1.
Law clerk
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Judicial clerks often play significant roles in the formation of case law through their influence upon judges decisions. Judicial clerks should not be confused with legal clerks, court clerks, or courtroom deputies who only provide secretarial, Judicial clerks are generally recent law school graduates who performed at or near the top of their class. In some countries, judicial clerks are known as Judicial Associates or Judicial Assistants, in many nations, clerk duties are performed by permanent staff attorneys or junior apprentice-like judges, such as those that sit on Frances Conseil dÉtat. In English courts, they are known as Judicial Assistants, the European Court of Justice uses permanent staff attorneys and the Stagiaires. Australia, Canada, Sweden, and Brazil have notable clerk systems, most Canadian courts accept applications for judicial clerkships from graduating law students or experienced lawyers who have already been called to the Bar in Canada or abroad. Most provincial superior and appellate courts hire at least one clerk for each judge, typically students in their last two years of law school are eligible to apply for these positions, but increasingly, experienced practicing lawyers are also considered for these positions. The term typically lasts a year and generally fulfills the requirement for provincial law societies. The most prestigious clerkship available is with the countrys highest court, each Justice of the Supreme Court hires three clerks for a one-year period. The Federal Court of Appeal, which is based in Ottawa but hears cases across the country, selects 12 law clerks each year, the Federal Court also hires only one clerk per judge, or about 30 per year in total. The Court of Appeal for Ontario selects 17 law clerks, who serve one or two of the 24 Justices. The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan hires 3 clerks, each of whom are assigned to 2 to 3 judges, successful candidates for all clerkships are usually selected based on a distinguished academic record, academic recommendations, strong research and writing skills and interviews with judges. For both the Supreme Court of Canada and the Quebec Court of Appeal, being able to work in both English and French is strongly preferred, the Tax Court of Canada hires 12 clerks annually. Many law clerks have gone on to become leaders of the profession, mr. Justice Jean Cote of the Alberta Court of Appeal was one of the very first Supreme Court law clerks, serving as a clerk in the programs inaugural year. In England and Wales, law clerks are called Judicial Assistants and it is possible to be a Judicial Assistant at the Court of Appeal and at the UK Supreme Court. Only Supreme Court Judicial Assistants are appointed for a full-time, one fixed term appointment. Since 2006 they have taken part in a long exchange in Washington DC at the U. S. Supreme Court due to a friendship between Justice Antonin Scalia and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Sally Kenneys article on clerks, or Référendaires, on the European Court of Justice provides one detailed point of comparison, there are some major differences between ECJ clerks and their American counterparts, largely because of the way the ECJ is structured. One key difference is that ECJ clerks, while hired by individual judges and this gives ECJ clerks considerable expertise and power
2.
The Law Society of Upper Canada
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The Law Society of Upper Canada is the law society responsible for the self-regulation of lawyers and paralegals in the Canadian province of Ontario. The Law Society was created in 1797 to regulate the profession in the British colony of Upper Canada. The first home was at Wilsons Hotel at Newark, then from 1799 to 1832 at various locations at York until Osgoode Hall was built. The Law Society has continued to retain its name, even though Upper Canada ceased to exist as a political entity in 1841. The Society governed the legal profession in the coterminous Canada West from 1841 to 1867 and its creation was an innovation in the English-speaking world and it became the model for law societies across Canada and the United States. It is one of the oldest Law Societies in the English-speaking world, the Law Society regulates the more than 50,000 lawyers in Ontario. It is responsible for ensuring that lawyers are both ethical and competent, the Society has the power to set standards for admission into the profession. It is empowered to discipline lawyers who violate those standards, available sanctions range from admonitions to disbarment. It is based in Toronto, at Osgoode Hall, effective May 1,2007, as a result of amendments to Ontarios Law Society Act, the Law Society regulates more than 8,000 paralegal licensees in Ontario. Paralegals are licensed to provide limited services, such as providing representation before provincial tribunals. The following year, the society voted to add past decisions as well, the society is headed by a Treasurer. He or she is selected by the benchers, who comprise Convocation - in effect, all lawyer-benchers are elected by the Societys members, and eight lay Benchers are appointed by the provincial government. Section 12 of the Law Society Act, R. S. O, the regulator falls under the supervision of the Ministry of the Attorney General, according to the ministrys web site. The current Treasurer is Paul Schabas, the current CEO of the Society is Robert Lapper. In 2017, the Law Society has more than 500 staff, the Law Society is frequently named one of Greater Torontos Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. most recently in 2017. CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada Federation of Law Societies of Canada Official website Governing statute
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
Master's degree
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A masters degree normally requires previous study at the bachelors level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. The original meaning of the degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank of master in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi, initially, the Bachelor of Arts was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts for the study of the quadrivium. The nineteenth century saw an expansion in the variety of masters degrees offered. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England, when the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, the same as that in Europe. In the United States, the first masters degrees were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation, at Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the masters degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style 3 years after the BA. In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid nineteenth century, in Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. Probably the most important masters degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science, at the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858, in course, first awarded in 1859, and on examination, first awarded in 1862. The in course MS was last awarded in 1876, in Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. The same two degrees, again omitting the masters, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a Royal Commission suggested that Durham should award masters degrees in theology and science and this scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science degree was introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durhams MA in requiring an examination for those with an ordinary bachelors degree. The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process, leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area, as the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the masters degrees. In 1903, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs the most stupendous of academic frauds, in 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science, first awarded in 1902. This was the first masters degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA, the idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the masters degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK
5.
Legal writing
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Legal writing is a type of technical writing used by lawyers, judges, legislators, and others in law to express legal analysis and legal rights and duties. Legal writing in practice is used to advocate for or to express the resolution of a legal matter. Legal writing places heavy reliance on authority, in most legal writing, the writer must back up assertions and statements with citations to authority. This is accomplished by a unique and complicated system, unlike that used in any other genre of writing. The standard methods for American legal citation are defined by two competing rule books, the ALWD Citation Manual, A Professional System of Citation and The Bluebook, different methods may be used in other countries. Legal writing values precedent, as distinct from authority, precedent means the way things have been done before. For example, a lawyer who must prepare a contract and who has prepared a contract before will often re-use, with limited changes. Or a lawyer who has filed a motion to dismiss a lawsuit may use the same or a very similar form of motion again in another case. Many lawyers use and re-use written documents in this way and call these re-usable documents templates or, less commonly, forms. Legal writing extensively uses technical terminology that can be categorised in four ways, Specialized words and phrases unique to law, e. g. tort, fee simple, ordinary words having different meanings in law, e. g. action, consideration, execute, and party. These features tend to make legal writing formal and this formality can take the form of long sentences, complex constructions, archaic and hyper-formal vocabulary, and a focus on content to the exclusion of reader needs. Some of this formality in legal writing is necessary and desirable, given the importance of legal documents. Yet not all formality in legal writing is justified, to the extent that formality produces opacity and imprecision, it is undesirable. To the extent that formality hinders reader comprehension, it is less desirable, in particular, when legal content must be conveyed to nonlawyers, formality should give way to clear communication. What is crucial in setting the level of formality in any document is assessing the needs. For example, a brief to the highest court in a jurisdiction calls for a formal style—this shows proper respect for the court. An interoffice legal memorandum to a supervisor can probably be less formal—though not colloquial—because it is an in-house decision-making tool, and an email message to a friend and client, updating the status of a legal matter, is appropriately informal. Transaction documents—legal drafting—fall on a similar continuum, a 150-page merger agreement between two large corporations, in which both sides are represented by counsel, will be highly formal—and should also be accurate, precise, and airtight
6.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
7.
Legal management
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Legal management is an academic and professional discipline that is a hybrid between the study of law and management. It is generally considered as the best preparatory law program for those who aspire to become members of a bar, the degree was designed in the Philippines and was first introduced in Ateneo de Manila University in the 1980s by former Philippine Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona. It is also offered in the United States, most notably, guimbal is the national president of ALMAP for the academic year 2016-2017. Legal management is offered in multiple degree formats depending on the offering college or university. Its variety and flexibility is a point among schools that have it in their roster of academic degrees. Some capitalise in the aspects, while others for the business aspects. Some schools may offer the degree either as a predominantly preparatory law programme, core subjects include, law, philosophy, literature and management. Depending on the school, the ratio of law courses to management courses vary between 40,60 to 90,10, Graduate degrees in the discipline are offered in multiple colleges and universities in the United States. President of the Harvard Law School Student Council and Harvard Club of the Philippines, tionko - Partner, Sycip Gorres Velayo & Co. Camille Maria L. Castolo 10 Class Valedictorian - Legal 500 Lawyer, enrique V. dela Cruz, Jr.96 - Provincial Board Member, Provincial Government of Bulacan. John F. Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University Alumni, University of London Alumni, Fulbright, gerardo Domenico Lanuza 06 - Director, Philippine Realty and Holdings Corporation & Vice President, Campos, Lanuza & Co. Inc. Melo - Former Editor-in-Chief, Ateneo Law Journal, dr Marcial Orlando A. Balgos - Professor, Ateneo Graduate School of Business. Nielson Pangan 10 -2014 Philippine Bar Exam Topnotcher, rasmon Tuazon 03 - Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature Laureate and UST Rectors Literary Awardee. Sam Y. G.05 - Actor, Host, teodoro Kalaw IV - Harvard Law School Ll. M. Pre law Legal Education Bachelor of Laws Juris Doctor List of academic disciplines Political Science Paralegal
8.
Workplace Safety and Insurance Board
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WSIB was established in 1998 following the dissolution of its predecessor organization. Its headquarters occupy 24 floors of the Simcoe Place skyscraper in downtown Toronto, the Workers Compensation Board was formed in 1914 when the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed the Workmens Compensation Act. The Workplace Safety and Insurance Act, passed by the Legislative Assembly in 1998, repealed the previous legislation, the former Workmans Compensation Boards offices were at 90 Harbour Street from 1953 to 1973 and later at Sheppard Avenue and Highway 400. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Occupational safety and health Official website
9.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
10.
Unauthorized practice of law
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However, there is a substantial amount of overlap between the practice of law and various other professions where clients are represented by agents. These professions include real estate, banking, accounting, and insurance, moreover, a growing number of legal document assistants are offering services which have traditionally been offered only by lawyers and their employee paralegals. Many documents may now be created by computer-assisted drafting libraries, where the clients are asked a series of questions that are posed by the software in order to construct the legal documents. In the United States, the practice of law is conditioned upon admission to practice of law, Unauthorized practice of law is an act sometimes prohibited by statute, regulation, or court rules. The definition of unauthorized practice of law is variable, and is often conclusory and tautological, there is some agreement that appearing in a legally constituted court in a legal proceeding to represent clients is considered to be unauthorized practice of law. But other variations are subject to interpretation and conflicting regulation, particularly as to the scope and breadth of the prohibition. Blacks Law Dictionary defines unauthorized practice of law as The practice of law by a person, typically a nonlawyer, certain activities, such as the representation of another person in litigation, are generally proscribed. Even in that area, many jurisdictions recognize exceptions for such matters as small-claims and landlord-tenant tribunals, moreover, many jurisdictions have authorized law students and others not locally admitted to represent indigent persons or others as part of clinical legal education programs. What is more controversial is out-of-court activities, particularly drafting of documents and giving advice, some states have defined the practice of law to include those who appear as a representative in arbitration or act as arbitrators in disputes. For example, there is a conflict between the multijurisdictional practice of law in arbitration proceedings in the financial service industry and state regulation of lawyers. With a few exceptions, the rule is that an appearance at an arbitration does not constitute the practice of law. The United States bankruptcy court for the Eastern District of Tennessee has held that clients with explanations or definitions of such legal terms of art. Is, by itself, giving legal advice, texas law generally prohibits a person who is not an attorney from representing a client in a personal injury or property damage matter, and punishes a violation as a misdemeanor. Some states also criminalize the separate behavior of falsely claiming to be lawyer, criminal laws and enforcement of Unauthorized Practice of Law statutes is the organized bars preferred method. In Florida, the practice of law is a third degree felony. In a 2015 survey by the American Bar Association, Florida had the largest budget—$1.8 million—nationwide for prosecuting the unauthorized practice of law, the judge observed that the legal profession is “a cartel of providers of services relating to society’s laws” which cartels focus is to restrict entry. Modern economists call it rent seeking, but throughout recorded history, skilled crafts, the practice of law was not formally regulated in Arizona for a time. However, the Arizona Supreme Court found independent inherent authority to regulate the practice of law, arizonas statute criminalizing unauthorized practice of law was allowed to lapse from a sunset law in 1985
11.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
12.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
13.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
14.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
15.
David Paterson
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David Alexander Paterson is an American politician who served as the 55th Governor of New York, in office from 2008 to 2010. He was the first African American governor of New York and also the second legally blind governor of any U. S. state after Bob C, riley, who was Acting Governor of Arkansas for 11 days in January 1975. After graduating from Hofstra Law School, Paterson worked in the District Attorneys office of Queens County, New York, and on the staff of Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins. In 1985, he was elected to the New York State Senate to a seat that was held by his father, former New York Secretary of State Basil Paterson. In 2003, he rose to the position of Senate Minority Leader, Paterson was selected as running mate by then-New York Attorney General and Democratic Party gubernatorial nominee Eliot Spitzer in the 2006 New York gubernatorial election. Spitzer and Paterson were elected in November 2006 with 69 percent of the vote, when Spitzer resigned in the wake of a prostitution scandal, Paterson was sworn in as governor of New York on March 17,2008. Paterson launched a campaign for a full term as governor in the 2010 gubernatorial election, but announced on February 26,2010. David Paterson was born in Brooklyn to Portia Paterson, a homemaker, Basil Paterson was later a New York state senator and secretary of state, and served as deputy mayor of New York City. According to a New York Now interview, Paterson traces his roots on his mothers side of the family to pre-Civil War African American slaves in the states of North Carolina and his paternal grandmother, a Jamaican, Evangeline Rondon Paterson was secretary to Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. His paternal grandfather was Leonard James Paterson, a native of Carriacou who arrived in the United States aboard the S. S. Vestris on May 16,1917 and it was reported by The Genetic Genealogist in March 2008 that Paterson had recently undergone genetic genealogy testing. At the age of three months, Paterson contracted an ear infection which spread to his optic nerve, leaving him with no sight in his left eye, Paterson was the first disabled student in the Hempstead public schools, graduating from Hempstead High School in 1971. Paterson received a B. A. in History from Columbia College of Columbia University in 1977, after law school, he went to work for the Queens District Attorneys Office, but did not pass the New York bar examination, thus not becoming an Attorney at law. He claimed that his failing the New York bar was partially the result of insufficient accommodation for his visual impairment, while he was governor, Patersons staff read documents to him over voice mail. Paterson was the first governor of New York to be partly blind, Paterson and his wife, Michelle Paige Paterson, separated after 19 years of marriage in September 2012. In 1985, Paterson resigned from the Queens District Attorneys office so he could join the campaign of city clerk David Dinkins to win the Democratic nomination for Manhattan Borough President. That summer, on August 6, state senator Leon Bogues died, in mid-September, a meeting of 648 Democratic committee members on the first ballot gave Paterson 58% of the vote, giving him the party nomination. That October, Paterson won the virtually uncontested special State Senate election, at the time, the 29th Senate district covered the Manhattan neighborhoods of Harlem, Manhattan Valley and the Upper West Side, the same district that Patersons father had represented. Upon his election, Paterson became the youngest State Senator in Albany
16.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
17.
Jennifer Granholm
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She is currently an MSNBC political contributor. In January 2017, she became a CNN political contributor, born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Granholm moved from Canada to California at age four. She graduated from San Carlos High School and briefly attempted a career, then held a variety of jobs before attending the University of California. She graduated with a BA in 1984 and then with a JD from Harvard Law School, Granholm ran for Attorney General of Michigan in 1998 to succeed thirty-seven year Democratic incumbent Frank J. Kelley. She defeated Republican John Smietanka, the 1994 nominee and former U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Michigan, by 52% to 48% and she ran for Governor in 2002 to succeed Republican John Engler. She defeated Englers Lieutenant Governor Dick Posthumus by 51% to 47% and she was re-elected to a second term in 2006 against Republican businessman Dick DeVos by a large margin and served until January 1,2011, when she was term-limited. As Governor, Granholm received praise for her focus on renewable energy and she was a member of the presidential transition team for Barack Obama before he assumed office on January 20,2009. Later she became host of The War Room with Jennifer Granholm on Current TV and has been a supporter of Obamas re-election campaign in 2012. Granholm was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to Shirley Alfreda and Victor Ivar Granholm, Granholms maternal grandparents came from Ireland and Newfoundland. Her paternal grandmother was an emigrant from Norway and her grandfather, who immigrated to Canada in the 1930s, came from Robertsfors, Sweden. Granholms family moved to California when she was four years old and she grew up in Anaheim, San Jose, and San Carlos. Granholm graduated from San Carlos High School in 1977 and won the Miss San Carlos beauty pageant, as a young adult she attempted to launch a Hollywood acting career but was unsuccessful and abandoned her efforts at the age of 21. In 1980, at the age of 21 years, she became a naturalized U. S. citizen, andersons campaign for President of the United States as an Independent in the 1980 election. She then enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, the first person in her family to do so, joining Phi Beta Kappa and graduating in 1984 with a B. A. in Political Science and French. During a year in France, she helped to smuggle clothes and medical supplies to Jewish people in the Soviet Union and she then earned a Juris Doctor degree at Harvard University, also with honors, in 1987. At Harvard Law School, Granholm served as Editor-in-Chief of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, after graduating, Granholm clerked for Judge Damon Keith, a Senior Judge on the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, from 1987 to 1988. She also worked for the Michael Dukakis campaign for President in the 1988 election, after working as an attorney in the Wayne County executive office from 1989 to 1991, she became an Assistant U. S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan in 1991. She helped to drug dealers, gang members and child pornographers, sued the state
18.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
19.
Idaho
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Idaho is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast, Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, to the north, it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia. With a population of around 1.7 million people and an area of 83,569 square miles, Idaho is the 14th largest, the states capital and largest city is Boise. Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited solely by Native American peoples, in the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country, an area disputed between the U. S. and the United Kingdom. Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3,1890, forming part of the Pacific Northwest, Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions. In the states north, the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle is closely linked with Eastern Washington, the states south includes the Snake River Plain, while the south-east incorporates part of the Great Basin. Idaho is quite mountainous, and contains several stretches of the Rocky Mountains, additionally, around 38 percent of Idahos land is held by the United States Forest Service, the most of any state. Industries significant for the economy include manufacturing, agriculture, mining, forestry. Idahos agricultural sector supplies a number of different products, but the state is best known for its potato crop, the official state nickname is the Gem State, which references Idahos reputation for gemstones and, more broadly, its many wilderness areas. The exact origin of the remains a mystery. Willing later claimed that he had invented the name. Congress ultimately decided to name the area Colorado Territory when it was created in February 1861, thinking they would get a jump on the name, locals named a community in Colorado Idaho Springs. However, the name Idaho did not fall into obscurity, the same year Congress created Colorado Territory, a county called Idaho County was created in eastern Washington Territory. The county was named after a steamship named Idaho, which was launched on the Columbia River in 1860 and it is unclear whether the steamship was named before or after Willings claim was revealed. Regardless, a portion of Washington Territory, including Idaho County, was used to create Idaho Territory in 1863. Despite this lack of evidence for the origin of the name, the name Idaho may be derived from the Plains Apache word ídaahę́, which means enemy. The Comanches used this word to refer to the Idaho Territory, a 1956 Idaho history textbook says, Idaho is a Shoshoni Indian exclamation. The word consists of three parts, the first is Ee, which in English conveys the idea of coming down
20.
Jim Risch
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James Elroy Jim Risch is an American Republican politician, rancher, and attorney from Ada County, Idaho, currently serving as the junior United States Senator from Idaho. He previously served as the 39th and 41st Lieutenant Governor and the 31st Governor of Idaho, born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Risch is the son of Helen B. and Elroy A. Risch, a lineman for the local telephone company. His father was of German descent, and his mother was of Irish, Scottish, Risch attended the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 1961 to 1963, then transferred to the University of Idaho in Moscow, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He obtained his B. S. in Forestry in 1965, and continued his education at the universitys College of Law, serving on Law Review, Risch entered politics in 1970 in Boise at age 27, winning election as Ada County prosecuting attorney. While serving in this capacity, he taught classes in criminal justice at Boise State College. Risch was first elected to the Idaho Senate from Ada County in 1974 and he entered the state senate leadership in 1976, serving as Majority Leader and later as President Pro Tempore. During his first senatorial term, Risch earned the reputation of being a bully due to his efforts to more junior members to vote with him. In a dramatic upset, Risch was defeated for reelection in 1988 by Democratic political newcomer, as of mid-2006, it remains Idahos most expensive legislative contest. In the second defeat of his career, Risch lost the 1994 primary election for a state senate seat to Roger Madsen. Risch returned to the senate in 1995, as an appointee of Governor Phil Batt. In January 2001, Risch had his eye on the lieutenant governors seat vacated by Butch Otter, however, Governor Dirk Kempthorne appointed state senator Jack Riggs of Coeur dAlene to the post instead. The following year Risch defeated Riggs in the Republican primary and won the election, spending $360,000 of his own money to win the $27,000 a year. On May 26,2006, Risch became Governor of Idaho when Kempthorne resigned to become the U. S. Secretary of the Interior, Risch appointed Mark Ricks to serve as his Lt. Governor. Risch served out the seven months of Kempthornes term, which ended in January 2007. In August 2006, Risch called a session of the Idaho Legislature to consider his proposed property tax reform bill. Risch was expected to enter the 2006 Republican gubernatorial primary to succeed Kempthorne, congressman Otter had announced his candidacy for the position in December 2004, and had gained a significant headstart in campaigning and fundraising. In November 2005, Risch announced his intention to seek election again as lieutenant governor, Risch was unopposed for the 2006 Republican nomination for lieutenant governor and defeated former Democratic U. S. congressman Larry LaRocco in the general election. Rischs term as governor ended in January 2007 and he returned to the role of lieutenant governor, Risch resigned as lieutenant governor to take his seat in the Senate on January 3,2009
21.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
22.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
23.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
24.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
25.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
26.
Gray Davis
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Joseph Graham Gray Davis, Jr. is an American politician and attorney who served as the 37th Governor of California from 1999 to 2003. A member of the Democratic Party, only months into his term, in 2003 Davis was recalled and removed from office. Prior to serving as governor, Davis was chief of staff to Governor Jerry Brown, a California State Assemblyman, California State Controller, Davis holds a B. A. in history from Stanford University and a J. D. from Columbia Law School. He was awarded a Bronze Star for his service as a Captain in the Vietnam War, during his time as governor, Davis made education his top priority and California spent eight billion dollars more than was required under Proposition 98 during his first term. Under Davis, California standardized test scores increased for five straight years, Davis signed the nations first state law requiring automakers to limit auto emissions. Davis supported laws to ban assault weapons and he is credited with improving relations between California and Mexico. Voters were also alienated by Daviss record-breaking fundraising efforts and negative campaigning and he was succeeded in office on November 17,2003 by actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who won the recall replacement race. Davis spent 1,778 days as governor and signed 5,132 bills out of 6,244, vetoing 1,112 bills. Since being recalled, Davis has worked as a lecturer at the UCLA School of Public Affairs, as an attorney at Loeb & Loeb, Davis was born in the Bronx, New York City, the son of Doris Morell and Joseph G. Davis. Davis moved to California with his family as a child in 1954 and he was the first of the familys five children, three boys and two girls. He was raised a Roman Catholic, Davis and his family were one of the millions of Americans to migrate to the southwest and California as part of the post-World War II sun belt migration. His diverse educational experiences at public, private and Catholic schools allowed him an opportunity to all three systems as a lawmaker. Davis graduated from a North Hollywood military academy, the Harvard School for Boys, Davis family was upper middle class and was led by his demanding mother. Davis was nicknamed Gray by his mother and his father, Joseph Graham Davis, Sr. an advertising manager at Time Inc. and an alcoholic, was the son of businessman William Rhodes Davis. His strong academic accomplishments earned him acceptance to Stanford University and he played on the Stanford golf team with a two handicap. After Davis entered Stanford University, his left the family. The deal included a promise to enter the regular Army after completing his education and he earned a Bachelor of Arts in history at Stanford, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, graduating in 1964 with distinction. He then returned to New York City to attend Columbia Law School where he won the Moot Court award, during law school Davis had a romantic encounter with actress Cybill Shepherd
27.
Physician assistant
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A physician assistant or physician associate is a healthcare professional who practices medicine as a part of a healthcare team with supervising physicians and other providers. In the United States, PAs are nationally certified and state licensed to practice medicine, a certified PA may use C at the end of his/her credentials. PAs are trained using the model and complete these qualifications in less time than a traditional medical degree. The PA education model is based on the training of doctors during World War II. PAs are concerned with preventing and treating illness and injury by providing a broad range of health care services with a supervising physician. Their scope of practice can vary according to jurisdiction and healthcare setting and they train to work in settings such as hospitals, clinics and other types of health facilities, or in academic administration, and exercise autonomy in medical decision making. PAs practice primary care or medical specialties, including medicine, surgery, cardiology. Renewal of licensure is necessary every few years, varying by jurisdiction. Dr. Eugene A. Stead, Jr. of the Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina assembled the first class of physician assistants in 1965 and he based the curriculum of the PA program on his first-hand knowledge of the fast-track training of medical doctors during World War II. And Dr. J. Willis Hurst started the Emory University Physician Assistant Program in 1967, although the PA profession has historically consisted mostly of men, by 2003 women constituted nearly 60% of physician assistants in the United States. The PA profession has expanded globally and it can now be found in Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Germany, Ghana, India, Israel, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. As of October 2015, there are approximately 400 PAs working in settings in Canada. The first formally trained PAs graduated in 1984 from the Canadian Forces Medical Services School at Borden, the Canadian Medical Association recognized the PA as a health professional in 2003. The first civilian PA education programs were launched in 2008 at the University of Manitoba, in 2010, a third civilian program was launched by the Consortium of PA Education. PAs are currently practicing across Canada in the Canadian Armed Forces and are working in the health care system in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick. PAs are regulated in Manitoba and New Brunswick by the provincial college of physicians and surgeons. In both Ontario and Alberta, the profession is not regulated, however, the Ontario Minister of Health has recommended that a mandatory registry be established which would be governed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. In Alberta, a voluntary registry has been established for PAs under the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, PAs are permitted to practice, by way of delegation, under the provincial Medical Act
28.
Erin Brockovich
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Her successful lawsuit was the subject of a 2000 film, Erin Brockovich, which starred Julia Roberts. Since then, Brockovich has become a personality as well, hosting the TV series Challenge America with Erin Brockovich on ABC. She is the president of Brockovich Research & Consulting and she also works as a consultant for Girardi & Keese, the New York law firm of Weitz & Luxenberg, which has a focus on personal injury claims for asbestos exposure, and Shine Lawyers in Australia. She was born Erin Pattee in Lawrence, Kansas, the daughter of Betty Jo, a journalist, and Frank Pattee and she has two brothers, Frank Jr. and Thomas, and a sister, Jodie. She graduated from Lawrence High School, then attended Kansas State University, in Manhattan, Kansas and she worked as a management trainee for Kmart in 1981 but quit after a few months and entered a beauty pageant. She won Miss Pacific Coast in 1981 and left the beauty pageant after the win and she has lived in California since 1982. The case alleged contamination of drinking water with hexavalent chromium in the southern California town of Hinkley, at the center of the case was a facility, the Hinkley compressor station, built in 1952 as a part of a natural-gas pipeline connecting to the San Francisco Bay Area. Between 1952 and 1966, PG&E used hexavalent chromium in a tower system to fight corrosion. The wastewater was discharged to unlined ponds at the site, and some percolated into the groundwater, the Regional Water Quality Control Board put the PG&E site under its regulations in 1968. The case was settled in 1996 for US$333 million, the largest settlement ever paid in a lawsuit in U. S. history. Masry & Vititoe, the law firm for which Brockovich was a clerk, received $133.6 million of that settlement. A study released in 2010 by the California Cancer Registry showed that cancer rates in Hinkley remained unremarkable from 1988 to 2008, however, a June 2013 Mother Jones magazine article featured an extensive critique from the Center for Public Integrity of the authors work on the later epidemiological studies. As of 2006, average Cr-6 levels in Hinkley were recorded as 1.19 ppb with a peak of 3.09 ppb. For comparison, the PG&E Topock Compressor Station on the California-Arizona border averaged 7.8 ppb with peaks of 31.8 ppb based on a PG&E Background Study. Working with Edward L. Masry, a lawyer based in Thousand Oaks, California, one suit accused the Whitman Corporation of chromium contamination in Willits, California. Another, which listed 1,200 plaintiffs, alleged contamination near PG&Es Kettleman Hills compressor station in Kings County, California, the Kettleman suit was settled for $335 million in 2006. In 2003, Brockovich received settlements of $430,000 from two parties and an amount from a third party to settle her lawsuit alleging toxic mold in her Agoura Hills, California. After experiencing problems with mold contamination in her own home in the Conejo Valley, Brockovich became a prominent activist, Brockovich and Masry alleged that 300 cancer cases were linked to the oil wells
29.
Toxic tort
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A toxic tort is a particular type of personal injury lawsuit in which the plaintiff claims that exposure to a chemical caused the plaintiffs injury or disease. People are typically exposed to chemicals from pharmaceuticals, from consumer products, from the environment, in the home. Most toxic tort cases arise either from exposure to drugs or occupational exposures. There have also been many occupational toxic tort cases, because industrial and other workers are often exposed to toxic chemicals - more so than consumers. Most of the law in this area arises from asbestos exposure, however, thousands of toxic chemicals are used in industry and workers in these areas can experience a variety of toxic injuries. e. Most pharmaceutical toxic injury cases are mass tort cases, as drugs are consumed by thousands of people and they are often litigated against drug manufacturers and distributors, as well as prescribing physicians. Pharmaceutical toxic tort cases differ from medical malpractice suits in that pharmaceutical toxic tort cases are essentially product liability cases, the defective product being the drug. The home has become the subject of toxic tort litigation, due to exposure to mold contamination, construction materials such as wood or carpeting treated with formaldehyde. People can also be injured from environmental toxins in the air or in drinking water, in recent years, lawyers have been filing an increasing number of environmental toxic tort cases
30.
Eagle Eye
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The plot follows two strangers who must go on the run together after receiving a mysterious phone call from an unknown woman who is using technology to track them. The film was released in theaters and IMAX theaters on September 26,2008. Jerry Shaw is a Stanford University dropout who learns his identical twin brother Ethan, following the funeral, Jerry is surprised to find $751,000 in his bank account. Later he finds his Chicago apartment filled with weapons, ammonium nitrate, classified DOD documents and he receives a phone call from a woman who warns that the FBI is about to arrest him and he needs to run. Disbelieving, Jerry is caught by the FBI and interrogated by Supervising Agent Tom Morgan, while Morgan confers with Air Force OSI Special Agent Zoe Pérez, the woman on the phone arranges for Jerrys escape and directs him to Rachel Holloman, a single mother. The woman on the phone is coercing Rachel by threatening her son Sam, the woman on the phone helps the two avoid the Chicago police and FBI, using an ability to control networked devices, including traffic lights, mobile phones, automated cranes, and even power lines. Meanwhile, the woman on the phone redirects a crystal of powerful DOD explosive—hexamethylene—to a gemcutter, another man steals Sams trumpet in Chicago and fits the crystals sonic trigger into the tubing, before forwarding it to Sam in Washington, D. C. Agent Perez is summoned by Secretary of Defense George Callister to be read into Ethans job at the Pentagon, Ethan monitored the DODs top secret intelligence-gathering supercomputer, the Autonomous Reconnaissance Intelligence Integration Analyst. Callister leaves Perez with Major William Bowman and ARIIA to investigate Ethan Shaws death, Perez and Bowman find evidence that Ethan Shaw hid in ARIIAs chamber, and leave to brief Callister. Afterwards, ARIIA smuggles Jerry and Rachel into her observation theater under the Pentagon, one of ARIIAs agents extracts Rachel from the Pentagon and gives her a dress and the explosive necklace to wear to the SOTU. Sams school band has also redirected to the United States Capitol to play for the president, bringing the trigger in Sams trumpet. Jerry is recaptured by Agent Morgan, who has become convinced of Jerrys innocence, elsewhere, Morgan sacrifices himself to stop an armed MQ-9 Reaper sent by ARIIA, but first gives Jerry his weapon and ID with which to gain entrance to the Capitol. Arriving in the House Chamber, Jerry fires the handgun in the air to disrupt the concert before being shot, shia LaBeouf as Jerry Shaw and Ethan Shaw, twin brothers. Michelle Monaghan as Rachel Holloman, a woman who is being coerced by ARIIA, julianne Moore as the voice of the super computer ARIIA, aka the unknown woman. Rosario Dawson as Zoë Perez, an Air Force Office of Special Investigations Agent, michael Chiklis as George Callister, the US Secretary of Defense. Anthony Mackie as Major William Bowman Ethan Embry as Toby Grant, billy Bob Thornton as Tom Morgan, an FBI agent. Anthony Azizi as Ranim Khalid Cameron Boyce as Sam Holloman, Rachels son, screenwriter Dan McDermott wrote the original script for Eagle Eye based on an idea by Steven Spielberg who had been inspired by Isaac Asimovs short story All the Troubles of the World. The studio DreamWorks then bought McDermotts script and set up the project to potentially be directed by Spielberg, when the director became busy with Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, he dropped out of the project
31.
Shia LaBeouf
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Shia Saide LaBeouf is an American actor, performance artist, and filmmaker. He made his debut in Holes, based on the novel of the same name by Louis Sachar. In 2004, he made his debut with the short film Lets Love Hate and later directed a short film titled Maniac, starring American rappers Cage. In 2007, LaBeouf starred in the successful films Disturbia. The same year he was cast in Michael Bays science fiction film Transformers as Sam Witwicky, despite mixed reviews, Transformers was a box office success and one of the highest-grossing films of 2007. LaBeouf later appeared in its sequels Transformers, Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers, Dark of the Moon, in 2008, he played Henry Mutt Williams Jones III in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, the fourth film in the Indiana Jones franchise. His other films include Wall Street, Money Never Sleeps, Lawless, The Company You Keep, Nymphomaniac, since 2014, LaBeouf has pursued a variety of public performance art projects with LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner. LaBeouf was born in Los Angeles, California, as the child of Shayna. His mother is a dancer and ballerina turned visual artist and clothing jewelry designer and his father is a Vietnam War veteran who had numerous jobs. LaBeoufs mother is Jewish, and his father, who is of Cajun descent, is Christian, LaBeouf has described himself as Jewish, and has stated that he was raised around both sides, he had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony, and was also baptized in the Angelus church. One of the camps he attended was Christian and his first name is derived from the Hebrew shai Yah, meaning gift of God. During his childhood, he accompanied his father to meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous, LaBeouf has also said he was subjected to verbal and mental abuse by his father, who once pointed a gun at his son during a Vietnam War flashback. LaBeouf has stated that his father was on drugs during his childhood, LaBeoufs uncle was going to adopt him at one stage because his parents could not afford to have him anymore and they had too much pride to go on welfare or food stamps. As a way of dealing with his parents divorce, he would perform for his family, LaBeouf remains close to and financially supports both of his parents. He attended 32nd Street Visual and Performing Arts Magnet in Los Angeles and Alexander Hamilton High School, in an interview, LaBeouf said that, looking back on his childhood, he feels grateful and considers some of those memories scars. Prior to acting, LaBeouf practiced comedy around his neighborhood as an escape from a hostile environment, at age 10, he began performing stand-up at comedy clubs, describing his appeal as having disgustingly dirty material and a 50-year-old mouth on the 10-year-old kid. He subsequently found an agent through the Yellow Pages and was taken on after pretending to be his own manager. In the early 2000s, LaBeouf became known among young audiences after playing Louis Stevens on the Disney Channel weekly program Even Stevens and he has said that grew up on that show and being cast was the best thing that happened to him
32.
Michelle Monaghan
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Monaghan was born in Winthrop, Iowa, the daughter of Sharon, who ran a day care center in the familys home for forty years, and Robert Monaghan, a factory worker. She has two brothers, Bob and John. Her parents brought up twelve foster children over a period of twelve years, Monaghan has Irish and German ancestry, and was raised Catholic. She graduated from East Buchanan High School in 1994, where she was class president, after graduation, she moved to Chicago to study journalism at Columbia College Chicago and began to model. She modeled in Milan, Singapore, Tokyo and Hong Kong, monaghans first notable appearances, though minor roles, were in episodes of Young Americans, and Law & Order, Special Victims Unit, came in 2001. She made her big screen debut year in the small role of Henrietta in the movie Perfume. This was followed by another role in Unfaithful in 2002. Monaghan got a role in 2002 when she co-starred in the television series Boston Public playing the role of Kimberly Woods. She also appears in Constantine in 2005, but her role in film was essentially cut. In 2007, she co-starred with Ben Stiller in The Heartbreak Kid, in 2008, she co-starred with Patrick Dempsey in Made of Honor, and co-starred with Shia LaBeouf in Eagle Eye. She starred alongside Jake Gyllenhaal in Source Code and she played Diane Ford in Trucker. Monaghan starred in the critically acclaimed HBO anthology series True Detective, in April 2016, Monaghan was reported to have joined the principal cast of Shawn Christensens independent feature film Sidney Hall, which began filming later that month. The film was set to premiere on January 25,2017, Monaghan met Australian graphic artist Peter White at a party in 2000. They married in Sydney five years later in August 2005 and live in New York and she gave birth to their daughter in 2008, and their son on October 30,2013. In 2011, Monaghan had a mole on the back of her calf and it was diagnosed as skin cancer. Michelle Monaghan at the Internet Movie Database Michelle Monaghan interview at reviewgraveyard. com Profile of Michelle Monaghan
33.
Della Street
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Della was forced to get a job as a secretary. By the time of the TV series in the 1950s and 1960s, according to The Case of The Caretakers Cat, she is about 15 years younger than Perry Mason. A character named Della Street first appeared in Gardners unpublished novel Reasonable Doubt, where she was a secretary, Gardner described her this way, Della Street … Secretary, twenty-seven, quiet, fast as hell on her feet, had been places. When Gardner submitted Reasonable Doubt to William Morrow, an editor suggested that Della Street is a character than the secretary. Gardner took this suggestion when he rewrote Reasonable Doubt as The Case of the Velvet Claws, in the published novel, the carnival or side show was jettisoned, and Street came from a more respectable background. This is an example of the difference between the pulp writing and slick writing of the 1930s. In 1950, Gardner published the short story The Case of the Suspect Sweethearts under the pseudonym Della Street. Erle Stanley Gardner, the creator of Perry Mason in a series of novels, was a prolific author. One of them he eventually married, after his first wife—from whom he was separated for 30 years—died and this was Jean Gardner, born Agnes Helene Walter. People who knew her believed she was the inspiration for Della Street, mrs. Gardner said she thought he put several women together to create the character. In the film made in the 1930s, Della Street was portrayed by five different actresses, Helen Trenholme, Claire Dodd, Genevieve Tobin, June Travis. On television, Della Street was played by Barbara Hale in the series, for which she received an Emmy Award, sharon Acker played Della Street in the short-lived revival series The New Perry Mason, starring Monte Markham as Mason. Gertrude Warner was the first actress to portray Street regularly, albeit on the series, followed by Joan Alexander and Palmolives Madge. The character portrayed in the series was reworked into Sara Lane on the daytime show Edge of Night
34.
Perry Mason
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Perry Mason is a fictional character, a criminal defense lawyer who is the main character in works of detective fiction written by Erle Stanley Gardner. Perry Mason is featured in more than 80 novels and short stories, typically, Mason establishes his clients innocence by implicating another character, who then confesses. The character of Perry Mason was adapted for motion pictures and a radio series. These were followed by its adaptation, the CBS television series Perry Mason starring Raymond Burr. The Perry Mason series ranks third in the top ten best selling book series, in 2015 the American Bar Associations publishing imprint, Ankerwycke, began reissuing Gardners Perry Mason books, which had been out of print in the United States. The name Perry Mason dates to creator Gardners childhood, as a child, Gardner was a reader of the magazine Youths Companion. The magazine was published in Boston, Massachusetts, by the Perry Mason Company, when Gardner created his fictional attorney, he borrowed the name of the company which published his favorite childhood magazine. Gardner provided more information about Masons character in the novels, knowledge of his character is largely taken for granted in the later works. In the first novel, Mason describes himself, Youll find that Im a lawyer who has specialized in trial work, and in a lot of criminal work. Im a specialist on getting people out of trouble. They come to me when theyre in all sorts of trouble, If you look me up through some chap in the District Attorneys office, hell tell you that Im a dangerous antagonist but he doesnt know very much about me. Gardner depicts Mason as a lawyer who fights hard on behalf of his clients and he frequently accepts clients on a whim based on his curiosity about their problem, for a minimal retainer, and finances the investigation of their cases himself if necessary. In The Case of the Caretakers Cat, his principal antagonist, District Attorney Hamilton Burger, says, when you turn your mind to the solution of a crime, you ferret out the truth. The Court feels you are capable of looking after your own as well as your clients interests. Another frequent antagonist, Lieutenant Arthur Tragg of the squad, has a discussion with Mason about his approach to the law. Mason is recovering from having been poisoned, and Tragg is investigating and he says, How does it feel to be the victim for once. … Youve been sticking up for criminals and now you can see the side of the picture. Not sticking up for criminals, protested indignantly, I have never stuck up for any criminal. I have merely asked for the administration of an impartial justice … Due legal process is my own safeguard against being convicted unjustly
35.
Allison DuBois
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Allison DuBois is an American author and purported medium. DuBois has stated that use of her psychic abilities has assisted U. S. law enforcement officials in solving crimes and her alleged powers as a medium were tested by Gary Schwartz of the University of Arizona. While Schwartz claims that his research supports DuBoiss psychic abilities, skeptics have pointed out flaws in both DuBoiss claims and Schwartzs research. Some of her claims regarding work done in high profile investigations, DuBois was born in Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended both North High School in Phoenix and Corona del Sol High School in Tempe. Despite dropping out, she obtained her GED at the age of 16, in college, she worked as an intern at the district attorneys office in Phoenix. She received her B. A. in political science with a minor in history from Arizona State University, DuBois refers to herself as a medium and profiler, rather than a psychic, because of the negative connotation she feels is associated with the term psychic. She claims that she became aware that she had the ability to communicate with departed souls when she was 6 years old and these law enforcement agencies have since either denied any such cooperation happened or stated the tips provided by DuBois were not helpful. According to the TV Guide, Allison DuBois spent four years participating in various tests at the University of Arizona to assist with their studies of mediums, at their first meeting, Schwartz says DuBois accurately described a friend of Schwartzs who had just died. Impressed, Schwartz conducted a series of interviews, including one in which DuBois stated she contacted the late husband of a woman in England, the woman, after reading a transcript of the session, affirmed that 80% of what DuBois said was accurate. Schwartz published his research in a book titled The Truth About Medium, according to a statement by DuBois, she does not endorse the book or Schwartz. The television drama Medium, which aired from 2005 until 2011 on NBC and CBS is based on Allison DuBoiss book, the show was created by Glenn Gordon Caron, creator of Moonlighting and other television shows, who is also one of the writers for the series. It is produced by CBS Television Studios and Grammnet, the company owned by Cheers. Patricia Arquette was cast to play the role of DuBois, at the suggestion of Carons girlfriend. DuBois stated in the January 9,2005 TV Guide that she initially thought Arquette was too liberal to play her, remarking, I mean, I have a gun, I wanted to make sure that was something that didnt bother her. But she assured me that she believed some people may have that coming, every episode is not a biography of my life, it is simply based on my life experiences. It is a portrayal of my life and the people who share it with a little Hollywood magic thrown in. She does state in both her book and in the edition of January 3,2005 of Sci Fi Weekly that the program resembles the truth of her own life. Several details of Arquettes character match DuBoiss life, such as the name of her husband on the show, skeptics such as Paul Kurtz and Ray Hyman say that DuBois does not have psychic powers
36.
Medium (TV series)
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Medium is an American television drama series that premiered on NBC on January 3,2005, ending its run on that network on June 1,2009. The series then moved to CBS on September 25,2009, themed on supernatural gifts, its lead character, Allison DuBois, is a medium employed as a consultant for the Phoenix, Arizona district attorneys office. Allison and her husband Joe are the parents of three daughters, all of whom inherited Allisons gift, the show was initially based on the experiences of medium Allison DuBois, who claims she has worked with law enforcement agencies across the country in criminal investigations. The series aired on NBC during its first five seasons before switching to CBS for the sixth and seventh seasons, the production division of CBS had assumed production of Medium in 2006 after absorbing the television arm of the Paramount Pictures film studio. Paramounts home entertainment arm still held DVD distribution rights in conjunction with CBS DVD, on December 21,2010, CBS announced that the show had been canceled after seven seasons. The series finale aired exactly a month later, one challenge is convincing Devalos — and other doubters in the criminal justice system — that her psychic abilities can give them the upper hand when it comes to solving crimes. Information comes to her in dreams or in visions that sometimes do not mean what they initially suggest. The other is convincing Joe that her nightmares are based in reality. In police investigations, Allison often accompanies Det, Lee Scanlon, who initially did not believe in her gift. Allison sometimes bends the rules when she is determined to stop a crime about which she has had a vision, in season four, it was revealed that Cynthia had a missing daughter. Allisons dreams showed that Cynthias daughter was dead, Cynthia made a choice to kill the murderer of her daughter and go to prison. Cynthia later appeared in five to help Allison on a case. Also during this season, it was revealed that Lynn DiNovi, Lees live-in lover, in the season five finale, Allison discovers that she has a tumor on her brainstem. To prevent the murders of her family in the future. During her operation the tumor was removed, except for a small piece deeply embedded in her brainstem, Joe is told that Allison is in a coma. In the sixth-season premiere episode, Allison awoke from the coma and was suffering the consequences of postponing the surgery, Allisons psychic abilities slowly begin to resurface as a form of déjà vu. At the end of the episode, Allison is also slowly recovering her physical abilities, since the season six premiere, eldest daughter Ariel has taken the role of nurturing her siblings Bridgette and Marie. Ariel also falls victim to a possession, from which she recovers with Allisons help
37.
Patricia Arquette
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Patricia Arquette is an American actress. She made her debut in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3. Arquettes Academy Award acceptance speech, which she used to bring female wage inequality to attention, on television, she played the character Allison DuBois—based on the author and medium Allison DuBois, who claims to have psychic abilities—in the supernatural drama series Medium. She received three Golden Globe nominations and two Emmy Award nominations, winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama in 2005, Arquette also appeared in the CSI franchise as Avery Ryan, the Deputy Director of the FBI, starring in CSI, Cyber. Arquette was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1968, the daughter of Lewis Arquette, an actor, and Brenda Olivia Mardi, through her father, Patricia is distantly related to explorer Meriwether Lewis. Arquettes father had converted from Catholicism to Islam and her fathers familys surname was originally Arcouet, and his paternal line was of French-Canadian descent. Her paternal grandfather was comedian Cliff Arquette, patricias siblings also became actors, Rosanna, Alexis, Richmond, and David Arquette. When she was a child, her parents offered to get her braces for her teeth, for a time her family lived on a commune in rural Bentonville, Virginia. She has said they became poorer the longer lived there. Their father was an alcoholic, and their mother violently abusive, when Arquette was seven, the family relocated to Chicago. They later settled in Los Angeles, California and she has described her father as a working actor, describing the range of his experience–in industrial films, commercials, voiceovers, etc. He was best known for his role as J. D. Pickett in the TV series The Waltons, before pursuing a career in acting, Arquette had wanted to be a midwife. She put this career prospect aside briefly in an attempt to gain acting jobs and she was cast to appear in the sequel, A Nightmare on Elm Street 4, The Dream Master, but she had to drop out due to pregnancy with her son Enzo. She also had to give up the role of Tralala in Last Exit to Brooklyn, in 1988, Arquette played the daughter of Tess Harper in Far North. In 1992, she won a CableACE Award for Best Lead Actress in a Mini-Series for her portrayal of a girl with epilepsy in Wildflower, directed by Diane Keaton. In her early career, Arquette received the most recognition for her role as Alabama Whitman, the film was a moderate success, although some critics were deterred by the graphic violence. In one scene, Arquette puts up a physical struggle in a fight which her character ultimately wins. Arquettes performance received unanimous praise from critics
38.
John Grisham
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John Ray Grisham, Jr. is an American bestselling writer, attorney, politician, and activist best known for his popular legal thrillers. His books have been translated into 42 languages and published worldwide, John Grisham graduated from Mississippi State University before attending the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. He practiced criminal law for about a decade and served in the House of Representatives in Mississippi from January 1984 to September 1990 and his first novel, A Time to Kill, was published in June 1989, four years after he began writing it. As of 2012, his books have sold over 275 million copies worldwide, a Galaxy British Book Awards winner, Grisham is one of only three authors to sell 2 million copies on a first printing. Grishams first bestseller, The Firm, sold more than seven million copies. Eight of his novels have also been adapted into films, The Chamber, The Client, A Painted House, The Pelican Brief, Skipping Christmas, The Rainmaker, The Runaway Jury. Grisham, the second of five siblings, was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, to Wanda Skidmore Grisham and his father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer, while his mother was a homemaker. When Grisham was four years old, his family settled in Southaven, DeSoto County, as a child, Grisham wanted to be a baseball player. Grisham has been a Christian since he was eight years old, after leaving law school, he participated in some missionary work in Brazil, under the First Baptist Church of Oxford. Although Grishams parents lacked formal education, his mother encouraged him to read and he drew on his childhood experiences for his novel A Painted House. Grisham started working for a nursery as a teenager, watering bushes for US$1.00 an hour and he was soon promoted to a fence crew for US$1.50 an hour. He wrote about the job, there was no future in it, at 16, Grisham took a job with a plumbing contractor but says he never drew inspiration from that miserable work. Through a contact of his fathers, he managed to work on a highway asphalt crew in Mississippi at age 17. It was during this time that an unfortunate incident got him serious about college, a fight with gunfire broke out among the crew causing Grisham to run to a nearby restroom to find safety. He did not come out until after the police had detained the perpetrators and he hitchhiked home and started thinking about college. His next work was in retail, as a salesclerk in a department store mens underwear section and he decided to quit but stayed when he was offered a raise. He was given another raise after asking to be transferred to toys, a confrontation with a company spy posing as a customer convinced him to leave the store. By this time, Grisham was halfway through college, planning to become a tax lawyer, he was soon overcome by the complexity and lunacy of it
39.
The Rainmaker (novel)
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The Rainmaker is a 1995 novel by John Grisham. It differs from most of his novels in that it is written almost completely in the simple present tense. Rudy Baylor is about to graduate from Memphis State Law School and he secures a position with a Memphis law firm, which he then loses when the firm is bought up by another, larger firm. To earn his fee, Rudy is required to hunt for potential clients at the local hospital and he is introduced to Deck Shifflet, a less-than-ethical former insurance assessor who received a law degree but doesnt practice law, having failed to pass the bar examination six times. One is his new elderly landlady, who needs a revised will drawn, the other is a poor family, Dot and Buddy Black, whom he met during a class visit to a community center. Their insurance bad faith case could be several million dollars in damages. The procedure should have covered and paid for by their insurance company, Great Benefit Life Insurance. Rudy, having just passed the bar exam, has never argued a case before a judge or jury but now finds himself up against experienced and ruthless lawyers from a large firm, on his side, Rudy has several supporters and a sympathetic newly appointed judge. While preparing the case in the hospital, he meets and later falls in love with Kelly Riker. Donny Ray dies just before the case is due to be heard, the case goes to trial and Rudy uncovers a scheme Great Benefit ran throughout 1991 to deny every insurance claim submitted, regardless of validity. Great Benefit was playing the odds that the insured would not consult an attorney, a former employee of Great Benefit testifies that the scheme generated an extra $40 million in revenue for the company. The trial ends with a judgment of $50.2 million. Great Benefit quickly declares itself bankrupt, thus allowing it to avoid paying the judgment and this leads to a series of lawsuits which forces Great Benefit out of business. In fact, she testified that if awarded any money from Great Benefit, during the Black trial, when Kelly is beaten again by Cliff, Rudy helps her file for divorce. While he and Kelly retrieve items from her home, Cliff arrives and threatens to kill Rudy, Rudy wrestles the bat away from Cliff and cracks his skull with it. Kelly intervenes and orders him to leave, Cliff dies from the injuries and Kelly allows herself to be charged with manslaughter to protect Rudy. Kelly spends a day in jail before Rudy gets the charges dropped, Rudy and Kelly leave the state, heading for someplace where Rudy – who has become disillusioned with the law – can let his license expire and then become a teacher, and Kelly can attend college. In 1997, The Rainmaker was adapted into a directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Matt Damon, Danny DeVito, Claire Danes, Jon Voight
40.
Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law
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Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law is an American animated courtroom black comedy series created by Michael Ouweleen and Erik Richter for Adult Swim. Harvey Birdmans pilot first aired on Cartoon Network on December 30,2000, on September 2,2001, the series moved to Adult Swim, continuing for four seasons and 39 episodes before ending on July 22,2007. The show is also a spin-off of Space Ghost Coast to Coast, both Space Ghost and Birdman original series were based on action / adventure script, and, decades later, applied in comedic contexts. Similarly, Harveys clients are primarily composed of characters taken from Hanna-Barbera cartoon series of the same era. Many of Birdmans nemeses featured in his cartoon series also became attorneys. Harvey usually fills the role of a defense attorney, though he will act as a civil litigator or other such job when the plot calls for it. The series uses a surrealist style of comedy, featuring characters, objects, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law is the first Williams Street cartoon to maintain continuity through the entire series. Various episodes reference Harveys former crimefighting career, the episode Turner Classic Birdman even serves to bridge the gap between Birdman and the Galaxy Trio and Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law. Also, several of the plots revolve around the myths about classic Hanna-Barbera characters, such as Shaggy. Although the first season was animated using cel animation, the remaining seasons were animated using Adobe After Effects. The reason for the switch was that the studio was having difficulty maintaining the fast pace of the show. By animating the later episodes at Turner Studios in Atlanta with Adobe Flash, not only were problems corrected more quickly, some animation was also done for the show at Bardel Entertainment in Vancouver, British Columbia. They compared it to Space Ghost Coast to Coast, a show that is based on an old Hanna-Barbera cartoon. Each DVD is in the shape of a law book, each seasons box art is nearly identical, and the only change for each season is the background color. The small picture next to the title and the title itself also appear different, the theme song is an edited version of the song Slow Moody Blues written by Reg Tilsley. Other notable songs used in the show include Charlie Steinmans It Is Such A Good Night, a video game based on the series has been released for the PlayStation 2, Wii and PlayStation Portable video game consoles. It was developed by High Voltage Software and published by Capcom and it was released on January 8,2008
