1.
Tantra
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Tantra is the esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism that co-developed most likely about the middle of 1st millennium CE. The term tantra, in the Indian traditions, also means any systematic broadly applicable text, theory, system, method, instrument, in Hinduism, the tantra tradition is most often associated with its goddess tradition called Shaktism, followed by Shaivism and Vaishnavism. In Buddhism, the Vajrayana tradition is known for its extensive tantra ideas, Tantric Hindu and Buddhist traditions have influenced other religious traditions such as Jainism, Sikhism, the Tibetan Bön tradition, Daoism, and the Japanese Shintō tradition. Tantra as genre of literature in Hinduism have been influential to its arts, icons, Hindu puja, temples and iconography are tantric in nature. The Hindu texts that describe these topics are called Tantras, Āgamas or Samhitās, in Buddhism, its tantra-genre literature has influenced the artworks in Tibet, historic cave temples of India, and imagery in southeast Asia. Tantra literally means loom, warp, weave, the connotation of the word tantra to mean an esoteric practice or religious ritualism is a colonial era European invention. The term is based on the metaphor of weaving, states Ron Barrett and it implies interweaving of traditions and teachings as threads into a text, technique or practice. The word appears in the hymns of the Rigveda such as in 10.71 and it is found in many other Vedic era texts, such as in section 10.7.42 of the Atharvaveda and many Brahmanas. In these and post-Vedic texts, the meaning of Tantra is that which is principal or essential part, main point, model, framework. The term “Tantra” after about 500 BCE, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism is a bibliographic category, the same Buddhist texts are sometimes referred to as tantra or sutra, for example, Vairocabhisambodhi-tantra is also referred to as Vairocabhisambodhi-sutra. The various contextual meaning of the word Tantra varies with the Indian text, the earliest definitions and expositions on Tantra come from the ancient texts of Panini, Patanjali and the literature of the language-focussed, ritual-oriented Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy. The word tantra, states Patanjali, means principal, main, Patanjali also offers a semantic definition of Tantra, stating that it is structural rules, standard procedures, centralized guide or knowledge in any field that applies to many elements. The ancient Mimamsa school of Hinduism uses the term tantra extensively, for example, When an action or a thing, once complete, becomes beneficial in several matters to one person, or to many people, that is known as Tantra. For example, a lamp placed amidst many priests, in contrast, that which benefits by its repetition is called Āvāpa, such as massaging with oil. Medieval texts present their own definitions of Tantra, in modern era scholarship, Tantra has been studied as an esoteric practice and ritualistic religion, sometimes referred to as Tantrism. There is wide gap between what Tantra means to its followers, and what Tantra has been represented or perceived as since colonial era writers began commenting on Tantra, many definitions of Tantra have been proposed ever since, and there is no universally accepted definition of Tantra. André Padoux in his review of Tantra definitions offers two, then rejects both, another definition, more common among observers and non-practitioners, is some set of mechanistic rituals, omitting entirely the ideological side. According to David N. Lorenzen, two different kinds of definitions of Tantra exist, a definition and a broad definition
2.
Wine
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Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. These grapes are generally Vitis vinifera, or a hybrid with Vitis labrusca or Vitis rupestris, grapes are fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the terroir. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine and these typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. There are also made from fermenting other fruits or cereals. Wines made from other than grapes include rice wine and various fruit wines such as those made from plums or cherries. Some well known examples are hard cider from apples, perry from pears, pomegranate wine, Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest known traces of wine from Georgia in Eurasia where 8000-year-old wine jars were found and in Iran with 7, the earliest known winery is the 6, 100-year-old Areni-1 winery Armenia. Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace, throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects, which are evident after the normal serving size of five ounces. Wine has long played an important role in religion, the earliest chemically attested grape wine was discovered at Hajji Firuz in the northwestern Zagros Mountains dating back to 5400 BC. The earliest evidence of a fermented drink was found in Georgia, where wine residue inside ceramic jars dates from 6000 BC. The earliest evidence of a production facility is the Areni-1 winery in Armenia and is at least 6100 years old, presumably. A2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan, contained traces of tartaric acid, however, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out. The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians who spread outward from a base of city-states along the Lebanese, Syrian, the wines of Byblos were exported to Egypt during the Old Kingdom and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BC discovered by Robert Ballard, whose cargo of wine was still intact. As the first great traders in wine, the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin
3.
Meat
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Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and killed animals for meat since prehistoric times, the advent of civilization allowed the domestication of animals such as chickens, sheep, pigs and cattle. This eventually led to their use in production on an industrial scale with the aid of slaughterhouses. Meat is mainly composed of water, protein, and fat and it is edible raw, but is normally eaten after it has been cooked and seasoned or processed in a variety of ways. Unprocessed meat will spoil or rot within hours or days as a result of infection with and decomposition by bacteria, most often, meat refers to skeletal muscle and associated fat and other tissues, but it may also describe other edible tissues such as offal. The word meat comes from the Old English word mete, which referred to food in general, the term is related to mad in Danish, mat in Swedish and Norwegian, and matur in Icelandic and Faroese, which also mean food. The word mete also exists in Old Frisian to denote important food, differentiating it from swiets, paleontological evidence suggests that meat constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of even the earliest humans. Early hunter-gatherers depended on the hunting of large animals such as bison. Several breeds of sheep were established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt by 3500–3000 BC, today, more than 200 sheep-breeds exist. Cattle were domesticated in Mesopotamia after settled agriculture was established about 5000 BC, modern domesticated cattle fall into the groups Bos taurus and Bos indicus, both descended from the now-extinct aurochs. The breeding of cattle, cattle optimized for meat production as opposed to animals best suited for draught or dairy purposes. Domestic pigs, which are descended from boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BC in modern-day Hungary and in Troy, earlier pottery from Jericho. Pork sausages and hams were of commercial importance in Greco-Roman times. Pigs continue to be bred intensively as they are being optimized to produce meat best suited for meat products. Other animals are or have raised or hunted for their flesh. The type of meat consumed varies much between different cultures, changes over time, depending on such as tradition and the availability of the animals. The amount and kind of meat consumed also varies by income, horses are commonly eaten in France, Italy, Germany and Japan, among other countries. Horses and other mammals such as reindeer were hunted during the late Paleolithic in western Europe
4.
Worship in Hinduism
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Worship in Hinduism is an act of religious devotion usually directed to one or more Hindu deities. A sense of Bhakti or devotional love is generally invoked and this term is probably a central one in Hinduism. A direct translation from the Sanskrit to English is problematic, worship takes a multitude of forms depending on community groups, geography and language. There is a flavour of loving and being in love with whatever object or focus of devotion, worship is not confined to any place of worship, it also incorporates personal reflection, art forms and group. Hindus usually perform worship to some specific end or to integrate the body, the mind. Within Hinduism a large number of gods are worshipped as murtis. These beings are aspects of the supreme Brahman, Avatars of the supreme being. The exact nature of belief in regards to each deity varies between differing Hindu denominations and philosophies, often these beings are depicted in humanoid or partially humanoid forms, complete with a set of unique and complex iconography in each case. These deities may be different but they are all considered forms of the one god. These deities and their Pujas provide one of the ways to communicate with this one divinity, in Hinduism, a murti typically refers to an image or statue which expresses a Divine Spirit. Devotional practices centered on cultivating a deep and personal bond of love with God often include veneration of murtis, acts of devotion can include awakening the murti in the morning and making sure that it is washed, dressed, and garlanded. Furthermore, the building of a temple for the murti is considered the highest act of devotion, some Hindu denominations like Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj, however, reject it, equating it with an idol worship. Pūjā or alternative transliteration Pooja is a ritual performed by Hindus as an offering to various deities, distinguished persons. It is done on a variety of occasions and settings, from daily puja done in the home, to temple ceremonies and large festivals, puja is modeled on the idea of giving a gift or offering to a deity or important person and receiving their blessing. The puja ritual is performed by Hindus worldwide, Aarti is a Hindu religious ritual of worship, a part of puja, in which light from wicks soaked in ghee or camphor is offered to one or more deities. Aarti is generally performed one to five daily, and usually at the end of a puja or bhajan session. It is performed during almost all Hindu ceremonies and occasions and it involves the circulating of an Aarti plate or Aarti lamp around a person or deity and is generally accompanied by the singing of songs in praise of that deva or person. In doing so, the plate or lamp is supposed to acquire the power of the deity, the priest circulates the plate or lamp to all those present
5.
Homa (ritual)
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Homa is a Sanskrit word that refers to a ritual, wherein an oblation or any religious offering is made into fire. A Homa is sometimes called a sacrifice ritual because the fire destroys the offering, the fire is the agent, and the offerings include those that are material and symbolic such as grains, clarified butter, milk, incense and seeds. It is rooted in the Vedic religion, and was adopted in ancient times by Buddhism and Jainism, the practice spread from India to Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Homa rituals remain an important part of many Hindu ceremonies, and variations of Homa continue to be practiced in current-day Buddhism, particularly in parts of Tibet and it is also found in modern Jainism. A Homa ritual is known by names, such as yajna in Hinduism which sometimes means larger public fire rituals. In modern times, a Homa or Havana tends to refer to a private ritual around a symbolic fire, the Sanskrit word Homa is from the root hu, which refers to pouring into fire, offer, sacrifice. Some sources treat the words homa/homam and havan as synonymous, Homa traditions are found all across Asia, from Samarqand to Japan, over a 3000-year history. A homa, in all its Asian variations, is a ritual that offers food to fire and is ultimately linked to the traditions contained in the Vedic religion. The tradition reflects a reverence for fire and cooked food that developed in Asia, yajna or the Vedic fire sacrifice ritual became a distinct feature of the early Sruti rituals. A srauta ritual is a form of quid pro quo where through the ritual, a sacrificer offered something to the Gods and Goddesses. This Vedic tradition split into Srauta and Smarta, the homa-style Vedic sacrifice ritual, states Musashi Tachikawa, was absorbed into Mahayana Buddhism and homa rituals continue to be performed in some Buddhist traditions in Tibet, China and Japan. The Homa ritual grammar is common to many Sanskara ceremonies in various Hindu traditions, the Vedic fire ritual, at the core of various Homa ritual variations in Hinduism, is a bilaterally symmetrical structure of a rite. The Homa rituals altar is itself a symmetry, most often a square, the sequence of homa ritual events similarly, from beginning to end, are structured around the principles of symmetry. The forms and means of offerings, states Michael Witzel, are symbolism of the masculine and feminine, the fire-altar is generally made of brick or stone or a copper vessel, and is almost always built specifically for the occasion, being dismantled immediately afterwards. This fire-altar is invariably built in square shape, while very large vedis are occasionally built for major public homas, the usual altar may be as small as 1 x 1 foot square and rarely exceeds 3 x 3 feet square. A ritual space of homa, the altar is temporary and movable, the first step in a homa ritual is the construction of the ritual enclosure, and the last step is its deconstruction. The altar and mandapa is consecrated by a priest, creating a space for the ritual ceremony. With hymns sung, the fire is started, offerings collected, the sacrificer enters, symbolically cleanses himself or herself, with water, joins the homa ritual, gods invited, prayers recited, conch shell blown
6.
Kirtan
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It also refers to a genre of religious performance arts, connoting a musical form of narration or shared recitation, particularly of spiritual or religious ideas. It may include dancing or direct expression of bhavas by the singer, many Kirtana performances are structured to engage the audience where they either repeat the chant, or reply to the call of the singer. A person performing kirtana is known as a kirtankara and it is a major practice in Vaisnava devotionalism, Sikhism, the Sant traditions and some forms of Buddhism, as well as other religious groups. Kirtana is sometimes accompanied by story-telling and acting, texts typically cover religious, mythological or social subjects. Kirtana has Vedic roots and it means telling, narrating, describing, enumerating, reporting, the term is found as Anukirtana in the context of Yajna, wherein team recitations of dialogue-style and question-answer riddle hymns were part of the ritual or celebratory dramatic performance. The Sanskrit verses in chapter 13.2 of Shatapatha Brahmana, the Vedic sacrifice is presented as a kind of drama, with its actors, its dialogues, its portion to be set to music, its interludes, and its climaxes. The root of Kirtana is kirt, the root is found in the Samhitas, the Brahmanas and other Vedic literature, as well as the Vedanga and Sutras literature. Kirt, according to Monier-Williams contextually means, to mention, make mention of, tell, name, call, recite, repeat, relate, declare, communicate, commemorate, celebrate, praise, glorify. Kirtana, sometimes referred to as sankirtana, is a call-and-response chanting or musical conversation, Kirtan is locally known as Abhang, Samaj Gayan, Haveli Sangeet, Vishnupad, Harikatha. In regional languages, Kirtana is scripted as Bengali, কীর্তন, Nepali & Hindi, कीर्तन, Kannada, ಕೀರ್ತನೆ, Marathi, कीर्तन, Punjabi, ਕੀਰਤਨ, Tamil, கீர்த்தனை, Telugu, కీర్తన. Musical recitation of hymns, mantras and the praise of deities has ancient roots in Hinduism, as evidenced by the Samaveda, Kirtana relates to the bhakti marga tradition of Hinduism. References to Kirtana as a musical recitation are also found in the Bhagavata Purana, Kirtana is often practiced as a kind of theatrical folk song with call-and-response chanting or antiphon. The ancient sage Narada revered as a genius, is called a kirtankar in the Padma Purana. The so-called Naradiya Kirtana divides kirtana into five parts, naman, purvaranga, chanting, katha or akhyan and a final prayer for universal welfare. Kirtan as a genre of music has been a major part of the Vaishnavism tradition. The Varkari saint Namdev used the form of singing to praise the glory of god Vithoba. Marathi kirtana is typically performed by one or two performers, called kirtankar, accompanied by harmonium and tabla. It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling and it is usually based on poetry of the seven famous saints of Maharashtra, Nivruttinath, Dnyaneshwar, Sopandev, Muktabai, Eknath, Namdev and Tukaram
7.
Murti
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A Murti literally means any form, embodiment or solid object, and typically refers to an image, statue or idol of a deity or person in Indian culture. By the Prana Pratishtha ceremony, the idol becomes identical with the deity, murtis are also found in some nontheistic Jainism traditions, where they serve as symbols of revered persons inside Jain temples, and are worshipped in Murtipujaka rituals. A Murti is typically made by carving stone, wood working, medieval era texts describing their proper proportions, positions and gestures include the Puranas, Agamas and Samhitas. The expressions in a Murti vary in diverse Hindu traditions, ranging from Ugra symbolism to express destruction, fear and violence, as well as Saumya symbolism to express joy, knowledge, Saumya images are most common in Hindu temples. Other Murti forms found in Hinduism include the Linga, a Murti is an embodiment of the divine, the Ultimate Reality or Brahman to some Hindus. In religious context, they are found in Hindu temples or homes, in other occasions, it serves as the center of attention in annual festive processions and these are called Utsava Murti. Murti is sometimes referred to as murthi, or vigraha or pratima, Murti literally means any solid body or form with definite shape or limits produced from material elements. It contrasts with mind, thought and the immaterial in ancient Indian literature, the term also refers to any embodiment, manifestation, incarnation, personification, appearance, image, idol or statue of a deity. For example, the Maitrayaniya Upanishad uses the term to mean a form, non-Time is indivisible, Time is divisible, and the Maitri Upanishad then asserts that Year is the Murti of time. Robert Hume translates the discussion of Murti of time, in verse 6.14 of the Maitri Upanishad, as form. Most scholars, such as Jan Gonda, Max Muller, PV Kane and Stephanie Jamison, the Vedic Hinduism rituals were directed at nature and abstract deities called during yajna with hymns. However, there isnt universal consensus, with such as AC Das. This word may refer to Deva who is fixed or Deva who is foolish, one of the earliest firm textual evidence of Deva images, in the sense of Murti, is found in Jivikarthe Capanye by the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini who lived about 4th century BCE. He mentions Acala and Cala, with former referring to images in a shrine, in ancient Sanskrit texts that follow Paninis work, numerous references are found to divine images with terms such as Devagrha, Devagara, Devakula, Devayatana and others. These texts, states Noel Salmond, strongly suggest that temples, recent archaeological evidence confirms that the knowledge and art of sculpture was established in India by the Maurya Empire period. The term Murti has been a generic term referring to an idol or statue of anyone, either a deity, of any human being. Pratima includes Murti as well as painting of any non-anthropomorphic object, in contrast, Bera or Bimba meant idol of god only, and Vigraha was synonymous with Bimba. A Murti in contemporary usage is any image or statue and it may be found inside or outside a temple or home, installed to be moved with a festive procession, or just be a landmark
8.
Tilaka
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In Hinduism, the tilaka is a mark worn usually on the forehead, sometimes other parts of the body such as neck, hand or chest. Tilaka may be worn on a basis or for rites of passage or special religious occasions only. The term also refers to the South Asian ritual of marking someones forehead with a fragrant paste, such as of sandalwood or vermilion, as a welcome, the tilaka is a mark created by the application of powder or paste on the forehead. Tilakas are vertical markings worn by Vaishnavites, the Vaishnava tilaka consists of a long vertical marking starting from just below the hairline to almost the end of ones nose tip, and they are also known as Urdhva Pundra. It is intercepted in the middle by an elongated U, there may be two marks on the temples as well. This tilaka is traditionally made with sandalwood paste, the other major tilaka variant is often worn by the followers of Shiva, known by the names of Rudra-tilaka and Tripundra. It consists of three bands across the forehead with a single vertical band or circle in the middle. This is traditionally done with sacred ash from fire sacrifices and this variant is the more ancient of the two and shares many common aspects with similar markings worn across the world. Shaktas, worshippers of the forms of the Goddess wear a large red dot of kumkum on the forehead. The first line is equated to Garhapatya, the A syllable of Om, the Rajas guna, the earth, the self, Kriyā – the power of action, the Rigveda, the morning extraction of Soma. The second streak of ash is a reminder of Dakshinagni, the sound U of Om, Sattva guna, the atmosphere, the self, Iccha – the power of will, the Yajurveda, midday Soma extraction. These lines, states Antonio Rigopoulos, represent Shiva’s threefold power of will, knowledge, the Tripuṇḍra described in this and other Shaiva texts also symbolizes Shiva’s trident and the divine triad of Brahmā, Vishnu, and Shiva. Different Hindu traditions use different materials and shapes to make the tilaka, saivites typically mark their Tilak using vibhuti in three horizontal lines across the forehead. Along with the three lines, a bindu of sandalwood paste or a dot of red kumkum in the centre completes the Tilaka. Vaishnavas apply a Tilak with vermillion, clay, sandalwood paste and their tilaka is called the Urdhva Pundra. See also Srivaishnava Urdhva Pundra, the Srivaishnava tilaka, shaktas use kumkuma, or powdered red turmeric. They draw one vertical line or dot, honorary tilakas In Nepal, Bihar and other regions, the tilakam is called a tikā/teeka, and is a mixture of abir, a red powder, yoghurt, and grains of rice. The most common tikka is red powder applied with the thumb, entwistle, A. W. Vaishnava tilakas, Sectarian marks worn by worshippers of Vishnu
9.
Puja (Hinduism)
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Pūjā or Poojan is a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honour and worship one or more deities, or to spiritually celebrate an event. Sometimes spelt phonetically as pooja or poojah, it may honour or celebrate the presence of special guest, the word pūjā comes from Sanskrit, and means reverence, honour, homage, adoration, and worship. Puja rituals are held by Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. In Hinduism, puja is done on a variety of occasions, frequency and settings. It may include daily puja done in the home, to temple ceremonies and annual festivals, to few lifetime events such as birth of a baby or a wedding. The two main areas where puja is performed are in the home and at temples to mark certain stages of life, events or some such as Durga Puja. Puja is not mandatory, it may be a daily affair for some Hindus, periodic ritual for some. In some temples, various pujas may be performed daily at various times of the day, in other temples, Puja varies according to the school of Hinduism. Puja may vary by region, occasion, deity honored, in formal Nigama ceremonies, a fire may be lit in honour of deity Agni, without an idol or image present. In contrast, in Agama ceremonies, an idol or image of deity is present, in both ceremonies, a diya or incense stick may be lit while a prayer is chanted or hymn is sung. Puja is typically performed by a Hindu worshipper alone, though sometimes in presence of a priest who is well versed in procedure, both Nigama and Agama puja are practiced in Hinduism in India. In Hinduism of Bali Indonesia, Agama puja is most prevalent both inside homes and in temples, Puja is sometimes called Sembahyang in Indonesia. Puja is an ancient culture or way of life, with unclear origins, joshi claims the word puja was first used in vedic times when Sūtra were composed, to describe prayers and worship before yajna or homa – fire deity, Agni. Charpentier suggests the origin of the word Puja may lie in the Dravidian languages, two possible Tamil roots have been suggested, Poosai to smear with something and Poochei to do with flowers. According to scholars, one of the earliest mentions of pūjā is in the Grihya Sutras and these Sutras, dated to be about 500 BC, use the term puja to describe the hospitality to honor priests who were invited to one’s home to lead rituals for departed ancestors. As Hindu philosophy expanded and diversified, with such as the bhakti movement. As with vedic times, the concept of puja remained the same. The Puranic corpus of literature, dating from about 6th century CE, deity puja thus melds Vedic rites with devotion to deity in its ritual form
10.
Parikrama
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Parikrama or Pradakshina refers to circumambulation of sacred places in Hindu, Jain or Buddhist context. Parikrama means the path surrounding something in Sanskrit, and is known as Pradakshina. In Hinduism and other Indian religions, the Parikrama inside temples or sacred sites is traditionally clockwise, most Hindu temple structures include various Pradaksina paths. As, Circumbulatory or pathway around the shrine of the temples by keeping time is a form of prayer in India. It includes Narmada, Shetrunjaya. This pathway made of stone around the shrine is called Pradakshina path, there could be one surrounding the main deity, other paths could be broader being concentric to the main path. However, it is not uncommon to find non-concentric parikrama paths in a temple structure. At times the outermost parikrama path covers the whole village/town/city, thereby implying that the length of the path can stretch, Parikrama is done around sacred fire, Tulsi plant and Peepal tree. Parikrama of Agni or Agni Pradakshina is a part of the Hindu marriage ceremony, some of the Parikramas are Narmada River, Govardhan hill, Vrindavan, Vraj Mandala, Ayodhya, Girnar, Chitrakoot hill, Varanasi, Mathura, and Mathura-Vrindavan yugalabandi in Kartik. Typically, Parikrama is done after the completion of traditional worship, Parikrama is supposed to be done with a meditative mood. The pathway made of stone around the shrine is called the Pradakshina path. Pradakshina around the fire is a part of the Hindu marriage ceremony. Parikrama is also practiced in Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, a legend related to goddess Parvati and her two sons illustrates the importance of Pradakshina or Parikrama. It is said that the goddess asked her two sons to circumambulate the universe to gain worldly knowledge and this legend justifies the importance that Hindus attach to the practice of Parikrama, and also the importance of motherhood in Hindu psychology. Another version of the story replaces the figure of Parvati with Shiva himself. In Shiva temples, the start the Pradakshina as usual from the front. As usual the clockwise perambulation is maintained outside of the Bali stones, the drainage outlet for the ritual ablution offered on the Shiva Linga with water, milk, curd, coconut water, ghee, ashes etc. is not to be crossed. So the worshippers have to return in anti-clockwise direction till they reach the side of the drainage outlet to complete the circle. During this anti-clockwise perambulation, the devotee should tread a path inside of the Bali stones, the Bali stones are always to be kept the right side of the devotees
