1.
Bangladesh
–
Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
2.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
Darjeeling
–
Darjeeling is a town and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in the Lesser Himalayas at an elevation of 6,700 ft and it is noted for its tea industry, the spectacular views of Kangchenjunga, the worlds third-highest mountain, and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Darjeeling is the headquarters of Darjeeling district which has an autonomous status within the state of West Bengal. It is also a popular tourist destination in India, the recorded history of the town starts from the early 19th century when the colonial administration under the British Raj set up a sanatorium and a military depot in the region. Subsequently, extensive tea plantations were established in the region and tea growers developed hybrids of black tea, the resultant distinctive Darjeeling tea is internationally recognised and ranks among the most popular black teas in the world. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway connects the town with the plains and has some of the few steam locomotives still in service in India, Darjeeling has several British-style public schools, which attract pupils from India and neighbouring countries. The varied culture of the town reflects its diverse demographic milieu consisting of Nepali, Bengali, Sherpas, Lepcha, Darjeeling, alongside its neighbouring town of Kalimpong, was the centre of the Gorkhaland movement in the 1980s. The towns fragile ecology has been threatened by a demand for environmental resources, stemming from growing tourist traffic. The name Darjeeling comes from the Tibetan word dorje, meaning the thunderbolt sceptre of the Hindu deity Indra, and ling, the history of Darjeeling is intertwined with that of Sikkim, Nepal, British India and Bhutan. Until the early 19th century, the area around Darjeeling was controlled by the kingdom of Sikkim with settlement consisting of a few villages of Lepcha. The Chogyal of Sikkim had been engaged in warfare against the Gorkhas of Nepal. From 1780, the Gorkhas made several attempts to capture the region of Darjeeling. By the beginning of 19th century, they had overrun Sikkim as far eastward as the Teesta River and had conquered and annexed the Terai, in the meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from over-running the whole of the northern frontier. The Anglo-Gorkha war broke out in 1814, which resulted in the defeat of the Gorkhas, according to the treaty, Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed from the Chogyal of Sikkim to the British East India Company. The company negotiated a lease of the area west of the Mahananda River from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835, in 1849, the BEIC director Arthur Campbell and the explorer and botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker were imprisoned in the region by the Sikkim Chogyal. The BEIC sent a force to free them, continued friction between the BEIC and the Sikkim authorities resulted in the annexation of 640 square miles of territory by the British in 1850. In 1864, the Bhutanese rulers and the British signed the Treaty of Sinchula that ceded the passes leading through the hills and Kalimpong to the British. Further discord between Sikkim and the British resulted in a war, culminating in the signing of a treaty, by 1866, Darjeeling district had assumed its current shape and size, covering an area of 1,234 square miles
4.
Jalpaiguri
–
Jalpaiguri is a city in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the largest city and the headquarters of the Jalpaiguri district, the city is located on the banks of the Teesta River which is the second largest river in West Bengal on the foothills of the Himalayas. The city is the home to the bench of the Kolkata High Court. The city has become an important trade center of West Bengal and it is a principal commercial, tourism, transportation, and educational center of the North Bengal region. It lies 40 kilometers away from Siliguri, the name Jalpaiguri comes from the Bhutanese term je-le-pe-go-ri, meaning a place where warm clothes are traded, suggesting a trading centre. Another suggestion is that it is from the word Jalpai meaning olive, the city of Jalpaiguri once had many olive trees. Jalpaiguri is the largest city and the headquarters of the Jalpaiguri district, Jalpaiguri is located at 26. 52°N88. 73°E /26.52,88.73. Other than the Teesta, the Karala River, nicknamed the Thames of Jalpaiguri, the city of Jalpaiguri experiences three seasons mainly, namely summer, monsoons and winter. Summers are tropical and quite hot with temperatures ranging in the mid-thirties, the highest recorded temperature in Jalpaiguri is 41.3 degree Celsius. Monsoons are very severe with the city experiencing high amount of rainfall, sometimes stalling all life, winters are again quite severe and chilly, with the cold Himalayan winds blowing straight into the city. Temperatures are around 8 to 14 degrees Celsius during this period, the lowest recorded temperature in Jalpaiguri City is 2.1 degree Celsius. However, the climate has undergone a change in the past few years, with the mercury rising. In the 2011 census, Jalpaiguri City had a population of 107,341 while the Metropolitan region had a population of 169,002,85,226 males and 83,787 females, the 0–6 years population was 14,522. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 86.03 per cent, civic administration is the responsibility of the Jalpaiguri Municipality which is the fifth oldest one in West Bengal after that of Kolkata, Howrah, Berhampore and Burdwan. Set up in 1885, it is headed by a chairman who is elected by the all residents of the city and it has 45 wards that elect the ward councilors. The All India Trinamool Congress is in power of this municipal body, the chairman of the municipality is Mohan Bose. The changes are with respect to infrastructure and industrial growth for steel, metal, cement, many engineering, technology, management, and professional study colleges have opened at Jalpaiguri. Housing co-operatives and flats, shopping malls, multiplexes, cineplexes a science and energy park, Jalpaiguri has its own bank, the Jalpaiguri Central Co-operative Bank, whose head office is located at Temple Street of the city
5.
Purnia
–
Purnia is a city that serves as the administrative headquarters of both Purnia district and Purnia division in the Indian state of Bihar. It is the largest city in northeastern Bihar and it is nearly 300 kilometres from Patna, the capital of Bihar, as well as 171 km from Siliguri,92 km from Bhagalpur, and 214 km from Muzaffarpur. It is 450 km from Kolkata, the capital of the adjacent state of West Bengal and it is divided into two one is purnea and other is purnea city. Several possible origins for the name Purnia have been proposed, the name may originate from the Sanskrit word Purna–Aranya, which means complete jungle. Purnia could also be a form of the old name Purania, derived from the word purain or Lotus. This derivation is stated by OMalley and is also in the old gazetteer, another alternative derivation is from the words Purn Aranya. Hunter and Buchanan have mentioned the name of Purnia, it being an area, using a combination of the words purn. The citys name is romanized as Purnea. The modern district of Purnia was formed by the East India Company on 14 February 1770, Purnia and its surrounding lands lie in the sub-montane alluvial tract of the Gangetic Plain. The city however lies on the banks of numerous tributaries of the Koshi River, Purnia has an area of 3,202 square kilometres. Its major rivers are the Kosi, the Mahananda, the Suwara Kali, in the west the soil is thickly covered with sand deposited by changes in the course of the Kosi. Among other rivers are the Mahananda and the Panar and its major agricultural products are jute and banana. There is a tract in the north with a small hill of Calcareous belt. It has a slope from the north to the south and is traversed by a number of rivers, the district is composed of alluvial soil, partly old and partly new. The old alluvium is found in the north of the district where it consists of kankars, the new alluvium is available in the south of the district and is composed of silt, clay and sand. The alluvial soil is supposed to be brought by the Ganges, Purnia is known for its favourable climate, it has earned the name Mini Darjeeling for this reason. Purnia has a humid climate, with the highest level of rainfall in Bihar state. A cold season, from November to February, is followed by a hot season from March to June, the monsoon season begins in early June and lasts until September, 82% of its total annual rainfall falls during the monsoon season
6.
Dinajpur District, Bangladesh
–
Dinajpur is a district in Northern Rangpur, Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division, Dinajpur was once a part of the ancient state of Pundravardhana. Devkot which rotated as the capital of Lakhnauti was located 11 miles south of Dinajpur town, the British administrative control in Dinajpur was established in 1786. At the time of Partition of Bengal in 1947, part of greater Dinajpur district was included in West Bengal, people of the district took part in the Tebhaga Movement and also had significant contribution in the War of Liberation of 1971. An ancient engraved stone, believed to be from the Gupta era, was recovered from the bank of a pond near Sura Masjid in the Ghoraghat Upazila in Dinajpur in 8 October. The rape of Yasmin Akhter, a 14-year-old girl, by members of Bangladesh Police in 1995 resulted in protests in Dinajpur. At first, after its formation in 1856, the Dinajpur Municipality used to be run by a committee presided over by the Deputy Magistrate. This was among the first 40 municipalities in Bengal at that time, later in 1868, the District Town Act commissioned a Chairman of the municipality who replaced the Deputy Magistrate and given a similar rank as a District Magistrate. Mr. Patterson was appointed the first Chairman of Dinajpur Municipality in 1869, sites of archaeological importance, Aowkora Mosque – Meaning, Echoing Mosque. Baraduari Dinajpur Museum Ghughu-danga Zamindar Bari Gour Gabindha Habra Zamindar Bari Kantajew Temple Matasagar Nayabad Mosque Dinajpur Rajbari Ramsagar tank Shingha Darwaza – Meaning, shita Coat Bihar – The oldest Buddhist Bihar in the world. Sitar Kuthuri Sukhsagar The tombs of Chehel Gazi and Gor-e-Shahid Moydan, the total area of the district is 3,437.98 km2. The main rivers of the district are the Dhepa, the Punarbhaba, Dinajpur experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Dinajpur has a tropical wet, the district has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C and monthly means varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August. The economy of Dinajpur mainly depends upon agriculture based production, Dinajpur is famous for rice production. Katharivog rice is the best produced rice in Bangladesh, Dinajpur is also rich with wheat production. The Lychee of Dinajpur is the best of Bangladesh, Dinajpur is also famous for its Mangoes. Kosba is called the matrix of mango, also it grows a plenty of vegetables and seasonal fruits. A huge percentage of people from Dinajpur depends upon agri based products, the main industry also includes rice processing mills
7.
Thakurgaon District
–
Thakurgaon is a district in the north-western side of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division and borders India to the west, Thakurgaon is in the north west corner of Bangladesh, it is about 467 km from Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. It is surrounded by Dinajpur district on its south, Panchagarh district to the east and India on its west and north sides, during British rule Thakurgaon was a tehsil. In 1947 at the time of the Partition of India, Thakurgaon Subdivision became part of East Pakistan, in 1984 Takurgaon subdivision was split off Dinajpur and became a separate district. Thakurgaon produces many products, such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, seasonal vegetables. The sugarcane plantation - TSM --is part of the BSFIC and these become the main livelihood of the native. Poultry firms are quite productive business in Thakurgaon, there are several cold-stores in the district, different businesses for producing and repairing agricultural tools have grown up. However the communitys distance from the capital causes difficulties in getting sufficient technical and logistic support and it is not easy for the investors to set up their business far away from the center of national trade and commerce. Alpona Sansad arranges Boishakhi Mela in every Bangla new year, held Eid Fair at the occasion of Eid-Ul-Adha & Eid-Ul-Fitre every year at Thakurgaon Boro Matth also. Several drama clubs practice and perform regularly and stage original and famous dramas every month, dhamer Gaan is a unique traditional cultural invention of Thakurgaon people. The existing 10 tribes in this area enjoy their own heritage and cultural practices
8.
Himalayas
–
The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has the Earths highest peaks, including the highest, the Himalayas include over a hundred mountains exceeding 7,200 metres in elevation. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia – Aconcagua, in the Andes – is 6,961 metres tall. The Himalayas are spread across five countries, Bhutan, India, Nepal, China, the Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Some of the major rivers, the Indus, the Ganges, and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, rise in the Himalayas. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia, many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism. Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate and its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the bend of the Tsangpo river. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east, the name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himā-laya, from himá and ā-laya. They are now known as the Himalaya Mountains, usually shortened to the Himalayas, formerly, they were described in the singular as the Himalaya. This was also previously transcribed Himmaleh, as in Emily Dickinsons poetry and Henry David Thoreaus essays. The mountains are known as the Himālaya in Nepali and Hindi, the Himalaya or The Land of Snow in Tibetan, the Hamaleh Mountain Range in Urdu, the flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice, the amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant. The extremes of high altitude combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms, the unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations, the oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some species, especially rhododendron, apple. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet, the Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock
9.
Pebble
–
A pebble is a clast of rock with a particle size of 2 to 64 millimetres based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology. Pebbles are generally considered larger than granules and smaller than cobbles, a rock made predominantly of pebbles is termed a conglomerate. Pebble tools are among the earliest known man-made artifacts, dating from the Palaeolithic period of human history, a beach composed chiefly of surface pebbles is commonly termed a shingle beach. This type of beach has armoring characteristics with respect to wave erosion, as well as ecological niches that provide habitat for animals and plants. Inshore banks of shingle exist in locations, such as the entrance to the River Ore. Pebbles come in colors and textures and can have streaks, known as veins. Pebbles are mostly smooth but, dependent on how frequently they come in contact with the sea, pebbles left above the high water mark may have growths of organisms such as lichen on them, signifying the lack of contact with seawater. Pebbles are found in two locations – on the beaches of various oceans and seas, and inland where ancient seas used to cover the land, when then the seas retreated, the rocks became landlocked. They can also be found in lakes and ponds, pebbles can also form in rivers, and travel into estuaries where the smoothing continues in the sea. Beach pebbles and river pebbles are distinct in their geological formation, beach pebbles form gradually over time as the ocean water washes over loose rock particles. The result is a smooth, rounded appearance, the typical size range is from 2 mm to 50 mm. The colors range from translucent white to black, and include shades of yellow, brown, red and green. Some of the more plentiful pebble beaches are found along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, beginning in the United States and extending down to the tip of South America in Argentina. Other pebble beaches are found in northern Europe, along the coast of the U. K. and Ireland, on the shores of Australia, inland pebbles are usually found along the shores of large rivers and lakes. These pebbles form as the water washes over rock particles on the bottom. The smoothness and color of river pebbles depends on several factors, such as the composition of the soil of the banks, the chemical characteristics of the water. Because river current is gentler than the waves, river pebbles are usually not as smooth as beach pebbles. The most common colors of rock are black, grey, green, brown
10.
Bangladesh Liberation War
–
It resulted in the independence of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The war began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971 and it pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of civil disobedience that formed following the 1970 election stalemate. The Pakistan Army, which had the backing of Islamists, created radical religious militias – the Razakars, Al-Badr, members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and genocidal rape. The capital Dhaka was the scene of massacres, including the Dhaka University killings. An estimated 10 million Bengali refugees fled to neighbouring India, while 30 million were internally displaced, sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking immigrants. An academic consensus prevails that the committed by the Pakistani military were a genocide. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was proclaimed from Chittagong by members of the Mukti Bahini – the national liberation army formed by Bengali military, paramilitary, the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles played a crucial role in the resistance. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders and they liberated numerous towns and cities in the initial months of the conflict. The Pakistan Army regained momentum in the monsoon, Bengali guerrillas carried out widespread sabotage, including Operation Jackpot against the Pakistan Navy. The nascent Bangladesh Air Force flew sorties against Pakistani military bases, by November, the Bangladesh forces restricted the Pakistani military to its barracks during the night. They secured control of most parts of the countryside, the Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed on 17 April 1971 in Mujibnagar and moved to Calcutta as a government in exile. Bengali members of the Pakistani civil, military and diplomatic corps defected to the Bangladeshi provisional government, thousands of Bengali families were interned in West Pakistan, from where many escaped to Afghanistan. Bengali cultural activists operated the clandestine Free Bengal Radio Station, the plight of millions of war-ravaged Bengali civilians caused worldwide outrage and alarm. The Indian state led by Indira Gandhi provided substantial diplomatic, economic, British, Indian and American musicians organised the worlds first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people. India joined the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on North India, the subsequent Indo-Pakistani War witnessed engagements on two war fronts. With air supremacy achieved in the theatre and the rapid advance of the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India. The war changed the landscape of South Asia, with the emergence of Bangladesh as the seventh-most populous country in the world
11.
Bangladesh Awami League
–
The Bangladesh Awami League, is one of the two major political parties of Bangladesh. It is the current governing party, after winning a majority in heavily criticized 2014 parliamentary elections where the majority of seats were uncontested. The Pakistan Awami Muslim League was established as the Bengali alternative to the domination of the Muslim League in Pakistan, after the emergence of independent Bangladesh, the Awami League won the first general elections in 1973 but was overthrown in 1975 after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The party was forced by subsequent military regimes onto the sidelines and many of its senior leaders. After the restoration of democracy in 1990, the Awami League emerged as one of the players of Bangladeshi politics. Amongst the leaders of the Awami League, five have become the President of Bangladesh, four have become the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, the incumbent Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, has headed the party since 1981. The student wing of the party is the Bangladesh Chhatra League, on 14 August 1947, the partition of India saw the establishment of the Muslim state of Pakistan on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory. The new country comprised two wings, separated by 1000 miles of Indian territory, in the Indian Subcontinent, the western wing consisted of the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province and Balochistan, while the province of East Bengal constituted the eastern wing. From the onset of independence, Pakistan was led by its founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in 1948, there was rising agitation in East Bengal against the omission of Bengali script from coins, stamps and government exams. Thousands of students, mainly from the University of Dhaka, protested in Dhaka, in March, senior Bengali political leaders were attacked whilst leading protests demanding that Bengali be declared an official language in Pakistan. The leaders included the A. K. Fazlul Huq, the former Prime Minister of undivided Bengal, amidst the rising discontent in East Bengal, Jinnah visited Dhaka and announced that Urdu would be sole state language of Pakistan given its significance to Islamic nationalism in South Asia. The announcement caused uproar in East Bengal, where the native Bengali population resented Jinnah for his attempts to impose a language they hardly understood. The resentment was fuelled by rising discrimination against Bengalis in government, industry, bureaucracy and the armed forces. The Bengalis argued that they constituted the majority of Pakistans population and Urdu was remote to the land of Bengal. The only language in Pakistan not written in the Persian-Arabic script was Bengali, against this backdrop, Bengali nationalism began to take root within the Muslim League and the partys Bengali members began to rebel. On 23 June 1949, Bengali nationalists from East Bengal broke away from the Muslim League, Pakistans dominant political party, the party was founded at the Rose Garden mansion in the old part of Dhaka. K. Rafiqul Hussain were elected the partys first Joint Secretaries, the party was formed to champion the rights of masses in Pakistan against the powerful feudal establishment led by the Muslim League. However, due to its strength stemming from the discriminated Bengali population of Pakistans eastern wing, the alliance was termed the Jukta Front or United Front and formulated the Ekush Dafa, or 21-point Charter, to fight the Muslim League
12.
Barisal Division
–
Barisal is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Located in the part of the country, it has an area of 13,644.85 km2. It is bounded by Dhaka division on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the south, Chittagong division on the east, the administrative capital, Barisal city, lies in the Ganges River delta on an offshoot of the Arial Khan River. Barisal division is criss-crossed by numerous rivers that earned it the nickname Dhan-Nodi-Kaal, during the Mughal conquest in Bengal, Hindu society was concentrated to northern and western Barisal. Barisals southern portion was covered by forests and laced with lagoons. The northwest was also the part of Bakarganj where the Hindu population exceeded Muslims in early British censuses. Barisal saw a wave of immigration in the late 17th. This time, it was Muslim pioneers who assumed the leading role, establishing Dhaka as the provincial Mughal capital of the region, in the early 17th century the Barisal region was more accessible to businessmen and developers than at any previous time. After 1666, when Mughal naval forces cleared the Meghna estuary of such external threats, land developers acquired grants of plots of land, taluq, from provincial authorities. Abundant and easily obtainable by purchase from the late 17th century these grants tended to be regarded by their possessors taluqdar, as taluqdars brought their taluqs into agricultural production, these men passed up the land revenue through a class of non-cultivating intermediaries, or zamindar. Zamindars typically resided in the capital, where they had ready access to the chief provincial revenue officer. But a difficulty arose, noted a 1906 village survey, because people of this part looked upon the Fakir as their guide and did not pay rent to the Nawab. ”In this situation, one Lala Chet Singh. The district was upgraded into The Greater Barisal region was created as Barisal Division on 1 January 1993, Barisal was once known as the Granary of Bengal for its rich production. It is still an important rice producing area of the country, since the Middle Ages, Barisal has acted as a trans-shipment center for hides, rice, dried beans, dried peas, lentils, chickpeas, and other pulses for Bengal. Bakery, textile, and pharmaceutical products are the output of a few industrial installations, there is a medical college affiliated with the National University. The most famous education institution of Barisal Division is B. M. College, Barisal is also a river port once connecting Calcutta-Barisal-Dhaka and many other routes. Today Barisal River port is the most important hub of steamer, kuakata beach is the main tourist spot in the division. It is one of the two sea beaches in South Asia where both sunrise and sunset at sea can be seen, durga Sagor is another beautiful Dighi where a number of migratory birds arrive every winter
Bangladesh
