1.
Reggio Calabria
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Reggio di Calabria, commonly known as Reggio Calabria listen or simply Reggio in Southern Italy, is the biggest city and the most populated comune of Calabria, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, Reggio is located on the toe of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, about 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city. The region has been subject to earthquakes and it is a major economic center for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania. The city center, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a development along the coast with parallel streets. The city was an Italian candidate to become the European Capital of Culture. in 2019, during its 3, 500-year history Reggio has often been renamed. Each name corresponds with the major historical phases, Recion. Erythrà, the pre-Greek settlement populated by the Italic people, Rhégion, the Greek city from the archaic age to the Magna Grecia age, from the 8th to the 3rd centuries BC. Febèa, a period under Dionysius II of Syracuse, in the 4th century BC. Regium, its first Latin name, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, rhègium Julium, as a noble Roman city during the Imperial age. Rivàh, Arabic name under the domination by Emirate of Sicily. Rìsa, under the Normans, between the 11th and 12th centuries, regols, Aragonese name under the Crown of Aragon, in the late 13th century. Reggio or Regio, usual Italian name in the Middle and Modern age, règgio di Calàbria, post Italian Unification. The toponym of the city is derived from Chaldean word Rec or maybe from the Greek one régnȳmi referring to the Straits between Calabria and Sicily as a break in the land. The sculptor Léarchos was at Reggio at the end of the 15th century BC, the land around Reggio was first known as Saturnia, or Neptunia, and later Italia, which in Roman times became the name of the whole Italian peninsula. After Cumae, Reggio is one of the oldest Greek colonies in southern Italy, the colony was settled by the inhabitants of Chalcis in 730 or 743 BC on the site of the older settlement, Erythrà, meaning the Red one. This dated back to the 3rd millennium BC and was established by the Ausones
2.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
3.
Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
4.
'Ndrangheta
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The Ndràngheta is organized crime centered in Calabria, Italy. A US diplomat estimated that the narcotics trafficking, extortion. Since the 1950s, the organization has spread towards Northern Italy, according to a 2013 Threat Assessment on Italian Organised Crime of Europol, the Ndrangheta is among the richest and most powerful organised crime groups at a global level. In 1861 the prefect of Reggio Calabria already noticed the presence of so-called camorristi, since the 1880s, there is ample evidence of Ndrangheta-type groups in police reports and sentences by local courts. At the time they were often being referred to as the picciotteria, onorata società or camorra, an 1897 sentence from the court in Palmi mentioned a written code of rules found in the village of Seminara based on honour, secrecy, violence, solidarity and mutual assistance. In the folk culture surrounding Ndrangheta in Calabria, references to the Spanish Garduña often appear, aside from these references, however, there is nothing to substantiate a link between the two organizations. In many areas of Calabria the verb ndranghitiari, from the Greek verb andragathízesthai, the first time the word Ndrangheta was mentioned before a wider audience was by the Calabrian writer Corrado Alvaro in the Corriere della Sera in September 1955. Until 1975, the Ndrangheta restricted their Italian operations to Calabria, mainly involved in extortion and their involvement in cigarette contraband expanded their scope and contacts with the Sicilian Mafia and the neapolitan Camorra. With the arrival of public works in Calabria, skimming off public contracts became an important source of income. Disagreements over how to distribute the spoils led to the First Ndrangheta war killing 233 people, the prevailing factions began to kidnap rich people from northern Italy for ransom. It is believed that John Paul Getty III, kidnapped for ransom in 1973, was one of their victims, the Second Ndrangheta war raged from 1985 to 1991. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti-Serraino-Rosmini clans and the De Stefano-Tegano-Libri-Latella clans led to more than 600 deaths, the Sicilian Mafia contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a superordinate body, called La Provincia, to avoid further infighting. In the 1990s, the organization started to invest in the international drug trade. Deputy President of the parliament of Calabria Francesco Fortugno was killed by the Ndrangheta on 16 October 2005 in Locri. Demonstrations against the organization then ensued, with young protesters carrying banderoles reading Ammazzateci tutti, the national government started a large-scale enforcement operation in Calabria and arrested numerous ndranghetisti including the murderers of Fortugno. The Ndrangheta has recently expanded its activities to Northern Italy, mainly to sell drugs, in May 2007 twenty members of Ndrangheta were arrested in Milan. On 30 August 2007, hundreds of police raided the town of San Luca, over 30 men and women, linked to the killing of six Italian men in Germany, were arrested. On 9 October 2012, following a long investigation by the central government the City Council of Reggio Calabria headed by Mayor Demetrio Arena was dissolved for alleged ties to the group
5.
Giorgio De Stefano
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Giorgio De Stefano was a high-ranking boss of the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation in Calabria. Together with his brothers Paolo, Giovanni and Orazio he headed the De Stefano ndrina, during the war he survived an assassination attempt by hitmen loyal to Tripodo, inside the Roof Garden bar in Reggio Calabria, which led to the death of his brother Giovanni. Tripodo would later be killed in prison by men loyal to Raffaele Cutolo, the Santa allowed the Ndrangheta to enter lucrative public contracts. After the war Giorgio De Stefano had become extremely powerful (he had links with Cosa Nostra, politics, neo-fascist terrorists, the other ndrine began fearing for their businesses and so decided to kill him. By extorting a bribe of a building contractor already under the protection of the Piromallis, Ndrangheta bosses Giuseppe Piromalli and Rocco Musolino were indicted as being responsible for the murder of Giorgio De Stefano, but were later acquitted for lack of evidence. Cosa Nostra, Ndrangheta and Camorra from 1946 to the Present, London, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-1444726435 Gratteri, fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza, Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8
6.
De Stefano 'ndrina
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The De Stefano ndrina is one of the most powerful clans of the Ndrangheta, a criminal and mafia-type organisation in Calabria, Italy. The ndrina hailed from the Archi neighbourhood in Reggio Calabria, several of its members were included in the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy. Within two years moved from being simple Ndranghetisti to being the new lords of Reggio Calabria. Before that time the clan had not been prominent, according to the pentito Giacomo Lauro. In 1970 … the De Stefanos … were nobody, they were nobody, the De Stefano brothers became the owners of Reggio Calabria after the war, the first mafia war. … I do not want to swear, but who the fuck were the De Stefanos in the 1970s and they had killed a certain Sergi for four oxen, for a fraud of four oxen in Modena … These were the De Stefanos. They committed petty fraud for four cows, … then with cigarettes, through the membership of covert Masonic lodges the Ndrangheta bosses were able to contact law enforcement authorities, judges and politicians that were necessary to access to public work contracts. The De Stefanos, however, were modern and the differences led to conflicts. They also robbed a shipment of smuggled tobacco belonging to Tripodo and these innovations and the institution of La Santa were opposed by the more traditionalist chiefs like Tripodo and Antonio Macrì. The war started with an attack on the brothers Giorgio, Paolo, Giovanni was killed while the eldest of the brothers – and the boss of the clan – Giorgio was wounded. Tripodo was arrested in February 1975 and incarcerated in the Poggioreale prison in Naples and he was killed with the help of Camorra boss Raffaele Cutolo, the boss of the Nuova Camorra Organizzata who worked with the De Stefano’s in drug trafficking. They also supported prince Junio Valerio Borghese and his plans for a neo-fascist coup, the so-called Golpe Borghese fizzled out in the night of December 8,1970, however. The De Stefanos entered in a Masonic lodge in order to take care of business. They were also close to Lodovico Ligato, a Christian Democrat politician from Reggio Calabria and he was killed by rival Ndrangheta groups in August 1989 in a dispute about bribes over public contracts. The Ndrangheta exploited the construction of the steelworks until the project was abandoned when the government decided there was no base for it. In 1977 disagreements about business interests emerged between Piromalli and the De Stefano clan, a hit squad headed by Giuseppe Peppe Piromalli killed Giorgio De Stefano. Some 1,000 people were killed in clan wars over the construction contracts, Paolo took over the leadership of the clan. In the 1980s, the De Stefano brothers controlled virtually the entire wholesale meat market of Reggio Calabria and they forced butchers and supermarkets, through intimidation and threats, to buy meat from their companies
7.
Pentito
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The judicial category of pentiti was originally created in legislation passed by the Italian government in the 1970s to combat violence and terrorism during the so-called Years of Lead. The correct technical name used for them is collaborators of justice, in exchange for the information they deliver, pentiti receive shorter sentences for their crimes, in some cases even freedom. In the Italian judicial system, pentiti can obtain personal protection, a new name and this practice is common in other countries as well. In the United States, criminals testifying against their former associates can enter the Witness Protection Program, and be given new identities with supporting paperwork. The Italian Mafia bosses Buscetta and Francesco Marino Mannoia were allowed to live in the U. S. under new identities in the Witness Protection Program when Italy did not yet have such a program, among the most famous Mafia pentiti is Tommaso Buscetta, the first important pentito. In Italy, important successes were achieved with the cooperation of pentiti in the fight against terrorism, in the period until the 1990s, there were very few, albeit significant, pentiti such as Tommaso Buscetta, Salvatore Contorno, Antonino Calderone, etc. However, this changed significantly during the early 1990s, from 1992, over a thousand mafiosi have agreed to collaborate with Italian justice. In some cases, pentiti have invented stories to obtain reductions in jail time, a famous case regarded the popular TV anchorman Enzo Tortora, who was falsely accused of cocaine trafficking and Camorra membership by a pentito named Giovanni Melluso. Tortora was detained for years before being cleared, he developed cancer and died soon after the case was finally solved, leonardo Vitale was one of the first to become a pentito in 1973, although originally his confessions were not taken seriously. Tommaso Buscetta was the first important pentito against the Sicilian Mafia and he started to collaborate with anti-Mafia prosecutor Giovanni Falcone in 1984. His testimony was of importance in the landmark Maxi Trial of 1986–87. Salvatore Contorno started to collaborate in October 1984, following the example of Buscetta, Antonino Calderone started to collaborate in April 1987. Francesco Marino Mannoia started to collaborate in October 1989 and he was the first pentito who used to belong to the winning faction of the Second Mafia War. Giovanni Brusca, murderer of anti-Mafia prosecutor Falcone, began to collaborate in 1996, Salvatore Cancemi, another of Falcones assassins, turned himself to the Carabinieri in July 1993 and immediately began collaborating. Gaspare Mutolo, started to collaborate in prison in May 1992, pasquale Barra, the first pentito and high-ranking member of Raffaele Cutolos Nuova Camorra Organizzata. Pasquale Galasso, former high-ranking member of the Nuova Famiglia faction of the Camorra, carmine Alfieri, former Boss of Bosses of the Nuova Famiglia. Carmine Schiavone, former high-ranking member of the Casalesi clan, maurizio Abbatino, former boss of the Banda della Magliana. Felice Maniero, former boss of the Mala del Brenta, patrizio Peci, first pentito and militant of Red Brigades
8.
Domenico Tripodo
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Domenico Tripodo was an Italian criminal and a historical and charismatic boss of the Ndrangheta dominating the city of Reggio Calabria and the surrounding areas. Also known as Don Mico Tripodo he was one of the most powerful Ndrangheta bosses of his time, Tripodo rose to power by ousting the old Reggio boss Domenico Strati after a two-year conflict in 1958-59. In the 1960s, he formed a sort of triumvirate with Antonio Macrì, the triumvirate’s senior position was recognized by all other family chiefs and their advice was in most cases followed without protest. Tripodo acquired considerable financial resources through tobacco smuggling and he had relations with the Sicilian Mafia and was the compare d’anello of Mafia boss Totò Riina at his wedding in 1974. According to Enzo Ciconte, a specialist on the Ndrangheta and a consultant for the Antimafia Commission, Tripodo was opposed by his former underbosses in Reggio, the De Stefano brothers. They won a monopoly of construction work in northern Reggio Calabria, moving the rival Tripodo group out of the market of public contracts with the support of the Piromalli. They also robbed a shipment of smuggled tobacco belonging to Tripodo, the various disagreement led to bloodshed in the First Ndrangheta war, which took place in 1974-76. Tripodo tried to strike first, killing Giovanni De Stefano in 1974, Tripodo did not see the end of the conflict. He was arrested on February 21,1975, and incarcerated in the Poggioreale prison in Naples, paolo De Stefano emerged as the new leader of the Reggio Calabria Ndrangheta. After the defeat, his son Carmelo Tripodo first moved to north Italy, later to Caserta in Campania and he allied himself with the Calabrian Imerti-Condello clan, historical enemies of the De Stefanos. He was arrested on October 30,1996, in Rome on charges of extortion, the Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-285197-7 Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
9.
Capobastone
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The Capobastone is a high-ranking Ndrangheta who is in charge of a ndrina. It is the Calabrian equivalent for the Sicilian Capofamiglia, in a ndrina, the Capobastone make the most important decisions, and report only at the Capo crimine, the head of the Crimine. Sometimes he can take the control of all Ndrangheta, but he has to be elected by the various Capibastone, domenico Mico Tripodo Antonio Zzi ntoni Macrì Girolamo Mommo Piromalli Paolo De Stefano Giuseppe u tiradrittu Morabito Pasquale u supremu Condello
10.
Camorra
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The Camorra is an Italian Mafia-type crime syndicate, or secret society, which arose in the region of Campania and its capital Naples. It is one of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy, unlike the pyramidal structure of the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorras organizational structure is more horizontal than vertical. Consequently, individual Camorra clans act independently of other, and are more prone to feuding among themselves. The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear and it may date back to the 16th century as a direct Italian descendant of a Spanish secret society, the Garduña, founded in 1417. However, recent historical research in Spain suggests that the Garduña never really existed and was based on a fictional 19th century book, the first official use of the word dates from 1735, when a royal decree authorised the establishment of eight gambling houses in Naples. The word is almost certainly a blend, or portmanteau, of capo and a Neapolitan street game and this activity was prohibited by the local government, and some people started making the players pay for being “protected” against the passing police. The first official mention of the Camorra as an organization dates from 1820, when police records detail a disciplinary meeting of the Camorra and that year a first written statute, the frieno, was also discovered, indicating a stable organisational structure in the underworld. Another statute was discovered in 1842, including initiation rites and funds set aside for the families of those imprisoned, the organization was also known as the Bella Società Riformata, Società dell’Umirtà or Onorata Società. Another qualitative leap was the agreement of the opposition and the Camorra. The liberals realized that they needed support to overthrow the king. They turned to the Camorra and paid them, the camorristi being the leaders of the city’s poor, the Camorra effectively had developed into power brokers in a few decades. The Camorra was never a coherent whole nor a centralised organization, instead, it has always been a loose confederation of different, independent groups or families. Each group was bound around kinship ties and controlled economic activities which took place in its particular territory, each family clan took care of its own business, protected its territory, and sometimes tried to expand at another group’s expense. Although not centralized, there was some minimal coordination, to avoid mutual interference, the families competed to maintain a system of checks and balances between equal powers. One of the Camorras strategies to gain social prestige is political patronage, the family clans became the preferred interlocutors of local politicians and public officials, because of their grip on the community. In turn, the family used their political sway to assist. They granted privileges and protection, and intervened in favour of their clients in return for their silence and connivance against local authorities, compared to the Sicilian Mafias pyramidal structure, the Camorra has more of a horizontal than a vertical structure. As a result, individual Camorra clans act independently of each other and this however makes the Camorra more resilient when top leaders are arrested or killed, with new clans and organizations germinating out of the stumps of old ones
11.
Raffaele Cutolo
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Raffaele Cutolo is an Italian crime boss and the charismatic leader of the Nuova Camorra Organizzata, an organisation he built to renew the Camorra. Cutolo has a variety of nicknames including o Vangelo, o Principe, o Professore, apart from 18 months on the run, Cutolo has lived inside maximum-security jails or psychiatric prisons since 1963. He is serving life sentences for murder. Cutolo was born in Ottaviano, a municipality in the hinterland of Naples and his fatherless youth was spent in a close-knit Catholic environment. His father was a labourer who for years tilled a field as a sharecropper as a means to support his family. While still a child, the landowner told Cutolos father that the year the field would be used for a different purpose. In desperation, his turned to the local Camorra boss. The boss invited the Cutolo family to his home and promised to settle everything, a short time later, the landowner changed his mind and the contract was renewed. A bad student, violent and inattentive, at 12 Cutolo was already roaming the streets with a gang of teenagers, committing petty burglaries, as soon as he could drive he bought a car, both for prestige and because it allowed him greater mobility in his raids. At the age of 21, on February 24,1963 and he killed a man whose girlfriend had been slapped by Cutolo due to an alleged insult. In the ensuing fight, Cutolo pulled out a gun and shot him to death and he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, reduced to 24 years after appeal. He was sent to Poggioreale prison in Naples, entering the prison world on a murder conviction made Cutolo a “tough guy”. He never lost sight of his ambition and his desire to one of the biggest bosses of the Neapolitan underworld. Cutolo had established himself as a ringleader, when Antonio Spavone and he challenged Spavone to a knife fight in the courtyard, but Spavone refused. The challenged boss allegedly limited himself to a reply, Todays young men want to die young by whatever means, Spavone was released from prison shortly after this event. From his prison cell, Cutolo ordered the murder of Spavone, a hitman, allegedly Cutolos friend, shot Spavone in the face from short range with a shotgun. Spavone survived the ambush, but the shotgun blast left considerable damage to his facial structure, Spavone immediately resigned from his highly visible role as a Camorra boss. Cutolo was soon able to gather under him a group of prisoners
12.
Nuova Camorra Organizzata
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The Nuova Camorra Organizzata was an Italian Camorra criminal organization founded in the late 1970s by a Neapolitan Camorrista, Raffaele Cutolo, in the region of Campania. It was also known by the initials NCO, the organization was established with the purpose of renewing the old rural Camorra, which dealt in contraband cigarettes and extortion schemes in the Neapolitan fruit market. To this end, Cutolo created a structured and hierarchical organization, the members of the NCO were often referred to by rival Camorristi and Italian law enforcement as Cutoliani. It was considered extinct in the late 1980s, when many of its bosses, the founder of this organization, Raffaele Cutolo, also known as o Professore, was born on December 20,1941, in Ottaviano, a village in the hinterland of Naples. At the age of 18, on February 24,1963, he committed his first homicide and was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was sent to Poggioreale, Naples’ prison, entering the prison world on a murder conviction made Cutolo a tough guy. He never lost sight of his ambition and his desire to one of the biggest bosses of the Neapolitan underworld. Cutolo had established himself as a ringleader, when Antonio Spavone aka o Malommo, was transferred to Poggioreale prison and he challenged Spavone to a knife fight in the courtyard, but Spavone refused. The challenged boss allegedly limited himself to a reply, Todays young men want to die young by whatever means, Spavone was released from prison shortly after this event. From his prison cell, Cutolo ordered the murder of Spavone, a hitman, allegedly Cutolos friend, shot him in the face from short range with a shotgun. Spavone survived the ambush, but the shotgun blast left considerable damage to his facial structure, Spavone immediately resigned from his highly visible role as a Camorra boss. It was from within Naples Poggioreale prison that Cutolo built the NCO and he helped poorer prisoners by buying food for them from the jail store, or arranging for food to be sent in from outside. In such ways, Cutolo created many debts or rain cheques which he would cash at the opportune moment, as his following grew, he also began to exercise a monopoly of violence within a number of prisons, thus increasing his power. Another key bond Cutolo created was regular payments to the families of NCO members sent to prison, Cutolo was soon able to gather under him a small group of prisoners, the nucleus of which would later become the leadership of the NCO. They were Antonino Cuomo aka o Maranghiello, Pasquale Barra aka o Nimale, Giuseppe Puca aka o Giappone, Pasquale DAmico aka o Cartunaro and Vincenzo Casillo aka o Nirone. After being released, they would set up the first criminal activities on the outside which would be controlled by Cutolo from within the penitentiary system. The NCO developed two parallel structures, one inside the system called cielo coperto, and the other outside the penitentiary system called cielo scoperto. Since Cutolo and many NCO members were serving sentences, communication between these two structures were of utmost importance
13.
Italian Social Movement
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The Italian Social Movement, and later the Italian Social Movement – National Right, was a neo-fascist and post-fascist political party in Italy. The party gave informal local and eventually national support to the Christian Democrats from the late 1940s and through the 1950s, in the early 1960s, the party was pushed to the sidelines of Italian politics, and only gradually started to gain some political recognition in the 1980s. There was internal competition between the moderate and radical factions. The radicals led the party in its years under Giorgio Almirante. Almirantes return as leader in 1969 was characterised by bigger-tent strategy, finally, in 1987, the reins of the party were taken by Gianfranco Fini, under whom it was transformed into National Alliance in 1995. On that occasion a small minority, led by Pino Rauti, disagreed with the new course, the MSI derived its name and ideals from the Italian Social Republic, established by Benito Mussolini in 1943 behind Nazi German lines. The MSI was formed by former fascist leaders and veterans of the republics fascist army, the party nevertheless tried to modernise and revise fascist doctrine into a more moderate and sophisticated direction. The MSI also drew from elements of the short-lived postwar populist Common Mans Front protest party, the MSI was formed by a group of fascist veterans on 26 December 1946 in Rome, and former fascist government official Giorgio Almirante became the partys first leader. The three initial goals of the party were to revive Mussolinis fascism, attack the Italian democracy. However, due to the post-war Italian constitution and agreements with the Allied forces, although it adapted itself into the constraints of the democratic environment, its manifest ideology was clearly antagonistic and antithetical to liberal democracy. The MSI won financial support from businessmen and landowners due to their fears of a possible communist Italy. In the first general election it contested, in 1948, the party won seven deputies, Almirante was replaced as leader of the MSI in 1950 due to his uncompromising anti-NATO position. He was replaced by conservative Augusto De Marsanich, under whose leadership the party won some strong electoral gains, four years later, in 1954, De Marsanich was replaced by Arturo Michelini. The conservative elements dominated the party in the 1950s and 1960s, Michelini established the strategy of inserimento during his leadership of the party, meaning to gain acceptance through cooperation with other parties. Disgruntled by the MSIs focus on parliamentarism and attempts to establish an image of democratic respectability, Pino Rauti and others broke out in 1956 and founded the Ordine Nuovo party, while Stefano Delle Chiaie founded the National Vanguard. Already in the late 1940s, the Christian Democrats, somewhat reluctantly, had discreetly accepted support from the MSI to keep the Communists out of the Rome city government, the Christian Democrats further accepted the backing from the party to prop up their minority governments in the late 1950s. In 1960 the MSI even became the sole backer of the Christian Democratic minority government, during the MSIs 1960 national congress in Genoa, militant anti-fascist protests erupted due to leftist concerns over the partys growing role in Italian politics. These protests spread to other Italian cities, resulting in violent and lethal clashes with police, the government itself resigned a few days later, which relegated the MSI to the sidelines, and started the partys decline
14.
Reggio revolt
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The Reggio revolt occurred in Reggio Calabria, Italy, from July 1970 to February 1971. The cause of the protests was a government decision to make Catanzaro, not Reggio, protest in Reggio Calabria exploded in July 1970 when the much smaller town of Catanzaro was chosen as the regional capital of Calabria. On July 14, a strike was called and five days of street fighting left one dead. A force of 5,000 armed police and carabinieri was moved into the area, the national government ordered state-owned RAI TV not to report on the insurrection. Nevertheless, the revolt steadily picked up steam and sympathy, drawn out road and railway blockades damaged the entire country. Strikes, barricades and wrecked railway tracks forced trains from the north of Italy to halt two hours short of Reggio, italys main north-south autostrada, the Highway of the Sun, was closed off. When the port of Reggio was blocked, hundreds of lorries, the revolt was taken over by young neofascists of the Italian Social Movement backed by the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation based in Calabria, the De Stefano ndrina in particular. Francesco Franco, a union leader from the National Italian Workers Union close to the neofascist movement became the informal leader of the rebel Action Committee. Boia chi molla was the rallying cry during the revolt. On July 22,1970, a bomb exploded on Treno del Sole, the Gioia Tauro massacre was linked to the revolt. In 1993, the member of the Ndrangheta, Giacomo Lauro. The Ndrangheta was ready to support the subversive forces, Party and union headquarters were bombed, as well as the cars of politicians accused of treason and shops because they did not join the strikes. The local prefecture was assaulted six times and the police four times,426 people were charged with public order offences. By their own admission, many of the urban-guerilla style actions during the revolt were coordinated and led by members of National Vanguard. On September 17,1970, Franco was arrested along with leaders of the revolt on charges of incitement in a police sweep that targeted some 100 people. The news about the arrest provoked violent reactions, in particular in the dilapidated Sbarre suburb, two armories were stormed and about five hundred people attacked the police station. At least 6,000 police men were deployed from many parts of Italy to try to stop the violence, Franco was released on December 23,1970. After three police officers were shot and wounded in October 1970, Prime Minister Emilio Colombo decided to tackle the conflict, Colombo warned that the Government would resort to force to restore order if necessary
15.
Junio Valerio Borghese
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In 1970 he took part in the planning of a neofascist coup that was called off after the press discovered it, he subsequently fled to Spain and spent the last years of his life there. Junio Valerio Borghese was born in Artena, Province of Rome and he was born into a prominent noble family of Sienese origin, the House of Borghese, of which Pope Paul V was a notable member. His father, Livio Borghese, was the 11th Prince of Sulmona, Borghese was the second son of the prince and, as such, had the title of Patrician of Rome, Naples and Venice and the style of Don Junio Valerio Borghese. However, the press and the anglo-saxon historiography routinely used the incorrect style Prince Junio Valerio Borghese, Borghese was first educated in London, England, and, from 1923, he attended the Royal Italian Navy Academy in Livorno. In 1929, the career of Borghese began. By 1933, he was a submarine commander, Borghese took part in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The elite World War II Italian naval unit Decima Flottiglia MAS is considered by many to be the first modern naval commando squad, known as slow speed torpedoes, and nicknamed pigs for their poor maneuverability, these were small underwater assault vehicles with a crew of two. These were part of the 1ª Flottiglia Mezzi dAssalto, the First Assault Vehicle Flotilla, as commander of Sciré Borghese took part in several raids using SLC. The first of these, in September and October 1940 were directed at Gibraltar, the September raid was abandoned when the harbour was found to be empty. In the October raid Borghese took Sciré deep into Gibraltar Bay, for this he received the Medaglia dOro al Valor Militare, despite the missions overall lack of success. In May 1941 a further attempt ended in failure, but on 20 September 1941 a successful mission resulted in damage to three merchant ships in the harbour, after this last attack he was promoted to Capitano di Fregata, and named commander of Decima MAS sub-surface unit. The six Italian Navy crew that attacked Alexandria harbour all received the Medaglia dOro al Valor Militare, the roman numerals was in memory of the famous Caesars Decima Legio. Following the armistice of Italy on 8 September 1943, the Xª MAS was disbanded, some of its sailors joined the Allied cause to fight against Nazi Germany and what remained of the Axis. Borghese chose to continue fighting with the Italian Social Republic alongside the German Armed Forces, on 12 September 1943, he signed a treaty of alliance with Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine. Many of his colleagues volunteered to serve him, and the Decima Flottiglia was revived, headquartered in Caserma del Muggiano. By the end of the war, it had over 18,000 members, the X Sailors gained a reputation for never firing a shot at any Italian military units fighting with the allied forces. The X built a line of defense on the Tagliamento river where they resisted until the arrival of the Allied troops, in this action the X lost over eighty percent of the fighting sailors dispatched to the front against Titos troops, and the Italian Communist Partisans allied with Tito. Borghese was then tried and convicted of collaboration with the Nazi invaders and he was released from jail after four years imprisonment by the Supreme Court of Cassation in 1949
16.
Golpe Borghese
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The Golpe Borghese was a failed Italian coup détat allegedly planned for the night of 7 or 8 December 1970. The coup attempt became known when the left-wing journal Paese Sera ran the headline on the evening of March 18,1971, Subversive plan against the Republic. The secret operation was code-named Operation Tora Tora after the Japanese attack on the US ships in Pearl Harbor which had led the United States to enter the Second World War on December 7,1941. The plan of the coup in its final phase envisaged the involvement of US, the botched right-wing coup took place after Hot Autumn of left-wing protests in Italy and the Piazza Fontana bombing in December 1969. The failed attempt involved hundreds of neo-fascist militants from Stefano Delle Chiaies National Vanguard, certain Army dissidents also planned to occupy Sesto San Giovanni, at that time a workers town and a stronghold of the Italian Communist Party. Apparently some militants briefly entered the Ministry of the Interior, according to Borghese, the neo-fascists were actually gathering for a protest demonstration against the upcoming visit of President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, which was later postponed. This protest was called off because of heavy rain. Participants at the semi-clandestine rallies seem to have believed that they would part in the arrest of politicians. When Borghese called off the coup late that night, the presumed plotters, several members of the National Front were arrested and a warrant was served for Borghese. Borghese himself fled to Spain and died there in August 1974, on March 18,1971, the leftist journal Paese Sera was published with the headline, Subversive plan against the Republic, far-right plot discovered. The first arrests concerning the coup attempt were made on the same day, an arrest warrant for Borghese was also served, but he could not be found. Later arrestees included businessman Giovanni De Rosa and a retired Air Force colonel, the investigation into the coup attempt was resurrected after Giulio Andreotti became defense minister again. Andreotti handed over a report by the service to the Rome public prosecutor in July 1974. The report showed a knowledge of the inner workings of the conspiration. Shortly thereafter General Vito Miceli, a head of SID, was brought for questioning before the investigating judge. Micelis interrogation led to his arrest two days later, Miceli was then sacked, and the Italian intelligence agencies were reorganized by a 1977 law. Three trials were started for conspiracy against the Italian state, according to a 1987 UPI news cable, he had already fled Italy to Spain on July 25,1970. However, according to sources, including René Monzat, he led the commando which occupied the premises of the Interior Ministry
17.
Masonic lodge
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A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. It is also commonly, but erroneously, used as a term for a building in such a unit meets. Every new lodge must be warranted or chartered by a Grand Lodge, a Freemason is generally entitled to visit any Lodge in any jurisdiction in amity with his own. In some jurisdictions this privilege is restricted to Master Masons and he is first usually required to check, and certify, the regularity of the relationship of the Lodge – and be able to satisfy that Lodge of his regularity of membership. Freemasons gather together as a Lodge to work the three basic Degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason, technically, Freemasons meet as a lodge not in a lodge. In this context, the lodge refers to a local chapter of Freemasons. However, the term is misused to refer to the buildings or rooms that Masons meet in. Masonic premises are also referred to as temples. In many countries Masonic centre or Masonic hall has now replaced these terms to avoid arousing prejudice, several different lodges, or other Masonic organisations, often use the same premises at different times. Blue lodges, craft lodges or ancient craft lodges refer to the lodges that work the first three Masonic degrees, rather than the appendant Masonic orders such as York Rite and Scottish Rite, the term craft lodge is used in Great Britain. The blue lodge is said to refer to the colour of regalia in lodges derived from English or Irish Freemasonry. Although the term was originally frowned upon, it has gained widespread, research lodges have the purpose of furthering Masonic scholarship. Quatuor Coronati Lodge is an example of a lodge, it has a strictly limited membership. Many jurisdictions have well-established research lodges, which usually meet less frequently than blue lodges, in Great Britain, a lodge of instruction may be associated with a Lodge, but is not constituted separately. In Great Britain, the mother lodge is used to identify the particular Lodge where the individual was first made a Mason. Provincial Grand Lodges exercise an intermediate authority, and also appoint Provincial Grand Officers, in any case, Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their member Lodges, and where there is no prescribed ritual Lodges may thus have considerable freedom of practice. Despite these minor differences, fraternal relations exist between Lodges of corresponding degrees under different Grand Lodges. Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason, believe in some kind of Supreme Being
18.
Christian Democracy (Italy)
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Christian Democracy was a Christian democratic political party in Italy. The DC was founded in 1943 as the successor of the Italian Peoples Party, which had the same symbol. The party was nicknamed the White Whale, from 1946 until 1994 the DC was the largest party in Parliament, governing in successive coalitions. It originally supported governments based on political positions, before moving to centre-left coalitions. The party was succeeded by a string of parties, including the Italian Peoples Party, the Christian Democratic Centre, the United Christian Democrats. Former Christian Democrats are also spread among other parties, including the centre-right Forza Italia and the New Centre-Right, the DC was a founding member of the European Peoples Party in 1976. The party was founded as the revival of the Italian Peoples Party, a party created in 1919 by Luigi Sturzo. In December 1945 Christian Democrat Alcide De Gasperi was appointed Prime Minister of Italy, in the 1946 general election the DC won 35. 2% of the vote. In May 1947 De Gasperi broke decisively with his Communist and Socialist coalition partners under pressure from U. S. President Harry Truman. This opened the way for a centrist coalition that included the Italian Workers Socialist Party, a centrist break-away from the PSI, as well as its allies, the PLI. In the 1948 general election the DC went on to win a victory, with the support of the Catholic Church and the United States. Under De Gasperi, major reforms were carried out in the poorer rural regions in the early postwar years, with farms appropriated from the large landowners. De Gasperi served as Prime Minister until 1953 and would die a year later. No Christian Democrat would match his longevity in office and, despite the fact that DCs share of vote was always between 38 and 43% from 1953 to 1979, the party was more and more fractious, as a result, Prime Ministers changed more frequently. From 1954 the DC was led by progressive Christian Democrats, such as Amintore Fanfani, Aldo Moro and Benigno Zaccagnini, supported by the influential left-wing factions. In 1963 the party, under Prime Minister Aldo Moro, formed a coalition with the PSI, which returned to ministerial roles after 16 years, the PSDI, similar Organic Centre-left governments became usual through the 1960s and the 1970s. From 1976 to 1979 the DC governed with the support of the PCI. Moro, who was the party leader and who had inspired the Compromise, was abducted and murdered by the Red Brigades
19.
Antibes
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Antibes is a Mediterranean resort in the Alpes-Maritimes department of southeastern France, on the Côte dAzur between Cannes and Nice. The town of Juan-les-Pins is in the commune of Antibes and the Sophia Antipolis technology park is northwest of it, traces of occupation dating back to the early Iron Age have been found in the areas of the castle and cathedral. However, most trade was with the Greek world, via the Phocaeans of Marseille, Antipolis was founded by Phocaeans from Massilia. As a Greek colony settlement, it was known as Antipolis from its close to Nice. The exact location of the Greek city is not well known, given Greek colonial practices, it is likely that it was set at the foot of the rock of Antibes in todays old city. Traces of occupation in the Hellenistic period have been identified around the castle, the goods unearthed during these excavations show the dominance of imported products of the Marseilles region, associated with Campanian and indigenous ceramics. Early in the second century BC the Ligurian Deceates and Oxybiens tribes launched repeated attacks against Nikaia, the Greeks of Marseille appealed to Rome as they had already done a few years earlier against the federation of Salyens. In 154 BC the consul Quintus Opimius defeated the Décéates and Oxybiens, Rome gradually increased its hold over the Mediterranean coast. In 43 BC, Antipolis was officially incorporated in the province of Narbonesian Gaul. Antipolis grew into the largest town in the region and an entry point into Gaul. Roman artifacts such as aqueducts, fortified walls. The city was supplied with water by two aqueducts, the Fontvieille aqueduct rises in Biot and eventually joins the coast below the RN7 and the railway track at the Fort Carré. It was discovered and restored in the 18th century by the Chevalier dAguillon for supplying the modern city, the aqueduct called the Bouillide or Clausonnes rises near the town of Valbonne. Monumental remains of aqueduct bridges are located in the neighbourhood of Fugaret, in the forest of Valmasque, like most Roman towns Antipolis possessed these buildings for shows and entertainment. A Roman theatre is attested by the tombstone of the child Septentrion, the inscription says he danced and was popular on the stage of the theatre. The theatre was located, like the amphitheatre, between Rue de la République and Rue de Fersen, near the Porte Royale, the back wall is positioned substantially next to Rue Fourmillère. A radial wall was found on the side of the bus station. A plan of the made in the 16th century is in the Marciana National Library of Venice. The remains of the amphitheatre were still visible at the end of the 17th century during the restructuring of the fortifications of the city, a concentric oval was still visible in many plans of the seventeenth century and in a map of Antibes from the early nineteenth century
20.
French Riviera
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The Côte dAzur, often known in English as the French Riviera, is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France, also including the sovereign state of Monaco. There is no boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from the Italian border in the east to Saint-Tropez, Hyères, Toulon. This coastline was one of the first modern resort areas and it began as a winter health resort for the British upper class at the end of the 18th century. In the summer, it played home to many members of the Rothschild family. After World War II, it became a popular tourist destination and convention site, many celebrities, such as Elton John and Brigitte Bardot, have homes in the region. Officially, the Côte dAzur is home to 163 nationalities with 83,962 foreign residents and its largest city is Nice, which has a population of 347,060. The city is the center of a communauté urbaine – Nice-Côte dAzur – bringing together 24 communes, Nice is home to Nice Côte dAzur Airport, Frances third-busiest airport, which is on an area of partially reclaimed coastal land at the western end of the Promenade des Anglais. A second airport at Mandelieu was once the commercial airport. The A8 autoroute runs through the region, as does the old main road known as the Route nationale 7. Trains serve the region and inland to Grasse, with the TGV Sud Est service reaching Nice-Ville station in five. The French Riviera has a population of more than two million. The region has 35,000 students, of whom 25 percent are working toward a doctorate, the French Riviera is a major yachting and cruising area with several marinas along its coast. As a tourist center, French Riviera benefits from 310 to 330 days of sunshine per year,115 kilometres of coastline, the name Côte dAzur was given to the coast by the writer Stéphen Liégeard in his book, La Côte d’azur, published in December 1887. Liégeard was born in Dijon, in the French department of Côte-dOr, the term French Riviera is typical of English use. It was built by analogy with the term Italian Riviera, which extends east of the French Riviera. As early as the 19th century, the British referred to the region as the Riviera or the French Riviera, usually referring to the part of the coast. Originally, riviera is an Italian noun which means coastline, in Occitan and French, the only usual names are Còsta dAzur in Occitan and Côte dAzur in French. A name like French Riviera is unusual and sounds odd, it could work as a word-to-word translation of the British point of view
21.
Second 'Ndrangheta war
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The Second Ndrangheta war was an internal struggle in the Ndrangheta, a criminal organisation in Calabria. The conflict raged from 1985-1991 in Reggio Calabria, an additional motive was the attempt of the De Stefano clan to encroach on the territory of the Imertis in Villa San Giovanni, a town facing the city of Messina across the narrow strait. The boss Paolo De Stefano became fearful of the new alliance that might challenge his power base, the conflict exploded in 1985, two years after the marriage and saw practically all the ndrine in the city of Reggio Calabria grouped into either one of two opposing factions. The De Stefano clan prepared itself for the fight through another marriage, celebrated on December 2,1985, the wedding sealed the alliance between the de Stefanos and the powerful Tegano clan. The war started with a bomb attack on Antonio Imerti on October 11,1985. Two days later Imerti reacted and killed Paolo De Stefano on October 13,1985, the brothers Paolo and Domenico Condello were arrested in January 1988 for killing De Stefano. Domenico Libri succeeded De Stefano as the leader of the alliance with Giovanni Tegano, Libri became one of the principal targets of the opposing clans. While in prison a sniper killed his son Pasquale Rocco Libri in September 1988, as he was strolling in the prison yard. Six months later, in March 1989, a sniper just missed Libri, surrounded by Carabinieri, after nearly six years the war had no winners nor losers. A peace for the feud was brokered in September 1991 on the instigation of Domenico Libri. The conflict was settled with the help of other Ndrangheta bosses, Antonio Nirta, head of the San Luca locale vouched for the De Stefano-Tegano and Libri, while Antonio Mammoliti vouched for the Condello-Imerti clan. Another mediator for the pax mafiosa was Domenico Alvaro, head of the locale of Sinopoli, according to the pentito Pasquale Barreca, a former member of the De Stefano clan, the role of Cosa Nostra was decisive for the conclusion of the war. According to the pentito Francesco Fonti it was Leoluca Bagarella who represented the interests of Cosa Nostra, the fatalities of the war varies between 500 and more than 1,000. In those six years 1,038 murders were reported in the province of Reggio Calabria, according to the Antimafia Commission of the Italian Parliament 621 people were killed. The Sicilian Mafia contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a body, similar to the Sicilian Mafia Commission. Called La Provincia the new body is composed of three lower bodies, known as mandamenti. One for the clans on the Ionic side of Calabria, a second for the Tyrrhenian side, fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza, Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
22.
Pasquale Condello
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Pasquale Condello is an Italian criminal known as a member of the Ndrangheta. He is also known as Il supremo for his role at the top of the crime syndicate and he was a fugitive since 1990 and included in the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy until his capture in February 2008. Investigators called him the Provenzano of Calabria – a reference to Bernardo Provenzano, initially Condello was aligned with Paolo De Stefano, the undisputed boss of Reggio Calabria, who was the best man at his wedding. According to a witness, Condello was one of his executioners. The murder unleashed the First Ndrangheta war that cost some 300 lives, including Domenico Tripodo, at the end of the conflict De Stefano was the new leader of Reggio Calabria Ndrangheta. The conflict exploded in 1985, two years after the marriage and saw all the ‘ndrine in the city of Reggio Calabria grouped into either one of two opposing factions. De Stefano had become fearful of the new alliance that might challenge his power base, a failed attempt on Antonio Imerti triggered the murder of Paolo De Stefano on 13 October 1985. His brothers Paolo and Domenico Condello were arrested in January 1988 for killing De Stefano, the bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti clan and De Stefano allied with the Tegano clan left 600 deaths. The conflict was settled with the help of other Ndrangheta bosses, Antonio Nirta, head of the San Luca locale vouched for the De Stefanos, while Antonio Mammoliti vouched for the Condello-Imerti clan. Condello became a member of La Provincia, a commission of the Ndrangheta formed at the end of the war in September 1991. He is regarded as a key figure in trafficking cocaine between Colombia and Italy, arrested in 1988, he jumped a US$100,000 bail in 1990 after being let out of prison under leniency rules which have since been changed. In March 1993, he was arrested together with his brother-in-law, however, newspaper reports already mentioned that Condello might have surpassed his former boss – and speculated that he might have killed Imerti when they both were still fugitives. He managed to get released from detention again and became a fugitive, on 18 February 2008, Condello was captured in a major operation involving over 100 policemen who converged on an apartment in the district of Occhio di Péllaro, on the outskirts of Reggio Calabria. Although he was armed he did not resist arrest and behaved like a true, old-style boss and he was taken into custody without a struggle, police said. He had been trailed for days and was found in the company of his son-in-law, according to police sources, Condello owns real estate and businesses worth more than 54 million euros in Rome and other Italian cities. He is married with Maria Morabito and has three children, two daughters, Angela and Caterina, and a son Domenico Francesco, Caterina Condello married Daniele Ionetti, the son of Alfredo Ionetti, considered to be the treasurer of the Condello clan
23.
'Ndrina
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The ndrina is the basic unit of the Ndrangheta of Calabria, made up of blood relatives, and is the equivalent of the Sicilian Mafia’s family or cosca. The word derives from the Greek, meaning a man who does not bend, each ndrina is autonomous on its territory and no formal authority stands above the ndrina boss. The ndrina is usually in control of a town or a neighbourhood in larger cities, even outside Calabria, in cities and towns in the industrial North of Italy in and around Turin. If more than one ndrina operates in the town, they form a locale. In some cases, sub- ndrine have been established, the ndrine enjoy a high degree of autonomy – they have a leader and independent staff. In some contexts the ndrine have become more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend, blood family and membership of the crime family overlap to a great extent within the Ndrangheta. By and large, the ndrine consist of men belonging to the family lineage under the command of the capobastone. Marriages help cement relations within each ndrina and to expand membership, as a result, a few blood families constitute each group, hence a high number of people with the same last name often end up being prosecuted for membership of a given ndrina. Indeed, since there is no limit to the membership of a single unit, fratelli di sangue, Cosenza, Pellegrini Editore, ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Nicaso, Antonio & Marcel Danesi. Made Men, Mafia Culture and the Power of Symbols, Rituals, Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9 Varese, Federico. How Mafias Migrate, The Case of the Ndrangheta in Northern Italy, Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History, Number 59, University of Oxford, July 2005
24.
Villa San Giovanni
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Villa San Giovanni is a town and comune in the province of Reggio Calabria, Calabria, southern Italy. In 2010 its population was 13,747 and it is the main terminal of access to Sicily. On 25 April 2005 the President of the Republic had conferred upon it the title of city and it is located on the coast of Strait of Messina, facing the city of Messina across the narrow strait. The Punta Pezzo lies in the area and is the nearest point to Sicily, there are many neighborhoods, Acciarello, Cannitello, Pezzo and Piale. On 28 December 1908 a powerful earthquake in the Strait of Messina killed 698 people in Villa San Giovanni, the last decades of the sixteenth century saw the rise in the small coastal villages, as Cannitello and Pieces, inhabited mostly by sailors and fishermen. Further inland, at the current center of the Villa, there was a village called Blackwater, later he also formed Piale and Acciarello. On 8 January 1676 he fought a battle between the Dutch and the French fleet in the waters of the Strait in front of Punta Pezzo. Probably the guns found in Pieces in 1902 were built in this battle, the plague of 1743 and the fire pit In 1743, an unfortunate incident involving the small village of Fossa. In March of that year, a Genoese ship loaded with wheat from Patras had brought the plague to Messina. The Health Council of the city of Reggio Calabria had ordered all boats not to approach the port of Messina and instituirono of guard duty on the coast to enforce the ordinance. Throughout the month of April, arrived in Naples news confused on the situation of Messina, so the government did not take the necessary steps, among these smugglers were the brothers Peter and Paul Lombardo di Fossa, originating Fiumara. In any case, the epidemic also came to the Pit, the governor Ferri and the two mayors did then Fossa the scapegoat of the epidemic and ordered an expedition against the small town. Initially, the residents of Blackwater tried to resist, but had to give, all the inhabitants, including old men, women and children, were forced to strip naked and to be washed with oil and vinegar. I reggini were made to deliver the clothes and all property and forced the inhabitants to march naked to Punta Pezzo. ma piece. I fossesi remained in miserable conditions at the beach Piece for several days, the Ferri ordered him to Carlo Ruffo, Duke of Bagnara and Lord of Fiumara di Muro to provide him, as fossesi were still part of the feud fiumarese. But it was sent a few beans and a cow. Only the captain of a boat that was carrying onions from Tropea took pity on them, finally, between Blackwater and the neighboring towns about eighty people died from the plague. A Messina of 62,775 inhabitants were left just 11,436, Government aid were absorbed by Reggio and Messina and fossesi nothing came
25.
Domenico Condello
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Domenico Condello, also known as Micu u pacciu, is an Italian criminal belonging to the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation in Calabria. He was arrested on October 10,2012, before his arrest, he was on the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy. With his brother Paolo Condello he was arrested in January 1988 for the killing of De Stefano and he was sentenced to life, but was released in November 1990 because the terms of his pretrial detention expired before the appeal. His cousin Pasquale Condello, the leader of the clan, was arrested in February 2008. His companion is Margherita Tegano, with whom he has two children and she was arrested in March 2012, together with Condellos cousins Caterina and Giuseppa Condello and 15 others, for obstructing Condello’s arrest
26.
Pino Arlacchi
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Giuseppe Arlacchi, also known as Pino, is an Italian sociologist and is well known worldwide for his studies and essays about the Mafia. Currently he represents the Italian Democratic Party and is a member of the Socialists and Democrats parliamentary group since 2010, currently, he is a full professor of sociology at the University of Sassari. He was born in Gioia Tauro, Calabria, in the early 1990s he was involved in the foundation of the Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, a law-enforcement agency specially entrusted with fighting organized crime. Later on he became president of IASOC, finally, he was appointed honorary president of the Giovanni Falcone foundation, named after noted magistrate Giovanni Falcone, who was also a close friend of him. He has been professor of applied sociology at the University of Calabria. Moreover, he was visiting professor at the Columbia University of New York City, later on he got the full professor position at the University of University of Sassari, where he is currently professor of sociology in the political science faculty. In 1994-1996 he was a member of the chamber of the Italian parliament and. Since 2009 he is a Member of the European Parliament for Southern Italy, initially with the Italy of Values, as soon as he was appointed director of UNDCP he started a worldwide campaign against drugs, the so-called A Drug Free World. The key point of such proposal was the elimination of all opium and cocaine plantations by end of 2008, such a proposal had been proposed by Arlacchi immediately after his installation at the UN office and it had been unanimously approved by the general UN assembly in June 1998. Since that time, the production of narcotic sensibly decreased, in particular in Afghanistan, unfortunately, the new war conducted by US against the Taliban regime has interrupted the program started by Arlacchi some year before. After the beginning of the war, the production of opium restarted, a review of the Arlacchi plan has been carried out in March 2009 by the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs. The Political Declaration approved at the end of the review process acknowledged significant progresses and reconfirmed the whole strategy for another 10 years, until 2019. The most important result achieved by Arlacchi during his activity at the UN was the promotion of UN convention against all the forms of organized criminality, the document of this convention came into effect since 2003. Arlacchi is the author of books and publications on the Mafia and transnational organized crime. He has received a number of national and international awards and decorations and his publications include Mafia Business, The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Mafia, Peasants and Great Estates, Society in Traditional Calabria. Pino Arlacchi Official Site MEP profile
27.
Gioia Tauro
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Gioia Tauro is a comune in the province of Reggio Calabria, in Calabria, on the Tyrrhenian coast. It has an important port, situated along the route connecting Suez to Gibraltar, Gioia Tauro has been continuously inhabited for more than 2500 years. From about 400 BC or so it was inhabited by Greek colonists who called it Matauros or Metauros and it was one of the smaller ancient Greek centers among the settlements in Southern Italy. The ancient poet Stesichorus is said to have been born there, the remains are a little further inland in the old town of Gioia Tauro on a rise overlooking the Tyrrhenian Sea. The construction of a steel plant and port facility was meant to bring income. Until then Gioia Tauro had been a productive and beautiful agricultural area, profitable farms and olive groves were expropriated and demolished. In the meantime some 1,000 people were killed in conflicts over construction contracts, for a while the homicide rate of Gioia Tauro, with a population of about 17,000 at the time, was higher than that of New York City. Following this, an electrical energy power station was never built. Gioia Tauro became an example of the failure that much of the development of Italys South as industrialisation without development. In 2011 the port was in place for EU container traffic. The Medcenter Container Terminal is the main operator working in the port, according to a 2006 report, Italian investigators estimate that 80% of Europes cocaine arrives from Colombia via Gioia Tauros docks. The port is also involved in the arms trade. These activities are controlled by the Ndrangheta, a mafia expert said that the US mafia understood that the Sicilian Cosa Nostra had been so weakened that it allowed the Ndrangheta to rise. The Piromalli-Molè clan managed to condition the management of the new container terminal, in its report it said that the entire gamma of internal or sub-contracted activities is mafia-influenced, from the management of distribution and forwarding to customs control and container storage. It effectively eliminated legitimate competition from companies not influenced or controlled by the mafia in providing goods and services, performing construction work, and it threw a shadow over the behaviour of local government and other public bodies. The city council of Gioia Tauro was dissolved in 1991 because of infiltration by the Ndrangheta, in April 2008, it was dissolved for the second time for the same reason. The town is home to several ndrine, such as the Alvaro, Mammoliti, Molè, Gioia Tauros former mayor and deputy mayor, Giorgio Dal Torrione and Rosario Schiavone, were arrested on mafia charges on October 13,2008. Both had been forced to step down in April, when the city council was dissolved on suspicion of mafia infiltration, Ndrangheta boss Gioacchino Piromalli was arrested as well, along with his nephew, also named Gioacchino Piromalli, who is a lawyer
28.
Piromalli 'ndrina
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The Piromalli ndrina is one of the most powerful clans of the Ndrangheta, a criminal and mafia-type organisation in Calabria, Italy. The ndrina is based in Gioia Tauro on the Tyrrhenian coast, the Piromallis are allied with their relatives of the Molè family, also from Gioia Tauro. Often they are referred to as the Piromalli-Molè clan, the Piromalli clan contains more than 200 members. The Piromalli-Molé clan was involved in a feud with the Ventre-Carlino clan in the 1950s, in which Antonino Piromalli. The clan rose to prominence under the rule of the brothers Mommo Piromalli and their senior position was recognized by all other family chiefs and their advice was in most cases followed without protest. When Girolamo Piromalli died of causes in 1979, his brother succeeded him as head of the clan. Since the mid-1970s, according to several pentiti, members of the Piromalli family, in Gioia Tauro, blood relatives of the Piromalli long represented the interest of the clan in the city council. Peppe Piromalli was captured on February 24,1984, at age 83, he died on February 19,2005 and his nephew Giuseppe Piromalli succeeded him. Giuseppe was a fugitive since 1993 and included in the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy until his capture in March 1999, while in the strict Article 41-bis prison regime he nevertheless keeps on conducting his business and direct the clan outside. The Piromalli clan tried to relax the strict regime for their boss, one of the plots was to deliver votes to Berlusconi’s People of Freedom coalition during the election campaign in 2008 in return for a relaxation of Piromalli’s prison stature. Micciché asked two leading members of the Piromalli clan to visit Marcello DellUtri – Berlusconis right-hand man – at his Milan office. The subcontracts for the steelwork in Gioia Tauro, whose value reached the astronomic amount of US$3.8 billion were largely distributed on the basis of territorial criteria. More than half the contracts were granted to the Piromalli family, the Ndrangheta exploited the construction of the steelworks until the project was abandoned when the government decided there was no economic base for it. In 1977 disagreements about business interests emerged between Piromalli and the De Stefano clan, a hit squad headed by Peppe Piromalli killed the clans boss Giorgio De Stefano. Some 1,000 people were killed in clan wars over the construction contracts, the Piromalli clan managed to condition the management of the new container terminal in the port of Gioia Tauro. Additionally, the Piromalli’s desired contracts, subcontracts, and jobs in the two firms that run the port, as well as other companies in the surrounding area. Despite subscribing to an anti corruption pact with the government, the managers of both Contship and Medcenter gave in to the demands, “It effectively eliminated legitimate competition from companies not influenced or controlled by the mafia in providing goods and services, performing construction work and hiring personnel. And it threw a shadow over the behaviour of government and other public bodies. ”The Piromalli’s were allied with their relatives of the Molè family
29.
Benedetto Santapaola
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Benedetto Santapaola, better known as Nitto is a prominent mafioso from Catania, the main city and industrial centre on Sicilys east coast. His nickname is il cacciatore, because of his passion for shooting game and he is currently in jail serving several life sentences. At the beginning of the 1960s, Santapaola was introduced by his cousin Francesco Ferrera into the largest Mafia family of Catania, Santapaola’s first denunciation was in 1962 for theft and criminal conspiracy. In 1970 he was sent into exile and in 1975 he was denounced for cigarette smuggling. Santapaola managed the interests in heroin trafficking and acted as enforcer for the leading businessmen. Meanwhile, he built a private faction within the family that was loyal to him – and strengthened relations with Totò Riina. While Riina was a fugitive he frequently spent time in and around Catania, Riina decided to support Santapaola’s faction in order to replace Calderone, an ally of Stefano Bontade from Palermo and Giuseppe Di Cristina from Caltanissetta. Giuseppe Calderone, was killed on September 30,1978 by his close friend. Santapaola took over the command of the Catania Mafia Family and these skirmishes were just a prelude to the Second Mafia War that really started after the murder of Stefano Bontade in 1981. Santapaola’s command over the Catania Mafia was not unchallenged and he had to fight a war against another independent group that was not part of the Mafia in Catania, known as Cursoti, which waged war in order to control gambling and cigarettes smuggling. He was also involved in a feud with the faction of Alfio Ferlito. The war involved gun battles in the streets and dozens of murders, on June 6,1981, Santapaola was seriously wounded when ambushed by Ferlito and his men. When Ferlito was arrested Santapaola planned his revenge, on June 16,1982, Ferlito was killed in an ambush when he was escorted by the Carabinieri during a transfer between two prisons. The killers were from Palermo and linked to the Corleonesi, Santapaola paid back the service by sending a hit team from Catania to Palermo to kill Carabinieri general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, on September 3,1982, in the Via Carini in Palermo. Swapping hit teams proved to be a way to distract police investigations. Dalla Chiesa had just been appointed prefect of Palermo to end the violence that was the result of a war between rival Mafia families, in his last public interview it had become clear that Dalla Chiesa started to focus on the emerging role of the Catania Mafia. Dalla Chiesa had noticed that four mighty real estate developers that dominated the industry on Sicily were building in Palermo with the consent of the Mafia. After Dalla Chiesa’s murder, investigating magistrate Giovanni Falcone found a note that indicated that Dalla Chiesa had discovered that Santapaola was on the payroll of Costanzo, Falcone encouraged Elio Pizzuti of the Italian Financial/Customs Police to look into their financial records
30.
Sicilian Mafia
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The Sicilian Mafia, also known as simply the Mafia or Cosa Nostra, is a criminal syndicate in Sicily, Italy. It is an association of criminal groups that share a common organisational structure. The basic group is known as a family, clan, or cosca or cosche in Sicilian, each family claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village or a neighbourhood of a larger city, in which it operates its rackets. Its members call themselves men of honour, although the public refers to them as mafiosi. The mafias core activities are protection racketeering, the arbitration of disputes between criminals, and the organizing and oversight of illegal agreements and transactions, following waves of emigration, the Mafia has spread to other countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. The word mafia originated in Sicily, though its origins are uncertain, the Sicilian adjective mafiusu roughly translates to mean swagger, but can also be translated as boldness, bravado. In reference to a man, mafiusu in 19th century Sicily was ambiguous, signifying a bully, arrogant but also fearless, enterprising and proud, in reference to a woman, however, the feminine-form adjective mafiusa means beautiful and attractive. The Sicilian word mafie refers to the caves near Trapani and Marsala, Sicily was once an Islamic emirate, therefore mafia might have Arabic roots. The words mafia and mafiusi are never mentioned in the play, the play is about a Palermo prison gang with traits similar to the Mafia, a boss, an initiation ritual, and talk of umirtà and pizzu. The play had great success throughout Italy, soon after, the use of the term mafia began appearing in the Italian states early reports on the phenomenon. The word made its first official appearance in 1865 in a report by the prefect of Palermo Filippo Antonio Gualterio, the term mafia has become a generic term for any organized criminal network with similar structure, methods, and interests. Nowadays people have gone so far in the direction that it has become an overused term. According to mafia turncoats, the name of the mafia is Cosa Nostra. Italian-American mafioso Joseph Valachi testified before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U. S. Senate Committee on Government Operations in 1963 and he revealed that American mafiosi referred to their organization by the term cosa nostra. At the time, it was understood as a name, fostered by the FBI. The FBI even added the article la to the term, calling it La Cosa Nostra, in 1984, mafia turncoat Tommaso Buscetta revealed to anti-mafia magistrate Giovanni Falcone that the term was used by the Sicilian Mafia, as well. Buscetta dismissed the word mafia as a literary creation. Other defectors such as Antonino Calderone and Salvatore Contorno confirmed the use of Cosa Nostra by members, mafiosi introduce known members to each other as belonging to cosa nostra or la stessa cosa, meaning he is the same thing as you — a mafioso
31.
Catania
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Catania is an Italian city on the east coast of Sicily facing the Ionian Sea. It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Catania, one of the ten biggest cities in Italy, the population of the city proper is 315,601 while the population of the conurbation is estimated to be 767,003. The metropolitan city has 1,115,310 inhabitants, Catania has had a long and eventful history, having been founded in the 8th century BC. In 1434, the first university in Sicily was founded in the city, in the 14th century and into the Renaissance period, Catania was one of Italys most important cultural, artistic and political centres. The city has a culture and history, hosting many museums, restaurants, churches, parks. Catania is well known for its street food, Catania is located on the east coast of the island of Sicily, at the foot of Mount Etna. As observed by Strabo, the location of Catania at the foot of Mount Etna has been both a curse and a blessing, two subterranean rivers run under the city, the Amenano, which surfaces at one single point south of Piazza Duomo, and the Longane. The ancient indigenous population of the Sicels named their villages after geographical attributes of their location, the Sicilian word, katane, means grater, flaying knife, skinning place or a crude tool apt to pare. Other translations of the name are harsh lands, uneven ground, sharp stones, the latter etymologies are easily justifiable since, for many centuries following an eruption, the city has always been rebuilt within its black-lava landscape. Around 729 BC, the ancient village of Katane became the Chalcidian colony of Katánē where the population was rapidly Hellenized. The Naxian founders, coming from the adjacent coast, later used the name for their new settlement along the River Amenano, around 263 BC, the city was variously known as Catĭna and Catăna. The former has been used for its supposed assonance with catina. Catinus has two meanings, a gulf, a basin or a bay and a bowl, a vessel or a trough, around 900, when Catania was part of the emirate of Sicily, it was known in Arabic as Balad al-fīl and Madinat al-fīl. The former means The Village of the Elephant, while the latter means The City of the Elephant, the Elephant is the lava sculpture over the fountain in Piazza Duomo. Another Arab toponym was Qaṭāniyyah, allegedly from the Arabic word for the leguminous plants, pulses like lentils, beans, peas, broad beans, and lupins were chiefly cultivated in the plains around the city well before the arrival of Aghlabids. Afterwards, many Arabic agronomists developed these crops and the orchards in the area around the city. The toponym Wadi Musa, or Valley of Moses, was rarely used, Catania was founded as a Greek colony named Κατάνη, of Chalcidic origin, under the guidance of a leader named Euarchos. The exact date of its foundation is not recorded, but it appears from Thucydides that it came into existence slightly later than Leontini, the only event of its early history that is known about is the legislation of Charondas, The exact date of which is uncertain
32.
La Repubblica
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La Repubblica is an Italian daily general-interest newspaper. It was founded in 1976 in Rome by Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso led by Eugenio Scalfari and Carlo Caracciolo, born as a radical leftist newspaper, it has since moderated to a milder centre-left political stance. It lately assumed a position and a generally supporting view of Democrat Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. La Repubblica was founded by Eugenio Scalfari, also director of the weekly magazine LEspresso, the publisher Carlo Caracciolo and Mondadori had invested 2.3 billion lire and a break-even point was calculated at 150,000 copies. Scalfari invited a few trusted colleagues, Gianni Rocca, then Giorgio Bocca, Sandro Viola, Mario Pirani, Miriam Mafai, Barbara Spinelli, Natalia Aspesi, the cartoons were the prerogative of Giorgio Forattini until 1999. The newspaper first went on sale on 14 January 1976 and it was presented as the first Italian tabloid with some sections such as sports and business intentionally left out. When it was founded, it was intended to be a newspaper, with only major news at the national level. It was composed of 20 pages and was published from Tuesday to Sunday, the paper defined itself as a “giornale-partito” in its initial stage. During the first two years, it built up a core-audience identified as members of the centre-left and the Italian Communist Party, in 1977, Scalfari decided to cater to the university student movement, so la Repubblica began its expansion. The strength of the newspaper lay particularly in the comments section. In the meantime, Giampaolo Pansa from Corriere della Sera became Deputy Director, alongside Rocca, in early 1978, average sales amounted to 114,000 copies. The papers stance proved popular and, by the end of the year, in 1979, with an average print run of 180,000 copies, it achieved a break-even point. The size of the newspaper increased with page count growing from 20 to 24, the newspaper decided to cover sports for the first time and veteran reporter Gianni Brera was added. In 1981, the Corriere della Sera was hit by a scandal when chief editor Franco Di Bella was outed as a member of the masonic lodge Propaganda Due. This allowed La Repubblica to win extra readers and recruit a number of commentators such as Enzo Biagi. Aiming to gain top circulation in Italy, chief editor Scalfari launched new reader-friendly initiatives, there were now 40 pages, including news sections, entertainment and sport. The newspaper was pitched as an omnibus newspaper and this seemed to pay off as in 1985 la Repubblica sold an average of 372,940 copies, about 150,000 more than in 1981. 1986 marked the tenth birthday
33.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
Capo crimine
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A capo crimine is the elected boss of the crimine, an annual meeting of the Ndrangheta locali near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast. At least since the 1950s, these meetings have traditionally served as a forum to discuss future strategies. The assembly exercises weak supervisory powers over the activities of all Ndrangheta groups, strong emphasis was placed on the temporary character of the position of the crimine boss. A new representative was elected at each meeting, far from being the boss of bosses, the capo crimine actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence. From the beginning of the 1960s until the outbreak of the First Ndrangheta war in 1975, since the mid-1970s, according to several pentiti, members of the Nirta family from San Luca and the Piromalli family from Gioia Tauro rotated among themselves the position of capo crimine. In July 2010, Italian police arrested the actual capo crimine, Domenico Oppedisano, investigations showed that he had been appointed at the marriage of two children of bosses in August 2009 attended by 2,000 people. The election of Oppedisano had not been easy, according to police investigations the power behind Oppedisano was Vincenzo Pesce, the head of the Pesce ndrina in Rosarno. On the other hand, Giuseppe Pelle aspired to replace his ailing father Antonio Gambazza Pelle as capo crimine, as a result, Oppedisano became the capo crimine instead of Pelle. Oppedisano assumed power at a banquet held at the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in September that year, in one wiretapped conversation he talked of 1,000 affiliates attending the meeting. In the course of the investigation, dubbed Il crimine, the capo crimine also appeared to be the head of the Ndrangheta Commission. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
36.
Vangelo
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The Vangelo is a high rank within the Ndrangheta, a criminal organisation in Calabria. Vangelo literally means Gospel and a member is called a vangelista, the rank was established around 1978, when the rank of santista became inflated because the original membership of 33 expanded. The grade was revealed by the historical pentito of the Ndrangheta Pino Scriva in 1984, the vangelisti are “superior personalities who know the rights and obligations of the honoured society with decision-making duties at the highest level, ” according to the pentito Francesco Fonti. Later, the rank of vangelista was followed by the institution of the position of trequartino or quintino, finally, the current highest rank of associazione was established – reserved for the supreme bosses of the Ndrangheta. Important vangelista were Giuseppe Muià from Siderno, Domenico Martino, Sebastiano Romeo, Antonio Pelle, fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza, Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
37.
La Santa
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La Santa is a secret society within the Ndrangheta, a criminal organisation in Calabria. The name probably derives from the shortening of mamma santissima, in mafia slang, the expression is used to refer to mafia chiefs. Mamma santissima literally means most holy mother and refers to the Virgin Mary, the Santa was an innovation in the traditional stratification of the Ndrangheta introduced in the early 1970s to maximize the power and invisibility of the most important bosses. Security concerns led to the creation of a society within the secret society. Membership in the Santa is only known to other members, contrary to the Ndrangheta code, it allowed bosses to establish close connections with state representatives, even to the extent that some were affiliated with the Santa. These connections were established through the Freemasonry, which the santisti – breaking another rule of the traditional code – were allowed to join. The rank of santista was established at the end of the 1960s by Girolamo Piromalli, leader of the Piromalli family in Gioia Tauro and he said that this rank had been given him directly in Toronto, where there was a very important ndrina. The Santa was originally set up as an exclusive body restricted to 33 people, only when a santista died another member was allowed to enter it. As the years went by, an inflation took place in assigning the status of santista, around 1978, a new higher rank was established, the vangelo. Later this was followed by the institution of the position of trequartino or quintino, finally, the current highest rank of associazione was established – reserved for the supreme bosses of the Ndrangheta. Girolamo Piromalli Paolo De Stefano Antonio Nirta Giuseppe Nirta Francesco Nirta Natale Iamonte Santo Araniti Antonio Mammoliti Rocco Gioffrè Paoli, mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
38.
Crimine
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The crimine is an annual meeting of the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type organisation in Calabria. The meeting is held near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast, the assembly exercises weak supervisory powers over the activities of all Ndrangheta groups. At the meeting a capo crimine is elected, strong emphasis was placed on the temporary character of the position of the crimine boss. A new representative was elected capo crimine at each meeting, each head of a locale is called before the crimine to give an account of all the activities carried out during the year. He also should communicate the number of new affiliates and punishments to offenders, in July 2010, in a massive police operation dubbed Il crimine, the head of the crimine, Domenico Oppedisano was arrested. He assumed power at a banquet held at the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in September 2009, in a conversation wiretapped by the police he talked of 1,000 affiliates attending the meeting. In the course of the investigation the capo crimine also appeared to be the head of the ‘Ndrangheta Commission. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
39.
La Provincia
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The Provincia, is a collegial body of the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type organisation in Calabria. It is also known as camera di controllo or camera di canalizzazione and it is composed of leading Ndrangheta members to decide on important questions concerning the organization and settling disputes. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti-Serraino-Rosmini clans and the De Stefano-Tegano-Libri-Latella clans left more than 600 deaths. The Sicilian Mafia contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a body, similar to the Sicilian Mafia Commission. The body, also referred to as the Commission in reference to its Sicilian counterpart, is composed of three bodies, known as mandamenti. One for the clans on the Ionic side of Calabria, a second for the Tyrrhenian side, according to the pentito Pasquale Barreca the Provincia had the authority of a true hierarchical superordinate power. Its primary function is the settlement of inter-family disputes, any controversy between the various clans has to be submitted to the Commission before violence can be used. Smaller conflicts within the same Ndrangheta group are left to the jurisdiction of the local family boss. If a decision of the Commission is ignored, all the locali – all the ndrine in a town or territory – are expected to line up against the one who violated the decision. However, so far the Commission has not succeeded in ending all violent conflicts, the membership of the first Provincia or Commission varies according to different testimonies of Ndrangheta turncoats. In the course of the investigation the capo crimine also appeared to be the head of the Provincia. Oppedisano represented the Tyrrhenian mandamento, while his No,2, the Capo società Antonino Latella represented the Centre and Bruno Gioffré, the Mastro generale, the Ionic side. To govern the Ndrangheta locali outside Calabria a so-called Camera di controllo is constituted, the investigation confirmed the existence of a Camera di controllo in Lombardy and Liguria. A Camera di Controllo also exists in Canada, according to information of the police which they believe to be reliable. It consists of six or seven Toronto-area men, who co-ordinate activities and resolves disputes among Calabrian gangsters in Southern Ontario, one of the members was Giuseppe Coluccio, before he was arrested and extradited to Italy. Other members are Vincenzo DeMaria, as well as a member of the Figliomeni clan, fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza, Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
40.
Locale ('Ndrangheta)
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A locale, is the main local organizational unit of the Ndrangheta with jurisdiction over criminal activities in an entire town or an area in a large urban center. A locale is usually made up by one ndrina or several ndrine, in the case of larger cities a local may rule over a certain area or neighbourhood of the city. In some contexts a ndrina is more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend, each locale has a boss with authority over members life and death, a capo locale, usually the capobastone of a ndrina. All three form a triumvirate called the Copiata, a locale is often subdivided into two divisions, the società minore and the società maggiore. The minor is submissive to the major, the locale of San Luca has a historical preeminence. Fratelli di sangue, Cosenza, Pellegrini Editore, ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Nicaso, made Men, Mafia Culture and the Power of Symbols, Rituals, and Myth, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4422-2227-4 Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9 Varese, how Mafias Migrate, The Case of the Ndrangheta in Northern Italy, Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History, Number 59, University of Oxford, July 2005
41.
Feud
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Feuds begin because one party perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted or wronged by another. Intense feelings of resentment trigger the initial retribution, which causes the party to feel equally aggrieved. The dispute is subsequently fuelled by a cycle of retaliatory violence. This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation makes it difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds frequently involve the original family members and/or associates, can last for generations. They can be interpreted as an outgrowth of social relations based in family honor. Until the early period, feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments and were regulated to some degree. For example, Serb culture calls this krvna osveta, meaning blood revenge, in the English-speaking world, vendetta is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed. Sometimes, it is not mutual, but rather refers to a series of hostile acts waged by one person against another without reciprocation. Blood feuds were common in societies with a rule of law. An entire family is considered responsible for any one of them has done. Sometimes two separate branches of the family have even come to blows, or worse, over some dispute. The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where law enforcement, in Homeric ancient Greece, the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers was considered natural and customary, Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vengeance. Feud is a war, just as war is a series of revenges. In the ancient Hebraic context, it was considered the duty of the individual, the executor of the law of blood-revenge who personally put the initial killer to death was given a special designation, goel haddam, the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer. Six Cities of Refuge were established to provide protection and due process for any unintentional manslayers, the avenger was forbidden from harming the unintentional killer if the killer took refuge in one of these cities. According to historian Marc Bloch, The Middle Ages, from beginning to end, the onus, of course, lay above all on the wronged individual, vengeance was imposed on him as the most sacred of duties. The solitary individual, however, could do but little, moreover, it was most commonly a death that had to be avenged
