1.
Palacio de Bellas Artes
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The Palacio de Bellas Artes is a prominent cultural center in Mexico City. It has hosted some of the most notable events in music, dance, theatre, opera and literature and has held important exhibitions of painting, sculpture, consequently, the Palacio de Bellas Artes has been called the Cathedral of Art in Mexico. The building is located on the side of the historic center of Mexico City next to the Alameda Central park. Construction began again in 1932 under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal and was completed in 1934, the exterior of the building is primarily Neoclassical and Art Nouveau and the interior is primarily Art Deco. The building is best known for its murals by Diego Rivera, Siqueiros and others, as well as the exhibitions and theatrical performances its hosts. The earliest known structure on the site was the Convent of Santa Isabel, however, significant Aztec finds, such as a sacrificial altar in the shape of a plumed serpent have been found here. The convent area suffered frequent flooding during the colonial period. In spite of this, the convent remained until it was closed in the 1860s by the Reform Laws. It was replaced by a mill and lower-class housing. A section of housing, on Santa Isabel Alley, was torn down. During the late 19th century and very early 20th, this theatre was the site of most of Mexico Citys high culture, presenting events such as theatre, operettas, Viennese dance and more. It was then decided to replace this building with an opulent one for the upcoming Centennial of Mexican Independence celebrations in 1910. The old theatre was demolished in 1901, and the new theatre would be called the Gran Teatro de Ópera. The work was awarded to Italian architect Adamo Boari, who favored neoclassical and art nouveau styles, Adamo Boari promised in October 1904 to build grand metallic structure, which at that time only existed in the United States, but not to this size. The first stone of the building was placed by Porfirio Díaz in 1904, despite the 1910 deadline, by 1913, the building was hardly begun with only a basic shell. One reason for this is that the project became more complicated than anticipated as the building sank into the soft spongy subsoil. The other reason was the political and economic instability that would lead to the Mexican Revolution, full hostilities suspended construction of the palace completely and Adamo Boari returned to Italy. The project would sit unfinished for about twenty years, in 1932, construction resumed under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal
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Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
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The Museum of Science and Industry is located in Chicago, Illinois, in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago. It is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition, based on 2009 attendance, the Museum of Science and Industry was the second largest cultural attraction in Chicago. David R. Mosena has been President and CEO of the Museum since 1998, the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition was designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Co, unlike the other White City buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade. After the Worlds Fair, it housed the Columbian Museum. When the Field Museum moved to a new building near downtown Chicago in 1920, Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum, at this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, during its conversion into the MSI, the buildings exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw, Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on the building. For the first few years, the museum was called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum. In 1928, the name of the museum was changed to the Museum of Science. Rosenwalds vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, sewell Avery, another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a search for the first director. MSIs Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert, then the editor of The New York Times. He assembled the museums staff and directed the organizing and constructing the exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington, Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago, which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940, the first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition. Two of the presidents, a number of curators and other staff members
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National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
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Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
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San Francisco, California
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Beaux-Arts architecture
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Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C
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Marina District, San Francisco
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The Marina District is a neighborhood located in San Francisco, California. The neighborhood sits on the site of the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition, aside from the Palace of Fine Arts, all other buildings were demolished to make the current neighborhood. Much of the Marina is built on landfill, and is susceptible to soil liquefaction during strong earthquakes. This phenomenon caused extensive damage to the neighborhood during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The area in the 19th century prior to the 1906 earthquake consisted of bay shallows, tidal pools, sand dunes, human habitation and development came in the mid to late 19th century in the form of a sandwall and of a road from the nearby Presidio to Fort Mason. Most of the dunes were leveled out and a hodgepodge of wharves. However, all of this was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake, during reconstruction of the city after the 1906 earthquake, the area was chosen as the site of the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. Although rubble from the earthquake was used as part of the reclamation, most of the landfill came from dredging mud. After the end of the exposition in 1915, the land was sold to private developers and this major redevelopment was completed in the 1920s. In the 1930s, with the completion of the nearby Golden Gate Bridge, Lombard Street was widened, the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused severe liquefaction of the fill upon which the neighborhood is built, causing major damage including a small firestorm. Firefighters resorted to pumping water directly from the Bay, to replace water unavailable from broken water mains, physically, the neighborhood appears to have changed very little since its construction in the 1920s. The Palace is the building left standing in its original location within the 1915 Exposition fairgrounds. The grounds around the Palace are a popular attraction for tourists and locals. The neighborhood is noted for its demographics, which since the 1980s have shifted from mostly middle-class families and pensioners. These now make up more than half of the population, although a small, San Franciscos Academy of Art University has a campus housing building at the Southern edge of the neighborhood on Lombard Street. The San Francisco Police Department Northern Station serves the Marina District, a16 Strangers in the night – Bars, cheap sex, and boozy anthropology
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Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915)
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The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a worlds fair held in San Francisco, in the United States, between February 20 and December 4 in 1915. Its ostensible purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, the fair was constructed on a 635 acre site in San Francisco, along the northern shore, between the Presidio and Fort Mason, now known as the Marina District. A telephone line was established to New York City so people across the continent could hear the Pacific Ocean. The Liberty Bell traveled by train on a tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to attend the exposition. After that trip, the Liberty Bell returned to Philadelphia, and has not made any further journeys since, the 1915 American Grand Prize and Vanderbilt Cup auto races were held February 27 and March 6 on a 3. 84-mile circuit set up around the Exposition grounds. The Smithsonian Institution also had an exhibition at the Exposition, the centerpiece was the Tower of Jewels, which rose to 435 feet and was covered with over 100,000 cut glass Novagems. The 3⁄4 to 2 inch colored gems sparkled in sunlight throughout the day and were illuminated by over 50 powerful electrical searchlights at night. In front of the Tower, the Fountain of Energy flowed at the center of the South Gardens, flanked by the Palace of Horticulture on the west and the Festival Hall to the east. The arch of the Tower served as the gateway to the Court of the Universe, leading to the Court of the Four Seasons to the west, the Machinery Palace, the largest hall, dominated the east end of the central court. At the west end of central court group was the Palace of Fine Arts, further west toward the bay down The Avenue of the Nations were national and states buildings, displaying customs and products unique to the area represented. At the opposite end of the Fair, near Fort Mason was The Zone, constructed from temporary materials, almost all the fairs various buildings and attractions were pulled down in late 1915. Intended to fall into pieces at the close of the fair, the Palace, including the colonnade with its signature weeping women and rotunda dome, was completely reconstructed in the 1960s and a seismic retrofit was completed in early 2009. The Exploratorium, a science museum, occupied the northern 2/3 of the Palace from 1969 to 2013. Also surviving are the one-third scale steam locomotives of the Overfair Railroad that operated at the Exposition and they are maintained in working order at the Swanton Pacific Railroad Society located on Cal Poly San Luis Obispos Swanton Ranch just north of Santa Cruz. The Legion of Honor Museum, in Lincoln Park, was the gift of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, wife of the sugar magnate and thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder Adolph B. At the close of the exposition, the French government granted Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion, but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921. The stamps were first put on sale in 1913, to promote the event, and perforated 12. The United States Congress authorized the San Francisco Mint to issue a series of five commemorative coins, said coins were the 1915-S silver Panama-Pacific half dollar and four gold coins
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Seismic retrofit
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Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers. In view of the imminent problem, various research work has been carried out and these codes must be regularly updated, the 1994 Northridge earthquake brought to light the brittleness of welded steel frames, for example. The retrofit techniques outlined here are also applicable for other natural hazards such as cyclones, tornadoes. Seismic retrofit strategies have developed in the past few decades following the introduction of new seismic provisions. This is typically done by the addition of cross braces or new structural walls, reduction of the seismic demand by means of supplementary damping and/or use of base isolation systems. Increasing the local capacity of structural elements and this is a counter intuitive strategy to change the inelastic mechanism of the structure, while recognising the inherent capacity of the structure. Allowing sliding connections such as bridges to accommodate additional movement between seismically independent structures. Addition of seismic friction dampers to brace weak structures and provide damping, in the past, seismic retrofit was primarily applied to achieve public safety, with engineering solutions limited by economic and political considerations. However, with the development of Performance based earthquake engineering, several levels of objectives are gradually recognised. The goal is to human life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passersby. Under severe seismic conditions the structure may be a total economic write-off, requiring tear-down, the goal is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require extensive repair before it is generally useful or considered safe for occupation. This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to bridges, primary structure undamaged and the structure is undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level of retrofit, this ensures that any required repairs are only cosmetic – for example, minor cracks in plaster, drywall and this is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals. This level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of cultural significance. Common seismic retrofitting techniques fall into categories, The use of external post-tensioning for new structural systems have been developed in the past decade. Pre-stressing can increase the capacity of structural elements such as beam and it should be noted that external pre-stressing has been used for structural upgrade for gravity/live loading since the 1970s. This earthquake engineering technology, which is a kind of vibration control
11.
San Francisco Bay Area
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The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
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Disney California Adventure Park
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Disney California Adventure Park, commonly referred to as Disney California Adventure, California Adventure, or DCA, is a theme park located in Anaheim, California. It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, the 72-acre park is themed after the history and culture of California. The park opened in 2001 as Disneys California Adventure Park, the concept of a theme park dedicated to California arose from a meeting of Disney executives in 1995, following the cancellation of the WestCOT project. Construction of the began in 1998 and was completed by early 2001. Disney spent the several years incrementally adding new rides, shows, and attractions. In 2007, Disney announced an expansion of the park as well as a major overhaul of a significant portion of the park. Construction lasted for five years and was completed in stages, culminating with the opening of Buena Vista Street, according to the Themed Entertainment Association, the park hosted approximately 9.4 million guests in 2015, making it the 11th-most visited theme park in the world that year. In front of the Sun Icon of the former Sunshine Plaza, To all who believe in the power of dreams, Disneys California Adventure opens its golden gates to you. Here we pay tribute to the dreamers of the past, the people, explorers, immigrants. And we salute a new generation of dreamers who are creating the wonders of tomorrow, from the screen to the computer screen. Disneys California Adventure celebrates the richness and the diversity of California and its land, its people, its spirit and, above all, the dreams that it continues to inspire. On the plaque of the flagpole in Buena Vista Plaza on Buena Vista Street, To all who come to place of dreams. This unique place embraces the richness and diversity of California and its land, its people, its stories and, above all, the dreamers it continues to inspire. The present-day site of Disney California Adventure was acquired by Walt Disney in the 1950s, after succeeding with the multi-park business model at Walt Disney World in Florida, the Disney company decided to turn Walt Disneys original theme park into a multi-park resort complex as well. In 1991, Disney announced plans to build WestCOT, a west coast version of what was known as EPCOT Center. The high price tag of the park as well as the companys financial. In the summer of 1995, Michael Eisner, Disneys CEO at the time, gathered company executives in Aspen, from those meetings, Disney decided it would instead build a park themed to the history and culture of the state of California. It was intended to appeal to adults while Disneyland was intended to appeal to children, the park was expected to draw large crowds when it opened on February 8,2001
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Anaheim
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Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County, Anaheim remained largely a rural community until Disneyland opened in the city in 1955. This led to the construction of hotels and motels around the area. The city also developed into a center, producing electronics, aircraft parts. Anaheims city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods, Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the citys eastern stretches that is home to many of the citys affluent. Downtown Anaheim has three historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure. The Platinum Triangle, a redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is a district north of California State Route 91. Anaheims name is a blend of Ana, after the nearby Santa Ana River, and heim, the city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. For $750 a share, the formed the Anaheim Vineyard Company. Their new community was named Annaheim, meaning home by the Santa Anna River in German, the name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as Campo Alemán, although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making. The community set aside 40 acres for a center and a school was the first building erected there. The first home was built in 1857, the Anaheim Gazette newspaper was established in 1870, for 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California. However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines, other crops – walnuts, lemons and oranges – soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles – Orange County region was connected to the railroad network in 1887. The famous Polish actress Helena Modjeska settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them Henryk Sienkiewicz, Julian Sypniewski, while living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger
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Edwin Deakin
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Edwin Deakin was a British-American artist best known for his romantic landscapes as well as his architectural studies, especially the Spanish colonial missions of California. His still lifes are considered to be some of the finest of the genre, Deakin is one of the artists who popularized scenes of San Francisco’s Chinatown. His sensitive and highly publicized depictions of the deteriorating missions drew public attention to the necessity of restoring these historically important monuments, Deakin was born in Sheffield, England, on May 21,1838. He was apprenticed at the age of 12 to a business which painted landscapes and floral designs on furniture in the style, ”. By 18, he was a landscape artist. He emigrated to the US in 1856 with his family to the city of Chicago, on June 21,1865 Edwin Deakin married the 21-year-old Isabel Fox, also an emigrant from England. The following year saw the birth of their son Oscar Edwin Deakin, who became a talented painter, just prior to 1870 Edwin, along with his entire extended family, moved to San Francisco, California. He quickly established a career as a painter of the untamed California wilderness. His European subjects were especially popular and he became an exhibiting member of the Graphic Club and Bohemian Club. In 1874 he exhibited a Lake Tahoe scene at the Chicago Academy of Arts, three years later he left on a grand tour of Europe, where he painted primarily in England, France and Switzerland, and exhibited at the Paris Salon. He returned in May 1879 to San Francisco, his new canvases were received much acclaim. He exhibited dozens of paintings to positive reviews at the California State Fair between 1879 and 1889 and he traveled extensively through the Midwest and had prolonged stays in both Denver and Salt Lake City. Deakin’s highly publicized disputes with the “rebels” of the San Francisco art colony caused him to withdraw in 1885 as a member of the SFAA. At this time his still lifes of pendulous grapes became extremely popular and were much imitated, Deakin built and occupied with his wife and two daughters a large residence and studio-gallery in the university town of Berkeley, just across the bay from San Francisco. He soon began a tradition of holding an annual studio exhibit open to the public, Deakin still maintained a small sales office in San Francisco and continued to contribute his paintings to that city’s auctions and private galleries. His campaign to save the missions was the subject of a laudatory article in the Washington. He also exhibited frequently at venues in Oakland as well as in Berkeley where he actively supported the creation of the Berkeley Art Association in 1907. His many depictions of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire received great attention and he expanded his Berkeley gallery to maintain a permanent display of one of the three sets of his mission paintings and allowed the public to visit three days a week
15.
Panama-Pacific Exhibition
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The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a worlds fair held in San Francisco, in the United States, between February 20 and December 4 in 1915. Its ostensible purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, the fair was constructed on a 635 acre site in San Francisco, along the northern shore, between the Presidio and Fort Mason, now known as the Marina District. A telephone line was established to New York City so people across the continent could hear the Pacific Ocean. The Liberty Bell traveled by train on a tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to attend the exposition. After that trip, the Liberty Bell returned to Philadelphia, and has not made any further journeys since, the 1915 American Grand Prize and Vanderbilt Cup auto races were held February 27 and March 6 on a 3. 84-mile circuit set up around the Exposition grounds. The Smithsonian Institution also had an exhibition at the Exposition, the centerpiece was the Tower of Jewels, which rose to 435 feet and was covered with over 100,000 cut glass Novagems. The 3⁄4 to 2 inch colored gems sparkled in sunlight throughout the day and were illuminated by over 50 powerful electrical searchlights at night. In front of the Tower, the Fountain of Energy flowed at the center of the South Gardens, flanked by the Palace of Horticulture on the west and the Festival Hall to the east. The arch of the Tower served as the gateway to the Court of the Universe, leading to the Court of the Four Seasons to the west, the Machinery Palace, the largest hall, dominated the east end of the central court. At the west end of central court group was the Palace of Fine Arts, further west toward the bay down The Avenue of the Nations were national and states buildings, displaying customs and products unique to the area represented. At the opposite end of the Fair, near Fort Mason was The Zone, constructed from temporary materials, almost all the fairs various buildings and attractions were pulled down in late 1915. Intended to fall into pieces at the close of the fair, the Palace, including the colonnade with its signature weeping women and rotunda dome, was completely reconstructed in the 1960s and a seismic retrofit was completed in early 2009. The Exploratorium, a science museum, occupied the northern 2/3 of the Palace from 1969 to 2013. Also surviving are the one-third scale steam locomotives of the Overfair Railroad that operated at the Exposition and they are maintained in working order at the Swanton Pacific Railroad Society located on Cal Poly San Luis Obispos Swanton Ranch just north of Santa Cruz. The Legion of Honor Museum, in Lincoln Park, was the gift of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, wife of the sugar magnate and thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder Adolph B. At the close of the exposition, the French government granted Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion, but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921. The stamps were first put on sale in 1913, to promote the event, and perforated 12. The United States Congress authorized the San Francisco Mint to issue a series of five commemorative coins, said coins were the 1915-S silver Panama-Pacific half dollar and four gold coins
16.
Bernard Maybeck
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Bernard Ralph Maybeck was an American architect in the Arts and Crafts Movement of the early 20th century. He was an instructor at University of California, Berkeley, most of his major buildings were in the San Francisco Bay Area. Maybeck was born in New York City, the son of a German immigrant and studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris and he moved to Berkeley, California, in 1892. In 1951, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects, while working in the office of A. Many of Maybecks buildings still stand in his home city of Berkeley. The 1910 First Church of Christ, Scientist is designated a National Historic Landmark and is considered one of Maybecks finest works, a number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1914, Maybeck oversaw the building of the Maybeck Recital Hall in Berkeley, the Palace of Fine Arts was seen as the embodiment of Maybecks elaboration of how Roman architecture could fit within a California context. One of Maybecks most interesting buildings is the home of the Family Service Agency of San Francisco. This building, constructed in 1928, is on the citys Historic Building Register, some of his larger residential projects, most notably a few in the hills of Berkeley, California, have been compared to the ultimate bungalows of the architects Greene and Greene. Maybeck had many ideas about town planning that he elaborated throughout his career, as a citizen of Berkeley from the 1890s, he was intimately involved in the Hillside Club. His associations and work there helped evolve ideas about hillside communities, Maybeck developed a number of firm beliefs in how civilization and the land should relate to each other. There were other principles he would elucidate, such as a public landscape, but these were key. Its grids, imposed in places on very steep grades, resulted in extremeley steep streets, sidewalks and urban transitions and his views reflected his wide interests and experience. A lifetime fascination with drama and the theatre can be seen in much of Maybecks work, in his spare time, he was known to create costumes, and also designed sets for the amateur productions at Berkeleys Hillside Club. Bernard Maybeck died in 1957 and is buried in the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, notable works include, Charles Keeler House & Studio — Maybeck’s first private client, Berkeley Hills, Highland Place, North Berkeley, California. Swedenborgian Church —3200 Washington Street at Lyon Street, Pacific Heights, San Francisco, California, wyntoon, with architect Julia Morgan — private estate of Phoebe Apperson Hearst−Hearst family, rural Siskiyou County, California. Boke House — for George Henry Boke, at 23 Panoramic Way, Panoramic Hill Historic District, Berkeley, faculty Club — University of California, Berkeley campus, NRHP-listed. Grove Clubhouse−Maybeck Lodge — Bohemian Grove, the Bohemian Club campground on the Russian River, Monte Rio, howard B. Gates House — Mission Revival style, at 62 South Thirteenth Street, San Jose, California
17.
Ancient Roman architecture
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Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire and it used new materials, particularly concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the empire, sometimes complete, Roman Architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture. Almost no substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. They moved from trabeated construction mostly based on columns and lintels to one based on walls, punctuated by arches. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in colonnades, however, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek aesthetic concerns, and treated the orders with considerable freedom. Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of Roman concrete as a readily available adjunct to, or substitute for, stone, more daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes. The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen, a row of decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concretes strength freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment, factors such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new architectural solutions of their own. The use of vaults and arches, together with a knowledge of building materials. Examples include the aqueducts of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla and these were reproduced at a smaller scale in most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some surviving structures are almost complete, such as the walls of Lugo in Hispania Tarraconensis. The administrative structure and wealth of the empire made possible very large even in locations remote from the main centres, as did the use of slave labour. Especially under the empire, architecture often served a function, demonstrating the power of the Roman state in general. The influence is evident in many ways, for example, in the introduction and use of the Triclinium in Roman villas as a place, Roman builders employed Greeks in many capacities, especially in the great boom in construction in the early Empire. The Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as the Concrete Revolution, was the use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault. For the first time in history, their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a range of civil engineering structures, public buildings
18.
Ancient Greek architecture
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Ancient Greek architecture is best known from its temples, many of which are found throughout the region, mostly as ruins but many substantially intact. The second important type of building that all over the Hellenic world is the open-air theatre. Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalised characteristics, both of structure and decoration, nikolaus Pevsner refers to the plastic shape of the temple. placed before us with a physical presence more intense, more alive than that of any later building. The architecture of ancient Rome grew out of that of Greece, the successive styles of Neoclassical architecture and Greek Revival architecture followed and adapted Ancient Greek styles closely. The mainland and islands of Greece are rocky, with deeply indented coastline, the most freely available building material is stone. Limestone was readily available and easily worked, there is an abundance of high quality white marble both on the mainland and islands, particularly Paros and Naxos. This finely grained material was a contributing factor to precision of detail. Deposits of high quality potters clay were found throughout Greece and the Islands and it was used not only for pottery vessels, but also roof tiles and architectural decoration. The climate of Greece is maritime, with both the coldness of winter and the heat of summer tempered by sea breezes and this led to a lifestyle where many activities took place outdoors. Colonnades encircling buildings, or surrounding courtyards provided shelter from the sun, the light of Greece may be another important factor in the development of the particular character of ancient Greek architecture. The light is extremely bright, with both the sky and the sea vividly blue. The clear light and sharp shadows give a precision to the details of landscape, pale rocky outcrops and this clarity is alternated with periods of haze that varies in colour to the light on it. In this characteristic environment, the ancient Greek architects constructed buildings that were marked by precision of detail, the gleaming marble surfaces were smooth, curved, fluted, or ornately sculpted to reflect the sun, cast graded shadows and change in colour with the ever-changing light of day. Historians divide ancient Greek civilization into two eras, the Hellenic period, and the Hellenistic period, during the earlier Hellenic period, substantial works of architecture began to appear around 600 BC. Before the Hellenic era, two cultures had dominated the region, the Minoan, and the Mycenaean. The Mycenaean culture, which flourished on the Peloponnesus, was different in character. Its people built citadels, fortifications and tombs rather than palaces, following these events, there was a period from which few signs of culture remain. This period is often referred to as a Dark Age
19.
Phoebe Apperson Hearst
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Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst was an American philanthropist, feminist and suffragist. She was the mother of William Randolph Hearst and wife of George Hearst and she was born Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson in St. Clair, Missouri, in Franklin County, the daughter of Drucilla and Randolph Walker Apperson. In her early years, Phoebe attended school, intending to become a teacher and her childhood also consisted of helping her father with finances at the family store, learning French, and how to play the piano. George Hearst returned to St. Clair in 1860 to care for his mother, and ran into Phoebe. On June 15,1862, when she was 19, Phoebe married George in the hopes of leaving her mundane home. Soon after their marriage, the couple left Missouri and moved to San Francisco, California, Georges home, George was a successful miner and had struck it rich. In their busy life, George often left Phoebe alone during his work, George later became a U. S. Senator. Phoebe and her son William shared a relationship throughout their time together, sharing many similar interests, one being art. After Phoebes death in 1919, William inherited a $10 million fortune, in the 1880s, she became a major benefactor and director of the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association and the first president of the Century Club of California. In 1902, Phoebe Hearst funded the construction of a building to provide training and kindergarten classes. The Golden Gate Kindergarten Association had 26 schools at the time of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, Phoebe Hearst was a major benefactor of the University of California, Berkeley and its first woman Regent, serving on the board from 1897 until her death. Also in 1897, she contributed to the establishment of the National Congress of Mothers, in 1900, she co-founded the all-girls National Cathedral School in Washington, DC. A public elementary school near the National Cathedral School bears her name, Phoebe Hearst funded the Hearst Library in Anaconda Montana in 1898. She maintained the library until 1904, in 1901, Phoebe Hearst founded the University of California Lowie Museum of Anthropology, renamed Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology in 1992, in celebration of the museums ninth decade. The original collection was founded with about 230,000 objects representing cultures, the museum now contains about 3.8 million objects. Throughout her lifetime, and as denoted in her will, Phoebe Hearst donated over 60,000 objects to the Museum and she also funded archaeological and anthropological expeditions such as the Pepper-Hearst Expedition on the coast of Florida, near Tarpon Springs. The purpose of these expeditions was to enable anthropologists and archaeologists to study, most notable are the 1899 expeditions in Egypt by American archaeologist George A. Reisner and in Peru by German archaeologist Max Uhle. These expeditions, among others, found numerous, well-documented objects now in the museums collection, among these are approximately 20,000 ancient Egyptian artifacts, the largest Egyptian collection west of Chicago
20.
Robert Reid (painter)
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Robert Lewis Reid was an American Impressionist painter and muralist. Robert Reid was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston under Otto Grundmann, where he was also later an instructor. In 1884 he moved to New York City, studying at the Art Students League and his early pictures were figures of French peasants, painted at Étaples. Upon returning to New York in 1889, he worked as a portraitist and later became an instructor at the Art Students League, much of his work centered on the depiction of young women set among flowers. His work tended to be decorative, and he became known for mural decoration. He contributed with others to the frescoes of the dome of the Liberal Arts Building at the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in 1897, Reid was a member of the Ten American Painters, who seceded from the Society of American Artists. In 1906 he became a member of the National Academy of Design. He has work in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. ”He executed a panel for the American Pavilion at the Paris Exhibition,1900, and in 1906 he completed a series of ten stained glass windows for the Unitarian Memorial Church at Fairhaven, Mass. Reids “The Martyrdom of St. Paul” is located at the end of the nave of the Church of St. Paul the Apostle in New York City. Robert Reids murals for the Palace of Fine Arts building at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition were a tribute to the Arts. Reid also taught, among his pupils was Nan Sheets and he died in Clifton Springs, New York. Attribution Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Reid, Robert, the affairs of Anatol by Robert Reid, an exhibition catalog available as a full-text PDF
21.
Rotunda (architecture)
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A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan, and sometimes covered by a dome. It can also refer to a room within a building. The Pantheon in Rome is a famous rotunda, a Band Rotunda is a circular bandstand, usually with a dome. The rotunda has historical and architectural value because it was widespread in medieval Central Europe, a great number of parochial churches were built in this form in the 9th to 11th centuries BCE in Central Europe. This type of circular shaped parochial building can be found in great number in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Austria, Bavaria, Dalmatia, Germany, and it was thought of as a structure descending from the Roman Pantheon. However, it can be found mainly not on former Roman territories, generally its size was 6–9 meters inner diameter and the apsis was directed toward the east. Sometimes 3 or 4 apsides were glued to the central circle, several types of rotundas are found in the Carpathian Basin, within the former boundaries of Medieval Hungary. The role and form developed from gradual enlargements of ancient small village churches, many of them still stand today, e. g. in Nagytótlak, Kallósd and Kissikátor in Hungary or in Bíňa and Šivetice in Slovakia. In many places the ancient foundations have been excavated and conserved, the village church of Sárospatak is complete with a simple circular nave and an eastern apse. The church of Alagimajor at Dunakeszi was enlarged toward the apse in the 14th century, in many cases the rotunda was used as the apse of the villages new and larger church. Such semi-circle apses are preserved all over the Carpathian Basin, rotundas of six apses, a most interesting form, are found at Karcsa, Kiszombor in Hungary, at Horjany in Ukraine and several places in Armenia. There is a connection between Central European and Caucasian rotundas of the 9th to 11th centuries BCE. Several Armenian built rotunda churches have sixfold arched central apsis, i. e. at Aragatz, Bagaran, Bagnayr, Botshor, at the same time eightfold arched central buildings are also frequently occurring in Armenia, Ani, Irind, Varzhahan. It was a suggestion that there was not only western European, temple of Heaven construction completed on 1420 during Yongle Emperor who also constructed Forbidden City of China. Fujian Tulou is a traditional rural dwellings of the Hakka in Fujian region of China and they are built between the 12th and the 20th centuries. The Baptistery at the Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa, Italy, the Church of the Rotonda in Thessaloniki, built as the Tomb of Galerius in 306 AD. The St George Rotunda in Sofia, Bulgaria, a 4th-century Early Christian church, St. George Cathedral Church at Zvartnots, Armenia. St. Martins Rotunda in Vyšehrad Castle, Prague, Czech Republic, the Rotunda of St Marija Assunta in Mosta, Malta
22.
Staff (building material)
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Staff is a kind of artificial stone used for covering and ornamenting temporary buildings. Staff is chiefly made of powdered gypsum or plaster of Paris, with a cement, glycerin. When staff is cast in molds it can form any shape, to strengthen it coarse cloth or bagging, or fibers of hemp or jute, are put into the molds before casting. It becomes hard enough in about a half-hour to be removed and fastened on the building in construction, staff may easily be bent, sawed, bored, or nailed. Its natural color is white, but it may be made to resemble any kind of stone. Staff was invented in France about 1876 and was used in the construction and ornamentation of the buildings of the Paris Expositions of 1878, dewey Arch Building material Glazed architectural terra-cotta a material also made into many decorative forms, more permanent List of building materials
23.
Plaster
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Plaster is a building material used for the protective and/or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English plaster usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat surfaces. The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, the plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a stiff but workable paste immediately before it is applied to the surface. The reaction with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens, plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tools or even sandpaper, and can be moulded, either on site or to make pre-formed sections in advance, which are put in place with adhesive. Plaster is not a material, it is suitable for finishing, rather than load-bearing. Forms of plaster have several other uses, in medicine plaster orthopedic casts are still often used for supporting set broken bones. In dentistry plaster is used to make dental models, various types of models and moulds are made with plaster. In art, lime plaster is the matrix for fresco painting. Gypsum plaster, or plaster of Paris, is produced by heating gypsum to about 300 °F, when the dry plaster powder is mixed with water, it re-forms into gypsum. The setting of unmodified plaster starts about 10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes, if plaster or gypsum is heated above 266 °F, hemihydrate is formed, which will also re-form as gypsum if mixed with water. On heating to 180 °C, the nearly water-free form, called γ-anhydrite is produced, γ-Anhydrite reacts slowly with water to return to the dihydrate state, a property exploited in some commercial desiccants. On heating above 250 °C, the anhydrous form called β-anhydrite or dead burned plaster is formed. A large gypsum deposit at Montmartre in Paris led calcined gypsum to be known as plaster of Paris. Plasterers often use gypsum to simulate the appearance of surfaces of wood, stone, or metal, on movie, nowadays, theatrical plasterers often use expanded polystyrene, although the job title remains unchanged. Plaster of Paris can be used to impregnate gauze bandages to make a material called plaster bandages. It is used similarly to clay, as it is shaped when wet, yet sets into a resilient. This is the material that was used to make classic plaster orthopedic casts to protect limbs with broken bones, set Modroc is an early example of a composite material. The hydration of plaster of Paris relies on the reaction of water with the dehydrated or partially hydrated calcium sulfate present in the plaster, lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand
24.
Burlap
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Gunny cloth is similar in texture and construction. The second element, ~lap, means piece of cloth, hessian was first exported from India in the early 19th century. It was traditionally used as backing for linoleum, rugs and carpet, in Jamaica and certain parts of the Caribbean many enslaved Africans who used to work on the plantations were not often given pleasant materials with which to make clothes. Some had access to cotton which was spun, woven, cut, enslaved Africans used their resourcefulness to recycle discarded sacking and fashion them into garments that although fairly uncomfortable by all accounts provided protection from the heat and dust. For the rest of the population, it is used to make bags for carrying loads of coffee, hessian is often used to make sacks and bags to ship goods such as coffee beans and rooibos tea, these contrivances are known as gunny sacks. It is breathable and thus resists condensation and associated spoilage of contents, hessian is also commonly used to make effective sandbags, hessian sacks filled with sand are often used for flood mitigation in temporary embankments against floodwaters or field fortifications. Hessian is also used for the transportation of unprocessed dry tobacco. This material is used for much the same reasons as it would be used for coffee, hessian sacks in the tobacco industry hold up to 200 kg of tobacco, and due to hessians toughness, a hessian sack can have a useful life of up to three years. Hessian is used to wrap the exposed roots of trees and shrubs when transplanting, due to its coarse texture, it is not commonly used in modern apparel. Owing to its durability, open weave, naturally non-shiny refraction and fuzzy texture and it was also a popular material for camouflage scrim on combat helmets during World War II. Until the advent of the plastic leafy multi-color net system following the Vietnam War, burlap scrim was also woven onto shrimp, during the Great Depression in the U. S. cloth became relatively scarce in the largely agrarian parts of the country. Many farmers used burlap cloth to sew their own clothes, however, sensitive skins prolonged exposure to the material can cause rashes. Hessian has been used by artists as an alternative to canvas as a painting or working surface. In horror fiction, it is used as a mask. Hessian bags are deployed as sandbags as a temporary response to flooding. Because of their material, they can either be reused or can be composted after use, agencies like the State Emergency Service in Australia and Technisches Hilfswerk in Germany often deploy sandbags, and these are found in the majority of their emergency response vehicles. Hessian fabric is used as smoker fuel in beehive-tending because of its generous smoke generation
25.
Exploratorium
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The Exploratorium is a public learning laboratory in San Francisco exploring the world through science, art, and human perception. Its mission is to create inquiry-based experiences that transform learning worldwide, the Exploratorium was founded by physicist and educator Frank Oppenheimer and opened in 1969 at the Palace of Fine Arts, its home until January 2,2013. On April 17,2013, the Exploratorium reopened at Piers 15 and 17 on San Franciscos Embarcadero, since the museums founding, over 1,000 participatory exhibits have been created, approximately 600 of which are on the floor at any given time. The exhibit-building workshop space is contained within the museum and is open to view, since Oppenheimers death in 1985, the Exploratorium has expanded into other domains, including its 50, 000-page website and two iPad apps on sound and color. It has also inspired an international network of participatory museums working to engage the public with general science education, the new Exploratorium building is also working to showcase environmental sustainability efforts as part of its goal to become the largest net-zero museum in the country. The Exploratorium offers visitors a variety of ways—including exhibits, webcasts, websites and events—to explore, in 2011, the Exploratorium received the National Science Board 2011 Public Service Science Award for its contributions to public understanding of science and engineering. The Exploratorium is the brainchild of Frank Oppenheimer, an experimental physicist, Oppenheimer, who worked on the Manhattan Project with his brother J. He was blacklisted from academic positions across the country, and withdrew with his family to run a Colorado cattle ranch for almost a decade. Oppenheimer also began lending a hand with science projects of high school students, eventually becoming the sole science teacher at the high school in Pagosa Springs. The field trips and experiments he did with his school students would become a blueprint for the hands-on methods of teaching and learning he would later bring to the Exploratorium. He received a grant from the National Science Foundation, which he used to build models of nearly a hundred science experiments, convinced of the need for public museums to supplement science curricula at all levels, he toured Europe and studied museums on a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1965. Back in the United States, Oppenheimer was invited to do the planning for a new branch of the Smithsonian. In 1967, the Oppenheimers came to San Francisco with a view towards opening an independent museum of their own. Many prominent scientists and cultural figures endorsed the project, and the offers of support in conjunction with a $50,000 grant from the San Francisco Foundation made the museum realizable, in late August 1969, the Exploratorium opened with little fanfare at the Palace of Fine Arts. An early proposal would have erected a wall between the workshop where exhibits were being developed and the visitor areas. Above the workshop was a sign, made by the wife of George Gamow, a physicist, educator, the inscription said Here Is Being Created the Exploratorium a Community Museum Dedicated to Awareness. Oppenheimer served as the director until his death in 1985. Dr. Robert L. White served as Director from 1987 to 1990, dr. Goéry Delacôte served as Executive Director from 1991 until 2005
26.
Embarcadero (San Francisco)
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The Embarcadero is the eastern waterfront and roadway of the Port of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, along San Francisco Bay. It was constructed on reclaimed land along a three mile long engineered seawall, from which extend into the bay. It derives its name from the Spanish verb embarcar, meaning to embark, the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20,2002. The Embarcadero right-of-way begins at the intersection of Second and King Streets near AT&T Park, the Embarcadero continues north past the Ferry Building at Market Street, Pier 39, and Fishermans Wharf, before ending at Pier 45. A section of The Embarcadero which ran between Folsom Street and Drumm Street was formerly known as East Street, for three decades, until it was torn down in 1991, the Embarcadero Freeway dominated the area. As the city grew, the cove was filled, over fifty years a large offshore seawall was built and the mudflats filled, creating what today is San Franciscos Financial District. The San Francisco Belt Railroad, a short line railroad for freight, the roadway follows the seawall, a boundary first established in the 1860s and not completed until the 1920s. During the early-20th century when the seaport was at its busiest and before the construction of the Bay Bridge, piers 1, 1½,3 and 5 were dedicated chiefly to inland trade and transport. These connections facilitated the growth of communities in the Sacramento- and San Joaquin Valleys, today, these piers comprise the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District. The Delta Queen docked at Pier 1½, ferrying people between San Francisco and Sacramento, there was once a pedestrian footbridge that connected Market Street directly with the Ferry building and a subterranean roadway to move cars below the plaza. During World War II, San Franciscos waterfront became a logistics center, troops, equipment. Almost every pier and wharf was involved in activities, with troop ships. However, after the completion of the Bay Bridge and the decline of ferries and the Ferry Building. The transition to container shipping, which moved most shipping to Oakland, automobile transit efforts led to the Embarcadero Freeway being built in the 1960s. This improved automobile access to the Bay Bridge, but detracted aesthetically from the city, for 30 years, the highway divided the waterfront and the Ferry Building from downtown. It was torn down in 1991, after being damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The sidewalk along the waterfront between China Basin and Fishermans Wharf was named Herb Caen Way, after the death of celebrated local columnist Herb Caen in 1997. The three dots, or ellipsis, deliberately are included in honor of columnist Herb Caens Pulitzer Prize winning writing style, a large public sculpture, Cupids Span by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, was installed in 2002 along the Rincon Park area
27.
Mute swan
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The mute swan is a species of swan and a member of the waterfowl family Anatidae. It is native to much of Eurasia, and the far north of Africa and it is an introduced species in North America, Australasia and southern Africa. The name mute derives from it being less vocal than other swan species, measuring 125 to 170 cm in length, this large swan is wholly white in plumage with an orange beak bordered with black. It is recognisable by its pronounced knob atop the beak, which is larger in males, the mute swan was first formally described by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin as Anas olor in 1789, and was transferred by Johann Matthäus Bechstein to the new genus Cygnus in 1803. It is the species of the genus Cygnus. Both cygnus and olor mean swan in Latin, cygnus is a variant form of cycnus, a borrowing from Greek κύκνος kyknos, a word of the same meaning. Despite its Eurasian origin, its closest relatives are the black swan of Australia, the species is monotypic with no living subspecies. Mute swan subfossils,6,000 years old, have found in post-glacial peat beds of East Anglia. They have been recorded from Ireland east to Portugal and Italy, the paleosubspecies Cygnus olor bergmanni, which differed only in size from the living bird, is known from fossils found in Azerbaijan. Fossils of swan ancestors more distantly allied to the mute swan have been found in four U. S. states, California, Arizona, Idaho, the timeline runs from the Miocene to the late Pleistocene, or 10,000 BP. The latest find was in Anza Borrego Desert, a park in California. Adults of this large swan typically range from 140 to 160 cm long, although can range in extreme cases from 125 to 170 cm, males are larger than females and have a larger knob on their bill. On average, this is the second largest waterfowl species after the trumpeter swan, among standard measurements of the mute swan, the wing chord measures 53–62.3 cm, the tarsus is 10–11.8 cm and the bill is 6. 9–9 cm. The mute swan is one of the heaviest flying birds, young birds, called cygnets, are not the bright white of mature adults, and their bill is dull greyish-black, not orange, for the first year. The down may range from white to grey to buff. The white cygnets have a leucistic gene, cygnets grow quickly, reaching a size close to their adult size in approximately three months after hatching. Cygnets typically retain their grey feathers until they are at least one year old, all mute swans are white at maturity, though the feathers are often stained orange-brown by iron and tannins in the water. The morph immutabilis has pinkish legs and dull white cygnets, as with white domestic geese, polish swans carry a copy of a gene responsible for leucism
28.
Duck
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Duck is the common name for a large number of species in the waterfowl family Anatidae, which also includes swans and geese. The ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the family Anatidae, they do not represent a group but a form taxon, since swans. Ducks are mostly birds, mostly smaller than the swans and geese. Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and this word replaced Old English ened/ænid duck, possibly to avoid confusion with other Old English words, like ende end with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend duck, the word ened/ænid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European, compare, Latin anas duck, Lithuanian ántis duck, Ancient Greek nēssa/nētta duck, and Sanskrit ātí water bird, among others. A duckling is a duck in downy plumage or baby duck. A male duck is called a drake and the female is called a duck, the overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and the ducks are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded, the bill is usually broad and contains serrated lamellae, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long, the scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are strong and are generally short and pointed. Three species of duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting, they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period, the drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the eclipse plumage. The plumage of birds generally resembles that of the female. Over the course of evolution, female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape, Ducks exploit a variety of food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs. Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, along the edge of the beak there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the beak, the pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items. Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater, to be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly. A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch, to avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn
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Geese
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Geese are waterfowl belonging to the tribe Anserini of the family Anatidae. This tribe comprises the genera Anser, Branta and Chen, some other birds, mostly related to the shelducks, have goose as part of their names. More distantly related members of the family Anatidae are swans, most of which are larger than true geese, and ducks, the word goose is a direct descendent of Proto-Indo-European root, *ghans-. In Germanic languages, the root gave Old English gōs with the plural gēs and gandres, Frisian goes, gies and guoske, New High German Gans, Gänse, and Ganter, and Old Norse gās. The term goose applies to the female in particular, while applies to the male in particular. Young birds before fledging are called goslings, the collective noun for a group of geese on the ground is a gaggle, when in flight, they are called a skein, a team, or a wedge, when flying close together, they are called a plump. The three living genera of true geese are, Anser, grey geese, including the goose, and domestic geese, Chen, white geese. Either these or, more probably, the goose-like Coscoroba swan is the closest living relative of the true geese, the aptly named Anser atavus from some 12 million years ago had even more plesiomorphies in common with swans. In addition, some birds are known from subfossil remains found on the Hawaiian Islands. Geese are monogamous, living in permanent pairs throughout the year, however, unlike most other permanently monogamous animals, paired geese are more dominant and feed more, two factors that result in more young. Some mainly Southern Hemisphere birds are called geese, most of which belong to the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae, the blue-winged goose, Cyanochen cyanopterus, and the Cape Barren goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae, have disputed affinities. They belong to separate ancient lineages that may ally either to the Tadorninae, Anserinae, the three species of small waterfowl in the genus Nettapus are named pygmy geese. They seem to represent another ancient lineage, with affinities to the Cape Barren goose or the spur-winged goose. A genus of prehistorically extinct seaducks, Chendytes, is sometimes called diving-geese due to their large size, the unusual magpie goose is in a family of its own, the Anseranatidae. The northern gannet, a seabird, is known as the Solan goose, although it is a bird unrelated to the true geese. Well-known sayings about geese include, To have a gander is to something in detail. Whats sauce for the goose is sauce for the means that what is appropriate treatment for one person is equally appropriate for someone else. Saying that someones goose is cooked means that they have suffered, or are about to suffer, a wild goose chase is a useless, futile waste of time and effort
30.
Turtle
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Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines characterised by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield. Turtle may refer to the order as a whole or to fresh-water, the order Testudines includes both extant and extinct species. The earliest known members of this date from 157 million years ago, making turtles one of the oldest reptile groups. Of the 327 known species alive today, some are highly endangered, turtles are ectotherms—animals commonly called cold-blooded—meaning that their internal temperature varies according to the ambient environment. However, because of their metabolic rate, leatherback sea turtles have a body temperature that is noticeably higher than that of the surrounding water. Turtles are classified as amniotes, along with reptiles, birds. Like other amniotes, turtles breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, Chelonia is based on the Greek word χελώνη chelone tortoise, turtle, also denoting armor or interlocking shields, testudines, on the other hand, is based on the Latin word testudo tortoise. Turtle may either refer to the order as a whole, or to particular turtles that make up a form taxon that is not monophyletic, the meaning of the word turtle differs from region to region. In North America, all chelonians are commonly called turtles, including terrapins, in Great Britain, the word turtle is used for sea-dwelling species, but not for tortoises. The term tortoise usually refers to any land-dwelling, non-swimming chelonian, most land-dwelling chelonians are in the Testudinidae family, only one of the 14 extant turtle families. Terrapin is used to describe several species of small, edible, hard-shell turtles, typically found in brackish waters. Some languages do not have this distinction, as all of these are referred to by the same name, for example, in Spanish, the word tortuga is used for turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. A sea-dwelling turtle is tortuga marina, a freshwater species tortuga de río, the largest living chelonian is the leatherback sea turtle, which reaches a shell length of 200 cm and can reach a weight of over 900 kg. Freshwater turtles are generally smaller, but with the largest species, the Asian softshell turtle Pelochelys cantorii, a few individuals have been reported up to 200 cm. This dwarfs even the better-known alligator snapping turtle, the largest chelonian in North America and they became extinct at the same time as the appearance of man, and it is assumed humans hunted them for food. The only surviving giant tortoises are on the Seychelles and Galápagos Islands and can grow to over 130 cm in length, the largest ever chelonian was Archelon ischyros, a Late Cretaceous sea turtle known to have been up to 4.6 m long. The smallest turtle is the speckled padloper tortoise of South Africa and it measures no more than 8 cm in length and weighs about 140 g. Two other species of turtles are the American mud turtles
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Frog
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A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura. The oldest fossil proto-frog appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforests. There are approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species and they are also one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders. The body plan of a frog is generally characterized by a stout body, protruding eyes, cleft tongue, limbs folded underneath. Besides living in water and on dry land, the adults of some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. The skin of the frog is glandular, with secretions ranging from distasteful to toxic, Frogs skins vary in colour from well-camouflaged dappled brown, grey and green to vivid patterns of bright red or yellow and black to advertise toxicity and warn off predators. Frogs typically lay their eggs in water, the eggs hatch into aquatic larvae called tadpoles that have tails and internal gills. They have highly specialized rasping mouth parts suitable for herbivorous, omnivorous or planktivorous diets, the life cycle is completed when they metamorphose into adults. A few species deposit eggs on land or bypass the tadpole stage, adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass and they are an important food source for predators and part of the food web dynamics of many of the worlds ecosystems. The skin is semi-permeable, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry habitats. Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many roles in literature, symbolism. Frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s, more than one third of species are considered to be threatened with extinction and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the rise and a fungal disease. Conservation biologists are working to understand the causes of these problems, the name frog derives from Old English frogga, abbreviated to frox, forsc, and frosc, probably deriving from Proto-Indo-European preu = to jump. About 88% of amphibian species are classified in the order Anura and these include around 4,810 species in 33 families, of which the Leptodactylidae, Hylidae and Ranidae are the richest in species. The use of the common frog and toad has no taxonomic justification. From a classification perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, there are numerous exceptions to this rule
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Raccoon
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The raccoon, sometimes spelled racoon, also known as the common raccoon, North American raccoon, northern raccoon and colloquially as coon, is a medium-sized mammal native to North America. The raccoon is the largest of the family, having a body length of 40 to 70 cm. Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates it against cold weather, two of the raccoons most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask, which are themes in the mythology of several Native American ethnic groups. Raccoons are noted for their intelligence, with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years, the diet of the omnivorous raccoon, which is usually nocturnal, consists of about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant foods, and 27% vertebrates. As a result of escapes and deliberate introductions in the century, raccoons are now also distributed across mainland Europe, Caucasia. Though previously thought to be solitary, there is now evidence that raccoons engage in social behavior. Home range sizes vary anywhere from 3 hectares for females in cities to 5,000 hectares for males in prairies, after a gestation period of about 65 days, two to five young, known as kits, are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall, although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years, their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years. In many areas, hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death, the word raccoon was adopted into English from the native Powhatan term, as used in the Virginia Colony. It was recorded on Captain John Smiths list of Powhatan words as aroughcun and it has also been identified as a Proto-Algonquian root *ahrah-koon-em, meaning one who rubs, scrubs and scratches with its hands. Similarly, Spanish colonists adopted the Spanish word mapache from the Nahuatl mapachitli of the Aztecs, in French and European Portuguese, the washing behavior is combined with these languages term for rat, yielding, respectively, raton laveur and ratão-lavadeiro. The colloquial abbreviation coon is used in words like coonskin for fur clothing and in phrases like old coon as a self-designation of trappers. In the 1830s, the U. S. Whig Party used the raccoon as an emblem, causing them to be known as coons by their political opponents. Soon after that it became an ethnic slur, especially in use between 1880 and 1920, and the term is considered offensive. In 1780, Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr placed the raccoon in its own genus Procyon and it is also possible that Storr had its nocturnal lifestyle in mind and chose the star Procyon as eponym for the species. Based on fossil evidence from France and Germany, the first known members of the family Procyonidae lived in Europe in the late Oligocene about 25 million years ago. Similar tooth and skull structures suggest procyonids and weasels share a common ancestor, after the then-existing species crossed the Bering Strait at least six million years later in the early Miocene, the center of its distribution was probably in Central America. Coatis and raccoons have been considered to share common descent from a species in the genus Paranasua present between 5.2 and 6.0 million years ago
33.
Pergola
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The origin of the word is the Late Latin pergula, referring to a projecting eave. As a type of gazebo, it may also be an extension of a building or serve as protection for a terrace or a link between pavilions. They are different from green tunnels, pergolas are sometimes confused with arbours, and the terms are often used interchangeably. An arbour is generally regarded as a bench seat with a roof. A pergola, on the hand, is a much larger and more open structure. As a type of gazebo, it may also be an extension of a building or serve as protection for a terrace or a link between pavilions. Pergolas may link pavilions or extend from a door to an open garden feature such as an isolated terrace or pool. Freestanding pergolas, those not attached to a home or other structure, provide an area that allows for breeze and light sun. Pergolas also give climbing plants a structure on which to grow, at the Medici villa, La Petraia, inner and outer curving segments of such green walks, the forerunners of pergolas, give structure to the pattern, which can be viewed from the long terrace above it. The origin of the word is the Late Latin pergula, referring to a projecting eave, the English term was borrowed from Italian. The clearly artificial nature of the pergola made it fall from favor in the naturalistic gardening styles of the 18th and 19th centuries, a particularly extensive pergola features at the gardens of The Hill, Hampstead, designed by Thomas Mawson for his client W. H. Lever. Wooden pergolas are either made from a weather-resistant wood, such as western redcedar or, formerly, of coast redwood, are painted or stained, for a low maintenance alternative to wood, vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum and CPVC can be used. These materials do not require paint or stain like a wooden pergola and their manufacture can make them even stronger. Breezeway Brise soleil Latticework Patio Trellis Vine training systems
34.
Entablature
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An entablature refers to the superstructure of moldings and bands which lie horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals. Entablatures are major elements of architecture, and are commonly divided into the architrave, the frieze. The Greek and Roman temples are believed to be based on wooden structures, the structure of the entablature varies with the three classical orders, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. In each, the proportions of the subdivisions are defined by the proportions of the column in the order, in Roman and Renaissance interpretations, it is usually approximately a quarter of the height of the column. Variants of entablature that do not fit these models are derived from them. Pure classical Doric entablature is simple, the architrave, the lowest band, is split, from bottom to top, into the guttae, the regulae, and the taenia. The frieze is dominated by the triglyphs, vertically channelled tablets, separated by metopes, which may or may not be decorated. The triglyphs sit on top of the taenia, a flat, thin, horizontal protrusion, and are finished at the bottom by decoration of drops, called guttae, the top of the triglyphs meet the protrusion of the cornice from the entablature. The underside of this protrusion is decorated with mutules, tablets that are finished with guttae. The cornice is split into the soffit, the corona, the soffit is simply the exposed underside. The corona and the cymatium are the parts of the cornice. The Ionic order of entablature adds the fascia in the architrave, which are flat horizontal protrusions, and the dentils under the cornice, which are tooth-like rectangular block moldings. The Corinthian order adds a far more ornate cornice, divided, from bottom to top, into the cyma reversa, the dentils, the ovulo, the modillions, the fascia, and the cyma recta. The modillions are ornate brackets, similar in use to dentils, the frieze is sometimes omitted—for example, on the portico of the caryatides of the Erechtheum—and probably did not exist as a structure in the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Neither is it found in the Lycian tombs, which are reproductions in the rock of timber based on early lonian work. The entablature is essentially an evolution of the lintel, which spans two posts, supporting the ends of the roof rafters. The entablature together with the system of columns is rarely found outside of classical architecture. It is often used to complete the upper portion of a wall where columns are not present, the use of the entablature, irrespective of columns, appeared after the Renaissance
35.
Ulric Ellerhusen
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Ulric Henry Ellerhusen first name variously cited as Ulrich or Ulrik, surname sometimes cited as Ellerhousen) was a German-American sculptor and teacher best known for his architectural sculpture. Ellerhusen was born on April 7,1879 in Waren, Mecklenburg, Germany and he studied at the Art Institute of Chicago under Lorado Taft, and with Gutzon Borglum at the Art Students League of New York, and from 1906 through 1912 with Karl Bitter. In 1926 Ellerhusen worked with Lee Lawrie to produce about 70 integrated sculptural figures for the Rockefeller Chapel at the University of Chicago, Lawrie was responsible for the figures below the 30-foot level of the building, and Ellerhusen for the higher and less visible work. Ellerhusens most notable contribution was the March of Religion, a series of fifteen monumental sized figures across the front gable. Next to him is Peter, then the Apostle Paul, Athanasius, Augustine, Francis of Assisi, Martin Luther and John Calvin make up the remaining figures in the gable. Elsewhere on the building Ellerhusen created figures of Amos, Hosea, John Huss, William Tyndale, St. Monica and St. Cecilia as well as the emblems for Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Ellerhusen returned to the University of Chicago in 1931 to execute a panel for over the entrance to the Oriental Institutes new building. This figures on this tympanum symbolize the passing of writing from the East to vigorous, the East is represented by a lion in the foreground with Zoser, Hammurabi, Thutmose III, Ashurbanipal, Darius the Great and Chosroes farther back. The West has a bison as its totem while its men are Herodotus, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar. Various examples of the buildings form the background of both sections. The building picked to represent modern architecture is Goodhues Nebraska State Capitol, although Ellerhusen and Lawrie worked together on several buildings it is only at Goodhues Christ Church Cranbrook that it is difficult to determine who did what. For the Louisiana State Capitol building Ellerhusen created four colossal corner figures standing for four dominating spirits of a free and enlightened people, Law, Science, Art and Philosophy. He also produced a frieze Louisiana, History and Life that is divided into five parts, in one section Ellerhusen used a son and a daughter of the buildings architects as models for figures of children in his design
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Frieze
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In architecture the frieze /ˈfriːz/ is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Even when neither columns nor pilasters are expressed, on a wall it lies upon the architrave and is capped by the moldings of the cornice. A frieze can be found on many Greek and Roman buildings, the Parthenon Frieze being the most famous and this style is typical for the Persians. In interiors, the frieze of a room is the section of wall above the picture rail, by extension, a frieze is a long stretch of painted, sculpted or even calligraphic decoration in such a position, normally above eye-level. Frieze decorations may depict scenes in a sequence of discrete panels, the material of which the frieze is made of may be plasterwork, carved wood or other decorative medium. In an example of a frieze on the façade of a building. A pulvinated frieze is convex in section, such friezes were features of 17th-century Northern Mannerism, especially in subsidiary friezes, and much employed in interior architecture and in furniture. The concept of a frieze has been generalized in the construction of frieze patterns. Media related to Friezes at Wikimedia Commons Frieze
37.
Bill Graham Civic Auditorium
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The Bill Graham Civic Auditorium is a multi-purpose arena in San Francisco, California, named after promoter Bill Graham. It was designed by renowned Bay Area architect John Galen Howard, the World Cyber Games 2004 were held in the civic auditorium. In 1992, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted to rename the San Francisco Civic Auditorium after the rock concert impresario Bill Graham, the arena has hosted concerts by many famous artists, spanning many different genres. It is owned by the City of San Francisco and since 2010 has been operated by Another Planet Entertainment, list of tennis stadiums by capacity Bill Graham Civic Auditorium
38.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
39.
Vertigo (film)
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Vertigo is a 1958 American film noir psychological thriller film directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock. The story was based on the 1954 novel Dentre les morts by Boileau-Narcejac, the screenplay was written by Alec Coppel and Samuel A. Taylor. The film stars James Stewart as former police detective John Scottie Ferguson, Scottie is forced into early retirement because an incident in the line of duty has caused him to develop acrophobia and vertigo. Scottie is hired by an acquaintance, Gavin Elster, as an investigator to follow Gavins wife Madeleine. The film was shot on location in San Francisco, California and it is the first film to use the dolly zoom, an in-camera effect that distorts perspective to create disorientation, to convey Scotties acrophobia. As a result of its use in film, the effect is often referred to as the Vertigo effect. Vertigo received mixed reviews upon release, but is now often cited as a classic Hitchcock film. Attracting significant scholarly criticism, it replaced Citizen Kane as the best film made in the 2012 British Film Institutes Sight & Sound critics poll. In 1996, the film underwent a restoration to create a new 70mm print. It has appeared repeatedly in polls of the best films by the American Film Institute, after a rooftop chase, where his fear of heights and vertigo result in the death of a policeman, San Francisco detective John Scottie Ferguson retires. Scottie tries to conquer his fear, but his friend and ex-fiancée Midge Wood says that another severe emotional shock may be the only cure. An acquaintance from college, Gavin Elster, asks Scottie to follow his wife, Madeleine and he watches her enter the McKittrick Hotel, but on investigation she does not seem to be there. Gavin reveals that Carlotta is Madeleines great-grandmother, although Madeleine has no knowledge of this, Scottie tails Madeleine to Fort Point and, when she leaps into the bay, he rescues her. The next day Scottie follows Madeleine, they meet and spend the day together and they travel to Muir Woods and Cypress Point on 17-Mile Drive, where Madeleine runs down towards the ocean. Scottie grabs her and they embrace, Madeleine recounts a nightmare and Scottie identifies its setting as Mission San Juan Bautista, childhood home of Carlotta. He drives her there and they express their love for each other, Madeleine suddenly runs into the church and up the bell tower. Scottie, halted on the steps by his acrophobia, sees Madeleine plunge to her death, the death is declared a suicide. Gavin does not fault Scottie, but Scottie breaks down, becomes depressed and is in a sanatorium
40.
Time After Time (1979 film)
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Time After Time is a 1979 American Metrocolor science fiction film starring Malcolm McDowell, David Warner, and Mary Steenburgen filmed in Panavision. It was the debut of screenwriter Nicholas Meyer, whose screenplay is based on the premise from Karl Alexanders novel of the same name. The film concerns British author H. G. Wells and his use of a time machine to pursue Jack the Ripper into the 20th century. In 1893 London, popular writer Herbert George Wells displays a machine to his skeptical dinner guests. After he explains how it works, police arrive at the house searching for Jack the Ripper. A bag with blood-stained gloves belonging to one of Herberts friends, Wells races to his laboratory, but the time machine is gone. Stevenson has escaped to the future, but because he not have the non-return key. Herbert uses it to pursue Stevenson to November 5,1979, reasoning that Stevenson would need to exchange his British money, Herbert asks about him at various banks. At the Chartered Bank of London, he meets liberated employee Amy Robbins, confronted by his one-time friend Herbert, Stevenson confesses that he finds modern society to be pleasingly violent, stating, Ninety years ago, I was a freak. Herbert demands he return to 1893 to face justice, but Stevenson instead attempts to wrest the time machines return key from him and their struggle is interrupted and Stevenson flees, getting hit by a car during the frantic chase on foot. Herbert follows him to the San Francisco General Hospital emergency room, Herbert meets up with Amy Robbins again and she initiates a romance. Stevenson returns to the bank to more money. Suspecting that it was Amy who had led Herbert to him, Herbert, hoping to convince her of the truth, takes a highly skeptical Amy three days into the future. Once there, she is aghast to see a newspaper headline revealing her own murder as the Rippers fifth victim, Herbert persuades her that they must go back – it is their duty to attempt to prevent the fourth victims murder, then prevent Amys. However, they are delayed upon their return to the present, Stevenson kills again, and Herbert is arrested because of his knowledge of the killing. Amy is left alone, totally defenseless, and at the mercy of the San Francisco Ripper, while Herbert unsuccessfully tries to convince the police of Amys peril, she attempts to hide from Stevenson. When the police finally do investigate her apartment, they find the body of a woman. The police release a broken-hearted Wells, however, he is contacted by Stevenson, who has actually killed Amys coworker and taken Amy hostage in order to extort the time machine key from Wells
41.
The Room (film)
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The Room is a 2003 American independent romantic drama film by Tommy Wiseau, its writer, director, producer, executive producer and star. The film is centered on a melodramatic love triangle among amiable banker Johnny, his deceptive fiancée Lisa. Ross Morin, an assistant professor of film studies at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota, United States, a number of notable publications have labeled it as one of the worst films ever made. Originally shown only in a number of California theaters, The Room quickly became a cult film due to its bizarre and unconventional storytelling and various technical. Although Wiseau has retrospectively characterized the film as a comedy, audiences have generally viewed it as a poorly made drama. The film inspired a 2010 video game of the name, a 2013 book titled The Disaster Artist. Johnny is a banker who lives in a San Francisco townhouse with his fiancée. They share an intense, intimate relationship characterized by constant, passionate lovemaking, despite this idyllic existence, Lisa has inexplicably become dissatisfied with her life, and one afternoon confides to her best friend Michelle and her mother Claudette that she finds Johnny boring. Although Michelle advises her to be grateful for what she has, although he is initially reluctant, Mark gives in to Lisas advances. Their affair continues through the remainder of the film, even though Mark appears reluctant at the outset of each sexual encounter and repeatedly tries to break off the relationship. Lisa, meanwhile, having come to the realization that she wants it all, decides to stay with Johnny for financial support and the material goods he can provide her. Meanwhile, Johnny, having overheard Lisa confess her infidelity to her mother, Denny also lusts after Lisa, ultimately confessing to Johnny his attraction, once Johnny tells Denny that Lisa loves him as her friend, Denny resolves to propose to his own girlfriend. Johnny takes on a client at his bank whose identity he kept secret because its confidential. Claudette experiences real estate problems, bemoans failed relationships, and informs Lisa that she definitely has breast cancer, Michelle and her boyfriend, Mike, break into Johnny and Lisas home to have sex. Peter, a psychologist friend of Johnny and Marks, alternates between defending Lisa and assessing her as a sociopath, which results in Mark briefly trying to murder him, each subplot is provided little to no exposition or context, and none are resolved. At a surprise party for Johnny, a previously unseen friend of Lisa and Johnnys, Steven, catches Lisa kissing Mark while the rest of the guests are outside. Lisa expresses no remorse, while Mark angrily urges the unseen friend not to tell anyone, Johnny announces to the guests that he and Lisa are expecting a child, only for Lisa to tell the other guests that she lied about it in order to make it interesting. At the end of the evening, Lisa flaunts her affair in front of Johnny, after the party, Johnny locks himself in the bathroom, prompting Lisa to make plans to leave him for Mark
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Twisted (2004 film)
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Twisted is a 2004 American psychological thriller written by Sarah Thorp and directed by Philip Kaufman. It stars Ashley Judd, Samuel L. Jackson and Andy García, the film is set in San Francisco, California. She is transferred to the division and promoted to the rank of inspector. Her deceased fathers former partner, SFPD Chief John Mills, her foster father, Shepard finds that she might once again have to prove herself in a department that takes no prisoners. When Bob Sherman, a criminal and one of Shepards former one-night stands is brutally murdered, Shepard and her new partner. Shepard, who has a problem, admits that she had slept with Sherman. A few days however, Lawrence Gebler, another of Shepards one-night stands is murdered. At Mills insistence, Shepard remains on the case so as to bait out the killer, as investigations progress, Shepard keeps having alcoholic blackouts at night, having already had them on the nights when Sherman and Gebler were killed. She confides in these blackouts and her doubts about her mental health to her police psychiatrist. She also confides this to Mills, who encourages her to carry on, Shepard discovers a third murder, that of Cutlers defense attorney Ray Porter who was also a former lover of Shepard and had summoned her via note to meet him that morning. Mills tells Shepard that he suspects Delmarco of being the killer, Mills admits he killed all of Shepards lovers, as well as her parents and her mothers lovers, because he considered it his mission to prevent her growing up to be a dissolute woman like her mother. As her fathers partner, Mills had felt the responsibility to him that his wife was a nymphomaniac. Furthermore, as he himself had an affair with Shepards mother, Mills felt the need to kill her lovers, ashamed that he helped destroy his partners marriage. Mills then decided to put him out of his misery by killing him, Shepard secretly transmits Mills confession to other police officers on a mobile phone, allowing her old partner Wilson to track them down. When Mills tries to shoot her Delmarco, Shepard shoots him in the chest, killing him, the film closes on Mills corpse drifting on the ocean surface surrounded by sea lions as the cops look on. The consensus states, An implausible, overheated potboiler that squanders a stellar cast, Twisted is a cliched, the film is one of the lowest rated on the site. One reviewer described the role-reversal of the film as contrived, while allowing that the film may dole out a few guilty pleasures. The film earned $25,198,598 in the United States and Canada and $15,756,005 in other territories for a worldwide gross of $40,954
Walkthrough of outside grounds, Virtual Tour
