1.
Tivoli Gardens
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Tivoli Gardens is a famous amusement park and pleasure garden in Copenhagen, Denmark. The park opened on 15 August 1843 and is the second-oldest operating amusement park in the world, after Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Klampenborg, also in Denmark. The amusement park was first called Tivoli & Vauxhall, Tivoli alluding to the Jardin de Tivoli in Paris and it is also mentioned in various books, like Number the Stars by Lois Lowry. Tivolis founder, Georg Carstensen, obtained a charter to create Tivoli by telling King Christian VIII that when the people are amusing themselves. The monarch granted Carstensen use of roughly 15 acres of the glacis outside Vesterport for an annual rent. Therefore, until the 1850s, Tivoli was outside the city, after dark, colored lamps illuminated the gardens. On certain evenings, specially designed fireworks could be reflected in Tivolis lake. Composer Hans Christian Lumbye was Tivolis musical director from 1843 to 1872, Lumbye was inspired by Viennese waltz composers like the Strauss family, and became known as the Strauss of the North. Many of his compositions are inspired by the gardens, including Salute to the Ticket Holders of Tivoli, Carnival Joys. The Tivoli Symphony Orchestra still performs many of his works, in 1874, Chinese style Pantomimeteatret took the place of an older smaller theatre. The audience stands in the open, the stage being inside the building, the theatres curtain is a mechanical peacocks tail. From the very beginning, the theatre was the home of Italian pantomimes, the absence of spoken dialogue is an advantage, as Tivoli is now an international tourist attraction. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Tivoli also hosted human exhibitions, in 1943, Nazi sympathisers burnt many of Tivolis buildings, including the concert hall, to the ground. Temporary buildings were constructed in their place and the park was back in operation after a few weeks, Tivoli is always evolving without abandoning its original charm or traditions. It will continue to grow as long as there is left in the world. In Swedish, tivoli has become synonymous with any amusement park, the park is best known for its wooden roller coaster, Rutschebanen, or as some people call it, Bjergbanen, built in 1914. It is one of worlds oldest wooden coasters that is still operating today. An operator controls the ride by braking down the hills so it wont gain too much speed and it is an ACE Coaster Classic
2.
Vesterbro, Copenhagen
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Vesterbro is one of the 15 administrative, statistical, and city tax districts comprising the municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark. It covers an area of 3.76 km², and has a population of 51,466, the district is located west of the city center at the location of the old Western Gate, access way into the old city. The name Vesterbro literally translates into English as Western Bridge, Vesterbro is the area of the bridge into the city of Copenhagen, which was a much smaller city at the time when the name was created. At that time, the city was ringed by a moat which exist today as the Tivoli lake, the area is under the process of being renovated to a great extent and the renovation will end in 2017. The environment and sustainability is one of the reasons for the renovation. Vesterbro has a location that makes it a favored place to live. The area is known as the easy place to get drugs in Copenhagen. Vesterbro was originally the name of the country road that led into the city center from the west. Few country roads in those days were paved, but the amount of traffic into the capital necessitated it. Until 1853 after the epidemic that had hit Copenhagen, there had been a no build zone outside Copenhagen’s old part of town. This Demarcation Line indicated an area beyond the city’s centuries old defense wall system where Copenhagen’s defense forces could strike the enemy unhindered, until then there was little development outside the center of the city, except with special permission. Even though much of the area was used as grazing land,1,000 inhabitants of the area, as well as a number of commercial enterprises, and the house of the Royal Copenhagen Shooting Society and Danish Brotherhood. The society received permission to build outside the old city limits in the 1750s, and this movement came first to the inner ring of areas outside the center, the Indre Østerbro, the Indre Nørrebro, Vesterbro, and Frederiksberg. At that time the name Vesterbro began being used for the area around the street named Vesterbro
3.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
4.
Denmark
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Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
Vilhelm Dahlerup
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Jens Vilhelm Dahlerup was a Danish architect who specialized in the Historicist style. Dahlerup was born outside Mariager in Northern Jutland, Denmark, the son of a provost and he received his first drawing lessons in Århus in 1853, then moving to Copenhagen to study at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts which he started in 1856. During his studies at the Academy, he won the Academys silver and gold medals several times, in 1871 he became a member of the Academy, in 1875 becoming a Professor. Dahlerup trained under G. F. Hetsch and J. H. Nebelong, from 1870 he was an artistic advisor for the Port of Copenhagen and for a while he served as the house architect of Tivoli Gardens. For many years he was the architect of Carl Jacobsen and is the architect behind many of the most known buildings at the Carlsberg site. W
7.
Danish language
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There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, around 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language. Along with the other North Germanic languages, Danish is a descendant of Old Norse, until the 16th century, Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions. With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing, a language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect. It spread through use in the system and administration though German. Today, traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared, though there are variants of the standard language. The main differences in language are between generations, with youth language being particularly innovative, Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels, and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød, a kind of laryngeal phonation type. The grammar is moderately inflective with strong and weak conjugations and inflections, nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender. As in English, Danish only has remnants of a case system, particularly in the pronouns. Its syntax is V2, with the verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence. Danish is a Germanic language of the North Germanic branch, other names for this group are the Nordic or Scandinavian languages. Along with Swedish, Danish descends from the Eastern dialects of the Old Norse language, Scandinavian languages are often considered a dialect continuum, where there are no sharp dividing lines between the different vernacular languages. Like Norwegian and Swedish, Danish was significantly influenced by Low German in the Middle Ages, Danish itself can be divided into three main dialect areas, West Danish, Insular Danish, and East Danish. Danish is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Swedish, both Swedes and Danes also understand Norwegian better than they understand each others languages. By the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language was called the Danish tongue, or Norse language. Norse was written in the alphabet, first with the elder futhark. From the 7th century the common Norse language began to undergo changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, most of the changes separating East Norse from West Norse started as innovations in Denmark, that spread through Scania into Sweden and by maritime contact to southern Norway
8.
Commedia dell'arte
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Commedia dellarte translates to theatre of the professional and is known as the first form of professional theatre. Commedia dellarte also is considered commedia alla maschera, commedia improvviso, a commedia, such as The Tooth Puller, is both scripted and improvised. Characters entrances and exits are scripted, a special characteristic of commedia dellarte are the lazzi. A lazzo is a joke or something foolish or witty, another characteristic of commedia dellarte is pantomime, which is mostly used by the character Arlecchino. The characters of the commedia usually represent fixed social types, stock characters, such as old men, devious servants. The main categories of characters include servants, old men, lovers. The characters are exaggerated real characters, such as a know it all doctor called Il Dottore, many troupes were formed to perform commedia dellarte, including I Gelosi, Confidenti Troupe, Desioi Troupe, and Fedeli Troupe. Commedia dellarte was often performed outside on platforms or in areas such as a piazza. The form of theatre originated in Italy, but travelled throughout Europe, the commedia genesis may be related to carnival in Venice, where by 1570 the author/actor Andrea Calmo had created the character Il Magnifico, the precursor to the vecchio Pantalone. In the Flaminio Scala scenario for example, Il Magnifico persists and is interchangeable with Pantalone, while Calmos characters were not masked, it is uncertain at what point the characters donned the mask. However, the connection to carnival would suggest that masking was a convention of carnival and was applied at some point, the tradition in Northern Italy is centered in Mantua, Florence, and Venice, where the major companies came under the aegis of the various dukes. Concomitantly, a Neapolitan tradition emerged in the south and featured the prominent stage figure Pulcinella, Pulcinella has been long associated with Naples, and derived into various types elsewhere—the most famous as the puppet character Punch in England. Although commedia dellarte flourished in Italy during the Mannerist period, there has been a tradition of trying to establish historical antecedents in antiquity. While we can detect formal similarities between the commedia dellarte and earlier theatrical traditions, there is no way to establish certainty of origin, some date the origins to the period of the Roman Republic or the Empire. The Atellan Farces of the Roman Empire featured crude types wearing masks with grossly exaggerated features, some historians argue that Atellan stock characters, Pappus, Maccus+Buccus, and Manducus, are the primitive versions of the Commedia characters Pantalone, Pulcinella, and il Capitano. More recent accounts establish links to the medieval jongleurs, and prototypes from medieval moralities, the first recorded commedia dellarte performances came from Rome as early as 1551. This view may be somewhat romanticized since records describe the Gelosi performing Tassos Aminta, for example, by the mid-16th century, specific troupes of commedia performers began to coalesce, and by 1568 the Gelosi became a distinct company. In keeping with the tradition of the Italian Academies, I Gelosi adapted as their impress the two-faced Roman god Janus, Janus symbolized both the comings and goings of this traveling troupe, and the dual nature of the actor who impersonates the other
9.
Ballet
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Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its own based on French terminology. It has been influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres. Becoming a ballet dancer requires years of training, Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world, which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art. Ballet may also refer to a dance work, which consists of the choreography. A well-known example of this is The Nutcracker, a ballet that was originally choreographed by Marius Petipa. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained artists, the word came into English usage from the French around 1630. Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries before being spread from Italy to France by an Italian aristocrat, Catherine de Medici, in France, ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence. The dancers in these early court ballets were mostly noble amateurs, Ballets in this period were lengthy and elaborate and often served a political purpose. Ornamented costumes were meant to impress viewers and restricted freedom of movement. The ballets were performed in large chambers with viewers on three sides, French court ballet reached its height under the reign of King Louis XIV. Known as the Sun King, Louis symbolized the brilliance of France, in 1661 Louis founded the Académie Royale de Danse to establish standards and certify dance instructors. In 1672, Louis XIV made Jean-Baptiste Lully the director of the Académie Royale de Musique from which the first professional ballet company, Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and instrumental to the development of the form. Ballet went into decline in France after 1830, though it continued to develop in Denmark, Italy, the arrival in Europe on the eve of First World War of the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev, revived interest in the ballet and started the modern era. The Russian choreographer Michel Fokine challenged tradition and called for reforms that reinvigorated ballet as an art form, in the 20th century, ballet had a wide influence on other dance genres, and subgenres of ballet have also evolved. In the United States, choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet, other developments include contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet. Also in the century, ballet took a turn dividing it from classical ballet to the introduction of modern dance. Stylistic variations have emerged and evolved since the Italian Renaissance, early, classical variations are primarily associated with geographic origin
10.
Modern dance
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Modern dance is a broad genre of western concert or theatrical dance, primarily arising out of Germany and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern dance is considered to have emerged as a rejection of. Socioeconomic and cultural factors contributed to its development. In the late 19th century, dance artists such as Isadora Duncan, Maud Allan, moving into the 1960s, new ideas about dance began to emerge, as a response to earlier dance forms and to social changes. Eventually, postmodern dance artists would reject the formalism of modern dance, and include such as performance art, contact improvisation, release technique. American modern dance can be divided into three periods or eras, Modern dance has evolved with each subsequent generation of participating artists. Artistic content has morphed and shifted from one choreographer to another, artists such as Graham and Horton developed techniques in the Central Modern Period that are still taught worldwide, and numerous other types of modern dance exist today. In America, increasing industrialization, the rise of a class, and the decline of Victorian social strictures led to, among other changes. It was in this atmosphere that a new dance was emerging as much from a rejection of social structures as from a dissatisfaction with ballet, womens colleges began offering aesthetic dance courses by the end of the 1880s. Emil Rath, who wrote at length about this emerging artform at the stated, Music and rhythmic bodily movement are twin sisters of art. 1877, Isadora Duncan was a predecessor of modern dance with her stress on the center or torso, bare feet, loose hair, free-flowing costumes, and incorporation of humor into emotional expression. She was inspired by classical Greek arts, folk dances, social dances, nature, natural forces, and new American athleticism such as skipping, running, jumping, leaping and she thought that ballet was ugly and meaningless gymnastics. Although she returned to the United States at various points in her life and she returned to Europe and died in Nice in 1927. 1891, Loie Fuller began experimenting with the effect that gas lighting had on her silk costumes, Fuller developed a form of natural movement and improvisation techniques that were used in conjunction with her revolutionary lighting equipment and translucent silk costumes. She patented her apparatus and methods of lighting that included the use of coloured gels and burning chemicals for luminescence. 1905, Ruth St. Denis, influenced by the actress Sarah Bernhardt and Japanese dancer Sada Yacco, developed her translations of Indian culture and her performances quickly became popular and she toured extensively while researching Oriental culture and arts. Other pioneers included Kurt Jooss and Harald Kreutzberg, an accomplished choreographer, she was a founding artist of the first American Dance Festival in Bennington. Holm choreographed extensively in the fields of dance and musical theater
11.
Canvas
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Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also used by artists as a painting surface. It is also used in such objects as handbags, electronic device cases. The word canvas is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French canevaz, both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin cannapaceus for made of hemp, originating from the Greek κάνναβις. Modern canvas is made of cotton or linen, although. It differs from other cotton fabrics, such as denim. Canvas comes in two types, plain and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven, the term duck comes from the Dutch word for cloth, doek. In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways, by weight and by a number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4, canvas has become the most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French Madonna with angels from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, however, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change, Venetian sail canvas was readily available, as lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength, linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as cotton duck, linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, the advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available and they are available in a variety of weights, light-weight is about 4 oz or 5 oz, medium-weight is about 7 oz or 8 oz, heavy-weight is about 10 oz or 12 oz. They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away, artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso
12.
Royal Danish Theatre
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The Royal Danish Theatre is both the national Danish performing arts institution and a name used to refer to its old purpose-built venue from 1874 located on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. The theatre was founded in 1748, first serving as the theatre of the king, the theatre presents opera, the Royal Danish Ballet, classical music concerts, and drama in several locations. The Old Stage is the original Royal Danish Theatre built in 1874, the Copenhagen Opera House, built in 2004. Stærekassen is an Art Deco theatre adjacent to the main theatre and it is used for drama productions. Royal Danish Playhouse is a venue for theatre with three stages, inaugurated in 2008
13.
Rope
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A rope is a group of yarns, plies, or strands that are twisted or braided together into a larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting, as a result, they cannot be used for pushing or similar compressive applications. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, line, string, fiber rope is made from fiber, whereas wire rope is made from wire. Rope may be constructed of any long, stringy, fibrous material, synthetic fibre ropes are significantly stronger than their natural fibre counterparts, but also possess certain disadvantages, including slipperiness. Common natural fibres for rope are manila hemp, hemp, feathers, linen, cotton, coir, jute, straw, synthetic fibres in use for rope-making include polypropylene, nylon, polyesters, polyethylene, Aramids and acrylics. Some ropes are constructed of mixtures of several fibres or use co-polymer fibres, wire rope is made of steel or other metal alloys. Ropes have been constructed of fibrous materials such as silk, wool, and hair. Rayon is a fibre used to make decorative rope. The twist of the strands in a twisted or braided rope serves not only to keep a rope together, without any twist in the rope, the shortest strand would always be supporting a much higher proportion of the total load. Rope is of paramount importance in fields as diverse as construction, seafaring, exploration, sports, theatre, and communications, to fasten rope, many types of knots have been invented for countless uses. Pulleys redirect the force to another direction, and can create mechanical advantage so that multiple strands of rope share a load. Winches and capstans are machines designed to pull ropes, such ropes normally use a kernmantle construction, as described below. Static ropes, used for example in caving, rappelling, and rescue applications, are designed for minimal stretch, the UIAA, in concert with the CEN, sets climbing-rope standards and oversees testing. Any rope bearing a GUIANA or CE certification tag is suitable for climbing, climbing ropes, however, do cut easily when under load. Keeping them away from sharp rock edges is imperative, rock climbing ropes come with either a designation for single, double or twin use. A single rope is the most common and it is intended to be used by itself, single ropes range in thickness from roughly 9mm to 11mm. Smaller ropes are lighter, but wear out faster, double ropes are thinner ropes, usually 9mm and under, and are intended for use as a pair. These ropes offer a margin or security against cutting, since it is unlikely that both ropes will be cut, but they complicate belaying and leading
14.
Holmen naval base
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Naval Station Holmen is one of several naval stations of the Royal Danish Navy, supplementing the two Danish naval bases in Frederikshavn and Korsør. Founded in the late 17th century it is also an attraction with many historical buildings that has played a vital role in the history of Denmark as well as Copenhagen. The naval base used to occupy the area of Holmen, which was in fact created by a series of landfills to house it. Holmen was for years the base of command for the Danish Naval Flag and has through the times been called Nyholm. It was never actually named Naval Station Holmen, even many people not in the Navy have used this name. For over 300 years, Holmen was Denmark’s largest employer, today the Navy only has a single institution left on Holmen. Since the 1990s, the area has opened to the public. Erik Menved was the first Danish king to establish a port in Copenhagen. Later the fleet, under the command of Valdemar Atterdag was moved to Vordingborg, Christian IV of Denmark built a “war port” on Slotsholmen, but the harbor’s basin has been filled since and today is the site of the Royal Library. The buildings around the harbor housed supplies for the Navy, as ships started to grow in size, the war port became too small, and the fleet moved to Bremerholm. Under Christian the 6th, a dock was established in 1739 at Christianshavn and this dock existed up to 1871, when it was taken over by Copenhagen’s Harbor Control, and the docks were filled. The name Gammel Dok still show part of the Navy’s shipyard was. Since the city was growing, it was not practical to have the Navy Fleet stationed in the center of the city, the ships were of course built out of wood and were fire hazards. The seamen on the ships simply threw their waste and trash directly into the harbor, in 1680, a plan was made to move the fleet out of the city. Responsibility for the plan was given to Admiral Niels Juel, west of a sand bank called Revshalen, old ships were scuttled after being filled with stones. In 1685, a wall with seven bastions was built. The bastions still exist today, and in Carls and Wilhems Bastion and these depots are Holmen’s oldest buildings, built in 1688 and 1690. The northern bastion was Charlotte Amalies Bastion, and north of two cannon batteries were established, “Batteriet Quintus” and “Batteriet Neptunus”
15.
Historicism
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Historicism is a mode of thinking that assigns major significance to a specific context, such as historical period, geographical place, and local culture. As such it varies in emphasis from individualist theories of such as empiricism and rationalism. The term historicism was coined by German philosopher Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, over time it has developed different and somewhat divergent meanings. Elements of historicism appear in the writings of French essayist Michel de Montaigne, vico, and became more fully developed with the dialectic of Georg Hegel, influential in 19th-century Europe. The writings of Karl Marx, influenced by Hegel, also include historicism, the term is also associated with the empirical social sciences and with the work of Franz Boas. The Austrian-English philosopher Karl Popper condemned historicism along with the determinism and holism which he argued formed its basis, in his Poverty of Historicism, he identified historicism with the opinion that there are inexorable laws of historical destiny, which opinion he warned against. This contrasts with the contextually relative interpretation of historicism for which its proponents argue, talcott Parsons criticized historicism as a case of idealistic fallacy in The Structure of Social Action. Post-structuralism uses the term New Historicism, which has some associations with both anthropology and Hegelianism, the theological use of the word denotes the interpretation of biblical prophecy as being related to church history. Hegel viewed the realization of human freedom as the purpose of history. However, because humans are not aware of the goal of both humanity and history, the process of achieving freedom is necessarily one of self-discovery. Hegel also saw the progress toward freedom being conducted by the spirit, yet Hegel makes clear that the spirit is a mere abstraction, and only comes into existence through the activity of finite agents. For example, Karl Popper in his book The Poverty of Historicism interpreted Hegels philosophy of history as metaphysical, Popper referred to this Hegelian philosophy of history as Historicism. Hegels historicism also suggests that any society and all human activities such as science, art. Consequently, their essence can be only by understanding said history. Hegels famous aphorism, Philosophy is the history of philosophy, describes it bluntly, yet another contrasting model is the persistent metaphor of a social contract. It thus preserves the culture of the past in thousands of half-forgotten metaphors. To understand why a person is the way he is, you must examine that person in his society, and to understand that society, you must understand its history, and the forces that influenced it. The Zeitgeist, the Spirit of the Age, is the embodiment of the most important factors that are acting in human history at any given time
16.
Peafowl
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The peafowl include three species of birds in the genera Pavo and Afropavo of the Phasianidae family, the pheasants and their allies. There are two Asiatic species and one African species, male peafowl are known for their piercing call and their extravagant plumage. The latter is especially prominent in the Asiatic species, who have a tail or train of covert feathers which they display as part of a courtship ritual. The term peacock is properly reserved for the male, the female is known as a peahen, the functions of the elaborate iridescent coloration and large train of peacocks have been the subject of extensive scientific debate. Charles Darwin suggested they served to attract females, and the features of the males had evolved by sexual selection. The Indian peacock has iridescent blue and green plumage, the peacock tail, known as a train, consists not of tail quill feathers, but highly elongated upper tail coverts. These feathers are marked with eyespots, best seen when a peacock fans his tail, both sexes of all species have a crest atop the head. The Indian peahen has a mixture of grey, brown. The female also displays her plumage to ward off female competition or signal danger to her young, the green peafowl differs from the Indian peafowl in that the male has green and gold plumage with black wings with a sheen of blue. Unlike the Indian peafowl, the green peahen is similar to the male, only having shorter upper tail coverts, a more coppery neck, the Congo peacock male does not display his covert feathers, but uses his actual tail feathers during courtship displays. These feathers are shorter than those of the Indian and green species. Females of the Indian and African species are dull grey and/or brown, chicks of both sexes in all the species are cryptically coloured. They vary between yellow and tawny, usually with patches of brown or light tan and dirty white ivory. Occasionally, peafowl appear with white plumage and this can result in the complete lack of coloration of their plumage, while preserving normal eye colour. By contrast, true albino peafowl have a lack of melanin. Leucistic peachicks are born yellow and become white as they mature. As with many birds, vibrant iridescent plumage colours are not primarily pigments, optical interference Bragg reflections based on regular, periodic nanostructures of the barbules of the feathers produce the peacocks colours. Slight changes to the spacing of these result in different colours
17.
Columbina
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Columbina is a stock character in the Commedia dellArte. She is Harlequins mistress, a comic servant playing the tricky slave type, rudlin and Crick use the Italian spelling Colombina in Commedia dellarte, A Handbook for Troupes. The role of the serviette was originally that of a entracte dancer, women were not allowed to be part of the story that was being played out on stage, but they were allowed to have a dance in-between the action. Eventually these women became the buxom and gossipy servants of characters that were allowed on stage. Eventually they became the counterparts to the Zanni characters and she was very down to earth and could always see the situation for what it actually was. She was very infrequently without something to say to or about someone and she is dressed in a ragged and patched dress, appropriate to a hired servant. These characters were usually played unmasked, but with bonnets and she was also known to wear heavy makeup around her eyes and carry a tambourine, which she could use to fend off the amorous advances of Pantalone. There is record of Colombina using numerous disguises to trick Arlecchino, where most other characters are content with one disguise, Gheraldis Colombian has several different disguises to confuse Arlecchino and to keep the audience on their toes. She was often the only functional intellect on the stage, columbina aided her mistress, the innamorata, to gain the affections of her one true love. She is sometimes the lover of Harlequin, but not always and she may be a flirtatious and impudent character, indeed a soubrette. Colombian became the most common used to describe the sobretta character especially as Colombine in France. Some of the people made this character famous were Silvia Roncagli was the first women recorded doing a seretta role named Francheschina in c1570. Caterina Biancolelli was one of the most famous serettas whose name was Colombina, there is record of the famous playwright Molière having attended many performances of la comédie italienne, or comedian dellarte. He is even referenced in a performance by Angelo Costantini of his show Une Vie de Scaramouche he references the writer and poet. This might suggest that the servant character in many of Molières plays such as Dorine in his play Tartuffe, Pierrot Harlequinade Caterina Bianconelli Media related to Colombina at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Columbine at Wikimedia Commons Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Columbine
18.
Pierrot
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Performing unmasked, with a whitened face, he wears a loose white blouse with large buttons and wide white pantaloons. Sometimes he appears with a frilled collaret and a hat, usually with a crown and wide round brim. But most frequently, since his reincarnation under Jean-Gaspard Deburau, he wears neither collar nor hat, the defining characteristic of Pierrot is his naïveté, he is seen as a fool, often the butt of pranks, yet nonetheless trusting. It was a generally buffoonish Pierrot that held the European stage for the first two centuries of his history. For Jules Janin and Théophile Gautier, Pierrot was not a fool but an avatar of the post-Revolutionary People, struggling, sometimes tragically, in short, Pierrot became an alter-ego of the artist, specifically of the famously alienated artist of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Much of that mythic quality still adheres to the sad clown of the postmodern era and he is sometimes said to be a French variant of the sixteenth-century Italian Pedrolino, but the two types have little but their names and social stations in common. Both are comic servants, but Pedrolino, as a so-called first zanni, often acts with cunning and daring and his origins among the Italian players in France are most unambiguously traced to Molières character, the lovelorn peasant Pierrot, in Don Juan, or The Stone Guest. In 1673, probably inspired by Molières success, the Comédie-Italienne made its own contribution to the Don Juan legend with an Addendum to The Stone Guest and he acquires there a very distinctive personality. He seems an anomaly among the busy social creatures that surround him, he is isolated, Columbine laughs at his advances, his masters who are in pursuit of pretty young wives brush off his warnings to act their age. His is a voice, and his estrangement, however comic. But the character seems to have regarded as unimportant by this company. His real life in the theater in the century is to be found on the lesser stages of the capital. Sometimes he spoke gibberish, sometimes the audience itself sang his lines and this holds true even when sophisticated playwrights, such as Alain-René Lesage and his collaborators, Dorneval and Fuzelier, began to contribute more regular plays to the Foires. The broad satirical streak in Lesage often rendered him indifferent to Pierrots character, and sometimes the most opposed to his personality. Besides making him a valet, a roasting specialist, a chef, a hash-house cook, in not a few of the early Foire plays, Pierrots character is therefore quite badly defined. In the main, Pierrots inaugural years at the Foires were rather degenerate ones, an important factor that probably hastened his degeneration was the multiplicity of his fairground interpreters. Not only actors but also acrobats and dancers were quick to seize on his role, but in the 1720s, Pierrot at last came into his own. It was also in the 1720s that Alexis Piron loaned his talents to the Foires, the retirement of Hamoche in 1733, writes Barberet, was fatal to Pierrot
19.
Harlequin
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Harlequin is the best-known of the zanni or comic servant characters from the Italian Commedia dellarte. The Harlequin is characterized by his chequered costume and he later develops into a prototype of the romantic hero. As the Harlequinade portion of English dramatic genre pantomime developed, Harlequin was routinely paired with the character Clown, as developed by Joseph Grimaldi around 1800, Clown became the mischievous and brutish foil for the more sophisticated Harlequin, who became more of a romantic character. The most influential such pair in Victorian England were the Payne Brothers, although the origins of the Harlequin are obscure there are several theories for how the character came to be. These demons were led by a masked, club-wielding giant and they were known as familia herlequin and this medieval French version of the Germanic Wild Hunt, Mesnée dHellequin, has been connected to the English figure of Herla cyning. Hellequin was depicted as an emissary of the devil, roaming the countryside with a group of demons chasing the damned souls of evil people to Hell. The physical appearance of Hellequin offers an explanation for the colours of Harlequins red-and-black mask. The names origin could also be traced to a knight from the 9th century, Hellequin of Boulogne, cantos XXI and XXII from Dantes Inferno there is a devil by the name of Alichino. The re-interpretation of the stock character as a zanni character of the commedia dellarte took place in the 16th century in France. Zan Ganassa, whose troupe is first mentioned in Mantua in the late 1560s, is one of the earliest known actors suggested to have performed the part, although there is little hard evidence to support. Ganassa performed in France in 1571, and if he did play the part there, he left the open for another actor to take up the role. The motley costume is sometimes attributed to Martinelli, who wore a costume of colourful patches. Martinellis Harlequin also had a black leather half-mask, a moustache and he was very successful, even playing at court and becoming a favourite of Henry IV of France, to whom he addressed insolent monologues. 1630 in Bologna as well as Turin and Mantua, the Italians were expelled from France in 1697 for satirizing King Louis XIVs second wife, Madame de Maintenon, but returned in 1716, when Tommaso Antonio Vicentini became famous in the part. The rhombus shape of the patches arose by adaptation to the Paris fashion of the 17th century by Biancolelli, the primary aspect of Arlecchino was his physical agility. He was very nimble and performed the sort of acrobatics the audience expected to see, the character would never perform a simple action when the addition of a cartwheel, somersault, or flip would spice up the movement. By contrast with the first zanni Harlequin takes little or no part in the development of the plot and he has the more arduous task of maintaining the even rhythm of the comedy as a whole. Arlecchino is sometimes referred to as putting on a show of stupidity in a attempt to create chaos within the play
20.
Margrethe II of Denmark
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Margrethe II is the Queen of Denmark. She is also the authority of the Church of Denmark. Born into the House of Glücksburg, a house with origins in Northern Germany, she was the eldest child of Frederick IX of Denmark. She succeeded her father upon his death on 14 January 1972, having had become heir presumptive to her father in 1953, on her accession, Margrethe became the first female monarch of Denmark since Margaret I, ruler of the Scandinavian countries in 1375–1412 during the Kalmar Union. Having been on the Danish throne for 45 years, she is the second longest-reigning Danish monarch after her ancestor Christian IV, in 1967, she married Henri de Laborde de Monpezat, with whom she has two sons, Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim. Princess Margrethe was born 16 April 1940 at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen as the first child of Crown Prince Frederick, later King Frederick IX and Crown Princess Ingrid and her birth took place just one week after Nazi Germanys invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940. She was baptised on 14 May in the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen, since her paternal grandfather was also the King of Iceland, she was given an Icelandic name, Þórhildur. When Margrethe was four years old, in 1944, her first sister, Princess Benedikte later married Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and lives some of the time in Germany. Her second sister Princess Anne Marie was born in 1946, anne-Marie later married Constantine II of Greece and now lives in Greece. Margrethe and her sisters grew up in apartments at Frederick VIIIs Palace at Amalienborg in Copenhagen and she spent summer holidays with the royal family in her parents summer residence at Gråsten Palace in Southern Jutland. On 20 April 1947, King Christian X died and Margrethes father ascended the throne as King Frederick IX. At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark, as she had no brothers, it was assumed that her uncle Prince Knud would one day assume the throne. The process of changing the constitution started in 1947, not long after her father ascended the throne, the popularity of Frederick and his daughters and the more prominent role of women in Danish life started the complicated process of altering the constitution. The law required that the proposal be passed by two successive Parliaments and then by a referendum, which occurred 27 March 1953, Princess Margrethe therefore became heir presumptive. On her eighteenth birthday,16 April 1958, Margrethe was given a seat in the Council of State and she subsequently chaired the meetings of the Council in the absence of the King. Margrethe was educated at the private school N. Zahles School in Copenhagen from which she graduated in 1959 and she is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Queen Margrethe is fluent in Danish, French, English, Swedish and German, Princess Margrethe married a French diplomat, Count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat,10 June 1967, at the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen. Laborde de Monpezat received the style and title of His Royal Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark because of his new position as the spouse of the heir presumptive to the Danish throne, Margrethe gave birth to her first child 26 May 1968
21.
Hans Christian Andersen
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Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈhɑːnz ˈkrɪstʃən ˈændərsən/, Danish, often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersens popularity is not limited to children, his stories, called eventyr in Danish, express themes that transcend age and nationality. Some of his most famous fairy tales include The Emperors New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, The Nightingale, The Snow Queen, The Ugly Duckling, Thumbelina and his stories have inspired ballets, animated and live-action films and plays. Hans Christian Andersen was born in the town of Odense, Denmark, Andersens father, also Hans, considered himself related to nobility. His paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had in the past belonged to a social class. A persistent theory suggests that Andersen was a son of King Christian VIII. Andersens father, who had received an education, introduced Andersen to literature. Andersens mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was uneducated and worked as a washerwoman following his fathers death in 1816, she remarried in 1818. Andersen was sent to a school for poor children where he received a basic education and was forced to support himself, working as an apprentice for a weaver and, later. At 14, he moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor, having an excellent soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre, but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told him that he considered Andersen a poet, taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing. Jonas Collin, director of the Royal Danish Theatre, felt a great affection for Andersen and sent him to a school in Slagelse. Andersen had already published his first story, The Ghost at Palnatokes Grave, though not a keen pupil, he also attended school at Elsinore until 1827. He later said his years in school were the darkest and most bitter of his life, at one school, he lived at his schoolmasters home. There he was abused and was told that it was to improve his character and he later said the faculty had discouraged him from writing in general, causing him to enter a state of depression. A very early fairy tale by Andersen, called The Tallow Candle, was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012, the story, written in the 1820s, was about a candle who did not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to a benefactor, in 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story A Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager. Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Peter to a talking cat, Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece, Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower, and a short volume of poems
22.
The Little Match Girl
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The Little Match Girl is a short story by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen. The story, about a dying childs dreams and hope, was first published in 1845 and it has been adapted to various media, including an animated short film, a television musical, and an animated virtual reality story called Allumette. On a cold New Years Eve, a young girl, Isabella. She is already shivering from cold and early hypothermia, and she is walking barefoot having lost her slippers. Still, she is too afraid to go home, because her father beat her for not selling any matches. The girl takes shelter in a nook or alley and sits down, the girl lights the matches to warm herself. In their glow she sees several visions, including a Christmas tree. The girl looks skyward and sees a star, she then remembers her dead grandmother saying that such a falling star means someone is dying and is going to Heaven. As she lights the match, she sees a vision of her grandmother. She strikes one match after another to keep the vision of her alive for as long as she can. After running out of matches the child dies and her grandmother carries her soul to Heaven, the next morning, passers-by find the girl dead in the nook, frozen with a smile on her face, and guess the reason for the burnt-out matches beside her. They feel pity for her, although they had not shown kindness to her before her death and they have no way of knowing about the wonderful visions she saw before her death or how gloriously she and her grandmother are now celebrating the New Year in Heaven. The Little Match Girl was first published December 1845, in Dansk Folkekalender for 1846, the work was re-published as a part of New Fairy Tales, Second Volume, Second Collection, and again 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales. The work was also published 30 March 1863 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories, the Fairy Tale Forest of the amusement park Efteling in the Netherlands has a three-dimensional attraction showing the story of the Little Match Girl, called Het Meisje met de Zwavelstokjes. In this attraction, use is made of the peppers ghost technique, in Is the Order a Rabbit. Sharo starts daydreaming while handing out flyers, humorously seeing it as a death flag when she connects her actions to the match girl. Chapter 18 of the manga series Binbou Shimai Monogatari replays the tale of The Little Match Girl, featuring the protagonists Asu and Kyou with a happy ending twist. In Chapter 24 of Love Hina, Su makes Shinobu dress up as a Little Red Riding Hood type and sell matches to raise some travelling money to Okinawa
23.
The Swineherd
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The Swineherd is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen about a prince who disguises himself as a swineherd to woo an arrogant princess. The tale was first published December 20,1841 by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen, the tale appears to be original with Andersen though similar tales are known. The Swineherd has been adapted to various media, a poor prince wants to marry the Emperors daughter and sends her two beautiful gifts, a nightingale and a rose. The princess rejects the humble gifts because theyre real and natural, the prince then disguises himself and applies for the position of swineherd at the palace. Once on the job, he creates a musical pot, the princess slogs through the mud to the swineherds hut and pays ten kisses for the pot. When the swineherd follows the pot with the creation of a musical rattle, the Emperor, disgusted that his daughter would kiss a swineherd for a toy, casts her out. The prince, having found the princess unworthy of his love, washes his face, dons his royal attire, the princess is left outside the palace door singing dolefully. The tale appears to be Andersens invention though the punishing of proud princesses is a theme in folk. In Basiles Pentamerone a tale tells of proud Cinziella and her wooing by a prince disguised as a gardener, in the Grimm collections, King Thrushbeard is a similar tale of a royal disguising himself to woo an arrogant princess. Andersens tale is less sentimental than the traditional tales, in traditional tales, the woman is softened and continues to love the man once he is revealed to be royalty but in Andersen she is cast away and left alone mourning the loss of love and status. The tale was first published by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen,1842. and first translated into English by Charles Boner in 1846 who published it in A Danish Storybook. The tale has been adapted to various media, les cent baisers, is a ballet choreographed by Bronislava Nijinska to music by Baron Frederic dErlanger and a libretto by Boris Kochno. The ballet premiered at Covent Garden 18 July 1935 with Irina Baronova as the Princess, the ballet was first staged in Australia by de Basils Ballets Russes on 5 December 1936. An operatic adaptation was undertaken by Nino Rota called The Swineherd Prince when he was thirteen, britains only permanent marionette theatre, Harlequin Puppet Theatre at Rhos-on-Sea, Wales, presented The Swineherd in an adaptation by Eric Brammell in 1958. In the 1950s, Soviet/Russian composer Boris Tchaikovsky wrote a suite of music for a radio production of The Swineherd. Parts of the story have been used in Evgeny Shvartss 1934 play The Emperors New Clothes, English translation by Jean Hersholt The Swineherd at SurLaLune
24.
Paul James Rooney
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Paul James Rooney was also one of the ballet dancers representing the Royal Opera House in the closing ceremony of the Beijing 2008 Olympics dancing with Leona Lewis and Jimmy Page. Born in Sandhurst, Berkshire, Paul James started dancing at the age of 5, joining the Royal Ballet Associate programme and moving on to study at The Royal Ballet School, White Lodge. Paul continued his training at Elmhurst Ballet School, where his versatility was nurtured, studying Ballet, Contemporary, Jazz, Tap and he can be seen demonstrating Escuela Bolera exercises on The Bolero School DVD. Paul has danced Principal roles in The Royal Opera Houses Pinocchio, Peter and the Wolf in New York and he has also danced the role of Mr. Mistoffelees in Cats in Denmark and the role of Older Billy in Billy Elliot the Musical in Malmo, Sweden. Paul James performed in Wind in the Willows at The Royal Opera House & The Duchess Theatre, Rooney has also been the rehearsal director for Peter and the Wolf in New York and The Netherlands. Currently dancing the role of Fritz in Nutcracker in with Tivoli Ballet Theatre, Rooney has choreographed for the Tivoli Ballet Theatre, in summer of 2009 he created Polyphony. This piece was received by audience and critics alike and he was asked to return the following year to choreograph a new piece for the company. In summer 2010 Rooneys new piece Mezclanza was premiered, alongside August Bournonvilles Le Conservatoire, Mezclanza was greatly received by critics from Danish Newspaper Berlingske and Danish Dance Magazine, Terpsichore. Mezclanza was re-premiered for the Pantomimeteatrets 2011 season, in early 2011, Rooney and Photographer and graphic designer Matti Silfer created a performance, Moving Art celebrating great Nordic art and artists, including Grieg, H C Lumbye, Roslin and many more. Integrating dance film, a photography exhibition and live dancing all in one performance. In summer 2012 Paul James choreographed Havets Bevægelser - the performance was a joint venutre with Storstrøms Kammerensemble and it was premiered at Fuglesang Herregaard and then performed in Tivoli Gardens and re-premiered in 2013. He currently resides in Copenhagen working as a choreographer, dancer and dance teacher
25.
Jazz dance
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The steps and essential style of jazz dancing, originated from dances of Africans brought to the Americas as slaves. Originally, the jazz dance encompassed any dance done to jazz music. Over time, a clearly defined jazz genre emerged, changing from a dance to a theatrical dance performed on stage by professionals. The term was first used to describe dances done to the jazz music of the early 20th century. At that time, it referred to any dance done to jazz music, a defining feature was its free conversation-like style of improvisation. Beginning in the 1930s and continuing through the 1960s, jazz dance transformed from its form into a theatre-based performance art. During this time, choreographers from other genres experimented with the style, including George Balanchine, Agnes de Mille, Jack Cole, Hanya Holm, Helen Tamiris, Michael Kidd, Jerome Robbins, and Bob Fosse. All of these choreographers influenced jazz by requiring highly trained dancers, in the 1950s, jazz dance was profoundly influenced by Caribbean and Latin American influences introduced by Katherine Dunham. (This section refers to elements of Modern Jazz Dance, the elements of other jazz styles can be found in detail on their own entries Isolations are a quality of movement that were introduced to jazz dance by Katherine Dunham. A low center of gravity and high level of energy are other important identifying characteristics of jazz dance, other elements of jazz dance are less common and are the stylizations of their respective choreographers. One such example are the limbs and hunched-over posture of Bob Fosse. Modern dance is now competed and performed through North America and many countries across the world. There are many different stylistic preferences seen in jazz dances, such as a slow or fast pace, approach, Jazz can be performed to any type of song and can be characterized by the technical and sharp movements. Michael Bennett, director, writer, choreographer, and dancer who was an award winner. A Chorus Line and Dream Girls are examples of some of his work, busby Berkley, movie choreographer in the 1930s and 1940s famous for geometric pattern and kaleidoscopic arrangements Jack Cole, considered the father of jazz dance technique. He was a key inspiration to Matt Mattox, Bob Fosse, Jerome Robbins, Gwen Verdon and he is credited with popularizing the theatrical form of jazz dance with his great number of choreographic works on television and Broadway. Katherine Dunham, an anthropologist, choreographer, and pioneer in Black theatrical dance, the exercise routine he created for his own rehabilitation became the worlds first complete technique for learning jazz dance. Bob Fosse, a noted jazz choreographer who created a new form of dance that was inspired by Fred Astaire
26.
Hip hop dance
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Hip-hop dance refers to street dance styles primarily performed to hip-hop music or that have evolved as part of hip-hop culture. It includes a range of styles primarily breaking, locking. The television show Soul Train and the 1980s films Breakin, Beat Street, the dance industry responded with a commercial, studio-based version of hip-hop—sometimes called new style—and a hip-hop influenced style of jazz dance called jazz-funk. Classically trained dancers developed these studio styles in order to choreograph from the dances that were performed on the street. Because of this development, hip-hop dance is practiced in both studios and outdoor spaces. 1980s films, television shows, and the Internet have contributed to introducing hip-hop dance outside of the United States, since being exposed, educational opportunities and dance competitions have helped maintain its presence worldwide. Europe hosts several international hip-hop competitions such as the UK B-Boy Championships, Juste Debout, Australia hosts a team-based competition called World Supremacy Battlegrounds and Japan hosts a two-on-two competition called World Dance Colosseum. What distinguishes hip-hop from other forms of dance is that it is often freestyle in nature, crews, freestyling, and battles are identifiers of this style. Hip-hop dance can be a form of entertainment or a hobby and it can also be a way to stay active in competitive dance and a way to make a living by dancing professionally. Hip-hop dance is a category that includes a variety of styles. The older dance styles that were created in the 1970s include uprock, breaking, breaking was created in The Bronx, New York, incorporating dances that were popular in the 1960s and early 1970s in African-American and Latino communities. In its earliest form, it began as elaborations on James Browns Good Foot dance which came out in 1972, breaking at this period was not primarily floor-oriented as seen today, it started out as toprock which dancers perform while standing up. An influence on toprock was uprock which was created in Brooklyn, uprock looks similar to toprock, but it is more aggressive and looks like a fight. Uprock is also performed with partners, but in toprock—and in breaking in general—each person takes turns dancing, in 1973, DJ Kool Herc invented the break beat. A break beat is a rhythmic, musical interlude of a song that has been looped over and over again to extend that instrumental solo, Kool Herc did this to provide a means for dancers who attended his parties to demonstrate their skills. B-boy and b-girl stands for break-boy and break-girl, b-boys and b-girls dance to the break of a record, further influenced by martial arts and gymnastics, breaking went from being a purely upright dance style—toprock only—to becoming more floor-oriented. At the same time breaking was developing in New York, other styles were being created in California, out of all of these dances, boogaloo is one of the oldest. It started out as a 1960s fad dance and was the subject of songs released during that time such as Do the Boogaloo
27.
Copenhagen Opera House
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The Copenhagen Opera House is the national opera house of Denmark, and among the most modern opera houses in the world. It is also one of the most expensive houses ever built with construction costs well over US$500 million. It is located on the island of Holmen in central Copenhagen, the A. P. Møller and Chastine Mc-Kinney Møller Foundation donated the Opera House to the Danish state in August 2000. Architect Henning Larsen and engineers Ramboll and Buro Happold and Theatre Consultant Theatreplan designed the facility, the acoustics were designed by Arup Acoustics and Speirs and Major Associates designed the architectural lighting. A. P. Møller had the say in the design of the building, however, adding steel to the glass front. Construction began in June 2001 and was completed on October 1,2004 and it opened on January 15,2005, in the presence of Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen, and Queen Margrethe II. The tenor Plácido Domingo made a gala guest appearance as Sigmund in Wagners Die Walküre on April 7,2006, in a production by Kasper Bech Holten), the Denmark leg of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series takes place here. The Opera is located in Copenhagen just opposite the main castle Amalienborg at the shore of the harbour, the specific part of the island where the Opera was built is named Dokøen, which means the Dock Island. Just a few meters west of the opera, one can see an old dock. The house is administered by the Royal Danish Theatre and is one of the best-equipped in the world and it has a main stage with five other stages directly connected, where large setups can be moved easily in and out. The theatre can seat between 1492 and 1703, depending on the size of the orchestra, the 1492 seats are all individually angled in order to provide the best experience. The orchestra pit is one of the largest in any house, with room for 110 musicians. However, the overhang is very slight and the authorities have permitted this to happen, if the orchestra is small or absent, the pit can be covered and additional seats can be added to the auditorium. Just like the old Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, The Queen has her own box on the side of the auditorium. Guided tours cover most of the building, including both the auditorium and backstage areas, besides the main stage, the building also includes a small stage for experimental theatre, a so-called black box theatre called Takkelloftet. It was named after the original Takkelloftet, a building just south of the Opera 280 meters long, thus the opera maintains a connection to the marine history of its location. Everything on the stage and in the area is totally black. There are up to approximately 200 seats for this stage, in this room, some of the walls are decorated using the same Jura Gelb limestone as outdoor
28.
Royal Danish Playhouse
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The Royal Danish Playhouse is a theatre building for the Royal Danish Theatre, situated on the harbour front in the Frederiksstaden neighbourhood of central Copenhagen, Denmark. The theatre is designed by the Danish architectural practice Lundgaard & Tranberg and it is built in a long, slim, deep-brown brick that was specially developed for the project. The exterior is dominated by a continuous glass-encased top story with offices, above the glass band is the dark copper-clad cube of the scene tower. The glazed foyer facing the water runs along the length of the building. It affords panoramic views of the harbour and contains a restaurant, architecture of Denmark KLG teater, Denmark
29.
Betty Nansen Teatret
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Betty Nansen Teatret is a theatre situated on Frederiksberg Allé in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It takes its name from the actress Betty Nansen, who managed it from 1917 until her death in 1943 and it contained a wooden structure which was used for musical entertainment and had room for 1,200 guests who were seated at small tables. It played 170 times before going on tour to the provinces and was also repreated the following year. By 1888 the wooden pavilion was so worn down that it was demolished and a new building in brick, with a large stage, the new theatre was open all year round and featured a repertoire of farces, Comédies en vaudeville and revues. The theatre changed its name to Frederiksberg Teater in 1904 and again in 1914 to Alexandrateatret after Christian IXs eldest daughter and its profile gradually changed in a more serious and artistically ambitious direction with plays by George Bernard Shaw, Henrik Ibsen, Strindberg and Frank Wedekind. The actress Betty Nansen, who had just returned to Denmark after an attempt to make it as a film star in America, took over the theatre in 1917. Alongside Henrik Bentzon, Nansen also directed many of the plays, in the 1930s, the theatre staged many of Kai Munks plays, which had been neglected by the Royal Theatre, including Ordet in 1932, his controversial version of Hamlet and I brændingen in 1937. Betty Nansens era at the theatre ended with her death in 1943 and it then changed its name to Alléscenen and began a period with changing directors and economic challenges which culminated in its banktrupcy in 1952. In 1964, Bent Mejding revived the theatre under the name Ungdommens Teater, featuring mainly young British and American drama but also staging the musical Cabaret and theatre for children. In 1976, the name was changed back to Allé-scenen and the theatre became recognized as one of eight theatres in Copenhagen which received funding under the landsdelsscene-programme. Morten Grunwald succeeded Meiding as theatre director in 1979, giving the theatre its current name, in 1992, Grunwald was succeeded by Peter Langdal and Henrik Hartmann, who have jointly led the theatre since then. The main auditorium has 775 numbered seats, lille Beyy, originally Balkonscenen, is the small stage. The Edison abbex stage was introduced in 1992 and is located in a power station on nearby Edisonsvej 10. Official website Productions by the theatre
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Bremen Teater (Copenhagen)
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Bremen Teater is a Danish theatre seating 648 people in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is used as a venue for everything from comedy shows and concerts to theatre, the building which also contains Hotel Mercur was completed in 1956. The building was designed by Danish architect Otto Frankild, the Mercur Theater was opened by Aage Stentoft in 1965. It was both used as a venue for touring companies and made its own productions. Preben Kaas later succeeded Aage Stentoft as theatre director, in 1971 the Danish charter travel tycoon Simon Spies, who owned the building, took over the theatre. He used it as a cinema for erotic films and night club. A private elevator connected the theatre to his office on the first floor, Simon Spies gave up the theatre in 1980 and it was then used by Det Ny Musikteater until 1984. In 1985 it changed its name to Privat Teatret with Niels-Bo Valbro as theatre director and he chose to close the theatre in 2007 due to economic difficulties. In 2009 the venue was revived under its current name by a group of people from the Danish entertainment industry, including Casper Christensen, Frank Hvam, Simon Kvamm, the theatre has been known under its current navn, Bremen Teater, since September 2009. For some time the hosted the sketch show Live fra Bremen. In addition Bremen Teater has had a number of names on the stage. The variety of events at Bremen Teater includes comedy, theatre, concerts, award shows, film screenings, parties, talks, conferences, in September 2012 the theatre opened up a bar called Natbar, which won the reputable Politiken Ibyen Award 2012 for bar of the year. Natbar has since established itself as a significant part of Copenhagen night life. The theatre was until summer 2013 operated by day-to-day management Mai Manaa Kristensen, Morten Manaa Kristensen, the managing director of Bremen Teater is Jesper Majdall
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Circus Building, Copenhagen
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The Circus Building on Axel Torv in Copenhagen, Denmark. is a circular building completed in 1886 to serve as a venue for circus performances. It is now used for shows and as a restaurant, at that time, circus tents were relatively uncommon. Instead, touring circus companies performed in permanent venues and they were generally simple wooden structures but in major cities elaborate circus buildings in brick and stone became increasingly common. Ernst Renz, director of Circus Renz and artist who had made a fortune on his trade, had built extravagant circus buildings in such as Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna. In Copenhagen he leased the new building on a three-year contract, the first plans envisioned an extravagant building with an elaborate facade with statues and Greek columns but in the end a much simpler design was chosen. Renz did not renew his lease after the 1888 season and died in 1891, instead the Circus building played host to performances by a variety of visiting foreign circus companies which passed through Copenhagen on their European tours. In March 1914, the Circus building was devastated by a fire left only the outer walls standing. It was quickly rebuilt, under the direction of the architect Holger Jacobsen, in 1916, Cirkus Schumann performed in the building. The company was run by Willy, Ernst, and Oscar Schumann, nephews of Albert Schumann, after they had taken over the business from their father, Max Schumann. They returned to the Circus building in 1918 and except for a few years break during the beginning of World War II performed there every summer until 1968. During that period, their company was synonymous with circus in Denmark, in 1963, a retail company, Anva, bought the Circus building to replace it with a modern department store but the plans were abandoned after massive protests and due to lack of funding. Still, due to escalating rent and the uncertainty about the buildings future, the Schumanns were succeeded by another prominent Danish circus, Benneweis, headed by Eli Benneweis, presenting summer performances from 1970 to 1990. In 1974, the City bought the building and rented it out to the Benneweis family, in 1988, the Circus building was listed by the Danish Heritage Agency. After decreasing ticket sales, Circus Benneweis decided to leave the building in 1990, the building has since been used for a variety of activities and events, including musicals, ballet, conferences and concerts. The building is circular and topped by a shallow dome, the most distinctive feature of the facade is a frieze located just below the roof on the periphery of the outer wall. It was created by the sculptor Frederik Hammeleff and survived the fire in 1906 and it depicts motifs from ancient Rome and Greece. Since 2003, the building has been leased by Wallmans salonger, a Swedish entertainment company, the Circus Buuilding is used as a location in the 1973 Olsen Gang film The Olsen Gang Goes Crazy
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Det Ny Teater
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Det Ny Teater is an established theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, first opened in 1908. It is based in a building which spans a passage between Vesterbrogade and Gammel Kongevej in Copenhagens theatre district on the border between Vesterbro and Frederiksberg, with more than 12,000 m2 it is one of Denmarks largest theaters. It has two stages, the auditorium which seats more than 1,000 and Sceneriet, a smaller theatre established in the cellar in 1994. In March 1907, Bona commissioned the architect Lorenz Gudme to draw up a project and he had previously worked for Ove Petersen, who was responsible for both the Royal Theatre, in collaboration with Vilhelm Dahlerup, and the Dagmar Theatre. His proposal was accepted and the fundaments were laid on 14 August 1907, shortly after construction start, a disagreement occurred between Bona and Gudme who was ultimately fired from the project which was instead completed by Ludvig Andersen. When the theatre was inaugurated on 19 September 1908 it was the second largest theatre in the country, DKK1,200,000 and DKK600,000 for the site. Lindstrøm himself left the theatre after just three years due to an insignificant debts, the director from 1944 to 1966 was Peer Gregaard and he dramatically changed the repertoire from with a combination of classics and contemporary Danish and European drama. During this era, Det Ny Teater came to challenge the Royal Danish Theatre as the theatrical stage in Denmark. Im the 1960s it became evident that it was difficult to operate theatres without subsidies, in 1991, when the theatre, by then in a poor state of neglect, lost its support, it had to close indefinitely. The owners succeeded in raising funds for a thorough renovation, bent Mejding was the driving force behind the restoration of the theater, which he and Niels-Bo Valbro reopened as a venue for operetta and musicals with a production of Die Fledermaus in 1994. Since then the theatre has produced a number of productions, the most successful of which, artistically and audience-wise, has been Phantom of the Opera. The theatre building spans a passage between Vesterbrogade and Gammel Kongevej and has a front on both sides. The complex also includes the surrounding buildings, the theatre was also the first in Denmark to feature a revolving stage. Other state-of-the-art features were an advanced system in case of fire on stage. For the audience there were comfortable family boxes, an elegant marble staircase, the renovation in 1994 received the Europa Nostra award from the European Union. Since the renovation, the theatre has two stages, the large auditorium seats app.1,000 while the small one, built in the cellar in connection with the 1994 renovation, seats an audience of 250 to 300. The main repertoire is still musicals, the theatre plays also host to a variety of other events and is available on hire
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Husets Teater
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Husets Teater is a studio theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark. It takes its name from the Huset cultural centre in the city centre, where it was founded in 1975, the theatre grew out of the alternative cultural environment around the The House in Magstræde which had grown out of the political protest movement of the late 1960s. The theatre has won several Reumert Awards in recent years, from 1 June 2008 the theatre has been headed by a duo consisting of actor and director Mads Wille and dramatist and director Simon K. Boberg. They came from the theatre PLAN-B which from 2002 to 2008 they ran in Husets Teaters old premises on the 4th floor in Magstræde, the theatre has two stages, UnderHuset with 121 numbered seats and OveHuset with 70 unnumbered seats. The names are a play on the Danish words for the House of Commons Underhuset, literally the Lower House), the theatre is economically subsidised by Copenhagen Municipality
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Lorry, Frederiksberg
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Lorry is a former entertainment venue in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It takes its name after its founder, Frederik Laurentius Feilberg, the listed building complex now houses TV2/Lorry, TV2s local news station for the Copenhagen area, a small theatre, Riddersalen, and a café. Lorrys history as an entertainment venue goes back to 1834 when the country house Enighedslyst was converted into a tea garden, in the mid-1860s it became an entertainment venue where female singers performed in front of an audience consisting mainly of local craftsmen. The restaurateur Carl Kehlet took the place over in 1877 and his business enabled him to purchase the entire property. He turned the floor into a restaurant and moved the singing girls upstairs to Café Chantant. The establishment gradually began to attract a larger audience, among the well-known guests were the writer and painter Holger Drachmann, who found his muse, Edith, among the singers. In 1896, Kehlet sold his establishment to Frederik Laurentius Feilberg, known as Lorry and he changed the name of Café Chantant inro Operetten. The tradition with singing girls was discontinued in 1914 when Operetten was renamed Riddersalen and it served as a venue for cabarets. In 1909 and 1913, he acquired two neighbouring buildings for expanding his entertainment establishment, in 1910, he expanded the ground floor into a new venue, Landsbyen. The interior walls were painted as facades of half-timbered farmhouses and there were a forge, a farmers kitchen, the audience was seated at small tables spread out across the floor. In 1913, Kehlet opened Drachmenn Kroen, a popular restaurant named after a former guest who had died in 1909. The room was decorated with a series of paintings by Aksel Jørgensen which incorporated Drachmann, Drachmann also had plans to convert it into an elegant hall where afternoon guests could have tea accompanied by subtle music while it could be rented out for private celebrations in the evening. However, due to an illness which prompted him to sell, Feilberg never put his plans through but they were realized by his successor, Valdemar Nielsen, the Landsbyen venue saw another expansion in 1929. The decorations were adapted to resemble tyrolean houses with balconies and murals of snow-capped mountains painted on the rear walls, an expansion of the stage created room both for an orchestra and soloists. The inspiration was Haus Vaterland on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, in 1945, Landsbyen was hit by Schalburgtage but it was rebuilt just a few month later. TV2/Lorry rented the complex from its establishment and purchased it from Frederiksberg Municipality in 1999 and they now have their television studios in Landsbyen while Guldaldersalen and Drachmann Kroen serve as editorial rooms. It has been run by Jytte Abildstrøn since 1970, dating from 1881,11 Allégade now houses a café, Café Grock. Danish Revue Museum TV2 Lorry clip about Aksel Jørgensens paintings PDF about the locality Aksel Hørgensens paintings in Drachmannskroen
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Bellevue Teatret
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The Bellevue Teatret is a theatre in Klampenborg at the northern outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. Opened in 1936 to the design of Arne Jacobsen, the building is considered one of his most important architectural works and exemplar of Danish functionalism. The theatre is part of a scheme including the adjoining Bellevue Beach and residential block and was, at the time. In the early 1930s, Arne Jacobsen won a competition for a masterplan for the Bellevue area im Klampenborg, Gentofte Municipality, the Bellevue Teatret was the last stage of this scheme, which also included facilities for the local Bellevue Sea Bath and the Bellavista residential buildings. The theatre opened in 1936 as a summer theatre. It closed a few later, then operating as a cinema until 1980. The building is considered one of the most important architectural work by Arne Jacobsen, the inside has mosaic decorations and is noted for the retractable roof. Walls, balcony and proscenium are clad in canvas and bamboo, the front curtain shows a beach girl, painted by Åge Sikker Hansen. Since the reopening as a theatre, the repertoire has been dominated by modern music performances, an annual tradition is a Summer Ballet. Until the 2008 season produced in cooperation with Copenhagen International Ballet, it is now made in produced in cooperation with Tim Rushton, arkitektur og teater i Arne Jacobsens bygningsværk
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Taastrup Teater
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Taastrup Teater is a theatre in Taastrup in the western suburbs of Copenhagen, Denmark. Taastrup Theatre was founded by a group of residents in 1970. It received its current name and engaged an artistic director in 1987, the theatre is based in a community centre from the 1970s which was expanded several times during the 1990s. COBE was expanded the theatre with a new foyer and it consists of a curtain that slope away from the existing building. It consists of translucent and clear acrylic triangles which are illuminated by red lights from within when the theatre is sold out
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Urban area of Copenhagen
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The urban area of Copenhagen consist of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg municipalities and the former Copenhagen County, except for the municipalities Høje-Taastrup and Ledøje-Smørum. In all, it consists of 18 municipalities, and except parts of Ballerup, Greve, Ishøj, former Søllerød and former Værløse, Ishøj and Greve Strand are included for the first time since 1999. As of 1 January 2015, this area had a population of 1,263,698 and 615.7 km2, statistics Denmark states that the definition of the urban area is based on UNs 200m definition. The area doesnt follow the recommendations of the United Nations regarding urban definitions and is used for statistic issues only, the main difference between Hovedstadsområdet and common urban area definition involves the islands of Amager, Saltholm and Peberholm, and primarily the municipality of Tårnby. Hovedstadsområdet contains the entire Copenhagen and Tårnby municipalities, although the latter contains large areas without buildings and this also applies to a smaller part of Copenhagen on Amager island. The western part of Amager is an enlargement from a part of the Øresund sea. This extended part of Amagar is split between Copenhagen and Tårnby municipalities, and is only built-up on two minor areas and it also includes along the harbour and around Bella Center. Apart from these areas and an allotment-garden cottage area, the vast majority of western Amager is unplanned. The cause for this creation was mainly to shelter to the southern part of Copenhagen harbour. Since the area is now filled out with big stones, sand from the sea, plaster, wastes and unknown items, not even agriculture is possible due to bad soil. Some of the area belongs to Copenhagen municipality, but the Tårnby municipality part is far larger. Also the almost unpopulated islands of Saltholm and Peberholm belongs to Tårnby, in all, most of Tårnby and a minor part of Copenhagen municipalities on Amager island cannot be regarded as an urban area. Consequently, Hovedstadsområdet does not equal an urban area of Copenhagen, neither the Danish statistic authority Danmarks Statistik or the Danish geographical institute Kort og Matrikelstyrelsen states that Hovedstadsområdet is an urban area of Copenhagen. For internal Danish matters this is of no importance, but when comparing Copenhagen with other cities, the unpopulated non-urban areas of Amager, Saltholm and Peberholm do make a difference in f. i. terms of population density. As of February 2012, Copenhagen lacks official urban borders for comparison with other cities, Hovedstadsområdet is an area invented primarily for statistical matters. Its rarely used in conversation (as a defined area, sometimes in media the word Hovedstadsområdet represents a metropolitan area from Køge in the south to Elsinore in the north and Roskilde in the west. For instance, a television channel called Hovedstads-TV covers this larger area. But even in public service television news, the word Hovedstadsområdet may refer to either what the Danish statistic institute defines as Hovedstadsområdet or the metropolitan area
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Bispebjerg
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Bispebjerg, more commonly referred to as Nordvest, is one of the 10 official districts of Copenhagen, Denmark. Located on the border of the municipality, it covers an area of 5.39 km². More specifically, Bispebjerg refers to a neighbourhood within the district. Bispebjerg covers an area of 5.39 km² and has a population of 40,033, the name Bispebjerg is known from 1681 as Biszebierg. A windmill was built in the area in 1808, Bispebjerg was together with the rest of Brønshøj merged with Copenhagen in 1901. Bispebjerg Cemetery opened in 1903 and Bispebjerg Hospital was built between 1908 and 1913, the district was generally built over with a combination of residential neighbourhoods and industry in the 1920s and 1930s. Bispebjerg station Bispebjerg Hospital City of Copenhagen’s statistical office Map of so-called ghetto areas in central Copenhagen
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Indre By
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Indre By, also known as Copenhagen Center or K or Downtown Copenhagen, is an administrative district in central Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. It covers an area of 4.65 square kilometres, has a population of 26,223, and its boundaries pretty much reflect the entire city’s extent during the reign of King Christian IV. At the time it was a city and its borders were made of defensive walls with moats. To ensure water for the moats there was a series of dams, the gates were dismantled in 1856. The locations are now commemorated with milestones erected on the spot, additionally artificial lakes were constructed as part of Christian IVs large building project. These still exist to this day, and are simply referred to as the lakes. The area beyond the lakes, now heavily populated city districts, was used primarily for grazing. It was prohibited to build beyond these original city limits so that the cannons could have clear shot. The fortification system was sold to Copenhagen municipality in 1869 and largely dismantled the year after, evidence of the walls can be found in the street names outlining the central part of the city. From Kastellet at the northeast point of the district runs Øster Voldgade to the southwest, the street changes names near Nørreport Train Station and continues as Nørre Voldgade. Vester Voldgade starts at Ørsteds Park and runs southeast until it reaches the water of Copenhagen Harbour, the fortification system continues on the other side of the water in the Christianshavn city district. Copenhagen was founded around year 1000 by Sweyn I Forkbeard and his son Canute the Great and it was only a fishing village until the middle of the 12th century when Havn, as the town was then called, assumed increasing importance in the Danish kingdom. Around 1160 King Waldemar the Great gave control of Copenhagen to Absalon, whereas other cities in the Danish realm were under the governance of the king, Havn or Købmannehavn as it comes to be known, was given to the Bishop of Roskilde. Bishop Absalon built his fortified Castle at Havn in 1167 on an island outside the harbour itself. In the years that follow, the town grew tenfold in size, the excellent harbour encouraged Copenhagens growth until it became an important centre of commerce. Købmannehavns economy blossomed due to the income from an enormous herring fishery trade, in 1254, it received its charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen. It was repeatedly attacked by Wend pirates and the Hanseatic League, time and again the town was besieged and laid waste by the Hanseatic League. In 1369 they tore down the castle, but a new castle—Copenhagen Castle was built in its place, at the same time the Danish king was also attempting to take Copenhagen back from the bishop. The crown succeeded in 1416, when King Erik of Pomerania took control of the town, thenceforth Copenhagen belonged to the Danish Crown
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Valby
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Valby is one of the 10 official districts of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is in the corner of Copenhagen Municipality, and has a mixture of different types of housing. Valby Hill marks the boundary between Valby and the — more central and more urban — neighbouring Vesterbro district, the expression west of Valby Hill is in Danish often used as a metonym for the provinces or outside Copenhagen. With the progressing redevelopment of the Carlsberg area into a new lively, high-density neighbourhood, other former industrial sites are also under redevelopment and Valby is today one of the districts in Copenhagen with the fastest growing population. Valby covers an area of 9.23 km² and has a population of 46,161, the most distinctive geographical features of the district are Valby Hill in its north-eastern corner and Harrestrup Å which marks its western boundary. Valby also borders on Damhus Lake in its extreme north-western corner, the Danshøj tumulus, along with many other archeological finds in the area, provides evidence that the Valby area has been inhabited since ancient times. Modern Valby has developed around the two villages of Valby and Vigerslev, the first recorded mention of the name Valby is from 1186, as Walbu, but the history of both settlements probably goes back considerably longer. Valby means village/house on the plain, in the early Middle Ages both villages came under Utterslev, a Crown estate which included most of the area around Havn, the small market town which later became Copenhagen. In 1682, Valby had 13 farms and 25 houses with no more land than a modest garden, at the time, the Valby community did not have its own church but instead, since 1628, belonged to Hvidovre Parish. In 1675, Hvidovre Church was extended with a Valby nave, in the 17th century, the road to Roskilde was taken through Valby and an inn opened. The first holder of the license was Hans Pedersen Bladt, a merchant who was elected mayor of Copenhagen in 1675. Valby also profited from the proximity of Frederiksberg Palace which was constructed from 1699 to 1703 atop Valby Hill as a new residence for King Frederick IV. The royal presence in the area brought along more activity in the village and it is said that Queen Marie Sophie, consort of King Frederick VI, often rode through Valby, handing out candy to the children. In 1721, the granted the community new trading privileges and a Rytterskole. Valby became particularly associated with raising poultry which the Valby women sold beside the Caritas Well on Gammeltorv in Copenhagen, the trade took place on Wednesdays and Saturdays, which were market days, until 1857. Instead Valby began to develop into an area where members of the bourgeoisie took up summer residency, one of the first to arrive in Valby proper was the actor James Price who spent his first summer there in 1795, shortly after his arrival in Denmark. He was followed by members of the bourgeoisie. When the first railway out of Copenhagen opened in 1847, a 30 km rail line to Roskilde, it had an intermediate station slightly east of where Valby station lies today
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Carlsberg (district)
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Carlsberg is an area located straddling the border of Valby and Vesterbro districts in central Copenhagen, Denmark approximately 2.4 km from the City Hall Square. The area emerged when J. C. Jacobsen founded his brewery in the district in 1847. The first brewing took place on November 11,1847, and production took place continuously ever since, until October 30,2008, the Jacobsen House Brewery is however still located in the district and produces specialty beers. The entire brewery grounds spread over more than 30 hectares and is currently being transformed into a new city district in Copenhagen, the area is dominated by numerous historic and restored 19th- and early 20th-century buildings, many of which have lavish ornamentations, as well as two historic gardens. The buildings have served a wide array of functions, some of which are not immediately associated with the production of beer. These include a lighthouse, stables, Italianate villas and a museum, after the decision was made to close the brewery, plans were launched to redevelop the area into a new district. A master plan for the area draws on inspiration from classical, dense city centers with short, winding streets, passageways and it will also feature ten slim towers. The planned district will aim at sustainability and an urban life. The plan won the master planning category at the 2009 World Architecture Festival, Carlsberg covers an area of 33 hectares and lies at the junction of four districts. It is bordered by Vesterbro to the east, Valby to the west, Frederiksberg Municipality to the north, in search of better water supplies and more space, J. C. Jacobsens brewery located at the current site in 1847, after receiving a license from the King, construction of the new brewery started in January 1847 and the first batch of beer was brewed on 10 November 1847. Carlsbergs main building, today known as the Carlsberg Academy was inaugurated in 1853, in 1857 the brewery was devastated by a fire but the buildings were rebuilt the same year. In 1870 the brewery was extended with a brewery, which was leased by J. C. Jacobsens son Carl Jacobsen after disagreements with his father, Jacobsen established the Carlsberg Foundation and the Carlsberg Laboratory. Jacobsen terminated his sons lease and Carl founds his own brewery on a neighbouring premises, with his fathers consent he named it Ny Carlsberg, while Carlsbergs name was changed to Gammel Carlsberg. Jacobsen died and his Carlsberg Foundation inherited his brewery, over the next decades, the Carlsberg Breweries are continuously extended with new buildings. In 1892 the Dipylon building is added, in 1987 the Carlsberg Laboratory building, in 1902, Carl Jacobsen founded the Ny Carlsberg Foundation as a subsidy under the Carlsberg Foundation, resulting in common ownership. The breweries built a joint tapping plant in 1903 and in 1906 they were merged under the name Carlsberg Breweries
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Freetown Christiania
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It was temporarily closed by residents in April 2011 while discussions continued with the Danish government about its future, but then re-opened to the public. Christiania has been a source of controversy since its creation in a military area in 1971. Its cannabis trade was tolerated by authorities until 2004, in the years following 2004, measures for normalizing the legal status of the community led to conflicts, police raids and negotiations. The area of Christiania consists of the military barracks of Bådsmandsstræde. The ramparts and the borough of Christianshavn were established in 1617 by King Christian IV by reclaiming the low beaches, after the siege of Copenhagen during wars with Sweden, the ramparts were reinforced during 1682 to 1692 under Christian V to form a complete defence ring. The western ramparts of Copenhagen were demolished during the 19th century and they are today considered among the finest surviving 17th century defence works in the world. The barracks of Bådsmandsstræde housed the Royal Artillery Regiment, the Army Materiel Command and ammunition laboratories, less used after World War II, the barracks were abandoned between 1967 and 1971. The adjacent area to the north, Holmen, was Denmarks main naval base until the 1990s and it is an area in development, home to the new Copenhagen Opera House and schools. An area further north is used by the navy. The outermost defence line, Enveloppen, has been renamed Dyssen in Christiania language and it is connected to central Christiania by a bridge across the main moat or can be reached by the path beginning at Christmas Møllers Plads. Four gunpowder storehouses line the redans and they were built 1779-80 to replace a storage in central Copenhagen, at Østerport, which exploded infamously in 1770, killing 50 people. The buildings are renamed Aircondition, Autogena, Fakirskolen and Kosmiske Blomst and have, although protected, the last Danish execution site, active from 1946 to 1950, can still be seen on the Second Redan close to the building called Aircondition. The wooden execution shed is gone, but the concrete foundation, in total,29 World War II criminals were executed on the site. The last was Ib Birkedal, a high-level Danish Gestapo collaborator, in 2007, the National Heritage Agency proposed protection status for some of the ancient military buildings, now in Christiania. Some of the buildings have been altered somewhat after Christianias takeover. After the military moved out, the area was guarded by a few watchmen. On 4 September 1971, inhabitants of the surrounding neighborhood broke down the fence to take parts of the unused area as a playground for their children. Although the takeover was not necessarily organized in the beginning, some claim this happened as a protest against the Danish government, at the time there was a lack of affordable housing in Copenhagen
