts of the park, have been removed by wind. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the parks fossils since the early 20th century, the parks earliest human inhabitants arrived at least 8,000 years ago. By about 2,000 years ago, they were growing corn in the area, later inhabitants built above-ground dwellings called pueblos. Although a changing climate caused the last of the parks pueblos to be abandoned by about 1400 CE, more than 600 archeological sites, including petroglyphs, have been discovered in the park. Later, roads and a railway followed similar routes and gave rise to tourism and, before the park was protected, theft of petrified wood remains a problem in the 21st century. Petrified Forest National Park straddles the border between Apache County and Navajo County in northeastern Arizona, I-40, former U. S. Route 66, the BNSF Railway, and the Puerco River bisect the park generally east–west along a similar route. Adamana, a ghost town, is about 1 mile west of the park along the BNSF tracks, Holbrook, about 26 miles west of park headquarters along I-40, is the nearest city. Bisecting the park north–south is Park Road, which runs between I-40 near park headquarters on the north and U. S. Route 180 on the south, Historic Highway 180, an earlier alignment of the modern route, crosses the southern edge of the park. Like Route 66, it has deteriorated and is closed, many unpaved maintenance roads, closed to the public, intersect Park Road at various points
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Mary Colter
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Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter was an American architect and designer. She was one of the few female American architects in her day. She was the designer of many buildings and spaces for the Fred Harvey Company. Mary Colter was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and her family moved to Colorado and Texas before settling down in St. Paul, Minnesota, which she considered to be her home. There she graduated high school at the age of 14, after her father died in 1886, Colter attended the California School of Design, and apprenticed with a local architectural firm. She then taught art, drafting, and architecture in St. Paul for some years, Colter taught at the Mechanic Arts High School for fifteen years and lectured at the University Extension School. By one account, in 1901 Minnie Harvey Huckel helped Colter land a job with her familys Fred Harvey Company. Colter began working full-time for the company in 1910, moving from interior designer to architect, for the next 38 years, Colter served as chief architect and decorator for the Fred Harvey Company. Fred Harvey conquered the West along the Santa Fes main route through strategic use of restaurant efficiency, clean-cut and pretty women, high-end tourism. Anthropologists on his staff located the most appealing Native American art and artifacts like pottery, jewelry and his merchandisers designed goods based on those artifacts. The Santa Fe railroad bought the La Fonda hotel on the plaza of the old city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1925, for a major expansion, Colter was assigned to do the interior design and decorating. She hired artists and artisans from the nearby pueblos to make the furniture, Native American styles were employed in hand-crafted chandeliers, copper and tin lighting fixtures, tiles and textiles, and other ornamentation. La Fonda became the most successful of the Harvey House hotels and its striking blend of Pueblo people and Spanish artistic influences, today known locally as the Santa Fe Style, became very popular across the region. Colter also decorated, but did not design, the parks El Tovar Hotel, in 1987, the Mary Jane Colter Buildings, as a group, were listed as a National Historic Landmark. Colters work is credited with inspiring the Pueblo Deco style, the Harvey Company got the concession in 1922 to operate a camp at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Considering the Phantom Ranchs location, Colters use of on-site fieldstone and her structures at the Grand Canyon set the precedent for using on-site materials and bold, large-scale design elements. For her Bright Angel Lodge on the South Rim, she used a 6-foot scale model to ensure that the lodge, a chain-smoking perfectionist, Colter cared about backstory and attractive features. She conceived Hermits Rest as a sort of folly, as if it had been wired together by a mountain man
6.
Pueblo Revival architecture
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The Pueblo Revival style is a regional architectural style of the Southwestern United States, which draws its inspiration from the Pueblos and the Spanish missions in New Mexico. The style developed at the turn of the 20th century and reached its greatest popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, Pueblo style architecture is most prevalent in the state of New Mexico. Pueblo-style architecture imitates the appearance of traditional Pueblo adobe construction, though materials such as brick or concrete are often substituted. If adobe is not used, rounded corners, irregular parapets, walls are usually stuccoed and painted in earth tones. Multistory buildings usually employ stepped massing similar to that seen at Taos Pueblo, the regional architecture from which the Pueblo style draws its inspiration is primarily found in New Mexico and Arizona, but also Colorado. Although the revival movement is most closely associated with the state of New Mexico, in the 1890s, architect A. C. Schweinfurth incorporated Pueblo features into a number of his buildings in California, mary Elizabeth Jane Collters Hopi House in Grand Canyon National Park drew heavily on the Pueblo style. In 1908, architect Isaac Rapp used the San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church as a template for his Colorado Supply Company warehouse in Morley, the best known of these was his 1908 remodeling of Hodgin Hall, though a new heating plant and the Estufa were completed earlier. Nearly all subsequent university buildings have also employed the Pueblo style, the other stronghold of Pueblo-style architecture is Santa Fe, where it was popularized in the 1920s and 1930s by a group of artists and architects seeking to establish a unique regional identity. In 1957, a committee led by John Gaw Meem drafted Santa Fe H Historical District Regulations Ordinance No, 1957-18, commonly known as the Historical Zoning Ordinance. This ordinance mandated the use of the Old Santa Fe Style and this ordinance remains in effect, meaning the Pueblo style continues to predominate. Pueblo-style houses are frequently constructed in Albuquerque, Santa Fe. Updated versions of the style have also used for newer commercial and public buildings such as the Albuquerque International Sunport terminal. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, only in New Mexico, An Architectural History of the University of New Mexico, the First Century 1889-1989. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press
7.
Navajo County, Arizona
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Navajo County is located in the northern part of the U. S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census, its population was 107,449, Navajo County comprises the Show Low, AZ Micropolitan Statistical Area. Navajo County contains parts of the Hopi Indian reservation, the Navajo Nation, Navajo County was split from Apache County on March 21,1895. The first county sheriff was legendary gunman Commodore Perry Owens, who had served as the sheriff of Apache County. It was the location for many of the events played out during the Pleasant Valley War. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 9,960 square miles. Many people think that Arizona is a vast, open desert without vegetation, however, Navajo County offers not only the Monument Valley, but Keams Canyon, part of the Petrified Forest National Park, and the largest stand of Ponderosa Pines in North America. The population density was 10 people per square mile, there were 47,413 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile. 8. 22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 77% reported speaking Navajo at home,5. 94% other Southern Athabaskan languages,4. 71% Spanish, and 3. 23% Hopi. 19. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.68. In the county, the population was out with 35. 40% under the age of 18,8. 80% from 18 to 24,25. 30% from 25 to 44,20. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 98.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,569, and the median income for a family was $32,409. Males had an income of $30,509 versus $21,621 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,609, about 23. 40% of families and 29. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36. 60% of those under age 18 and 20. 30% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 107,449 people,35,658 households, the population density was 10.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 56,938 housing units at a density of 5.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 49. 3% white,43. 4% American Indian,0. 9% black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 1% Pacific islander,3. 4% from other races, and 2. 5% from two or more races
8.
Interstate 40 in Arizona
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Interstate 40 is an east–west Interstate Highway that has a 359. 6-mile section in the U. S. state of Arizona connecting sections in California to New Mexico. It enters Arizona from the west at a crossing of the Colorado River southwest of Kingman and it travels eastward across the northern portion of the state connecting the cities of Kingman, Ash Fork, Williams, Flagstaff, Winslow, and Holbrook. I-40 continues into New Mexico, heading to Albuquerque, the highway has major junctions with U. S. Route 93 in Kingman, the main highway connecting Phoenix and Las Vegas, Nevada, and I-17 in Flagstaff, the Interstate linking Phoenix and Flagstaff. For the majority of its routing through Arizona, I-40 follows the alignment of U. S. Route 66. The lone exception is a stretch between Kingman and Ash Fork where US66 took a northerly, less direct route that is now State Route 66. Construction of I-40 was ongoing in the 1960s and 1970s and reached completion in 1984, with the completion of I-40 in 1984, the entire routing of US66 had been bypassed by Interstate Highways which led to its decertification a year later in 1985. I-40 enters Arizona from California at a bridge crosses the Colorado River at Topock in Mohave County. It heads east from Topock and begins to curve towards the north at Franconia, the interstate continues to head north until it reaches Kingman. In this city, I-40 has a junction with US93 at exit 48, US93 heads towards the northwest from this junction to Hoover Dam and Las Vegas. US93 south begins to run concurrently with I-40 as they both head east through Kingman, the two separate at exit 71 as US93 heads towards the south towards Phoenix while I-40 heads east towards Flagstaff. I-40 continues towards the east, passing through the town of Seligman and then at Ash Fork, where it meets State Route 89, next, it passes through Williams at exit 165 with SR64, and heads north towards Grand Canyon National Park. I-40 continues to the east to Flagstaff, where it has a junction with I-17 at exit 195, I-17 heads south from the interchange with I-40 to Phoenix. East of Flagstaff, I-40 heads towards the east-southeast direction as it goes through the town of Winslow and it continues towards this direction until it reaches Holbrook, where it curves towards the northeast. Along this stretch, it passes through Petrified Forest National Park and continues to the northeast, passing through Chambers, the highway still continues to the northeast to the New Mexico border southwest of Gallup, New Mexico as it continues on towards Albuquerque. With the exception of a stretch between Kingman and Flagstaff, I-40 directly replaced the famed US66 across northern Arizona, where possible, US66 was upgraded to Interstate standards to become I-40 directly. Exceptions to this were through the business districts of the cities and towns that US66 passed through. On October 26,1984, after the last section of I-40 was completed in Williams, the portions through cities that did not overlap I-40 would become business loops of I-40. The routing of a road near the current corridor of I-40 in Arizona was first surveyed, the road was a popular route for immigrants during the 1860s and 1870s until the transcontinental railroad was built across northern Arizona in the 1880s
9.
U.S. Route 66 in Arizona
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U. S. Route 66 covered 401 miles as part of a former United States Numbered Highway in the state of Arizona. The highway was decommissioned in 1985, although portions remain as State Route 66, in 1914 the road was designated National Old Trails Highway, in 1926 it was re-designated as US66. The section remained as Route 66 until 1953, and is open to traffic today as the Oatman Highway. On October 13,1984, Williams, Arizona, was the last point on US66 to be bypassed by an Interstate highway. US66 was dropped from the US Highway system in 1985, parts of the highway were either absorbed into Interstate 40, turned over to the state, a later alignment is now I-40. The older alignment passes through the Black Mountains complete with numerous hairpin turns, SR66 is the only part of old US66 in Arizona to have state route markers. It still serves communities that the freeway avoids, including Valentine, Hackberry and Peach Springs and its western terminus is near Kingman at exit 52 on I-40 and its eastern terminus was originally near Seligman at exit 123 on I-40. The state highway designation currently covers just 66 miles of a section east of Kingman, the road continues east into Yavapai County as a county-maintained road as the state turned over the easternmost 16.8 miles of SR66 to Yavapai County in 1990 for maintenance. Hackberry almost became a ghost town, at one point artist Bob Waldmire was a resident, members of the Grigg family have lived in Hackberry since the 1890s. Hackberry cemetery has seven generations of Grigg family members buried there, the Grand Canyon Caverns, just east of Peach Springs, are among the largest of dry caverns in the United States. Seligman is the birthplace of the first route 66 association, established by local barber Angel Delgadillo in 1987 and this group obtained the first Historic Route 66 designation, which the state initially placed on the segment of US66 between Kingman and Seligman. From Seligman to east of Flagstaff, the area is mountainous, the old section through Flagstaff itself is officially named Route 66. Shortly before joining I-40 east of Flagstaff, US66 passes through Winona, several abandoned portions of the former US66 highway are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. These include Abandoned Route 66, Ash Fork Hill, Abandoned Route 66, Parks east of Parks, Arizona and Abandoned Route 66, Parks west of Parks, Arizona. Williams Historic Business District and Urban Route 66, Williams were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and 1989, the Meteor Crater is south of old US66 near Winslow. The Homolovi State Park near Winslow preserves over 300 Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites, the Petrified Forest National Park is located east of Holbrook. About sixty miles before reaching New Mexico, the highway passed through the Painted Desert. Portions of US66 were paved over by I-40 construction or converted to frontage roads and this list follows the final non-freeway alignment
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