1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
San Luis Rey River
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The San Luis Rey River is a river in northern San Diego County, California. The rivers headwaters are in the Palomar Mountain Range and Cleveland National Forest, near Palomar Mountain, the river mouth, on the Pacific Ocean, is in northern Oceanside. The San Luis Rey River bike path runs along it for its last 9 miles, the river is over 69 miles long and drains 562 square miles. There is little water in the river during most of the year, the San Luis Rey River rises in two main branches. The mainstem starts east of Rocky Mountain in the Cleveland National Forest, the West Forks headwaters rise as a pair of tiny streams, Fry Creek and Iron Springs Creek, just to the north of Palomar Mountain. These two streams combine into the West Fork, which flows southeast through the Mendenhall Valley, the West Fork joins the main stem at Lake Henshaw, a reservoir formed by a dam across the main stem San Luis Rey River. From the base of Henshaw Dam, the river winds west along the foot of the Palomars and it then bends southwest into a gorge. It leaves the canyon at the wide and spacious Pauma Valley, potrero and Pauma Creeks enter from the right, then Frey Creek and Agua Tibia Creek as the river travels northwest. The river turns west, passing Pala, flowing through a patchwork of privately owned, government-owned and it then crosses under Interstate 15 and exits the foothills of the mountains near Bonsall. After passing Bonsall the river flows generally southwest, through the cities of San Luis Rey and Oceanside. Although usually dry up to point the river starts to contain water as it nears the mouth, both from seeps and from tidal activity that forms a lagoon at the mouth of the river. The San Luis Rey empties into the Pacific north of Oceanside, about 2 miles south of the Santa Margarita River, the dam that forms Lake Henshaw is the only one directly on the river itself. However, tributaries in the watershed are extensively dammed. The San Luis Rey River has natural river banks, except for the last 7 miles where it flows through a 400-foot-wide earthen channel with levees to prevent stormwater from flooding Oceanside, urbanization, mining, and agriculture have caused substantial deterioration of water quality the drainage basin. Since Lake Henshaw is relatively close to the headwaters, it is a source of drinking water, however, the water in the lower reaches of the river is used for groundwater recharge only. A bridge was completed across the river near its mouth in 2009 and they are a southern tribe of the indigenous peoples of California. The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition, on the return journey to the new pueblo of San Diego, the party again camped near the river on January 22,1770. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi noted in his diary. we descended to a large and beautiful valley and we crossed it straight to the north and pitched camp near a large pool of water, one of several in the plain
3.
San Diego County, California
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San Diego County is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,095,313, making it Californias second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is San Diego, the eighth-most populous city in the United States and it is the south-westernmost county in the 48 contiguous United States. San Diego County comprises the San Diego-Carlsbad Metropolitan Statistical Area, San Diego is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico. Greater San Diego ranks as the 38th largest metropolitan area in the Americas, San Diego County has 70 miles of coastline. Most of the county has a mild Mediterranean climate to climate, though there are mountains that receive frost. There are also 16 naval and military installations of the U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps, and these include the Naval Base San Diego, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, and Naval Air Station North Island. From north to south, San Diego County extends from the borders of Orange County and Riverside County to the Mexico–United States border. From west to east, San Diego County stretches from the Pacific Ocean to its boundary with Imperial County, the area which is now San Diego County has been inhabited for more than 10,000 years by Kumeyaay, Luiseño, Cupeño and Cahuilla Indians. In 1542, the Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing for Spain, claimed San Diego Bay for the Spanish Empire, and he named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. European settlement in what is now San Diego County began with the founding of the San Diego Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá by Spanish soldiers and this county was part of Alta California under the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the Mexican declaration of independence. From 1821 through 1848 this area was part of Mexico, San Diego County became part of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the U. S. -Mexican War. San Diego County was one of the counties of California. At the time of its establishment in 1850, San Diego County was relatively large, as such it included areas of what are now Inyo County and San Bernardino County, as well as all of what is now Riverside County and Imperial County. During the later part of the 19th century, there were changes in the boundaries of San Diego County. The most recent changes were the establishments of Riverside County in 1893, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,526 square miles, of which 4,207 square miles is land and 319 square miles is water. The county is larger in area than the states of Rhode Island
4.
Fallbrook, California
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Fallbrook is an unincorporated community in northern San Diego County, California. The Fallbrook census-designated place population was 30,534 at the 2010 census, fallbrooks downtown is not on any major highway route. It is 6 miles west of Interstate 15 or 5 miles north of State Route 76, Fallbrook is situated immediately east of the U. S. Marine Corps Camp Pendleton. It once housed a stagecoach stop for the stage ran from Temecula to San Diego. Fallbrook is known for its groves and claims the title Avocado Capital of the World. It is often called or known as The Friendly Village, the Avocado Festival is held in the downtown strip annually and frequently draws large crowds. Fallbrook has an art community with Fallbrook School of the Arts, numerous art galleries, c.30 pieces of public art. The community of Fallbrook began in the area today as Live Oak County Park. The first permanent recorded settlement was in 1869, when the Vital Reche family settled here and they named the new community Fall Brook after their former homestead in Pennsylvania. The present town site was plotted in 1885, the original Fallbrook School, though closed as a school in 1939, still serves the community as the Reche Clubhouse. One of the churches was constructed in 1890 and is still in use today. Oak trees were the primary trees in Fallbrook. Olives became a major crop by the 1920s and continued through World War II, there are over sixty wholesale and retail nurseries in the community. Incorporation votes occurred in 1981 and 1987, but both votes failed, Fallbrook has an average year-round temperature of 61 degrees. Due to the ocean breezes, the humidity is relatively low. The average daytime high in Fallbrook is 76 degrees, although in the summer, most of the area is frost-free, during the coldest periods the average nighttime temperature is about 42 degrees. Due to its proximity to the ocean, days start with early morning fog. Annual rainfall is roughly 10 inches and comes mostly between November and April, rainfall is higher in the surrounding hills, up to 20 inches
5.
2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
6.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
9.
Pala, California
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Pala is a small, mostly Native American, community located in the Pala Indian Reservation, located within San Diego County, California near Fallbrook. For centuries a traditional gathering place of peoples, it was selected in the early 19th century by Spanish Franciscan missionaries as the site of a mission to serve the Native Americans. The community is east of Carlsbad in the San Diego-Carlsbad metro area, in the National Geographic Names Database, it is officially catalogued as feature number 1661174. The community is in ZIP Code 92059, and inside area code 760, the community name may be derived from the Native American Cupeño or Luiseño language term pal, meaning water. Another possible origin of the name is the Spanish word pala, the community is in the Pacific time zone. Pala is at an altitude of 404 feet, located at latitude 33°21′55″N 117°04′36″W, after United States annexation of California following its victory in the Mexican-American War, Pala became known for its mineral resources, including gold and tourmaline. Numerous gem mines were established in 1890s, of more than twenty are listed in the Mindat database. Gem mines in the Pala District still produce tourmaline, with the variety as the regional specialty. Chinas Dowager Empress Cixi of Qing Dynasty highly prized the pink tourmaline mined in Pala, under her influence, Chinas demand for this gem created a boom in the California tourmaline industry after 1902, particularly at the Himalaya mine. Demand fell off about 1911, declining after the Empress died in 1908, Pala was the site where morganite beryl was first discovered. In 1902 it was found to have the first commercially significant deposit of kunzite, named after George F. Kunz, mission San Antonio de Pala Pala Indian Reservation
10.
San Antonio de Pala Asistencia
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Pala Mission was part of the Spanish missions, asistencias, and estancias system in Las Californias—Alta California. Today it is located in the Pala Indian Reservation located in northern San Diego County and it is the only historic mission facility still serving a Mission Indian tribe. Pala was essentially a small rancho surrounded by fields and herds. Once Mission San Luis Rey began to prosper, it attracted the attention of numerous mountain Native Americans in the area, the Franciscan fathers chose this site for the Pala Mission because it was a traditional gathering place and village for the Native American residents. Father Peyrí oversaw the addition of a chapel and housing to the granary complex, the chapels interior wall surfaces featured paintings by native artists, originally measuring 144 by 27 feet. Workers went into the Palomar Mountains and cut down trees to use as roof beams. Pala is unique among all of the Franciscan missions in that it boasts the only completely freestanding campanile, or bell tower, by 1820, some 1,300 baptisms had been performed at the outpost. Folk tales about the mission include mention of a prickly pear cactus, which became a symbol of Christian victory. After the nation achieved independence from Spain, the Mexican Congress passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California on August 17,1833.25, pico on May 18,1846 for $2,000 in silver and $437.50 in wheat. Through the years, priests from San Luis Rey continued to visit Pala and conduct baptisms, marriages, on Christmas Day 1899, the San Jacinto earthquake shook the Pala Valley, causing the roof over the church sanctuary to collapse. In 1902, a group named the Landmarks Club of Southern California, under the direction of American journalist, historian, and photographer Charles Fletcher Lummis, purchased Pala Mission. The following year, the Club returned ownership to the Catholic Church and saved the Chapel, Pala is the only California mission to have ministered without interruption to the Mission Indians for whom it was originally built. It is also the only sub-mission still intact, the traditional Corpus Christi Fiesta has been celebrated every year since its founding. Though it lacked a resident priest, Pala served as the mission to chapels in Cahuilla, La Jolla, Pauma, Pichanga, Rincon, Santa Rosa. On August 9,1942 MGM motion picture actress Ruth Hussey was wed at Pala Mission, in 1948 the Verona Fathers succeeded the Franciscans in the care of the Mission. Six years later, the fathers undertook a restoration of the Mission. In May 1991, administration of the Mission reverted to the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego, since 1996, Pala has hosted the Vivian Banks charter school. Bells were vitally important to life at any mission
11.
Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
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Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is a former Spanish mission in an unincorporated part of San Diego County, surrounded by the present-day city of Oceanside, California, United States. The mission was founded on June 13,1798 by Padre Fermín Lasuén, named for Saint Louis, the mission lent its name to the Luiseño tribe of Mission Indians. The current church, built in 1811, is the church on this location. It is a National Historic Landmark, for its example of a Spanish mission church complex. Today the mission complex functions as a church of the Diocese of San Diego as well as a museum. San Luis Rey De Francis Mission raised about 26,000 cattle as well as goats, geese, the first non-natives to see the mission site were members of the 1769 Portola expedition. Padre Juan Crespi noted in his diary on July 18 that it would be a spot for future establishment of a mission. He named the place San Juan Capistrano, but that name was used instead for the mission founded further north in 1776, the area became a standard camping stop on the road connecting the missions, until the mission establishment 29 years later. The original name La Misión de San Luis, Rey de Francia was named for King Louis IX of France. At its prime, Mission San Luis Reys structures and services compound covered almost 950,400 acres, making it one of the largest of the missions, along with its surrounding agricultural land. Two outposts were built in support of Mission San Luis Rey and placed under its supervision, San Antonio de Pala Asistencia in 1816 and Las Flores Estancia in 1823. In his book, Tac lamented the rapid decline of his Luiseño people after the founding of the mission, In Quechla not long ago there were 5,000 souls. Through a sickness that came to California,2,000 souls died, the Mission-born, Franciscan-educated Tac wrote that his people initially attempted to bar the Spaniards from invading their Southern California lands. When the foreigners approached. the chief stood up. and met them, pablo Tac went on to describe the preferential conditions and treatment the padres received, In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandiño father is like a king. He has his pages, alcaldes, majordomos, musicians, soldiers, gardens, ranchos, the first Peruvian Pepper Tree in California was planted here in 1830, now iconic, widely planted, and renamed the California Pepper tree in the state. After the Mexican secularization act of 1833 much of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia land was sold off, during the Mexican-American War in Alta California, the Mission was utilized as a military outpost by the United States Army. With secularization of the mission in 1834, no services were held. The Missions religious services restarted in 1893, when two Mexican priests were given permission to restore the Mission as a Franciscan college, father Joseph OKeefe was assigned as an interpreter for the monks
12.
Pala Casino Resort and Spa
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Pala Casino Spa and Resort is a hotel casino and spa located in Pala on the Pala Indian Reservation near San Diego, California. It is owned and operated by the Pala Band of Mission Indians, the casino has 2,000 slots,87 table games,10 restaurants, a 10, 000-square-foot day spa, and 4 entertainment venues. The hotel has 500 rooms and 82 suites, in March 2000, ground broke on the $115 million Pala Casino. Pala opened its doors on April 3,2001, on August 19,2003, the Pala Casino Spa and Resort opened with 500 rooms, a spa, and a conference center. The project cost around $105 million to complete
13.
California State Route 76
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State Route 76 is a state highway 52.63 miles long in the U. S. state of California. It is a much used east–west route in the North County region of San Diego County that begins in Oceanside near Interstate 5, the highway is a major route through the region, passing through the community of Bonsall and providing access to Fallbrook. East of the junction with I-15, SR76 goes through Pala, a route along the corridor has existed since the early 20th century, as has the bridge over the San Luis Rey River near Bonsall. The route was added to the highway system in 1933. The section of the highway through Oceanside and Bonsall is mostly an expressway, east of Bonsall. Originally, the highway was two lanes wide, west of Bonsall, the route was widened in stages, after decades of funding shortages, planning. The California Department of Transportation plans to expand the length of the highway west of I-15 to an expressway. As of March 2016, construction is under way between Bonsall and I-15, there is soon an interchange with I-5, after which SR76 becomes a four-lane expressway known as the San Luis Rey Mission Expressway. From I-5 to Mission Avenue, the highway parallels the San Luis Rey River until it passes by Oceanside Municipal Airport, during this stretch, SR76 intersects Loretta Street, Canyon Drive, Benet Road, Airport Road, and Foussat Road. There are two overpasses, one over Mission Avenue, and one over El Camino Real, before the road intersects Douglas Drive, as it enters rural Oceanside, SR76 intersects with North Santa Fe Avenue, Guajome Lake Road, and Melrose Drive. SR76 intersects the segment of CR S13, known as East Vista Way. The highway passes through Bonsall, intersecting Via Montellano, Olive Hill Road, SR76 then meets the northern segment of CR S13, known as South Mission Road, while heading north into Fallbrook, SR76 is the primary road connecting the two portions of CR S13. Here, SR76 becomes known as Pala Road, narrowing to two lanes and it intersects Via Monserate and Gird Road south of Fallbrook before crossing the former routing of US395 and the current routing of I-15 in the community of Pala Mesa Village. SR76 then goes through Pala and the Pala Indian Reservation, providing access to the Pala Casino and intersecting CR S16, SR76 intersects the southern leg of CR S6, leading to Valley Center and Escondido. It then briefly passes through the Cleveland National Forest and meets the terminus of CR S7. SR76 then passes along the shores of Lake Henshaw before terminating at the intersection with SR79 at Morettis Junction, SR76 is legally eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation. The part of the highway from the terminus to Douglas Drive is also named for Tony Zeppetella. The road through the San Luis Rey Valley was planned as early as 1889 and it was added to the state highway system in 1933, while the condition of the highway continued to improve
14.
Huell Howser
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The archive of his video chronicles offers an enhanced understanding of the history, culture, and people of California. He also voiced the Backson in Winnie the Pooh, Howser was born Huell Burnley Howser in Gallatin, Tennessee on October 18,1945 to Harold Chamberlain and Jewell Havens Howser. Howsers first name is a blend of his parents names Harold and Jewell and he received a B. A. in history from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, where he also served as student body president. After serving in the U. S. Marine Corps and on the staff of U. S. Howser was also a personality working for the University of Tennessee. After working in New York City as the host of WCBS-TVs Real Life show, Howser moved to Los Angeles, during 1982 and 1983, he served as weekend host and correspondent for Entertainment Tonight. In 1985, he joined KCET as a producer of Videolog, Californias Gold highlights small towns, landmarks, events, or places of interest throughout California that are not well known to the general public. Howser conducted informal, often impromptu, interviews with locals involved with the sites he visits and he also produced Californias Communities, Californias Golden Fairs, Downtown, Californias Water, Californias Green, Californias Golden Coast, Californias Golden Parks, Road Trip, Visiting. With Huell Howser, California Missions, Palm Springs, Our Neighborhoods, The Bench, articles written by Howser have appeared in Westways, the magazine of the Automobile Club of Southern California. In 1997, Howser featured prominently as himself alongside Tracey Ullman in character as Ruby Romaine in the Tracey Takes On, Howser spearheaded an unsuccessful effort to stop the demolition of buildings designed by Paul Williams at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard. He appeared in Who Killed the Electric Car. in his capacity as a reporter, witnessing the demolition, in 2011, Howser voiced the Backson in the post-credits scene of Walt Disney Animation Studioss feature film Winnie the Pooh. Howser lived in the historic El Royale apartments in Los Angeles, California and also had homes in Palm Springs, on June 29,2015, Howsers Twentynine Palms home became available for rentals and weddings. On September 3,2015, his Volcano-Top Saucer House in the Mojave Desert sold for $650,000, Howser mentioned that he was a Methodist during his episode covering the Nevada County Fair on Californias Golden Fairs. In 2003, Howser purchased the 1, 800-square-foot Volcano House, situated on a cinder cone just outside Barstow, along with 60 acres of desert. In 2010, Howser put his unusual Newberry Springs, California, in June 2012, The Panther, a student-run newspaper for Chapman University announced that Howser had donated the Volcano House to the school. On November 27,2012, The Sacramento Bee reported that Howser was retiring from making new shows, on January 7,2013, Howser died at his Palm Springs home at the age of 67. He had been battling cancer for years and his death certificate listed metastatic prostate cancer as the cause of death. Howsers body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea off the coast of Los Angeles County, on January 15,2013, a memorial was held for Howser, who said before his death that he did not want a funeral as he did not want attention. Howser donated his collection of Californias Gold episodes, as well as those of his other series
15.
Chapman University
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Chapman University is a private, non-profit university located in Orange, California, United States. It is affiliated with the Christian Church, Chapman also operates Brandman University as a separate, fully accredited university within the Chapman University System. Founded as Hesperian College, in Woodland, California, the school classes on March 4,1861. Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincolns first inauguration, Hesperian admitted students of both sexes and all races. In 1920, the assets of Hesperian College were absorbed by California Christian College, in 1934, the school was renamed Chapman College, after the chairman of its board of trustees, C. C. In 1954, Chapman College moved to its present campus in the city of Orange, Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958. This evolved into the Chapman University College, Chapman University is the largest private university in Orange County, and is ranked in the U. S. News and World Reports top-tier of western region colleges and universities. It comprises four schools and five colleges, including the Dale E and it offers 46 undergraduate and 17 graduate majors. Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991, in that year, Dr. James L. Doti became president of Chapman University. Dr. Doti has received the Horatio Alger Award and the Ellis Island Medal of Honor and he was honored by the Council for Advancement of Education as 2003 CEO of the Year. According to The Chronicle of Higher Education, Doti earned $1,542,270, Schmid College of Science and Technology has a plan for a 140,000 sq. ft. Center for Science & Technology on Chapmans main campus in Orange, opening in fall 2018. In 1959 Chapman University broke ground for Braden Hall, a dormitory on campus. It later became a co-ed dorm and was best known for its basketball court and it was torn down in 2007 and replaced in 2009 by the Sandhu Residence Center, which includes a cafeteria and rock climbing wall for students. Chapman co-produces the OC Channel in a partnership with KOCE, founded in 1977, the school is named after George L. Argyros, a Chapman alum and former U. S. Ambassador to Spain. Argyros has chaired the board of trustees of Chapman University since 1976, the business school was renamed in Argyros honor in 1999. The Argyros School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, the MBA program has three lines, Executive, Professional, and Full Time. Chapmans Professional MBA Program is ranked #48 by Bloomberg/Businessweek and the Full Time program is currently ranked #83, building on its strength in undergraduate accounting, the school recently launched a one-year Master of Science in Accounting degree. In 2008, The Princeton Review ranked Chapman Business Schools undergraduate and graduate programs among its Top 25 programs in the country, the Argyros School of Business and Economics was officially nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014
16.
Mission Indians
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Spanish explorers arrived on Californias coasts as early as the mid-16th century. In 1769 the first Spanish Franciscan mission was built in San Diego, local tribes were relocated and conscripted into forced labor on the mission, stretching from San Diego to San Francisco. Disease, starvation, over work, and torture decimated these tribes, many were baptized as Roman Catholics by the Franciscan missionaries at the missions. Mission Indians were from many regional Native American tribes, their members were often relocated together in new mixed groups, for instance, the Payomkowishum were renamed Luiseños after the Mission San Luis Rey, and the Acjachemem were renamed the Juaneños after the Mission San Juan Capistrano. The Catholic priests forbade the Indians from practicing their native culture, resulting in the disruption of many linguistic, spiritual. When Mexico gained its independence in 1834, it assumed control of the Californian missions from the Franciscans, Mexico secularized the missions and transferred or sold the lands to other non-Native administrators or owners. Many of the Mission Indians worked on the newly established ranchos with little improvement in their living conditions, around 1906 Alfred L. Kroeber and Constance G. On January 12,1891 the U. S, in 1927, Sacramento Bureau of Indian Affairs Superintendent Lafayette A. Dorrington was instructed by Assistant Commissioner E. B. Merritt in Washington D. C. to list tribes in California that Congress had not yet purchased land to be used as reservations. As part of the 1928 California Indian Jurisdictional Act enrollment, Native Americans were asked to identify their “Tribe or Band. ”The majority of applicants supplied the name of the mission that they knew their ancestors were associated with. The enrollment was part of a plan to provide reservation lands promised, some bands also occupy trust lands—Indian Reservations—identified under the Mission Indian Agency. The Mission Indian Act of 1891 formed the administrative Bureau of Indian Affairs unit which governs San Diego County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, there is one Chumash reservation in the last county, and more than thirty reservations in the others. Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, and Orange counties do not contain any tribal trust lands. But, resident tribes, including the Tongva in the first and these and the tribal governments of fifteen other reservations operate casinos today. The total acreage of the Mission group of reservations constitutes approximately 250,000 acres, los Coyotes Band of Mission Indians Manzanita Band of Mission Indians Mesa Grande Band of Mission Indians Mission Creek Band of Mission Indians - Mission Creek Reservation of Cahuilla. Morongo Band of Mission Indians Pala Band of Mission Indians Pauma Band of Mission Indians Pechanga Band of Mission Indians Ramona Band or Village of Mission Indians San Cayetano Band of Cahuilla. San Manuel Band of Mission Indians San Miguel Arcangel, descandants of Mission San Miguel Indians in San Miguel, Mythology of the Mission Indians, The Journal of the American Folk-Lore Society, Vol. XVII, No. Two Myths of the Mission Indians of California, Journal of the American Folk-Lore Society, Vol. XIX, a Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples
17.
Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians
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The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of the Cahuilla, located in Riverside County, California. The Agua Caliente Indian Reservation was founded on May 15,1876 through Executive Order and signed by President Ulysses S. Grant, on 1877 and 1907 the Reservation was extended to over 32,000 acres of land. Since 6,700 acres of the reservation are within Palm Springs city limits, the tribe owns Indian Canyons, located southwest of Palm Springs. The canyons are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and they also own land in the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument. The tribes headquarters is located in Palm Springs, California and they ratified their constitution and bylaws in 1957, gaining federal recognition. For many years the band was headed by Chairman Richard M. Milanovich until his death on March 11,2012, Pass Cahuilla is a dialect of Cahuilla found within the Cupan branch of Takic languages, part of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The last native speaker of Pass Cahuilla died in 2008, Tribal Family Services was established in 2003 to support social and educational programs for tribal members. Other services include cultural preservation, child development, and scholarships, the Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery provides burial services. The Agua Caliente Cultural Museum in Palm Springs was founded by the tribe in 1991 and it houses permanent collections and archives, a research library, and changing exhibits, as well as hosting an annual film festival. The tribe owns two casinos, the Spa Resort Casino is located in downtown Palm Springs at the original hot springs. The resort at Rancho Mirage also includes a hotel, fitness center and spa, the Canyons Lounge, the Spa Resort Casino, opened in 2003, features gaming, the Cascade Lounge, and four restaurants. Tahquitz Canyon southwest of downtown Palm Springs is accessible for hiking, the Indian Canyons also accessible for hiking, horseback riding, and tours, are south of Palm Springs. The tribe also maintains two courses in Indian Canyon which are open to the public. Bean, Lowell John, Schafer, Jerry, Vane, Sylvia Brakke, archaeological, Ethnographic, and Enthnohistoric Investigations at Tahquitz Canyon, Palm Springs, California. Menlo Park, California, Cultural Systems Research, California Indian Country, The Land and the People. San Francisco, Tree Company Press,1992, a Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples. Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians, the Story of the Palm Spring Reservation. Palm Springs, CA, Agua Caliente Band of Indians, Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians
18.
Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians
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The Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians is a federally recognized Cahuilla band of Native Americans based in Coachella, California. They are one of the smallest tribal nation in the United States, consisting of eight members. As of the 2010 census, the tribe had expanded its members to eleven, according to interviews with Augustine Elders in the winter of 1924–1925, the tribe is of the Nanxaiyem clan of Pass Cahuilla. There, according to Nombre, they known as Augustin. The Nanxaiyem Clan of Augustine Reservation is Coyote moiety, on April 13,1956 the Commissioner of Indian Affairs approved a census roll of the tribe, documenting 11 living members. Roberta Augustine, the last original enrollee, died in 1986, the reservation of the Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians is a one-square-mile tract of land, located in Riverside County, California at 33°39′01″N 116°11′27″W. Thermal, California and the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians are both nearby, the land was left vacant for half a century, until Chairman Green moved there in 1996. Mary Ann Green, née Martin, born in 1964, decided to rebuild the tribe, on December 29,1981, the August Band of Mission Indians was established by an Executive Order. Green was elected chairperson in 1988 and held the position until 2016, under Green, the tribal government, which currently employs eight people, was established in 1994 and their reservation was resettled in 1996. Traditional Cahuilla singer, Tony Andreas, grew up on the Augustine Reservation in the 1930s and 1940s, the tribe has developed plans for both cultural revival and economic sustainability. Improvements to reservation lands include adopting a code and removing illegally dumped garbage. During the 50 years the land was vacant, trash, commercial wastes, carcasses, the tribe owns the Augustine Casino in Coachella. The Augustine Band built the first photovoltaic renewable energy system on Indian land in California, the system is expected to produce 1,900 megawatts of solar energy annually. Morongo Indian Reservation, Malki Museum Press, LCC E99. K27 J3 Home page Augustine Band U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Augustine Reservation 33°38′57″N 116°11′25″W
19.
Campo Indian Reservation
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The reservation was founded in 1893 and is 16,512 acres large. The reservation can be found “in the southeastern San Diego County atop the Laguna Mountains”, originally the location was set on 710 acres on in 1893. Eighty additional acres were added in the winter of 1907, “All land on Campo is tribal-owned land, there are presently no allotments or assignments”. There were many clans of the Kumeyaay nation, one being the Campo, the multiple clans would join together when in combat with neighboring threats. Post-Contact The Campo and their neighboring clans resisted the Spanish missionaries, notably, the Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcala, founded in 1769, proved to be troubling for the tribe and many revolts broke out. “The most famous of these was the attack and destruction of the San Diego Mission in 1775”, after the Mexican Revolution, the new Mexican government enforced a secularization of the Mission system. Most of the Missions became ranches where most Indian tribes of the region were forced to labor. In response multiple Indian revolts and raids in the region brought destruction to many of the Rachos. “By 1842, the Ranchos had been abandoned and the warriors were attacking the last stronghold, the Mexican-American war intersects with the Kumeyaay when US forces made their way into San Diego. Although the Kumeyaay “offered allegiance”, they were directed by US forces to stay out of the conflict and this interaction thus led to an agreed upon distinction of land in the Treaty of Santa Ysabel. However, this treaty was “voted down and placed under seal by the Senate of the United States”, through a combination of military conflicts, raid suppression, and migration brought by the gold rush, “population of Indians in California dropped by 90% from 1850 to 1860”. And soon after 1870, the land of the Kumeyaay would begin to be divided and set into sections, “Further additions were taken into trust over the next 25 years including the first portion of the Campo Indian Reservation in 1893”. Modern Era In time the Treaty of Santa Ysabel, and many others of it’s kind, were revealed to have kept in secrecy. Since the tribe has developed a casino and built a wind farm, the Campo Band is headquartered in Campo, California. They ratified their constitution on July 13,1975, which established a governing council consisting of all band members aged 18 or over. The tribe also has the Campo Indian Education Center and Campo Tribal Tribal Training Program, the Campo Kumeyaay Nation receives health services from the Souther Indian Health Council. There are two areas included in the reservation, found on US Geological Survey feature ID270242, the address for the tribal government is in the portion of the reservation north of Campo and Cameron Corners. This area is shown on the US Geological Survey Campo and Cameron Corners, while not a true square, this part of the reservation is roughly one mile across on each side. A point suitable for finding the reservation on a map is latitude/longitude, a second, larger area of the Campo Indian Reservation is located to the east in the area around the community of Live Oak Springs
20.
Jamul Indian Village
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The Jamul Indian Village of California is a federally recognized tribe of Kumeyaay Indians, who are sometimes known as Mission Indians. The Jamul Indian Village is a reservation, located 10 miles southeast of El Cajon, in southeastern San Diego County. It is six acres large No one lives on the reservation although 20 members lived there in the 1970s, the traditional language of the Jamul Indian Village and their larger tribal group, the Kumeyaay, is from the Ipai language grouping. The Jamul Indian Village as well uses English in modern times as a language for communication. The Jamul Indian Village is headquartered in Jamul, California, the current government for the Jamul Indian Village is a democratically elected tribal council. Erica Pinto is their current tribal chairperson, vice Chairman is currently Kenneth Meza. Lisa Cumper is the Secretary and Treasurer for the Jamul Indian Village, as well, Charlene Chamberlain, Michael Hunter, and Christopher J. Pinto are all Executive Council Members. Starting 12,000 years ago the members of the Jamul Indian Village started their roots. The tribe studied and understood their environment and tried their best in tradition and they used to practice basket weaving and traditional hunting and other games. They would perform cultural burnings and use the land in equilibrium with what it provided, the European contact caused a stir with the tribe as they had lost a large portion of their traditions to the forced assimilation brought upon their tribe. However many generations later many of their traditions have been revived and practiced, California Indian Country, The Land and the People. San Francisco, Tree Company Press,1992, a Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples. History of Southern California Mission Indians, volume ed, Heizer, Robert F. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution,1978
21.
La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians
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The La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians are a federally recognized tribe of Luiseño Indians, located in northern San Diego County, California. The La Jolla Band are headquartered in Pauma Valley, California and they are governed by a democratically elected, five-member tribal council, who serve two-year terms. The current administration is, The La Jolla Indian Reservation was established in 1875 by executive order of President Ulysses S. Grant, the reservation is 9,998 acres large, with a population around 390. There are about 700 enrolled tribal members, much of the reservation land in the eastern Palomar Mountains is undisturbed wilderness. The San Luis Rey River flows through the reservation, the California montane chaparral and woodlands habitats includes diverse native plants, such as Coast live oaks, which provide acorns for traditional foods such as wiiwish. The reservation contains a campground, which is open from April to October. The La Jolla Indian Campground features include three miles run of inner tubing down the San Luis Rey River, the reservation is located in North County, San Diego, which is different from the neighborhood of La Jolla in the city of San Diego, California. Local Native Americans, the Kumeyaay, called that location mat kulaaxuuy and it is unknown what holes referred to, but it may be the sea-level caves on the north facing bluffs which are visible from La Jolla Shores. This was apparently translated by the Spanish into La Jolla, an alternate suggested origin is that the name is a corruption of the Spanish la joya, meaning the jewel. Although disputed by scholars, this origin of the name is cited in popular culture. In 2007 the Poomacha Fire began as a fire on the La Jolla Indian Reservation, it got established on Palomar Mountain, joined the Witch Fire. Because of steep terrain, it continued to burn after all other October 2007 fires were put out, the fire damaged 92% of the reservation. State and federal agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, provided aid to the tribe in a collaboration to rebuild. All of the residents were able to return to the reservation by the end of 2008, on March 6,2011, the tribe worked with the LA84 Foundation and the Nike N7 Foundation to dedicate a new basketball court on the Reservation. The court will be used by La Jollas young men and women, as well as for games, the tribe completed a new wastewater treatment facility and has broader plans for management of this issue. The La Jolla Tribe is also addressing the operation of systems by implementing a Tribal Collaborative for On-Site Wastewater Management. This will ensure improved water quality for the San Luis Rey River watershed, La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians Constitution of the La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians,1995
22.
Morongo Band of Mission Indians
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The Morongo Band of Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe. The main tribal groups are Cahuilla and Serrano, tribal members also include Cupeño, Luiseño, and Chemehuevi Indians. Although many tribes in California are known as Mission Indians, some, the Morongo Reservation is located in Riverside County, California. The Morongo Reservation is located at the base of the San Gorgonio and it is over 35,000 acres in size. On May 15,1876, President Ulysses S. Grant established this, approximately 954 of the 996 enrolled tribal members live on the reservation. The name Morongo comes from the Serrano clan Maarrenga, the first official Captain of Potrero Ajenio recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs was the hereditary leader of the Maarrenga, known to Americans by his English name, John Morongo. As time went on the Bureau referred to the tribe as the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, the Morongo Band of Mission Indians is headquartered in Banning, California. They are governed by an elected tribal council. Their current administration is as follows, Cahuilla and Serrano are Takic languages, the main aboriginal group of the San Gorgonio Pass are Pass Cahuilla, who call the area Maalki. The Serrano, who had intermarried with the Pass Cahuilla. Cahuilla and Serrano are technically considered to be extinct as they are no longer spoken at home, joe Saubel, a Morongo tribal member and the last pure speaker of Pass Cahuilla, died in 2008. The last pure speaker of Serrano was also enrolled at Morongo, Ms. Dorothy Ramon, recent generations have found a renewed interest in their native languages however, and many families are now reclaiming Pass Cahuilla and Serrano for their children. In 2012, the Limu Project announced that it had successfully reconstructed Pass Cahuilla, the project also offers online courses in Maarrenga and Yuhaviat. The tribe opened a bingo hall in 1983, which became the foundation of what is now one of the oldest Native gaming enterprises in California. On February 25,1987, the court upheld the right of sovereign Indian tribes to operate gaming enterprises on their reservations, the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa was opened in 2004 in Cabazon, California. It is open seven days a week,24 hours a day, the club,360, is open on weekends. A bottling plant on the reservation is operated by Nestle Waters North America Inc. which leases the property from the tribe, the plant bottles Arrowhead spring water as well as purified water sold under the brand Nestle Pure Life. The Malki Museum on the Morongo Reservation is open to the public and it maintains the Malki Museum Press, which publishes the Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology and scholarly books on Indian culture
23.
Ramona Band of Cahuilla
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The Ramona Band of Cahuilla is a federally recognized tribe of Cahuilla Indians, located in Riverside County, California. The Ramona Indian Reservation was founded in 1893 and it is about 560 acres large, located in Anza, California at the foot of Thomas Mountain. The land was originally Sauppalpisa territory and was a gathering place for Cahuilla ceremonies. The tribes headquarters is located in Anza, California and their current tribal chairman is Joseph D. Hamilton. Mission Indians Eargle, Jr. Dolan H, California Indian Country, The Land and the People. San Francisco, Tree Company Press,1992, a Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples. Morongo Indian Reservation, Malki Museum Press
24.
San Manuel Band of Mission Indians
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The San Manuel Band of Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Serrano people in San Bernardino County, California. The band is made up of the Yuhaviatam clan of Serrano people, the other federally recognized Serrano tribe is the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, located in Riverside County, California. The San Manuel Band of Mission Indians is headquartered in Patton in San Bernardino County, the tribe is governed by a democratically elected, seven-person tribal council. Their current tribal chairperson is Lynn Valbuena, San Manuel Reservation is a federally recognized Indian reservation in San Bernardino County. Originally, it was 658 acres in size, but has expanded to 800 acres, established in 1891, the reservation was named for Santos Manuel, a prominent tribal leader. In December 2016, the tribe arranged lighting of the Arrowhead landmark for 14 nights and this is a California Historical Monument and namesake for various local places. The San Manuel band employs more than 3000 people and is one of the employers in the Inland Empire region of California. They own and operate San Manuel Indian Bingo and Casino, Serrano Buffet, The Pines, SportsWatch Grill, Tutus Food Court, and they also fund the San Manuel Amphitheater, located near Devore. Indigenous peoples of California Mission Indians Serrano people Pritzker, Barry M, a Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1 Official San Manuel Band of Mission Indians website Serrano Four Directions Institute
25.
San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians
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The San Pasqual Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of California is a federally recognized tribe of Kumeyaay Indians, who are sometimes known as Mission Indians. The San Pasqual Reservation is a reservation, located in northeastern San Diego County, California. It is made up of five, non-contiguous parcels of land that total 1,379.58 acres, the original reservation, founded in 1910, is now the San Diego Wild Animal Park and Lake Wolford. Reservation population is approximately 752, and 435 tribal members live in the general area,21 people of 214 enrolled members lived there in the 1970s. The San Pasqual Band is headquartered in Valley Center and they are governed by a democratically elected tribal council. Allen E. Lawson is their current tribal chairperson, the tribe owns and operates the Valley View Casino, Black and Blue Steakhouse, The Buffet, BLDs Cafe, Mainstage Bar, Scoops Gelateria, and Sweets Coffee Shop, all located in Valley View. The tribe also maintains and owns the Woods Valley Golf Course as an enterprise of San Pasqual, California Indian Country, The Land and the People. San Francisco, Tree Company Press,1992, a Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples. History of Southern California Mission Indians, volume ed. Heizer, Robert F. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution,1978. San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians, official website
26.
Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel
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The Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the Santa Ysabel Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Kumeyaay Indians, who are sometimes known as Mission Indians. The Santa Ysabel Reservation is a reservation, located in northeastern San Diego County, California, near the mountain towns of Santa Ysabel. The reservation was founded in 1893 and is 15,526.78 acres large,110 people of 300 enrolled members lived there in the 1970s. The Santa Ysabel Indian Reservation ranges from 3,200 feet to 5,700 feet in elevation, the Santa Ysabel Reservation enjoys four beautiful seasons every year, with blossoming springs, warm summers, colorful and breezy autumns, and snow in most winters. The Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel is recognized by the United States Government as a Sovereign Government, the Santa Ysabel Band is headquartered in Santa Ysabel, California. They are governed by an elected tribal council. Virgil Perez is their current tribal chairperson and Brandie Taylor is the vice chairwoman, Perez succeeded Johnny Hernandez in office. In 2007 the Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel established their Constitution in order to preserve and protect their culture, lands, and rights, the power of government is divided into four branches, General Council, Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The General Council is the Supreme governing body of the Nation, the Executive Branch is composed of a Chairman and Vice-Chairman, The Chairman and Vice-Chairman seek office as a team, and serve four year terms. The Legislative Branch consists of seven Legislators, Legislators serve two and four year staggered terms, in mid-November every year, the tribe celebrates a Feast Day at Santa Ysabel Asistencia. California Indian Country, The Land and the People, San Francisco, Tree Company Press,1992. A Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples, History of Southern California Mission Indians. Volume ed, Heizer, Robert F. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution,1978
27.
Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians
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The Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Cahuilla and Luiseño people, headquartered in Riverside County, California. On June 18,1883, the Soboba Reservation was established by the United States government in San Jacinto, there are five other federally recognized tribes of Luiseño people in southern California. The Luiseño Indians first encountered Europeans acting as missionaries, and the Luiseno allowed them to come through their community because they were literate, writers passed through the San Jacinto valley where the Luiseňo were settled and recorded much of their culture. Along with missionaries and soldiers were a part of the 1776 Juan Bautista de Anza expedition overland to, took the Luiseňo homeland and claimed it theirs for the San Antonio de Pala Asistencia cattle rancho. According to Father Jose Sanchez, Proceeding in the direction, we stopped at Jaguara, so called by the natives. This is the rancho for the cattle of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, the reservation was given back to the Luiseňo after the United States Government took control of California. An Executive Order established the Soboba reservation June 19,1883, the members of the Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians have built a self-sustaining community. Their work includes agriculture and entertainment, because of the businesses that they created, the economy of Soboba is strong. The tribe has built their own schools, including Noli Indian School and they have also created non-profit organizations and a charity with the money they have made from all of their businesses. The Soboba began their economy with agriculture, starting with apricots, over time, they developed the land surrounding the reservation. The members of the tribe worked their way outside of their own community and this agricultural industry allowed them to build their economy and expand. In the late 20th century, the Soboba established a casino to earn profits for economic development. Under California and federal gambling laws, they could operate a casino on their reservation. This casino is a premier gaming spot in California for many and it is located about 100 miles from Los Angeles, and it attracts people from all over California. Soboba Casino is the biggest source of income for the tribe, Soboba has also developed a country club, which hosts golf tournaments and has a condominium resort. From 2009 to 2012, the resort held the Soboba Golf Classic, membership of the tribe is determined by birth. Although a member is not required to live or be born on the reservation, being a member of the tribe entitles one to voting rights for the government of the tribe. The government is administered by five council members
United States (
California)
