1.
Havana
–
Havana is the capital city, largest city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet, the sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592, walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U. S. battleship Maine in Havanas harbor in 1898 was the cause of the Spanish–American War. Contemporary Havana can essentially be described as three cities in one, Old Havana, Vedado and the suburban districts. The city is the center of the Cuban government, and home to various ministries, headquarters of businesses, the current mayor is Marta Hernández of the Communist Party of Cuba. In 2009, the city/province had the third highest income in the country, the city attracts over a million tourists annually, the Official Census for Havana reports that in 2010 the city was visited by 1,176,627 international tourists, a 20% increase from 2005. Old Havana was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, the city is also noted for its history, culture, architecture and monuments. As typical of Cuba, Havana also features a tropical climate, in May 2015, Havana was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, Doha, La Paz, Durban, Beirut, and Kuala Lumpur. Most native settlements became the site of Spanish colonial cities retaining their original Taíno names, an alternate theory is that Habana is derived from the Middle Dutch word havene, referring to a harbour, etymologically related to the English word haven. All attempts to found a city on Cubas south coast failed, however, an early map of Cuba drawn in 1514 places the town at the mouth of this river. The town that became Havana finally originated adjacent to what was then called Puerto de Carenas, the quality of this natural bay, which now hosts Havanas harbor, warranted this change of location. Pánfilo de Narváez gave Havana – the sixth town founded by the Spanish on Cuba – its name, the name combines San Cristóbal, patron saint of Havana. Shortly after the founding of Cubas first cities, the served as little more than a base for the Conquista of other lands. Havana began as a port, and suffered regular attacks by buccaneers, pirates. The first attack and resultant burning of the city was by the French corsair Jacques de Sores in 1555, ships from all over the New World carried products first to Havana, in order to be taken by the fleet to Spain. The thousands of ships gathered in the bay also fueled Havanas agriculture and manufacture, since they had to be supplied with food, water. On December 20,1592, King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City, later on, the city would be officially designated as Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies by the Spanish Crown
Havana
–
Clockwise from top left:
El Capitolio,
Museum of the Revolution, view of
Malecón, lighthouse at
El Morro,
Havana Cathedral,
Plaza Vieja and the
Great Theatre of Havana
Havana
–
Coat of arms
Havana
–
17th century depiction of Havana
Havana
–
French pirate
Jacques de Sores looting and burning Havana in 1555
2.
Cuba
–
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and it is south of both the U. S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital, other cities include Santiago de Cuba. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with an area of 109,884 square kilometres, prior to Spanish colonization in the late 15th century, Cuba was inhabited by Amerindian tribes. It remained a colony of Spain until the Spanish–American War of 1898, as a fragile republic, Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Further unrest and instability led to Batistas ousting in January 1959 by the July 26 Movement, since 1965, the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba. A point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, a nuclear war broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America, Cuba is a Marxist–Leninist one-party republic, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of human rights abuses. It is one of the worlds last planned economies and its economy is dominated by the exports of sugar, tobacco, coffee, according to the Human Development Index, Cuba is described as a country with high human development and is ranked the eighth highest in North America. It also ranks highly in some metrics of national performance, including health care, the name Cuba comes from the Taíno language. The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translated either as where fertile land is abundant, authors who believe that Christopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the town of Cuba in the district of Beja in Portugal. Before the arrival of the Spanish, Cuba was inhabited by three distinct tribes of indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Taíno, the Guanajatabey, and the Ciboney people. The ancestors of the Ciboney migrated from the mainland of South America, the Taíno arrived from Hispanola sometime in the 3rd century A. D. When Columbus arrived they were the dominant culture in Cuba, having a population of 150,000. The name Cuba comes from the native Taíno language and it is derived from either coabana meaning great place, or from cubao meaning where fertile land is abundant. The Taíno were farmers, while the Ciboney were farmers as well as fishers and hunter-gatherers, Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana after Juan, Prince of Asturias. In 1511, the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa, other towns soon followed, including San Cristobal de la Habana, founded in 1515, which later became the capital
Cuba
–
Hatuey, an early
Taíno chief of Cuba.
Cuba
–
Flag
Cuba
–
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar,
conquistador of Cuba.
Cuba
–
Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from Maine, c. 1832.
3.
Jazz
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
Jazz
–
Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.
Jazz
–
Double bassist
Reggie Workman, saxophone player
Pharoah Sanders, and drummer
Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz
–
Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, gouache on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 73 x 73 cm,
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Jazz
–
In the late 18th-century painting
The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
4.
Latin jazz
–
Latin jazz is a genre of jazz with Latin American rhythms. Although musicians continually expand its parameters, the term Latin jazz is generally understood to have a specific meaning than simply jazz from Latin America. Some Latin jazz typically employs rhythms that either have an analog in Africa. The two main categories of Latin jazz are, Afro-Cuban jazz—jazz rhythmically based on Cuban popular dance music, Afro-Brazilian jazz—includes bossa nova and jazz samba. African American music began incorporating Afro-Cuban musical motifs in the 19th century, the habanera was the first written music to be rhythmically based on an African motif. The habanera rhythm can be thought of as a combination of tresillo, wynton Marsalis considers tresillo to be the New Orleans clave, although technically, the pattern is only half a clave. Handy has a bass line. I began to suspect there was something Negroid in that beat. Jelly Roll Morton considered the tresillo/habanera to be an ingredient of jazz. The habanera rhythm can be heard in his hand on songs like The Crave. Now in one of my earliest tunes, “New Orleans Blues, in fact, if you can’t manage to put tinges of Spanish in your tunes, you will never be able to get the right seasoning, I call it, for jazz—Morton. Although the exact origins of jazz syncopation may never be known, buddy Bolden, the first known jazz musician, is credited with creating the big four, a habanera-based pattern. The big four was the first syncopated bass drum pattern to deviate from the standard on-the-beat march, as the example below shows, the second half of the big four pattern is the habanera rhythm. It is probably safe to say that by and large the simpler African rhythmic patterns survived in jazz, because they could be adapted more readily to European rhythmic conceptions. Some survived, others were discarded as the Europeanization progressed and it may also account for the fact that patterns such as. Remained one of the most useful and common syncopated patterns in jazz—Schuller, caravan, written by Juan Tizol and first performed in 1936, is an early proto-Latin jazz composition. The first jazz piece to be overtly based in-clave, and therefore, the tune was initially a descarga with jazz solos superimposed, spontaneously composed by Bauzá. The right hand of the Tanga piano guajeo is in the known as ponchando
Latin jazz
–
Jelly Roll Morton
Latin jazz
–
Machito and his sister
Graciela
Latin jazz
–
"Tanga" in the style of Machito and His Afro‐Cubans (recorded 1949). 2‐3 clave, piano: René Hernández.
Latin jazz
–
Dizzy Gillespie 1955
5.
Afro-Cuban jazz
–
Afro-Cuban jazz is the earliest form of Latin jazz. It mixes Afro-Cuban clave-based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation, Afro-Cuban jazz first emerged in the early 1940s with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauza and Frank Grillo Machito in the band Machito and his Afro-Cubans, based in New York City. Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music, such as Dizzys and Pozos Manteca and Charlie Parkers and Machitos Mangó Mangüé, were referred to as Cubop. During its first decades, the Afro-Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba itself, in the early 1970s, the Orquesta Cubana de Música Moderna and later Irakere brought Afro-Cuban jazz into the Cuban music scene, influencing new styles such as songo. Although true clave-based Afro-Cuban jazz did not appear until the mid-twentieth century, African American music began incorporating Afro-Cuban musical motifs in the nineteenth century, when the habanera gained international popularity. The habanera was the first written music to be based on an African motif. The habanera rhythm can be thought of as a combination of tresillo, musicians from Havana and New Orleans would take the twice-daily ferry between both cities to perform, and the habanera quickly took root in the musically fertile Crescent City. John Storm Roberts states that the musical genre habanera, reached the U. S.20 years before the first rag was published, scott Joplins Solace is considered a habanera. For the more than quarter-century in which the cakewalk, ragtime, and proto-jazz were forming and developing, early New Orleans jazz bands had habaneras in their repertoire and the tresillo/habanera figure was a rhythmic staple of jazz at the turn of the 20th century. Comparing the music of New Orleans with the music of Cuba, although technically, the pattern is only half a clave, Marsalis makes the important point that the single-celled figure is the guide-pattern of New Orleans music. Handy has a bass line. I began to suspect there was something Negroid in that beat. Jelly Roll Morton considered the tresillo/habanera to be an ingredient of jazz. The habanera rhythm and tresillo can be heard in his hand on songs like The Crave. Now in one of my earliest tunes, “New Orleans Blues, in fact, if you can’t manage to put tinges of Spanish in your tunes, you will never be able to get the right seasoning, I call it, for jazz—Morton. Although the exact origins of jazz syncopation may never be known, buddy Bolden, the first known jazz musician, is credited with creating the big four, a habanera-based pattern. The big four was the first syncopated bass drum pattern to deviate from the standard on-the-beat march, as the example below shows, the second half of the big four pattern is the habanera rhythm. It is probably safe to say that by and large the simpler African rhythmic patterns survived in jazz, because they could be adapted more readily to European rhythmic conceptions
Afro-Cuban jazz
–
Habanera rhythm written as a combination of tresillo (bottom notes) with the backbeat (top note). Play (
help ·
info)
Afro-Cuban jazz
–
WC Handy age 19, 1892
Afro-Cuban jazz
–
Excerpt from "Solace" by Scott Joplin (1909). Variations on the habanera rhythm.
Afro-Cuban jazz
–
Excerpt from "St. Louis Blues" by W.C. Handy (1914). The left hand plays the habanera rhythm.
6.
Classical music
–
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
Classical music
Classical music
–
Nineteenth-century composer and pianist
Clara Schumann is one of only a few female composers mentioned in the Concise Oxford History of Music.
Classical music
–
The Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra performs
Tchaikovsky 's
Fourth Symphony.
Classical music
–
A youth
concert band in performance.
7.
Duke Ellington
–
Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward, in the 1930s, his orchestra toured in Europe. Some of the musicians who were members of Ellingtons orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered to be among the best players in jazz, Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz. Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades, a master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington often composed specifically to feature the style and skills of his individual musicians. Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizols Caravan, and Perdido, after 1941, Ellington collaborated with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn, whom he called his writing and arranging companion. With Strayhorn, he composed many extended compositions, or suites, following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, in July 1956, Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours. Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era, performed in films, scoring several. His reputation continued to rise after he died, and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999, Ellington was born on April 29,1899, to James Edward Ellington and Daisy Ellington in Washington, D. C. Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias and they lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place, NW, in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D. C. Dukes father was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on April 15,1879, Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C. on January 4,1879, the daughter of a former American slave. James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy, when Ellington was a child, his family showed racial pride and support in their home, as did many other families. African Americans in D. C. worked to protect their children from the eras Jim Crow laws, at the age of seven, Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners, Ellingtons childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner, his easy grace, and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, and began calling him Duke. Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname, I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship, I should have a title. Though Ellington took piano lessons, he was interested in baseball. President Roosevelt would come by on his horse sometimes, and stop and watch us play, Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington, D. C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games, in the summer of 1914, while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café, Ellington wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag. He created the piece by ear, as he had not yet learned to read, I would play the Soda Fountain Rag as a one-step, two-step, waltz, tango, and fox trot, Ellington recalled
Duke Ellington
–
Ellington c. 1940s
Duke Ellington
–
"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" (1927)
Duke Ellington
–
Duke Ellington at the Hurricane Club in New York, May 1943
Duke Ellington
–
Ellington poses with his piano at the KFG Radio Studio November 3, 1954.
8.
Benny Goodman
–
Benjamin David Benny Goodman was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader, known as the King of Swing. In the mid-1930s, Goodman led one of the most popular groups in America. Goodmans bands launched the careers of many jazz artists. During an era of segregation, he led one of the first well-known integrated jazz groups. Goodman performed nearly to the end of his life while exploring an interest in classical music, Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. His father, David Goodman, came to America in 1892 from Warsaw in partitioned Poland and his mother, Dora, came from Kaunas, Lithuania. His parents met in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Chicago before Benny was born, hundreds of houses are unconnected with the street sewer. Money was a constant problem in the family, Bennys father earned at most $20 per week. On Sundays, his father took the children to free concerts in Douglas Park. The following year Benny joined the club band at Jane Addamss Hull House. By joining the band, he was entitled to two weeks at a summer camp about fifty miles from Chicago. It was the time he was able to get away from the bleak environment of his urban neighborhood. He also received two years of instruction from the classically trained clarinetist Franz Schoepp and his early influences were New Orleans jazz clarinetists working in Chicago, notably Johnny Dodds, Leon Roppolo and Jimmie Noone. Goodman learned quickly, becoming a player at an early age. Goodman made his debut in 1921 at the Central Park Theater on Chicagos West Side. He entered Harrison High School in Chicago in 1922 and he joined the musicians’ union in 1923 and by the age of 14 was in a band featuring Bix Beiderbecke. Goodman attended Lewis Institute in 1924 as a sophomore, while also playing the clarinet in a dance hall band. When Goodman was 16, he joined one of Chicagos top bands, when he was 17, his father was killed by a passing car after stepping off a streetcar
Benny Goodman
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Goodman in 1942
Benny Goodman
–
Goodman c. 1970
Benny Goodman
–
An eager crowd of Goodman fans in
Oakland
Benny Goodman
–
Benny Goodman (third from left) in 1952 with some of his former musicians, seated around piano left to right:
Vernon Brown,
George Auld,
Gene Krupa, Clint Neagley,
Ziggy Elman,
Israel Crosby and
Teddy Wilson (at piano)
9.
Tropicana Club
–
Tropicana, also known as Tropicana Club, is a world-known cabaret and club in Havana, Cuba. It was launched in 1939 at Villa Mina, a suburban estate with lush tropical gardens in Havanas Marianao neighborhood. The Tropicana had an impact in spreading Cuban culture internationally, new Yorks Tropicana was a Latin music club launched in 1945 by two Cuban restaurateurs, the brothers Manolo and Tony Alfaro, who made it the most glamorous nightclub in the Bronx. In 2004, the Atlantic City Tropicana opened The Quarter, which attempts to recreate the architecture, atmosphere and cuisine of Old Havana during the 1940s. In its September 1956 issue, Show magazine displayed a spread on Tropicana. The spectacular showplace that became The Tropicana evolved out of a Depression-era bohemian nightclub called Edén Concert, one day, two casino operators approached de Correa about opening a combination casino and cabaret on property on the outskirts of Havana rented from Guillermina Pérez Chaumont, known as Mina. The operators felt that the gardens of her Villa Mina. They cut a deal, and in December 1939, de Correa moved his company of singers, dancers, de Correa provided the food and entertainment, while Rafael Mascaro and Luis Bular operated the casino located in the chandeliered dining room of the estates mansion. Originally known as El Beau Site, de Correa decided to rename the club Tropicana, because of its atmosphere and na after the last syllable of the original owner. With a fanfare from the Alfredo Brito Orchestra, the Club Tropicana and its popularity with tourists grew steadily until the entry of the USA into World War II, which sharply curtailed tourism to Cuba. During this time, Martín Fox, a burly, gregarious and well-connected gambler, eventually, by 1950, he would amass enough profits to take over the lease of what would become The Tropicana. Martin Fox came to Havana from the countryside, nicknamed the Guajiro Fox, for being a country bumpkin peasant, he became big in the numbers rackets. Raised in the country and uneducated, he was bold and had close relations with more solvent groups. Hanging on through tough times, including a period with a ban on casino gambling, Fox bought out de Correas interest in 1951. This is when Tropicanas glory years really began, giant fruit trees were left in situ during construction to punctuate the interior. But it was the arrival in Havana in 1946 of Floridian mobster Santo Louie Santos Trafficante Jr. that would alter the future of The Tropicana. Trafficante, Jr. had been sent by his father, Tampa godfather Santo Trafficante, Sr. to oversee La Cosa Nostra and Tampa Family casino, upon Trafficante, Sr. s death in 1954, Santo, Jr. succeeded his father as boss of Tampa. Lansky would become the top figure in Cuba, appointing Trafficante his second in command
Tropicana Club
–
Tropicana stage
Tropicana Club
Tropicana Club
Tropicana Club
–
Tourists snapping a shot of a Tropicana dancer
10.
Irakere
–
Irakere is a Cuban band founded by pianist Chucho Valdés in 1973. They won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Recording in 1980 with their album Irakere, Irakere was a seminal musical laboratory, where historic innovations in both Afro-Cuban jazz and Cuban popular dance music were created. The group used an array of percussion instruments like batá, abakuá and arará drums, chequerés, erikundis, maracas, claves, cencerros, bongó, tumbadoras. Jazz bands began forming in Cuba as early as the 1920s and these bands often included both Cuban popular music and popular North American jazz, and show tunes in their repertoires. Despite this musical versatility, the movement of blending Afro-Cuban rhythms with jazz was not strong in Cuba itself for decades. As Leonardo Acosta observes, Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York and Havana, with the difference that in Cuba it was a silent and almost natural process, cubas significant contribution to the genre came relatively late. However, when it did come, the Cubans exhibited a level of Cuban-jazz integration that went far beyond most of what had come before, the first Cuban band of this new wave was Irakere. With Irakere, a new era in Cuban jazz begins in 1973 and that was a time where jazz music was a four-letter word in Cuba – literally. After many years of thought, in 1967, they decided to create the Orquesta. There were a lot of left wing people going to Cuba, attending congresses, so the government decided to create an image that jazz was not forbidden and that nothing was forbidden there. So they created the Orquesta to play American music – that is incredible and it was to create a different image than what they had created all those years. I directed the band for two years, when I decided that I wanted to play only jazz in the Orquesta, then I got fired. And after a while, the Orquesta ceased to achieve the function that it was created for, Irakere, which was founded by members of the Orquesta Cubana de Música Moderna, has always been an eclectic band. From the beginning, the group showcased the scope of their uniquely Cuban music education, Afro-Cuban folkloric music, Cuban popular dance music, funk, jazz, the early years saw a lot of experimenting, with the mixing these different genres in original ways. From the vantage point of today, some of Irakeres early experiments sound awkward, on the other hand, some early experiments by the group were musical landmarks, that began entirely new traditions. Chékere-son for example, introduced a style of Cubanized bebop-flavored lines, Chékere-son is an extremely interesting one. Its based on a legendary 1945 Charlie Parker bebop composition called Billies Bounce, almost every phrase of the Parker song can be found in Chékere-son but its all jumbled together in a very clever and compelling way. David Peñalosa sees the track as a pivotal one – perhaps the first really satisfying fusion of clave, the horn line style introduced in Chékere-son is heard today in Afro-Cuban jazz, and the contemporary popular dance genre known as timba
Irakere
–
Chucho Valdés
11.
Imperialist
–
Imperialism is an action that involves a country extending its power by the acquisition of territories. It may also include the exploitation of these territories, an action that is linked to colonialism, colonialism is generally regarded as an expression of imperialism. However, both are examples of imperialism, the word imperialism originated from the Latin word imperium, which means supreme power. It first became common in Great Britain, during the 1870s and was used with a negative connotation, the term was and is mainly applied to Western political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa, in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars, some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery. This definition encompasses both nominal empires and neocolonialism, the word empire comes from the Latin word imperium, for which the closest modern English equivalent would perhaps be sovereignty, or simply rule. The greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded, Political power grew from conquering land, however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes. A distinction about empires is that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland, economic, some of the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products. European empires in Asia and Africa have come to be seen as the forms of imperialism. European expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed, the two main regions are the core and the periphery. The core consists of areas of income and profit, the periphery is on the opposing side of the spectrum consisting of areas of low income. These critical theories of Geo-politics have led to increased discussion of the meaning and this idea from Lenin stresses how important new political world order has become in our modern era. Geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major players in the market, some states today are viewed as empires due to their political. The term imperialism is often conflated with colonialism, however scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe ones superiority, domination, colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power. Thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism, colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area, colonialisms core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war. The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the states lands
Imperialist
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Ottoman wars in Europe
Imperialist
–
Cecil Rhodes and the
Cape-Cairo railway project. Rhodes founded the
De Beers Mining Company, owned the
British South Africa Company and had his name given to what became the state of
Rhodesia. He liked to "paint the map
British red" and declared: "all of these stars... these vast worlds that remain out of reach. If I could, I would annex other planets".
Imperialist
–
French poster about the "
Madagascar War "
Imperialist
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Japanese march into
Zhengyangmen of
Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937.
12.
Che Guevara
–
Ernesto Che Guevara was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous symbol of rebellion. As a young student, Guevara traveled throughout South America and was radicalized by the poverty, hunger. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to second-in-command, following the Cuban Revolution, Guevara performed a number of key roles in the new government. Additionally, he was a writer and diarist, composing a seminal manual on guerrilla warfare. Guevara left Cuba in 1965 to foment revolution abroad, first unsuccessfully in Congo-Kinshasa and later in Bolivia, Guevara remains both a revered and reviled historical figure, polarized in the collective imagination in a multitude of biographies, memoirs, essays, documentaries, songs, and films. In accordance with the flexibility allowed in Spanish naming customs, his name will sometimes appear with de la Serna and/or Lynch accompanying it. Referring to Ches restless nature, his father declared the first thing to note is that in my sons veins flowed the blood of the Irish rebels, very early on in life, Ernestito developed an affinity for the poor. Growing up in a family with leftist leanings, Guevara was introduced to a spectrum of political perspectives even as a boy. His father, a supporter of Republicans from the Spanish Civil War. He was a rugby union player, and played at fly-half for Club Universitario de Buenos Aires. His rugby playing earned him the nickname Fuser—a contraction of El Furibundo and his mothers surname, Guevara learned chess from his father and began participating in local tournaments by age 12. He could also recite Rudyard Kiplings If— and José Hernándezs Martín Fierro by heart. Additionally, he enjoyed the works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Franz Kafka, Albert Camus, Vladimir Lenin, and Jean-Paul Sartre, as well as Anatole France, Friedrich Engels, H. G. Wells, and Robert Frost. As he grew older, he developed an interest in the Latin American writers Horacio Quiroga, Ciro Alegría, Jorge Icaza, Rubén Darío, many of these authors ideas he cataloged in his own handwritten notebooks of concepts, definitions, and philosophies of influential intellectuals. These included composing analytical sketches of Buddha and Aristotle, along with examining Bertrand Russell on love and patriotism, Jack London on society, sigmund Freuds ideas fascinated him as he quoted him on a variety of topics from dreams and libido to narcissism and the Oedipus complex. His favorite subjects in school included philosophy, mathematics, engineering, political science, sociology, history, in 1948, Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. The first expedition in 1950 was a 4, 500-kilometer solo trip through the provinces of northern Argentina on a bicycle on which he installed a small engine
Che Guevara
–
Guerrillero Heroico Picture taken by
Alberto Korda on March 5, 1960, at the
La Coubre memorial service.
Che Guevara
–
A teenage Ernesto (left) with his parents and siblings, c. 1944. Seated beside him, from left to right: Celia (mother), Celia (sister), Roberto, Juan Martín, Ernesto (father) and Ana María.
Che Guevara
–
22-year-old Guevara in 1951
Che Guevara
–
A map of Guevara's 1952 trip with
Alberto Granado. The red arrows correspond to air travel.
13.
Spain
–
By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
Spain
–
Lady of Elche
Spain
–
Flag
Spain
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Altamira Cave paintings, in
Cantabria.
Spain
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Celtic castro in
A Guarda,
Galicia.
14.
Carlos Santana
–
Carlos Santana audio is a Mexican and American musician who first became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered a fusion of rock and Latin American music. The bands sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales, Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s, in 2003 Rolling Stone magazine listed Santana at number 20 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards, Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. He learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight under the tutelage of his father and his younger brother, Jorge Santana, would also become a professional guitarist. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time there were very few Mexicans in American rock. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana, the city on Mexicos border with California, Carlos stayed in Tijuana but later joined his family in San Francisco, graduating from James Lick Middle School, and in 1965 from Mission High School. Carlos was accepted at California State University, Northridge, and Humboldt State University, Santana was influenced by popular artists of the 1950s such as B. B. King, T-Bone Walker, and John Lee Hooker. Soon after he began playing guitar, he joined local bands along the Tijuana Strip where he was able to begin adding his own touch to 50s Rock n Roll. He was also introduced to a variety of new influences, including jazz and folk music. After several years spent working as a dishwasher in a diner and busking for spare change, in 1966 he gained prominence due to a series of accidental events, all happening on the same day. Santana was a frequent spectator at Bill Grahams Fillmore West, during a Sunday matinee show, Paul Butterfield was slated to perform there but was unable to do so as a result of being intoxicated. Santanas manager, Stan Marcum, immediately suggested to Graham that Santana join the impromptu band, during the jam session, Santanas guitar playing and solo gained the notice of both the audience and Graham. During the same year, Santana formed the Santana Blues Band, with street musicians David Brown, Marcus Malone. With their highly original blend of Latin-infused rock, jazz, blues, salsa and African rhythms, the bands early success, capped off by a memorable performance at Woodstock in 1969, led to him signing a recording contract with Columbia Records, then run by Clive Davis. Santana was signed by CBS Records and went into the studio to record their first album and they were not satisfied with the release and decided changes needed to be made. This resulted in the dismissal of drummer Bob Livingston, Santana replaced him with Mike Shrieve, who had a strong background in both jazz and rock. Percussionist Marcus Malone was forced to quit the band due to manslaughter charges
Carlos Santana
–
Santana in Indianapolis, 2010
Carlos Santana
–
New Year's Eve 1976 at the
Cow Palace in San Francisco
Carlos Santana
–
Santana during his "inner secrets" tour in the Netherlands in 1978
15.
77th Academy Awards
–
During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards in 24 categories honoring films released in 2004. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz, Actor Chris Rock hosted the show for the first time. The Aviator won the most awards of the night with five, Million Dollar Baby won four awards, including Best Picture. The telecast garnered over 42 million viewers in the United States, the Aviator received the most nominations with eleven, Finding Neverland and Million Dollar Baby tied for second with seven nominations each. The winners were announced during the ceremony on February 27,2005. At age 74, Clint Eastwood became the oldest winner for Best Director in Oscar history, Best Actor winner Jamie Foxx became the second actor and tenth individual overall to earn two acting nominations in the same year. By virtue of her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn, Best Supporting Actress winner Cate Blanchett was the first performer to portray a previous Oscar winner, al otro lado del río from The Motorcycle Diaries became the second song with non-English lyrics to win Best Original Song. The first to achieve this feat was the song from the 1960 Greek film Never on Sunday at the 33rd Academy Awards. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger, sidney Lumet — In recognition of his brilliant services to screenwriters, performers and the art of the motion picture. Roger Mayer The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, opting for a younger face in an attempt to increase viewership, while renewing interest with the nominated films, producer Gil Cates selected actor and comedian Chris Rock to host the 2005 ceremony. Cates explained his decision to hire Rock for the telecast in a release saying. He always makes me laugh and he always has something interesting to say, Chris represents the best of the new generation of comics. Having him host the Oscars is terrific, by virtue of his selection, Rock became the first African American man to solo host the gala. Nearly a month before the ceremony Rock told Josh Wolk of Entertainment Weekly, Come on, no one performs, its not like a music show. What straight black man there and watches the Oscars. Political blogger Matt Drudge later reported that several anonymous AMPAS members wanted Rock fired from his job as a result of the comments. Furthermore, Wolk dismissed any controversy regarding Rocks comments and that Drudge exaggerated the hosts comments, GLAAD Executive Director Joan Garry also issue a statement in light of the controversy stating, Chris Rock isnt making fun of gays – hes poking fun at the Oscars. Rock appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno the Monday before the ceremony to clarify his comments, when Leno asked about the statement, Rock replied I did not say that
77th Academy Awards
–
Official poster
77th Academy Awards
–
Clint Eastwood, Best Director winner
77th Academy Awards
–
Jamie Foxx, Best Actor winner
77th Academy Awards
–
Hilary Swank, Best Actress winner
16.
Carnegie Hall
–
Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music. Carnegie Hall has its own programming, development, and marketing departments. It is also rented out to performing groups, the hall has not had a resident company since 1962, when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Centers Philharmonic Hall. Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among its three auditoriums, Carnegie Hall presented about 200 concerts in the 2008–2009 season, up 3 percent from the previous year. Its stages were rented for an additional 600 events in the 2008–2009 season, Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces. The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s, the hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator, the main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U. S. almost all of the classical music. After years of wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986. The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep, the First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes, the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows, at the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns, Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891, following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers, the 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136, each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes, there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level, the boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep — the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space, the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a chairman of the board, and his wife Joan
Carnegie Hall
–
Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall
–
Isaac Stern Auditorium
Carnegie Hall
–
A closeup view of Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall
–
Andrew Carnegie, 1913
17.
National Symphony Orchestra (United States)
–
The National Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1931, is an American symphony orchestra based in Washington, D. C. Its principal performing venue is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, for the first period of its history, the NSO performed in Constitution Hall. During the tenure of the first music director, Hans Kindler, the first female member of the NSO was a harpist, Sylvia Meyer, who joined in 1933. Years later, Howard Mitchell made a series of recordings with the orchestra for RCA. Antal Doráti recorded with the orchestra for Decca Records, mstislav Rostropovich made recordings for Teldec, Sony Records, and Erato. The orchestra returned to RCA Victor under Leonard Slatkin, until RCA abandoned new classical recordings, in 1986, the NSO became the artistic affiliate of the Kennedy Center, where it has presented a concert season annually since the Center opened in 1971. The NSO regularly participates in events of national and international importance, including performances for ceremonial state affairs, presidential inaugurations, the NSO itself numbers 100 musicians, presenting a 52-week season of approximately 175 concerts each year. These include classical subscription series, pops concerts, and one of the country’s most extensive educational programs, in addition to these activities, small groups of NSO members develop education programs designed at age levels from pre-kindergarten through high school. Collectively, these ensembles present as many as 100 additional performances a year during the American Residencies, through the John and June Hechinger Commissioning Fund for New Orchestral Works, the NSO has commissioned more than 50 works, including cycles of fanfares and encores. During his tenure, Slatkin founded the National Conducting Institute in 2000, also of note is the National Symphony Orchestra Summer Music Institute. Another important project is the National Symphony Orchestra American Residencies for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, established in 1992, the project has taken the NSO to fifteen states. In November 2004, the announced the conclusion of Slatkins NSO directorship in 2008. One report spoke of tensions between the conductor and the orchestra, and mentioned criticisms of Slatkins programming and rehearsal styles, with the 2006–2007 season, Iván Fischer became the principal guest conductor of the orchestra. On 13 April 2007, the announced the appointment of Fischer as the orchestras principal conductor as of the 2008–2009 season. In September 2011, the orchestra extended Eschenbachs contract through the 2014–2015 season, in 2011, Gianandrea Noseda first guest-conducted the NSO, and returned in November 2015 for an additional guest engagement. In January 2016, the NSO announced the appointment Noseda as its music director. He is to serve as music director-designate in the 2016-2017 season, and his initial contract as music director is for 4 seasons
National Symphony Orchestra (United States)
–
Kennedy Center
National Symphony Orchestra (United States)
–
First Lady
Nancy Reagan conducts the National Symphony Orchestra, 1987
18.
London Symphony Orchestra
–
The London Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1904, is the oldest of Londons symphony orchestras. It was set up by a group of players who left Henry Woods Queens Hall Orchestra because of a new rule requiring players to give the orchestra their exclusive services, the LSO itself later introduced a similar rule for its members. From the outset, the LSO was organised on co-operative lines and this practice continued for the orchestras first four decades. The profit-sharing principle was abandoned in the era as a condition of receiving public subsidy for the first time. In the 1950s the orchestra debated whether to concentrate on work at the expense of symphony concerts. By the 1960s the LSO had recovered its position, which it has retained subsequently. In 1966, to perform alongside it in works, the orchestra established the LSO Chorus, originally a mix of professional and amateur singers. As a self-governing body, the orchestra selects the conductors with whom it works, at some stages in its history, it has dispensed with a principal conductor and worked only with guests. Since 1982, the LSO has been based in the Barbican Centre in the City of London, among its programmes there have been large-scale festivals celebrating composers as diverse as Berlioz, Mahler and Bernstein. At the turn of the century there were no permanent salaried orchestras in London. The main orchestras were those of Covent Garden, the Philharmonic Society and he would then engage another player to deputise at him for the original concert and the rehearsals for it. The treasurer of the Philharmonic Society described the system thus, A and he sends B to the first rehearsal. B, without knowledge or consent, sends C to the second rehearsal. Not being able to play at the concert, C sends D, in 1904, the manager of the Queens Hall, Robert Newman and the conductor of his promenade concerts, Henry Wood, agreed that they could no longer tolerate the deputy system. After a rehearsal in which Wood was faced with dozens of unfamiliar faces in his own orchestra, Newman came to the platform and announced, Gentlemen, in future there will be no deputies. Orchestral musicians were not highly paid, and removing their chances of better-paid engagements permitted by the deputy system was a financial blow to many of them. The principal movers were three players and a trumpeter, John Solomon. Busby organised a meeting at St. Andrews Hall, not far from the Queens Hall, invitations were sent to present and former members of the Queens Hall Orchestra
London Symphony Orchestra
–
Bernard Haitink and the London Symphony Orchestra at the Barbican Hall, June 2011
London Symphony Orchestra
–
Clockwise from top left:
Adolf Borsdorf, Thomas Busby, John Solomon and Henri van der Meerschen, founding fathers of the LSO
London Symphony Orchestra
–
Hans Richter, first conductor of the LSO
London Symphony Orchestra
–
Elgar and the LSO, Queen's Hall, 1911
19.
London Philharmonic Orchestra
–
The London Philharmonic Orchestra is one of five permanent symphony orchestras based in London. It was founded by the conductors Sir Thomas Beecham and Malcolm Sargent in 1932 as a rival to the existing London Symphony, the founders ambition was to build an orchestra the equal of any European or American rival. Between 1932 and the Second World War the LPO was widely judged to have succeeded in this regard, after the outbreak of war the orchestras private backers withdrew and the players reconstituted the LPO as a self-governing cooperative. By the 1960s the LPO had regained its earlier standards, in 1993 it was appointed resident orchestra of the Royal Festival Hall on the south bank of the Thames, one of Londons major concert venues. Since 1995 the residency has been held with the Philharmonia. In addition to its work at the Festival Hall and Glyndebourne, the LPO performs regularly at the Congress Theatre, Eastbourne and the Brighton Dome, and tours nationally and internationally. Since Beecham, the orchestra has had ten principal conductors, including Sir Adrian Boult, Bernard Haitink, Sir Georg Solti, Klaus Tennstedt and Vladimir Jurowski. The orchestra has been active in recording studios since its earliest days, since 2005 the LPO has had its own record label, issuing live recordings of concerts. The orchestra has played on film soundtracks, including Lawrence of Arabia. In the 1920s the London Symphony Orchestra was the citys best-known concert, others were the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra, the orchestra of the Royal Philharmonic Society, the BBCs Wireless Symphony Orchestra and Sir Henry Woods Queens Hall Orchestra. All except the last of these were ad hoc ensembles, with little continuity of personnel. This became obvious in 1927 when the Berlin Philharmonic, under Wilhelm Furtwängler, the chief music critic of The Times later commented, the British public. Was electrified when it heard the disciplined precision of the Berlin Philharmonic and this apparently was how an orchestra could, and, therefore, ought to sound. In 1928 they opened discussions about jointly setting up such an ensemble, but after 18 months of negotiations it became clear that the corporation and the conductor had irreconcilable priorities. The BBC went ahead without him, and under its director of music, Adrian Boult, launched the BBC Symphony Orchestra in October 1930, to immense acclaim. Originally Sargent and Beecham envisaged a version of the LSO, but the orchestra. In 1932 Beecham lost patience and agreed with Sargent to set up a new orchestra from scratch, the BBC having attracted a large number of the finest musicians from other orchestras, many in the musical world doubted that Beecham could find enough good players. He was fortunate in the timing of the enterprise, the economy had severely reduced the number of freelance dates available to orchestral players
London Philharmonic Orchestra
–
The
Royal Festival Hall, London, the main base of the orchestra
London Philharmonic Orchestra
–
Sir Thomas Beecham, founding father and first conductor of the LPO
London Philharmonic Orchestra
–
Programme of the first LPO concert (modern reconstruction of unavailable original)
London Philharmonic Orchestra
–
Queen's Hall, destroyed, with many LPO instruments, by bombing in 1941
20.
Florida Philharmonic Orchestra
–
The Florida Philharmonic Orchestra was a symphony orchestra based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and serving the South Florida metropolitan area. With approximately 80 full-time, tenured musicians, the orchestra was led for most of its existence by British conductor, the orchestra folded after extensive financial problems, performing their last concert in Boca Raton, FL, on May 9,2003. The Philharmonic Orchestra of Florida was formed through a merger of two smaller South Florida orchestras, the Fort Lauderdale Symphony Orchestra and the Boca Raton Symphony Orchestra. Though the orchestra was founded on February 15,1985. The new orchestra filled a void in the South Florida area left after the collapse of the Miami Philharmonic Orchestra in 1982. This acoustically dreadful room would be the venue for Philharmonic rehearsals and would host scores of internationally renowned soloists. Initial performance venues included Fort Lauderdales War Memorial Auditorium, emerson Buckley, the music director of the Fort Lauderdale orchestra since 1963, continued as music director of the new orchestra until stepping down from the podium in 1986. At the beginning of his tenure, Judd expressed optimism for the future of music in South Florida. In December 1990, the changed its name to the Florida Philharmonic Orchestra. The Florida Philharmonic made several critically acclaimed recordings, including Gustav Mahlers Symphony No.1, the orchestra continued to grow in size, quality and prestige throughout the 1990s under the direction of Judd, who shared an amicable relationship with the musicians through much of his tenure. Audience sizes grew significantly, and international tours were discussed, the primary point of debate was regarding the orchestras wages, which were well below average. Nine years later in 2000, the orchestra was nowhere near that goal, the managements last offer before what would have been the start of the 2000-01 season consisted of a 5 percent increase over one year. The unions demands were derided by management attorney Susan Potter Norton as being based on faulty logic, the musical silence ended on October 26,2000, with a program of Beethovens Fifth and Sixth Symphonies at Broward Center for the Performing Arts. The period of time after the strike was marked by increasing economic difficulties, in November 2001, the Florida Philharmonics music director of nearly fifteen years, James Judd, announced his resignation by releasing a press release to the media. When asked about Judds departure, Bob Levinson, chairman of the Philharmonics board is quoted as having responded Its news to me, youre telling me something I dont know. His resignation came on the heels of the formation of a committee which would share control with Judd over matters of programming. The financial predicament of the orchestra hit crisis mode in the spring of 2003, the orchestra at this point had already retained a bankruptcy attorney, and some management officials were already announcing the imminent doom of the orchestra in the press. The orchestras final concert was played on May 9,2003, in Boca Raton, at the end of the concert, amidst tears among audience and orchestra members alike, and a thunderous applause that refused to end, Devey took the stage to plead for a hero
Florida Philharmonic Orchestra
–
official logo
Florida Philharmonic Orchestra
–
Raymond F. Kravis Center for the Performing Arts West Palm Beach, FL.
21.
Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra
–
The Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra a musical ensemble sponsored by the Government of Puerto Rico. It has 80 regular musicians from around the world performing a 52-week season which includes concerts, operas, ballets, pops. The history of the PRSO dates back to 1956 when famed cellist Don Pablo Casals visited the island to see his family, soon after, he would dedicate most of his work to foster classical music in Puerto Rico. In 1957, he organized the first annual Casals Festival, where he invited musicians to perform several concerts to Puerto Ricans. After the law was signed by then Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín, the first live concert was performed on November 6,1958 in Mayagüez, hometown of Don Pablo Casals’s mother. In addition to its 48 week regular season, the PRSO also organizes several concerts and activities for the purpose of fulfilling Don Casals’s dream of fostering classical music in Puerto Rico. These activities include, Conoce tu Orquesta, La Sinfónica en tu Pueblo, La Sinfónica en las Universidades, the PRSO is currently managed by the Musical Arts Corporation of the government of Puerto Rico, who also organizes the annual Casals Festival. The PRSO regularly performs at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center, Sinfonica. pr Orchestra List of symphony orchestras in the United States Classical music Music of Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico Sinfonica. pr Sinfonica. pr
Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra
–
The PRSO Logo.
22.
YOA Orchestra of the Americas
–
Founded in 2001 by the New England Conservatory and VISIÓN Inc. YOA Orchestra of the Americas was inspired by the National System of Youth, since its inaugural tour, YOA has performed more than 350 concerts for audiences in more than 30 countries throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The orchestra has reached over 12 million people through television & radio broadcasts, recordings, print, the orchestra has recorded a number of critically acclaimed and commercially available CDs and DVDs with Plácido Domingo, Gabriela Montero, Philip Glass, among others. Plácido Domingo serves as YOAs Artistic Advisor and Carlos Miguel Prieto acts as Music Director, gustavo Dudamel co-led YOA as Principal Conductor from 2003-2010. Guest conductors include Lorin Maazel, Valery Gergiev, Kent Nagano, Leonard Slatkin, Rafael Payare, Helmuth Rilling, Isaac Karabtchevsky, YOAs Head of Faculty since 2006 has been Argentine violinist Leon Spierer who led the Berlin Philharmonic as Concertmaster from 1963 to 1993 under Herbert von Karajan. Composers-in-Residence to work with YOA on tour include Philip Glass, Tan Dun, Arturo Marquez, Nicolas Gilbert, John Estacio, each year 1000+ musicians from 25 countries of the Western Hemisphere compete for 100 seats in YOA Orchestra of the Americas. All accepted participants join YOA for a period of one year on full tuition, many YOA alumni have founded vital musical institutions in their home countries that focus on social transformation and community development. YOAs Global Leaders Program was launched in 2012 as an annual leadership training course to help exceptional musicians become leading social entrepreneurs. These organizations are modeled on YOAs academic principles, open platform, leadership training. YOA is registered as non-profit organization in the United States, Costa Rica, Canada, Brazil, YOA head offices are in Arlington, Virginia. The orchestras audited budget ranges annually from 1.5 to 2.5 million USD, league of American Symphony Orchestras Golden Baton Award YOA official website YOA official social media page YOA Canada website Philanthropy Roundtable feature Article
YOA Orchestra of the Americas
–
Cuban Orchestra Member
23.
Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
–
Ehrenbreitstein Fortress is a fortress on the mountain of the same name on the east bank of the Rhine opposite the town of Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The Prussian fortress was never attacked, since 2002, Ehrenbreitstein has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Upper Middle Rhine Valley. Ehrenbreitstein is located on the bank of the Rhine at Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate. It overlooks the confluence of the Mosel and the Rhine, the peak of the hill is 118 metres above the Rhine. It is the northernmost point of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Upper Middle Rhine Valley, Ehrenbreitstein, the hill on which the eponymous fortress is now located, was first settled in the 4th millennium BC, fortifications were built in the 10th/9th century BC. In the 3rd to 5th centuries AD a Roman fortification was sited there, more settlement followed in the 8th/9th centuries under the Carolingian dynasty. In about 1000 Ehrenbert erected a castle on the hill and its initial name Burg Ehrenbertstein later became Burg Ehrenbreitstein. The castle was first mentioned in an extant written document in 1139, Archbishop Hillin expanded it in 1152-69. A supporting castle was built on the known as Helfenstein to the south. During the 16th century, work began to turn the castle into a fortress that could withstand the new gundpowder weapons, one of the first cannon was the 9 ton siege gun Greif. At the foot of the hill, protected by the fortress, the fortress was further improved by his successors Karl Kaspar von der Leyen and Johann Hugo von Orsbeck. In 1632, it was occupied by the French and in 1637 by Imperial troops during the Thirty Years War, Ehrenbreitstein guarded the most valuable relic of the Trier See, the Holy Tunic, from 1657 to 1794. In 1688, the fortress withstood a siege by King Louis XIV of France. Around 1730, Balthasar Neumann created the Schönborn-Werke, a ring of fortifications. However, in 1794, French revolutionary troops conquered Koblenz, in the years they besieged Ehrenbreitstein three times without success. But a one-year siege, starting in 1798 during the War of the Second Coalition, by the Treaty of Lunéville, the French were eventually forced to withdraw from the right bank of the Rhine. Hence, they blew up Ehrenbreitstein in 1801 to prevent the enemy from taking hold of a fully functional fortress just a few meters away from French territory on the bank of the Rhine. From 1803 to 1815 the area was part of Nassau, according to the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Rhineland became a Prussian province
Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
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Festung Ehrenbreitstein viewed from Koblenz (2011)
Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
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View from Festung Ehrenbreitstein at Koblenz
Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
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Aerial view
24.
Peru
–
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
Peru
–
Sculpted
Chavin head embedded in one of the walls of the temple of
Chavín de Huantar
Peru
Peru
–
A
Moche ceramic vessel from the 5th century depicting a man's head
Peru
–
The citadel of
Machu Picchu, an iconic symbol of pre-Columbian Peru
25.
Argentina
–
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
Argentina
–
The
Cave of the Hands in
Santa Cruz province, with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago
Argentina
Argentina
–
The surrender of Beresford to
Santiago de Liniers during the
British invasions of the Río de la Plata
Argentina
–
Portrait of General
José de San Martin,
Libertador of Argentina,
Chile and
Peru
26.
Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album
–
Latin jazz is a mixture of musical genres, including Afro-Caribbean and Pan-American rhythms with the harmonic structure of jazz. The award was first presented as a tie between Michel Camilo and Tomatito for Spain and Paquito DRivera for Tropicana Nights, DRivera holds the record for most wins as performer in this category, with six out of eight nominations. Bebo and Chucho Valdés, Camilo, Gonzalo Rubalcaba, and Arturo Sandoval have twice been awarded, in 2012, the award was given to Sandoval for the album Dear Diz, which was also nominated for Album of the Year. Since its inception, the award has been presented to musicians or ensembles originating from Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, United States, and Spain. ^ Each year is linked to the article about the Latin Grammy Awards held that year. ^ The name of the performer, Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album General Past Winners Search. United States, Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences
Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album
–
Five-time winner,
Paquito D'Rivera
Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album
–
Michel Camilo received the award in 2000 for his album
Spain and in 2013 for What's Up?
Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album
–
Bebo Valdés, awarded twice in this category and in the same field for the
Grammy Awards
27.
North Bergen, New Jersey
–
North Bergen is a township in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The town was founded in 1843 and it was much diminished in territory by a series of secessions. Situated on the Hudson Palisades, it is one of the hilliest municipalities in the United States, like neighboring North Hudson communities, North Bergen is among those places in the nation with the highest population density and a majority Hispanic population. At the time of European colonization, the area was the territory of Hackensack tribe of the Lenape Native Americans, who maintained a settlement, Espatingh, on the west side of the hills. And where a Dutch trading post was established after the Peach Tree War, in 1658, Peter Stuyvesant, then Director-General of New Netherland, repurchased from them the area now encompassed by the municipalities of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River. After the 1664 surrender of Fort Amsterdam the entire New Netherland colony came into the possession of the British, in 1693, Bergen County was divided into two townships, Hackensack Township in the north, and Bergen Township, encompassing the Bergen Neck peninsula, in the south. The border between the two townships is the current Hudson-Bergen county line, while settlement was sparse, communities developed along the Bergen Turnpike at the Three Pigeons and Maisland, later New Durham. French botanist André Michaux developed his gardens nearby, on the Hudson River, Bulls Ferry became an important landing for crossings to Manhattan. North Bergen was incorporated as a township on April 10,1843, by an act of the New Jersey Legislature, at the time, the town included everything east of the Hackensack River and north of and including what is now Jersey City Heights. The entire region which is now known as North Hudson experienced massive immigration and urbanization during the half of the 19th century. Portions of the North Bergen were taken to form Hoboken Township, Hudson Town, Hudson City, Guttenberg, Weehawken, Union Township and West Hoboken Township, Union Hill town and Secaucus. During this era many of Hudson Countys cemeteries were developed along the western slope of the Hudson Palisades. The area was important destination during peak German immigration to the United States, further north, the Guttenburg Racetrack became a notable and notorious destination which after its closing became a proving ground for new technologies, the automobile and the airplane. Residential districts along and between the boulevards were developed, Bergenline Avenue, a broad street which accommodated the North Hudson County Railway streetcars to Nungessers became an important commercial and transit corridor. In 1935, in one of the most stunning upsets in boxing history, a resident of the town until his death, the county park in North Bergen is now named for him. Soon after the opening of the Lincoln Tunnel Approach, the Susquehanna Transfer was opened in August 1939 to accommodate passengers who wished to transfer to buses through the tunnel. At the time of its construction in 1949 the 760-foot WOR TV Tower, the former quarry remained an archeological site until at least 1980. In contrast to other Hudson County communities during the half of the century
North Bergen, New Jersey
–
View looking Eastward from Meadowlands to Hudson River
North Bergen, New Jersey
–
North Hudson Park and the
Stonehenge
North Bergen, New Jersey
–
On the western slope overlooking the Meadowlands
North Bergen, New Jersey
–
Woodcliff Treatment Plant at the foot of the Palisades
28.
New Jersey
–
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
New Jersey
–
The New Jersey Botanical Garden at Skylands in
Ringwood State Park,
Passaic and
Bergen Counties
New Jersey
–
Flag
New Jersey
–
Washington Crossing the Delaware during the
New York and New Jersey campaign, winter 1777
New Jersey
–
George Washington rallying his troops at the
Battle of Princeton
29.
George W. Bush
–
George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
George W. Bush
–
George W. Bush
George W. Bush
–
Lt. George W. Bush while in the
Texas Air National Guard
George W. Bush
–
George W. Bush with his father outside the White House, April 29, 1992
George W. Bush
–
Governor Bush (right) with father, former president
George H. W. Bush and wife, Laura, in 1997
30.
National Medal of Arts
–
The National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the United States Congress in 1984, for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts. A prestigious American honor, it is the highest honor given for achievement in the arts conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the people. Honorees are selected by the National Endowment for the Arts, the medal was designed for the NEA by sculptor Robert Graham. In 1989, composer and conductor, Leonard Bernstein refused his award, in 1997, poet Adrienne Rich refused her award as a protest against “inconsistencies” between art and “the cynical politics” of the Clinton White House administration. National Medal of Science National Medal of Technology and Innovation National Endowment for the Arts
National Medal of Arts
–
National Medal of Arts
National Medal of Arts
–
2005 National Medal of Arts awardees
31.
Oval Office
–
The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. It is located in the West Wing of the White House Complex, the room features three large south-facing windows behind the presidents desk, and a fireplace at the north end. Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their taste, choosing new furniture, new drapery. Artwork is selected from the White Houses own collection, or borrowed from museums for the term in office. The Oval Office has become associated in Americans minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. George Washington never occupied the White House and he spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years, 1790–1800, while Washington, D. C. was under construction. In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the Presidents House in Philadelphia, Washington received his guests, standing between the windows in his back drawing-room. The company, entering a front room and passing through a door, made their salutations to the President. The apsidal end of a room was a site of honor, for a host. President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in 1797, curved foundations of Washingtons Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the Presidents House site. Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792, the following month, he was named winner of the design competition for The White House. The elliptic salon at the center of the White House was the feature of Hobans original plan. An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism, Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture. In November 1800, John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House, during the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White Houses second-floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library. The one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast, dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan. Roosevelt moved the offices of the branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room. The furniture, including the desk, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A. H. Davenport and Company
Oval Office
–
President
Barack Obama edits his remarks in the Oval Office prior to making a televised statement detailing the
May 1, 2011 mission which killed Osama bin Laden.
Oval Office
–
The Oval Office in 1981, during the administration of
Ronald Reagan. President Reagan used the
Resolute Desk, which President
Jimmy Carter had returned to the White House. The rug from the
Gerald R. Ford administration was replaced when the Reagans redecorated in 1988.
Oval Office
–
President's House, Philadelphia, PA. George Washington's Bow Window is echoed in the shape of the Oval Office.
Oval Office
–
The
Yellow Oval Room as President
Grover Cleveland 's library and study, 1886. Note his use of the
Resolute Desk.
32.
Honorary Degree
–
An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows, Doctorate in Business Administration. The degree is conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitors contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in ones CV as an award, rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford and he later became Bishop of Salisbury. In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees, these nominees usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation, the dissertation et jure dignitatis is considered to be a full academic degree. Although higher doctorates such as DSc, DLitt, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, the university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff. The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees, some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy - see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities. A typical example of university regulations is, Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters and it is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of Doctor. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters h. c. after the award to indicate that status. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title Doctor prenominally, abbreviated Dr. h. c. or Dr. Sometimes, they use Hon before the letters, for example. In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate post nominal titles for honorary degrees and this is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. It is now common in countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD. For instance, a doctor of the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD. Some universities, including the Open University grant Doctorates of the University to selected nominees, most American universities award the degrees of LLD, LittD, LHD, ScD, PedD and DD only as honorary degrees
Honorary Degree
–
The honoris causa
doctorate received by
Jimmy Wales from the
University of Maastricht (2015).
Honorary Degree
–
Letter from
Ezra Stiles to
George Washington announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of
Yale College (1781).
Honorary Degree
–
Elena Ceauşescu becoming
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
University of Manila,
Philippines, in 1975
33.
Berklee College of Music
–
Berklee College of Music, located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, is the largest independent college of contemporary music in the world. Since 2012, Berklee College of Music has also operated a campus in Valencia, in December 2015, Berklee College of Music and the Boston Conservatory agreed to a merger. The combined institution will be known as Berklee, with the conservatory becoming The Boston Conservatory at Berklee, Berklee College of Music is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. NEASC is the accreditation agency for schools and colleges located in the New England region of the United States. In 1945 pianist, composer, arranger and MIT graduate Lawrence Berk founded Schillinger House, located at 284 Newbury St. in Bostons Back Bay, the school specialized in the Schillinger System of harmony and composition developed by Joseph Schillinger. Instrumental lessons and a few classes in theory, harmony. At first, most students were working professional musicians, many students were former World War II service members who attended under the G. I. Initial enrollment was fewer than 50 students, but by 1949 there were more than 500 students, Lawrence Berk placed great emphasis on learning from practitioners, as opposed to academics, and generally hired working musicians as faculty members. Several of the schools best-known musician-educators arrived after the name change. In 1956, trumpeter Herb Pomeroy joined the faculty and remained until his retirement in 1996, drummer Alan Dawson and saxophonist Charlie Mariano became faculty members in 1957. Reed player John LaPorta began teaching in 1962, like many of Berks ideas, this practice continues into the present. Another trend in the schools history also began the mid-1950s, during this period, the school began to attract international students in greater numbers. For example, Japanese pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi arrived in 1956, multiple Grammy-winning producer Arif Mardin came from Turkey to study at the school in 1958. In 1957, Berklee initiated the first of many applications of technology to music education with Jazz in the Classroom. The series, which continued until 1980, was a precursor to subsequent Berklee-affiliated recording labels, Berklee awarded its first bachelor of music degrees in 1966. Members of the first graduating class to receive degrees included Alf Clausen, Stephen Gould, Gould taught film scoring at Berklee and is currently the Program Director for the Educational Leadership PhD program at Lesley University. During the 1960s, the Berklee curriculum began to reflect new developments in music, such the rise of rock and roll, soul and funk. In 1962, Berklee offered the first college-level instrumental major for guitar, the guitar department initially had nine students, and today it is the largest single instrumental major at the college
Berklee College of Music
Berklee College of Music
–
Berklee College of Music
Berklee College of Music
–
Berklee classroom building at 130 Massachusetts Avenue
Berklee College of Music
–
Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in
Valencia,
Spain, photographed at night with the city in the background
34.
State University of New York at Old Westbury
–
The State University of New York College at Old Westbury is a public college that is part of the State University of New York system. The college is in Old Westbury, New York, with portions in the town of Jericho. With nearly 4,500 students, SUNY College at Old Westbury serves as the public liberal arts college on Long Island. The State University of New York College at Old Westbury was founded in 1965 by the State University of New York Board of Trustees and it began in 1968 at Planting Fields, the former Coe Estate and arboretum in Oyster Bay, New York. There are over 50 degrees available at the college, of the College’s 160 full-time professors, approximately 80% hold the highest degree in their discipline. Eight members of the faculty have been named Distinguished Teaching or Service Professors by the State University of New York, Old Westbury faculty members are engaged in research, publication, and public service. Academic offerings are housed in three schools, the School of Business is composed of the Accounting, Taxation and Business Law Department, the Management, Marketing and Department. The Colleges current president is Calvin O. Butts, III, the colleges school week runs on a Monday–Thursday schedule, instead of Monday–Friday as at most colleges and universities. Students taking science courses usually have labs scheduled on Fridays, the College also has a dry campus policy – no alcohol allowed. The Student Government also has a student senate and a judicial court, in addition, there are many clubs and organizations on campus serving student interests. OWWR, the campus webcasting station, also has its own news department hosting a weekly newscast and posting short news items, campus events. SUNY Old Westbury teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division III, the Panthers are a member of the Skyline Conference. The Clark Center is a venue for the Nassau County, New York high school basketball playoffs as well as some womens tournament games. The events are shown on local Cablevision TV outlets News 12 Long Island, other Nassau high school basketball events are staged at the C. W. Post Campus of Long Island Universitys Pratt Center, north of the Clark Center in the region of Brookville. The neighboring Jackie Robinson Athletic Complex, dedicated in 2006, adjoins the Clark Center and it includes a baseball stadium and softball field. The baseball stadium seatings more than 1,000 fans and a box is available for game announcers. Lights designed to meet NCAA tournament specifications offer one of the few outlets for night baseball in Nassau County, the College features two soccer fields, eight tennis courts, and two outdoor recreational basketball courts
State University of New York at Old Westbury
–
State University of New York College at Old Westbury
State University of New York at Old Westbury
–
University centers
35.
Brazilian Dreams
–
Brazilian Dreams is a live album by Cuban jazz performer Paquito DRivera. It was recorded at the Manchester Craftsmens Guild in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the album features guest performances by the American vocal group New York Voices and trumpeter Claudio Roditi. In the United States, it peaked at number 22 on Billboards Top Jazz Albums chart, the album earned DRivera the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album. Cuban saxophonist and clarinet player Paquito DRivera decided to record an album paying tribute to Brazilian music after being invited by several Brazilian performers to play their native music. DRivera also featured in Americanos, Latino Life in the United States, I feel a great passion for the culture and music of Brazil, and it gives me pleasure to declare publicly that my heart is half Brazilian, DRivera declared on his autobiography My Sax Life. The album features the American group New York Voices since DRivera has always been an admirer of vocal quartets and he further explained that in Cuba musicians listened to radio stations from Miami mostly for the jingles sung by gringo vocal groups. Brazilian Dreams was recorded live at the Manchester Craftsmens Guild in Pittsburgh, the album includes ten songs and features Kim Nazarian, Lauren Kinhan, Darmon Meader and Peter Eldridge of the New York Voices as backing vocalists. Performer Claudio Roditi is also featured playing trumpet, while DRivera plays clarinet, the first track, Corcovado, includes a vocal texture inspired by Brazilian vocal groups Quarteto em Cy, MPB4 and The Swingle Singers. One for Tom is based on Se todos fossem iguas a voce by Jobim, meu Amigo is supported by DRiveras clarinet and backing vocals in an exquisite interplay of harmonies and solo sax with the slightest bass. Retrato Em Branco E Prêto features Nazarian performing vocals in Portuguese language, Brazilian Dreams received mixed reviews from critics. C. Michael Bailey, also of All About Jazz, stated that the album is superb, morrice Blackwell of Jazz Review named the album a musical match made in heaven, praising the performers and the sound quality, considering that it is a live performance. Blackwell also commented on the Manchester Craftsmens Guild which continually offer a complete jazz experience, on a second review by Jazz Review, Lee Prosser referred to the album as a classic Brazilian music collection. Quinn was also critical of the repertoire since Brazil has produced more music than the usual 20 or 30 tunes that keep getting led to the butchers block, Brazilian Dreams reached number 35 at the CMJ Jazz Albums chart and peaked at number 22 on Billboards Top Jazz Albums chart
Brazilian Dreams
–
Brazilian Dreams
Brazilian Dreams
–
D'Rivera in 2013
36.
Grammy Awards of 2005
–
The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13,2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. They were hosted by Queen Latifah, and televised in the United States by CBS and they recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. Ray Charles, whom the event was dedicated in memory of, posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album, Genius Loves Company, usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R&B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions. Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit Toxic, the Black Eyed Peas, Gwen Stefani, Eve, Maroon 5, Los Lonely Boys and Franz Ferdinand performed a medley together. Usher performed with James Brown Kanye West performed Jesus Walks, bold type indicates the winner out of the list of nominees. Ray Charles five Grammy wins is the record for most posthumous Grammy Awards won in one night and he is the first artist to win a posthumous Album of the Year Grammy since John Lennon in 1982. In 2000 he won the Latin Grammy for Album of the Year for engineering Luis Miguels Amarte Es Un Placer
Grammy Awards of 2005
–
47th Annual Grammy Awards
37.
Grammy Awards of 2008
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The 50th Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, on February 10,2008. It honored musical achievement of 2007 in which albums were released between October 1,2006 through September 30,2007, two nights prior to the show Aretha Franklin was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year. The years big winner was Amy Winehouse, the 24-year-old singer had entered a drug rehabilitation program. American officials initially refused her a visa, they reversed the decision. She became the female solo artist to get five awards in one night, alongside Lauryn Hill, Norah Jones, Alicia Keys. The golden anniversary of the Grammys and NARAS was noted in references and performances throughout this years ceremony, Alicia Keys was the evenings opening musician, singing and playing piano alongside archived video and audio of Frank Sinatra. Special recognition of the contributions of The Beatles also featured. The Foo Fighters won Best Rock Album, and performed their nominated song The Pretender in a collaborative performance that involved a social media selection of classical musicians. The following is an alphabetical list of performers, the following is an alphabetical list of presenters. Bold type indicates the winner out of the list of nominees, – Akwid El Abayarde Contraataca – Tego Calderón Residente O Visitante – Calle 13 El Cartel, The Big Boss – Daddy Yankee Vacaneria. /. Blige When I See U – Fantasia No One – Alicia Keys If I Have My Way– Chrisette Michele Hate on Me– Jill Scott Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Woman – Raheem DeVaughn B. U. D. D. Y. Hermansen & Shaffer Smith No One songwriters, Dirty Harry, Kerry Brothers & Alicia Keys Teachme songwriters, Ivan Barias, Adam W. Blackstone, top 10 Grammy Performances NARAS CBS GRAMMY Site
Grammy Awards of 2008
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50th Annual Grammy Awards
38.
Panamericana Suite
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Panamericana Suite is a live album by Cuban jazz performer Paquito DRivera. It was released by MCG Jazz on November 2,2010, the album was produced by Jay and Marty Ashby, and features eight songs performed with several guest performers such as Brenda Feliciano, Dave Samuels and Diego Urcola, among others. Recorded live at the Manchester Craftsmens Guild in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in April 2008, Paquito DRivera recorded the track Panamericana in 2000, and was first performed at the Jazz at Lincoln Center. The same year was included in the album for the film Calle 54, directed by Fernando Trueba. Panamericana Suite takes its name after the song and was recorded live at the Manchester Craftsmens Guild in Pittsburgh, about its content, DRivera stated, I am an eclectic person. I grew up the son of a saxophone player who loved jazz. Growing up in Havana, Latin American music was in the air, the album includes Waltz for Moe, a jazz waltz that includes elements of joropo, and was written as a tribute to Canadian performer Moe Koffman. Con Alma is a written by Dizzy Gillespie, and arranged by Oscar Stagnaro, including the Peruvian rhythms festejo. Preludio No.3 is a tango and features Argentinean trumpeter Diego Urcola, mixing bandoneón, saxophone, Tojo is a candombe written in honor to Cuban trombonist Generoso El Tojo Jiménez. The title track includes musical styles such as milonga, danzón, bembé, cha cha chá, bossa nova, reggae. Fiddle Dreams is performed in the rhythm of classical, swing, Serenade, written by Carlos Franzetti, balances danza and timba. Puerto-Rican soprano Brenda Feliciano joins Song for Peace, a track with tango undertones, Panamericana Suite earned the Latin Grammy for Best Latin Jazz Album at the 12th Latin Grammy Awards, and the title track received the Latin Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition. Marty Ashby, the producer, said about the awards outcome. All tracks written and composed by Paquito DRivera, except Con Alma by Dizzy Gillespie, Preludio No.3 by Roberto Pansera and Serenade by Carlos Franzetti
Panamericana Suite
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Panamericana Suite
39.
Dizzy Gillespie
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John Birks Dizzy Gillespie was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, and singer. AllMusics Scott Yanow wrote, Dizzy Gillespies contributions to jazz were huge, Gillespie was a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuoso style of Roy Eldridge but adding layers of harmonic complexity previously unheard in jazz. His beret and horn-rimmed spectacles, his singing, his bent horn, pouched cheeks. In the 1940s Gillespie, with Charlie Parker, became a figure in the development of bebop. He taught and influenced other musicians, including trumpeters Miles Davis, Jon Faddis, Fats Navarro, Clifford Brown, Arturo Sandoval, Lee Morgan, Chuck Mangione. Gillespie was born in Cheraw, South Carolina, the youngest of nine children of James, James was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to the children. Gillespie started to play the piano at the age of four, Gillespies father died when he was only ten years old. Gillespie taught himself how to play the trombone as well as the trumpet by the age of twelve, from the night he heard his idol, Roy Eldridge, play on the radio, he dreamed of becoming a jazz musician. He received a scholarship to the Laurinburg Institute in North Carolina which he attended for two years before accompanying his family when they moved to Philadelphia. Teddy Hills band was where Gillespie made his first recording, King Porter Stomp, Willis was not immediately friendly but Gillespie was attracted anyway. The two finally married on May 9,1940 and they remained married until his death in 1993. Gillespie stayed with Teddy Hills band for a year, then left, in 1939, Gillespie joined Cab Calloways orchestra, with which he recorded one of his earliest compositions, the instrumental Pickin the Cabbage, in 1940. After a notorious altercation between the two men, Calloway fired Gillespie in late 1941, the incident is recounted by Gillespie, along with fellow Calloway band members Milt Hinton and Jonah Jones, in Jean Bachs 1997 film, The Spitball Story. Calloway did not approve of Gillespies mischievous humor, nor of his approach to soloing, according to Jones. Finally, their grudge for each other erupted over a thrown spitball, Calloway never thought highly of Gillespie, because he didnt view Gillespie as a good musician. Once during a rehearsal, a member of the band threw a spitball, already in a foul mood, Calloway decided to blame this on Gillespie. In order to clear his name, Gillespie didn’t take the blame, Calloway had minor cuts on the thigh and wrist. After the two men were separated, Calloway fired Gillespie, a few days later, Gillespie tried to apologize to Calloway, but he was dismissed
Dizzy Gillespie
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Gillespie in concert, Deauville,
Normandy, France
Dizzy Gillespie
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Dizzy Gillespie,
Tadd Dameron,
Hank Jones,
Mary Lou Williams and Milt Orent in 1947
Dizzy Gillespie
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Tadd Dameron, Mary Lou Williams and Dizzy Gillespie in 1947
Dizzy Gillespie
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Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie,
Ray Brown,
Milt Jackson and
Timme Rosenkrantz in September 1947, New York
40.
Lalo Schifrin
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Lalo Schifrin is an Argentine pianist, composer, arranger and conductor. He is best known for his body of film and TV scores since the 1950s, including the Theme from Mission. He has received four Grammy Awards and six Oscar nominations, associated with the jazz music genre, Schifrin is also noted for work with Clint Eastwood in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, particularly the Dirty Harry films. Schifrin was born in Buenos Aires and his father, Luis Schifrin, led the second violin section of the orchestra at the Teatro Colón for three decades. At the age of six, Schifrin began a course of study on piano with Enrique Barenboim. At age 16, Schifrin began studying piano with the Greek-Russian expatriate Andreas Karalis, former head of the Kiev Conservatory, during this time, Schifrin also became interested in jazz. Although Schifrin studied sociology and law at the University of Buenos Aires, at age 20, he successfully applied for a scholarship to the Paris Conservatoire. At night, he played jazz in the Paris clubs, in 1955, Schifrin played piano with Argentinian bandoneon giant Ástor Piazzolla, and represented his country at the International Jazz Festival in Paris. After returning home to Argentina in his twenties, Schifrin formed a jazz orchestra, Schifrin also began accepting other film, television and radio assignments. In 1956, Schifrin met Dizzy Gillespie and offered to write a work for Gillespies big band. Schifrin completed the work, Gillespiana, in 1958, later that year, Schifrin began working as an arranger for Xavier Cugats popular Latin dance orchestra. While in New York in 1960, Schifrin again met Gillespie, Gillespie invited Schifrin to fill the vacant piano chair in his quintet. Schifrin immediately accepted and moved to New York City, Schifrin wrote a second extended composition for Gillespie, The New Continent, which was recorded in 1962. In 1963, MGM, which had Schifrin under contract, offered the composer his first Hollywood film assignment with the African adventure Rhino, Schifrin moved to Hollywood late that year. One of Schifrins most recognizable and enduring compositions is the music for the long-running TV series Mission. It is a tune written in the uncommon 5/4 time signature. CBS Television used part of the theme of his St. Ives soundtrack for its broadcasts in the 1970s. Schifrins score for the 1968 film Coogans Bluff was the beginning of an association with Clint Eastwood
Lalo Schifrin
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In concert with the Big Band of the
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln, 2006
41.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
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