Panthéon
| Panthéon | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Mausoleum |
| Architectural style | Neoclassicism |
| Location | Paris, France |
| Construction started | 1758 |
| Completed | 1790 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect |
Jacques-Germain Soufflot Jean-Baptiste Rondelet |
The Panthéon (Latin: pantheon, from Greek πάνθειον (ἱερόν) '(temple) to all the gods'[1]) is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary châsse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a façade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's Tempietto. Located in the 5th arrondissement on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, the Panthéon looks out over all of Paris. Designer Jacques-Germain Soufflot had the intention of combining the lightness and brightness of the Gothic cathedral with classical principles, but its role as a mausoleum required the great Gothic windows to be blocked.
Contents
History[edit]
Construction[edit]
King Louis XV vowed in 1744 that if he recovered from his illness he would replace the ruined church of the Abbey of St Genevieve with an edifice worthy of the patron saint of Paris. He did recover, and entrusted Abel-François Poisson, marquis de Marigny with the fulfillment of his vow. In 1755, Marigny commissioned Jacques-Germain Soufflot to design the church, with construction beginning two years later.[2]
The overall design was that of a Greek cross with a massive portico of Corinthian columns. Its ambitious lines called for a vast building 110 metres long by 84 meters wide, and 83 metres high. No less vast was its crypt. Soufflot's masterstroke is concealed from casual view: the triple dome, each shell fitted within the others, permits a view through the oculus of the coffered inner dome of the second dome, frescoed by Antoine Gros with The Apotheosis of Saint Genevieve. The outermost dome is built of stone bound together with iron cramps and covered with lead sheathing, rather than of carpentry construction, as was the common French practice of the period. Concealed flying buttresses pass the massive weight of the triple construction outwards to the portico columns.
The foundations were laid in 1758, but due to economic problems work proceeded slowly. In 1780, Soufflot died and was replaced by his student, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet. The re-modelled Abbey of St. Genevieve was finally completed in 1790, coinciding with the early stages of the French Revolution. Upon the death of the popular French orator and statesman Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau on 2 April 1791, the National Constituent Assembly, whose president had been Mirabeau, ordered that the building be changed from a church to a mausoleum for the interment of great Frenchmen, retaining Quatremère de Quincy to oversee the project. Mirabeau was the first person interred there, on 4 April 1791.[3] Jean Guillaume Moitte created a pediment sculptural group The Fatherland crowning the heroic and civic virtues that was replaced upon the Bourbon Restoration with one by David d'Angers. Twice since then it has reverted to being a church, only to become again a meeting house dedicated to the great intellectuals of France. The cross of the dome, which was retained in compromise, is again visible during the current major restoration project.
Foucault pendulum[edit]
In 1851, physicist Léon Foucault demonstrated the rotation of the earth by constructing a 67-metre (220 ft) Foucault pendulum beneath the central dome. The original sphere from the pendulum was temporarily displayed at the Panthéon in the 1990s (starting in 1995) during renovations at the Musée des Arts et Métiers. The original pendulum was later returned to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, and a copy is now displayed at the Panthéon.[4] It has been listed since 1920 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.[5] From 1906 to 1922 the Panthéon was the site of Auguste Rodin's famous sculpture The Thinker. In 2006, Ernesto Neto, a Brazilian artist, installed "Léviathan Thot", an anthropomorphic installation inspired by the biblical monster. The art installation was in the Panthéon from 15 September 2006 until 31 October for Paris's Autumn Festival.
Recent years[edit]
In late 2006, a "cultural guerilla movement" calling itself The Untergunther (part of the larger organisation les UX) completed a year-long project by which they covertly repaired the Panthéon's antique clockworks. The Government tried (unsuccessfully) to sue the group for the intervention.
The administration stopped the clock from working by removing one of its parts.[6][7][8]
Burial place[edit]
By burying its great people in the Panthéon, the nation acknowledges the honour it received from them. As such, interment here is severely restricted and is allowed only by a parliamentary act for "National Heroes". Similar high honours exist in Les Invalides for historical military leaders such as Napoléon, Turenne and Vauban.
Among those buried in its necropolis are Voltaire, Rousseau, Victor Hugo, Émile Zola, Jean Moulin, Louis Braille, Jean Jaurès and Soufflot, its architect. In 1907 Marcellin Berthelot was buried with his wife Mme Sophie Berthelot. Marie Curie was interred in 1995. Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz and Germaine Tillion, heroines of the French resistance, were interred in 2015.[9]
The widely repeated story that the remains of Voltaire were stolen by religious fanatics in 1814 and thrown into a garbage heap is false. Such rumours resulted in the coffin being opened in 1897, which confirmed that his remains were still present.[10]
On 30 November 2002, in an elaborate but solemn procession, six Republican Guards carried the coffin of Alexandre Dumas (1802–1870), the author of The Three Musketeers and other famous novels, to the Panthéon. Draped in a blue-velvet cloth inscribed with the Musketeers' motto: "Un pour tous, tous pour un" ("One for all, all for one,") the remains had been transported from their original interment site in the Cimetière de Villers-Cotterêts in Aisne, France. In his speech, President Jacques Chirac stated that an injustice was being corrected with the proper honouring of one of France's greatest authors.
In January 2007, President Jacques Chirac unveiled a plaque in the Panthéon to more than 2,600 people recognised as Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem memorial in Israel for saving the lives of Jews who would otherwise have been deported to concentration camps. The tribute in the Panthéon underlines the fact that around three quarters of the country's Jewish population survived the war, often thanks to ordinary people who provided help at the risk of their own life. This plaque says :
Sous la chape de haine et de nuit tombée sur la France dans les années d'occupation, des lumières, par milliers, refusèrent de s'éteindre. Nommés "Juste parmi les Nations" ou restés anonymes, des femmes et des hommes, de toutes origines et de toutes conditions, ont sauvé des juifs des persécutions antisémites et des camps d'extermination. Bravant les risques encourus, ils ont incarné l'honneur de la France, ses valeurs de justice, de tolérance et d'humanité.
Which can be translated as follows :
Under the cloak of hatred and darkness that spread over France during the years of [Nazi] occupation, thousands of lights refused to be extinguished. Named as "Righteous among the Nations" or remaining anonymous, women and men, of all backgrounds and social classes, saved Jews from anti-Semitic persecution and the extermination camps. Braving the risks involved, they embodied the honour of France, and its values of justice, tolerance and humanity.
List of people interred or commemorated[edit]
| Year of burial in the Panthéon |
Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1791 | Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau | First person honoured with burial in the Panthéon, 4 April 1791. Disinterred on 25 November 1794 and buried in an anonymous grave. His remains are yet to be recovered.[11] |
| 1791 | Voltaire | 
|
| 1792 | Nicolas-Joseph Beaurepaire | Disappeared |
| 1793 | Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau | Assassinated deputy, disinterred from the Panthéon. His body was removed by his family on 14 February 1795. |
| 1793 | Augustin-Marie Picot | Disappeared. |
| 1794 | Jean-Paul Marat | Disinterred from the Panthéon. |
| 1794 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 
|
| 1806 | François Denis Tronchet | |
| 1806 | Claude Louis Petiet | |
| 1807 | Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis | |
| 1807 | Louis-Pierre-Pantaléon Resnier | |
| 1807 | Louis-Joseph-Charles-Amable d'Albert, duc de Luynes | Disinterred from the Panthéon and returned to his family in 1862 at their request. |
| 1807 | Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Bévière | |
| 1808 | Francois Barthélemy, comte Béguinot | |
| 1808 | Pierre Jean George Cabanis | |
| 1808 | Gabriel-Louis, marquis de Caulaincourt | |
| 1808 | Jean-Frédéric Perregaux | |
| 1808 | Antoine-César de Choiseul, duc de Praslin | |
| 1808 | Jean-Pierre Firmin Malher | Urn with his heart. |
| 1809 | Jean Baptiste Papin, comte de Saint-Christau | |
| 1809 | Joseph-Marie Vien | |
| 1809 | Pierre Garnier de Laboissière | |
| 1809 | Jean Pierre, comte Sers | Urn with his heart. |
| 1809 | Jérôme-Louis-François-Joseph, comte de Durazzo | Urn with his heart. |
| 1809 | Justin Bonaventure Morard de Galles | Urn with his heart. |
| 1809 | Emmanuel Crétet, comte de Champnol | |
| 1810 | Giovanni Battista Caprara | |
| 1810 | Louis-Vincent-Joseph Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire | |
| 1810 | Jean Baptiste Treilhard | |
| 1810 | Jean Lannes, duc de Montebello | 
|
| 1810 | Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu | |
| 1811 | Louis Antoine de Bougainville | 
|
| 1811 | Charles, cardinal Erskine of Kellie | |
| 1811 | Alexandre-Antoine Hureau, baron de Sénarmont | Urn with his heart |
| 1811 | Ippolito Antonio, cardinal Vicenti Mareri | |
| 1811 | Nicolas-Marie Songis des Courbons | |
| 1811 | Michel Ordener, First Count Ordener[12] | |
| 1812 | Jean-Marie Dorsenne | |
| 1812 | Jan Willem de Winter or in French Jean Guillaume De Winter, comte de Huessen | Body only; his heart is sepulchred in his birthplace Kampen, Overijssel. |
| 1813 | Hyacinthe-Hugues-Timoléon de Cossé, comte de Brissac | |
| 1813 | Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot, comte de Ham | |
| 1813 | Joseph Louis Lagrange | 
|
| 1813 | Jean, comte Rousseau | |
| 1813 | François-Marie-Joseph-Justin, comte de Viry | |
| 1814 | Jean-Nicolas Démeunier | |
| 1814 | Jean Reynier | |
| 1814 | Claude-Ambroise Régnier, duc de Massa di Carrara | |
| 1815 | Antoine-Jean-Marie Thévenard | |
| 1815 | Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand | |
| 1829 | Jacques-Germain Soufflot | |
| 1885 | Victor Hugo | 
|
| 1889 | Lazare Carnot | Buried at the time of the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. |
| 1889 | Théophile-Malo Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne | Buried at the time of the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. |
| 1889 | François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers | Buried at the time of the centennial celebration of the French Revolution – Only his ashes are buried there. |
| 1894 | Marie François Sadi Carnot | Buried immediately after his assassination. |
| 1907 | Sophie Berthelot | Buried with her husband: Marcellin Berthelot. |
| 1907 | Marcellin Berthelot | Buried with his wife: Sophie Berthelot, the first woman buried here. |
| 1908 | Émile Zola | |
| 1920 | Léon Gambetta | Urn with his heart |
| 1924 | Jean Jaurès | Interred ten years after his assassination. |
| 1933 | Paul Painlevé | |
| 1948 | Paul Langevin | |
| 1948 | Jean Perrin Nobel Prize Winner | Buried the same day as Paul Langevin. |
| 1949 | Victor Schoelcher | His father Marc is also in the Panthéon. Victor wanted to be buried with his father. |
| 1949 | Félix Éboué | Buried the same day as Victor Schoelcher. |
| 1952 | Louis Braille |  |
| 1964 | Jean Moulin | Ashes transferred from Père Lachaise Cemetery on 19 December 1964. |
| 1967 | Antoine de Saint-Exupéry | Commemorated with an inscription in November 1967, as his body was never found. |
| 1987 | René Cassin Nobel Prize Winner | Entered the Panthéon on the centenary of his birth. |
| 1988 | Jean Monnet | Entered the Panthéon on the centenary of his birth. |
| 1989 | Abbé Baptiste-Henri Grégoire | Buried at the time of the bicentennial celebration of the French Revolution. |
| 1989 | Gaspard Monge | Buried at the time of the bicentennial celebration of the French Revolution. |
| 1989 | Marquis de Condorcet | Buried at the time of the bicentennial celebration of the French Revolution. The coffin is in fact empty, his remains having been lost. |
| 1995 | Pierre Curie Nobel Prize Winner |  |
| 1995 | Marie Curie Nobel Prize Winner |  |
| 1996 | André Malraux | Ashes transferred from Verrières-le-Buisson (Essonne) Cemetery on 23 November 1996 on the 20th anniversary of his death. |
| 1998 | Toussaint Louverture | Commemorative plaque installed on same day as Louis Delgrès |
| 1998 | Louis Delgrès | Commemorative plaque installed on same day as Toussaint Louverture |
| 2002 | Alexandre Dumas, père | Reburied here 132 years after his death. |
| 2011 | Aimé Césaire | Commemorative plaque installed 6 April 2011; Césaire is buried in Martinique.[13] |
| 2015 | Jean Zay | |
| 2015 | Pierre Brossolette | |
| 2015 | Germaine Tillion | Symbolic interment. The coffin of Germaine Tillion at the Panthéon does not contain her remains but soil from her gravesite, because her family did not want the body itself moved.[14] |
| 2015 | Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz | Symbolic interment. The coffin of Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz at the Panthéon does not contain her remains but soil from her gravesite, because her family did not want the body itself moved.[14] |
| 2018 | Simone Veil | Originally buried at Montparnasse Cemetery following her death in 2017.[15][16] |
| 2018 | Antoine Veil | Husband of Simone Veil, originally buried at Montparnasse Cemetery following his death in 2013.[15][16] |
See also[edit]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panthéon, Paris. |
- Pantheon, Rome
- Panteón Nacional, Caracas
- Pantheon, Moscow
- Church of Santa Engrácia, Lisbon
- The Apotheosis of Washington – dome fresco of the US Capitol
- Listing of the work of Jean Antoine Injalbert-French sculptor Sculptor of statue of Mirabeau.
References[edit]
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, 2005, s.v.
- ^ "Patroness of Paris: Rituals of Devotion in Early Modern France". Brills Publishers. 1998.
- ^ Comte de Mirabeau had been elected President of the National Constituent Assembly on 29 January 1791. Upon his death, the Assembly decreed that the church of St. Genevieve should be [translation] "destined to receive the ashes of great men," and that "Honore Riqueti-Mirabeau is adjudged worthy to receive that honour." Mirabeau (Antonina Vallentin; trans. by E.W. Dickes). New York: The Viking Press, 1948. pp. 496-97, 522.
- ^ "Foucault's Pendulum: Interesting Thing of the Day". Itotd.com. 2004-11-08. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- ^ Mérimée PA00088420, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Ancienne église Sainte-Geneviève, devenue Le Panthéon
- ^ Jon Lackman (2012-01-20). "The New French Hacker-Artist Underground". Wired.
- ^ King, Emilie Boyer (2007-11-26). "Undercover restorers fix Paris landmark's clock". Guardian Unlimited. Guardian Media Group.
- ^ Sage, Adam (2007-09-29). "Underground 'terrorists' with a mission to save city's neglected heritage". The Times. Times Newspapers Ltd.
- ^ Angelique Chrisafis (1970-01-01). "France president Francois Hollande adds resistance heroines to Panthéon | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
- ^ Voltaire (1976-01-01). Candide. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105311604.
- ^ Doyle, William (2002). The Oxford History of the French Revolution. UK: Oxford University Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-19-925298-5.
- ^ (French) Charles Mullié "Michel Ordener." Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850, Paris, 1852.
- ^ France Guide (2011). "Aimé Césaire joins Voltaire and Rousseau at the Panthéon in Paris". French Government Tourist Office. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
- ^ a b * Roe, David (2017-07-05). "France buries women's rights icon Simone Veil". en.rfi.fr.
- ^ a b Katz, Brigit. "France's Simone Veil Will Become the Fifth Woman Buried in the Panthéon". Retrieved 7 July 2017.
External links[edit]
- Panthéon at Centre des Monuments Nationaux
- Panthéon - current photographs and of the years 1900
- * Panthéon ou église Sainte-Geneviève? Les ambiguïtés d'un monument, Denis Bocquet, MA Thesis, Sorbonne University 1992 http://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/81/72/87/PDF/BocquetPantheon1992.pdf
- Panthéon at Structurae
