1.
Paralympic Games
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There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee, the Paralympics has grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. Given the wide variety of disabilities that Paralympic athletes have, there are categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types and these categories are further broken down into classifications, which vary from sport to sport. The first athlete to do so was German American gymnast George Eyser in 1904, hungarian Karoly Takacs competed in shooting events in both the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. He was an amputee and could shoot left-handed. The first organized athletic day for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the first games were called the 1948 International Wheelchair Games, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Dr. Guttmans aim was to create a sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were again at the same location in 1952. These early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, have described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games. There have been milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in 1960,400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially only to athletes in wheelchairs, at the 1976 Summer Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea, was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the Olympic Summer Games, in the same host city and this set a precedent that was followed in 1992,1996 and 2000. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee in 2001, and was extended through 2020
2.
International Paralympic Committee
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The International Paralympic Committee is an international non-profit organisation and the global governing body for the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Paralympic Games and functions as the federation for nine sports. Founded on 22 September 1989 in Düsseldorf, Germany, its mission is To enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire, furthermore, the IPC wants to promote the Paralympic values and to create sport opportunities for all persons with a disability, from beginner to elite level. The IPCs headquarters is located in Bonn, Germany, in the upcoming years, other organizations joined and the need for a democratically guided organization emerged, demanded by the nations participating in the Paralympic Movement. They desired a democratic structure, to national and regional representation. The 1994 Winter Paralympics, Norway, were the first to be organized by the IPC, the word Paralympic derives from the Greek preposition para. and Olympics. The first connotation connected to the para was paralysis or paraplegia. But since the Paralympics cover different disability groups and the association to the Olympic Movement. A fifteen-member Governing Board oversees the IPC between meetings of the General Assembly, dr. Robert D. Steadward became the first President in 1989. Since 2001, Sir Philip Craven is President of the IPC, the number of athletes and nations participating in the Paralympic Games and thus being part of the Paralympic Movement is constantly increasing, along with the audience. Sport for persons with a disability is growing on a national and international level, the International Paralympic Committee has had two presidents to date. Its founding president, who presided it from 1989 to 2001, was the Canadian Robert Steadward and he was succeeded in 2001 by Philip Craven, a British former Paralympic athlete, who remains president as of 2016. The IPC Governing Board consists of 14 members elected at the General Assembly, including the President, two members of the board without voting rights are the co-opted member Bernard Bourigeaud, and the CEO Xavier Gonzalez. The IPC has a board of distinguished individuals who support the IPCs goals and use their profile to raise funds. Chronology of milestones in the development of the International Paralympic Committee, the IPC publishes The Paralympian three times a year. The London 2012 Paralympics and other events related to the Paralympic Movement can be watched on the Internet TV channel for Paralympic Sports created by the IPC. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, the agreement was adjusted in 2003. An extension was signed in June 2006, a further extension was signed in 2012, valid until 2020
3.
National Paralympic Committee
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A National Paralympic Committee is a national constituent of the worldwide Paralympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Paralympic Committee, NPCs are responsible for organizing their peoples participation in the Paralympic Games, there are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which are held immediately following their respective Olympic Games, in the same host city. As of 2012, there are 174 NPC members of the IPC, only NPCs in good standing may enter athletes in the Paralympic Games. Within countries, some NPCs serve as the governing body for one or more sports
4.
All-time Paralympic Games medal table
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An all-time medal table for all Paralympic Games from 1960 to 2016 Summer Paralympic Games and 1976 to 2014 Winter Paralympic Games is tabulated below. The International Paralympic Committee itself does not publish all-time tables, and this table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IPC database. The results are attributed to the IPC country code as currently displayed by the IPC database, usually, a single code corresponds to a single National Paralympic Committee. When different codes are displayed for different years, medal counts are combined in the case of a change of IPC code or simple change of country name. As the medals are attributed to each NPC, not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NPC, names in italic are national entities that no longer exist. The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Paralympic Committee, to sort by gold, silver, and then bronze sort first by the bronze column, then the silver, and then the gold. Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio National Paralympic Committees that have not yet won a Paralympic medal. All-time Olympic Games medal table Lists of Paralympic medalists List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists All-Time Medal-Tally as of Beijing 2008, International Paralympic Committee
5.
Paralympic symbols
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The Paralympic symbols are the icons, flags and symbols used by the International Paralympic Committee to promote the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic motto is Spirit in Motion, the motto was introduced in 2004 at the Paralympic Games in Athens. The previous motto was Mind, Body, Spirit, introduced in 1994, the symbol of the Paralympic Games is composed of three agitos, coloured red, blue, and green, encircling a single point, on a white field. The agito is a symbol of movement in the shape of an asymmetrical crescent, the Paralympic symbol was created by the Scholz & Friends agency and approved in April 2003. The colours of the agitos with the white background stand for the three colours that are most widely represented in national flags around the world, the shape also symbolises the Paralympic vision To Enable Paralympic Athletes to Achieve Sporting Excellence and to Inspire and Excite the World. This Paralympic symbol was first used in publications and other products in 2003, due to limited time before the 2004 Paralympic Summer Games in Athens, the new symbol was not used by participating delegations during the Games. At the 2004 Closing Ceremony however, the flag that was handed over to Beijing had the new symbol, the symbol was first used in a Paralympic emblem at the 2006 Paralympic Winter Games in Torino. The first Paralympic flag used five pa arranged similarly to the Olympic Rings, but not interlocking, a new symbol created for the International Paralympic Committee in 1991 included six overlapping pa in a circle. In November 1991, the IPC members voted against the new symbol, however, the IOC made clear that it would refuse further collaboration with the IPC if the five-pa symbol remained in place. In March 1992, the Paralympic symbol was changed to a version utilizing only three pa, the three-pa version remained in place from the close of the Lillehammer Games through the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. Each Paralympic Games has its own Paralympic emblem, the city that hosts the Paralympic Games creates a symbol to represent the event. See Category, Summer Paralympic Games and Category, Winter Paralympic Games for various Paralympic emblems and this design incorporates the Paralympic symbol, the name of the event, and one or more distinctive elements to identify the event. It is the responsibility of the International Paralympic Committee to approve Paralympic emblems for the Paralympic Games, the Paralympic emblems are used in promotional materials, by sponsors of the Paralympics, and on the uniforms of every Paralympic competitor. All emblems are the property of the IPC, atlanta 1996 – Nagano 1998 – Sydney 2000 – Three graphic shapes, portrays the Paralympic torch, echoes the sails of Sydneys Opera House. Salt Lake 2002 – Three distinct marks, A sphere over two broad fluid lines, Athens 2004 – Features the profile of an athlete—male or female—looking forward. Torino 2006 – Three graphic elements represent human figures creating an upward soaring movement, designed by the Benincasa-Husmann studio Beijing 2008 – Sky, Earth and Human Being, A figure of an athlete in motion, in the shape of the Chinese character zhi. The standard colours are green, magenta, orange and blue, created by designers at Wolff Olins. The emblem was released on the day as the emblem for the Olympic Games
6.
Summer Paralympic Games
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The Summer Paralympic Games or the Games of the Paralympiad, are an international multi-sport event, where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, the Paralympic Games are held every four years, organized by the International Paralympic Committee. Medals are awarded in each event, with medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third. The United States and the United Kingdom have each hosted two Summer Paralympic Games, more than any other nation. Other countries that have hosted the summer Paralympics are Australia, Canada, China, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, in the 2016 Summer Paralympics, Brazil will host the first Summer Games in South America in Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will be the first city to host the Summer Paralympics more than once,1964 and 2020. Seven of those countries have won at least one medal at every Summer Paralympic Games, Australia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands. The United States have been the nation for eight of the Paralympic Summer Games,1964,1968,1976,1980,1984,1988,1992 and 1996. China have been the nation for the four most recent Games,2004,2008,2012 and 2016. Italy, West Germany and Australia have been the nation one time each. Qualification rules for each of the Paralympic sports are set by the International Federation that governs that sports international competition, the first official Paralympic Games, was held in Rome in 1960. 400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games though only athletes in wheelchairs competed, at the 1976 Summer Games athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications, the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first to be hosted in the same venues as the Olympics of that year. Since then, all Paralympic Games are now held in the city that hosted the Olympics. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event, within the ten disability categories the athletes still need to be divided according to their level of impairment. The classification systems differ from sport to sport, and is intended to even the playing field so as to allow as many athletes to participate as possible, classifications vary in accordance with the different skills required to perform the sport. Archery, Archery is open to athletes with a physical disability, classifications are broken up into three divisions, W1, spinal cord injured and Cerebral Palsy athletes with impairment in all four limbs
7.
Winter Paralympic Games
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The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, the Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Paralympics are also hosted by the city hosted the Winter Olympics. The International Paralympic Committee oversees the Winter Paralympics, medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games started in 1904. The Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and those Games were the first Paralympics that featured athletes other than wheelchair athletes. The Games have expanded and grown to be part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympic Games, given their expansion the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has given rise to controversy and opened the door for cheating. Winter Paralympians have also been convicted of use and other forms of cheating unique to Paralympic athletes. The origins of the Winter Paralympics are similar to the Summer Paralympics, injured soldiers returning from World War II sought sports as an avenue to healing. Over 400 wheelchair athletes competed at the 1960 Paralympic Games, which known as the first Paralympics. Sepp Zwicknagl, a pioneer of sports for disabled athletes, was a double-leg amputee Austrian skier who experimented skiing using prosthetics. His work helped pioneer technological advances for people with disabilities who wished to participate in winter sports, advances were slow and it was not until 1974 that the first official world ski competition for physically impaired athletes, featuring downhill and a cross-country skiing, was held. The first Winter Paralympics were held in 1976 at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden from February 21–28, Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputees and visually impaired athletes where the main events but ice sledge racing was included as a demonstration event. There were 198 participating athletes from 16 countries, and it was the first time athletes with other than wheelchair athletes were permitted to compete. Starting in 1988 the Summer Paralympics were held in the same host city as the Summer Olympic Games and this was due to an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the facilities as the Winter Olympics. Athletes have cheated by over-representing impairment to have an advantage. German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids in 2002 and he had won two gold medals in the alpine events but was stripped of his medals
8.
Sport
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Usually the contest or game is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a tie game, others provide tie-breaking methods, to one winner. A number of such two-sided contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion, many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, each against each other, however, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in sport news. Sport is also a source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds to sport venues. Sports betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to the sport, kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013. The worlds most accessible and practised sport is running, while football is the most popular spectator sport. The word Sport comes from the Old French desport meaning leisure, other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling, hunting, and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise. Rogets defines the noun sport as an activity engaged in for relaxation, the singular term sport is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept, with sports used to describe multiple activities. American English uses sports for both terms, the precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. They also recognise that sport can be physical, primarily mind, predominantly motorised, primarily co-ordination. The inclusion of sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted. Whilst SportAccord recognises a number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports. According to Council of Europe, European Sports Charter, article 2, other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all physical activity. For instance, the Council of Europe include all forms of physical exercise, in competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their result and often divided into groups of comparable performance
9.
Multi-sport event
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A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of significance is the modern Olympic Games. Many regional multi-sport events have since founded and modeled after the Olympics. Most have the basic structure. Games are held over the course of days in and around a host city. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes, athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. The games are held every four years, though some are annual competitions. Instead, the Greek sports of racing and wrestling, as well as the Etruscan sport of gladiatorial combat. In the late 19th and early 20th century, athletes at events were almost exclusively male. As international womens sport began to develop, events such as the Womens World Games, though short-lived, events such as these led to greater inclusion of women at multi-sport events over the course of the 20th century. Since the establishment of the Olympics, most serial multi-sport events have been organized for specific audiences, after some celebrations, the Olympics became very popular nowadays. The number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing, the Paralympic Games is the largest multi-sport event involving athletes with physical disabilities, and is organised by the International Paralympic Committee. Arranged for the first time in 1960 in Rome, Italy, the number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing. The first Special Olympics International Summer Games were held in Chicago, the most recent Special Olympics World Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States, involved 25 sports and approximately 6,500 athletes from 177 countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, another multi-sport event and these Games were held in Scandinavia, and the sports conducted were winter sports such as cross-country skiing and speed skating. The Nordic Games were last held in 1926, after which the 1924 Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was declared the first Olympic Winter Games, in the 1920s, all kinds of other multi-sport events were set up. These were usually directed for a group of athletes, rather than everybody. Regional games were another kind of event that was established, such as the Far Eastern Championship Games
10.
Lindsey Carmichael
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Lindsey Ann Carmichael is a Paralympic Bronze Medalist. She spent her first years in Uvalde, Texas, and then moved to Austin and then Lago Vista, Texas, diagnosed at the age of 4 with McCune-Albright syndrome, she experienced a number of bone fractures and surgeries to remedy the impact of the disease. This required her to use body casts, crutches and a wheelchair at various times and her femurs and tibias were eventually rodded with steel and titanium rods. At the age of 13 while in school, a math teacher overheard her discussing with a friend the lack of PE options for students in wheelchairs such as herself. Lindsey became an archer at Archery Country JOAD, participating on a weekly basis, JOAD is the National Archery Associations acronym for Junior Olympic Archery Development. She competed in a US national tournament just a few months later, while at the Athens Paralympics in 2004 she set a world record of 603 shooting at 70 meters at a 122 cm target during the qualifying round. Lindsey ultimately finished 6th in Athens as a standing female recurve archer, on April 1,2005 she was ranked 8th among all adult able-bodied women recurve archers in the United States, finishing 2nd at the Texas Shootout archery tournament as an female senior recurve. She continued to compete, while attending the University of Texas with a major in English and history, representing the United States by attending competitions in Korea, Slovakia. She achieved both All-American and Academic All-American status as an archer in both 2006 and 2007 for UT, in 2006 Lindsey finished in the National Archery Championship US Open in 5th place as an able-bodied archer. In 2008 Lindsey finished competition for the USA at the Summer Paralympics in Beijing with a medal by shooting a score of 105. During her time in Beijing, she kept a blog called Rings and Arrows, which received some attention after exposure on Metaquotes. She returned to the University of Texas, where she was selected to be a member of the oldest honor society on campus, the Friar Society, and to complete her studies and continue to shoot. While studying full-time for her double-degrees in English and History, Lindsey successfully completed several 50,000 word novels in the National Novel Writing Month project while at UT and she also worked continually as an administrative assistant at the Trinity United Methodist Church in Austin. Just prior to her graduation in May 2011 she was honored as one of only twelve Liberal Arts students from the graduating class recognized with the Deans Distinguished Graduate Award. She is a member of the University of Texas Exes Association. After Lindsey retired from the sport, she offered private lessons at a range in central Austin for three years. She was certified by USA Archery to serve the community as a Level III Coach in the National Training System, often in collaboration with other local coaches, she held seminars on NTS technique, as well as certifying others to become Instructors and Coaches within the sport. Lindsey is also a speaker, sharing her story at grade schools, colleges, Boy Scout or Girl Scout events, corporate luncheons
11.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
12.
Ludwig Guttmann
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Sir Ludwig Poppa Guttmann CBE FRS was a German-born British neurologist who established the Paralympic Games in England. Ludwig Guttmann, the eldest child of the family, was born in Tost, within Upper Silesia and his family moved when he was three years old to the Silesia city of Königshütte. Guttman first encountered a patient with a spinal injury in 1917. The patient was a miner who later died of sepsis. Guttman started his studies in April 1918 at the University of Breslau. He transferred to the University of Freiburg in 1919 and received his Doctorate of Medicine in 1924, by 1933, Guttmann was considered the top neurosurgeon in Germany. Following the violent attacks on Jewish people and properties during Kristallnacht on 9 November 1938, the following day he justified his decision on a case-by-case basis with the Gestapo. Out of 64 admissions,60 patients were saved from arrest, in early 1939, Guttmann and his family left Germany because of the Nazi persecution of the Jews. An opportunity for escape arose when the Nazis provided him with a visa, Guttmann was scheduled to return to Germany via London, where the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics arranged for him to remain in the UK. He arrived with his wife Else Samuel Guttmann and two children, a son, Dennis and daughter, Eva aged 6 in Oxford, England, CARA, which negotiated with the British Home Office on their behalf, gave Guttmann and his family £250 to help settle in Oxford. Guttmann continued his spinal injury research at the Nuffield Department of Neurosurgery in the Radcliffe Infirmary, for the first few weeks after arrival the family resided in the Masters Lodge of Balliol College until they moved into a small semi-detached house in Lonsdale Road. Both children were offered places by the headmistress of Greycotes School. The family were members of the Oxford Jewish community, and Eva remembers becoming friendly with Miriam Margolyes, the Jewish community in Oxford was growing rapidly as a result of the influx of displaced academic Jews from Europe. With the outbreak of the Second World War, Guttmann and his family stayed in the home of Lord Lindsay, CARA Councillor, in September 1943 the British government asked Guttmann to establish the National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghamshire. When the centre opened on 1 February 1944, Guttmann was appointed its director, Guttmann became a naturalised citizen of the United Kingdom in 1945. He organised the first Stoke Mandeville Games for disabled persons on 28 July 1948, Guttmann used the term paraplegic games for national games held in order to encourage his patients to take part. This came to be known as the Paralympics, which later became the Parallel Games. By 1952, more than 130 international competitors had entered the Stoke Mandeville Games, as the annual event continued to grow, the ethos and efforts by all those involved started to impress the organisers of the Olympic Games and members of the international community
13.
Stoke Mandeville
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Stoke Mandeville is a village and also a civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district 3 miles to the south-east of Aylesbury in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. Although a separate parish, the village falls within the Aylesbury Urban Area. According to the Census Report the area of parish is 1,460 acres. The village was recorded as Stoches in the Domesday Book of 1086. The suffix Mandeville was first recorded in 1284 when the manor was listed as being in the hands of the powerful Norman de Mandeville family, the former medieval parish church on the outskirts of the village was condemned in the mid 20th Century and was demolished in January 1966. Stoke Mandeville was also the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games, the Games, which were held eight times at Stoke Mandeville, were the inspiration for the first Paralympic Games, also called The Stoke Mandeville Games, which were organised in Rome in 1960. The wheelchair aspects of the 1984 Paralympics were also held in the village, the London 2012 Summer Paralympics mascot, Mandeville, was named after the village due to its legacy with the Games. On 13 May 2000, the new Stoke Mandeville Millennium sign was unveiled and it stands on a small brick plinth on the green outside the primary school. The sign shows aspects of life over the centuries. Arriva service 50 serves the area on Station Road, as do services 164 and 300 - which stops in the centre of the village, Stoke Mandeville Combined School is a mixed community school which takes children from the age of four through to the age of eleven. The school has approximately 220 pupils and it also has a hearing impaired department, which currently helps up to 15 children through their school day. Stoke Mandeville Stadium Stoke Mandeville Combined School website Stoke Mandeville Guide
14.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
15.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Disabled sports
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Disabled sports, also adaptive sports or parasports, are sports played by persons with a disability, including physical and intellectual disabilities. As many disabled sports are based on existing able bodied sports, modified to meet the needs of persons with a disability, however, not all disabled sports are adapted, several sports that have been specifically created for persons with a disability have no equivalent in non-disabled sports. Disability exists in four categories, physical, mental, permanent, organized sport for athletes with a disability is generally divided into three broad disability groups, the deaf, people with physical disabilities, and people with intellectual disabilities. Each group has a history, organization, competition program. Formal international competition in sport began with the 1924 Paris Silent Games, organized by the Comité International des Sports des Sourds. These games evolved into the modern Deaflympics, governed by the CISS, the CISS maintains separate games for deaf athletes based on their numbers, their special communication needs on the sports field, and the social interaction that is a vital part of sports. Organized sport for persons with disabilities existed as early as 1911. One of the athletes was Walter William Francis, a Welshman. Later, events often developed out of rehabilitation programs, following the Second World War, in response to the needs of large numbers of injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced as a key part of rehabilitation. Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport, the pioneer of this approach was Sir Ludwig Guttmann of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1948, while the Olympic Games were being held in London and this was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville Games, which evolved into the modern Paralympic Games. The first official Paralympic Games, after the change, was held in Rome in 1960. In 1975, the Paralympic Games expanded to include those with limb amputations, individuals with cerebral palsy were allowed to compete beginning in 1980. Currently, Paralympic sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee, one such program is the Wounded Warrior program, which offers sitting volleyball to injured service members. Some organizations also offer opportunities to family and friends of injured service members in addition to the members themselves. Sport for persons with intellectual disabilities began to be organized in the 1960s through the Special Olympics movement and this grew out of a series of summer camps organized by Eunice Kennedy Shriver, beginning in 1962. In 1968 the first international Special Olympics were held, in Chicago, today, Special Olympics provides training and competition in a variety of sports for persons with intellectual disabilities. Sport for persons with physical disabilities began to be organized in the US in the late 1960s through Disabled Sports USA, in 1970, Hal OLeary founded the National Sports Center for the Disabled at Winter Park in Colorado
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International Federation for Equestrian Sports
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The International Federation for Equestrian Sports is the international governing body of equestrian sports. The FEI headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland, an FEI code of conduct protects the welfare of the horses from physical abuse or doping. Jumping, Dressage and Eventing have been a part of the Olympics since 1912, para-Equestrian Dressage has been part of the Paralympic games since 1996. The FEI has organized the FEI World Equestrian Games every four years since 1990, the idea of the World Equestrian Games came into being in the mid-1980s and was strongly supported by HRH Prince Philip, who was then FEI President. The WEG encompasses the World Championship titles in all the FEI global disciplines, the FEI World Cup is an indoor series and takes place throughout the world with qualifying leagues leading to a final in each of the disciplines. The FEI World Cup series began with Show jumping in 1978 and has since extended to the disciplines of Dressage. Today, there are 134 National Equestrian Federations affiliated with the FEI, there have been 13 different presidents of the organization. Major Jhkr Karl F. Quarles van Ufford is the individual to have served twice. Nowadays, a President can serve for a maximum of two terms, since 2014, the President of the FEI is Ingmar De Vos from Belgium. Official website FEI TV, Official Video Website Official Facebook Page
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International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
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The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation is the international governing body for the sport of wheelchair basketball. IWBF is recognized by the International Paralympic Committee as the competent authority in wheelchair basketball worldwide. International Basketball Federation has recognized IWBF under Article 53 of its General Statutes, in 1973, the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation established the first Sub-section for wheelchair basketball. At that time ISMGF was the governing body for all wheelchair sports. In 1989, ISMGF accepted the name International Wheelchair Basketball Federation for its former sub-section, over the next five years IWBF membership grew in size and the federation configured itself into 4 geographical zones. IWBF studied several models before creating its current zone structure, as a result, the last two zones of IWBF are IWBF Asia Oceania and IWBF Africa. As of 2003, IWBF has 76 NOWB actively participating in basketball throughout the world with this number increasing each year. IWBF is governed by an Executive Council that is elected at the World Congress every four years, philip Craven who had served as Chairperson of the ISMGF wheelchair basketball Section since 1988 was elected in 1993 as the first President of IWBF. In 2001, Mr. Craven was elected to the position of President of the International Paralympic Committee, mrs. Maureen Orchard was elected as only the second president of IWBF at that same World Congress in Kitakyushu, Japan in 2002. The person who performs classification called classifier, classifiers have Bronze, Silver and Gold badges according to their knowledge and experience. Recently the classification rules made changes and have two levels, namely the national classifier, the zone classifier and the International Classifier. Most started out the way as IWBF, as a sub-section of a national wheelchair sport organization. As IWBF matured so did many of its organizations and now there are several models that IWBF embraces within its membership. In Mexico the wheelchair basketball organizations are a part of their National Paralympic Committee, australia is part of the Australian Wheelchair Athletes Ltd. and others are under the umbrella of a National Disabled Federation such as Bahrain who are part of the Bahrain Disabled Sports Federation. In the Netherlands wheelchair basketball is fully integrated into the Nederlandse Basketball Bond, in all cases where a member is part of a larger federation the IWBF only recognizes the part of that federation responsible for wheelchair basketball. Canadian Wheelchair Basketball Association US - National Wheelchair Basketball Association Australian Wheelchair Athletes Ltd
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Sighted guide
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A sighted guide is a person who guides a person with blindness or vision impairment. At the Paralympic Games there are various classifications of athletes with a visual impairment, rules are according to the International Blind Sports Association and the International Paralympic Committee. The sighted guides are such a close and essential part of the competition, that the athlete with an impairment and the guide are considered a team. At the Winter Paralympics there are three classifications of athletes with an impairment, B1 B2 B3. A sighted guide is required for B1 and B2, and optional for B3, nordic skiing, The guide can lead, follow, or ski next to the athlete with a visual impairment. The guide assists with voice instruction only, alpine skiing, The start must have an adequate space for the guide. Combined Downhill Giant slalom Slalom Super-G Athletics, In athletics the sighted guides can win a medal
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Andy Soule
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Andy Soule is an American Nordic skier and veteran of the United States Army. A double-leg amputee due to injuries received in the War in Afghanistan, a native of Pearland, Texas, Soule attended Texas A&M University as a member of the Corps of Cadets, he was a student there when the September 11 attacks occurred. At the end of school year, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and. On May 21,2005, while on a security patrol in the Shinkay District, the explosion killed one soldier, destroyed Soules legs, leading to their amputation above the knees, and lightly wounded two other soldiers. Soule was evacuated to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany and then transported to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, during his rehabilitation, Soule took up handcycling in order to stay active. In 2005, he attended a development camp of the Wood River Ability Program, despite having scant skiing experience, he excelled at the new sport and only a year later moved to Sun Valley, Idaho, to train full-time. He took second place at the 2007 U. S, championships and, after being named to the national cross-country ski team, finished the 2008 season 12th in the World Cup standings. Soule represented the U. S. at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where he competed in cross-country skiing and the biathlon. He won the medal in mens sitting pursuit on the opening day of the Paralympics
22.
Goalkeeper
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In many team sports which involve scoring goals, the goalkeeper is a designated player charged with directly preventing the opposing team from scoring by intercepting shots at goal. Usually special rules apply to the goalkeeper that do not apply to other players and these rules are often instituted to protect the goalkeeper, being an obvious target for dangerous or even violent actions. In certain sports like ice hockey and lacrosse, goalkeepers are required to wear special equipment like heavy pads, in football, each teams goalkeeper defends his/her teams goal and has special privileges within the game. The goalkeepers main job is to stop any penetration of the ball into the goal, the goalkeeper is the only player in the side who may use his or her hands and arms to catch, throw and save the ball, but only within his/her own penalty area. Goalkeepers are required to wear a distinctive jersey, separate from the referees jersey color and either teams regular jersey color. There are no specific requirements, but goalkeepers are usually allowed to wear additional protective gear such as padded clothing. Most goalkeepers also wear gloves to protect their hands and enhance their grip of the ball, like every player on the pitch, they are required to wear shin guards. The goalkeeper is allowed to catch the ball, and is allowed to punch or deflect the ball away from the goal. The goalkeeper generally has a significant advantage on a high in the air, as he or she can raise their arms. When the keeper picks up the ball, they are allowed to kick it or throw it, or to place it on the ground and play it with his feet. Once the keeper establishes possession of the ball, opposing players are not allowed to attempt to play the ball and must give the goalkeeper room to attempt a kick. Though the goalkeeper is allowed to use their hands in the penalty box area. In such situations, the goalkeeper may play the ball with their feet, the rule applies only to a ball which is actually kicked. A ball which is headed or otherwise not kicked may be picked up by the goalkeeper without penalty, an infringement of this rule results in an indirect kick to the opposing team. The referee has some discretion in making this call, for example, a ball which is merely deflected by a teammate may still be picked up by the goalkeeper. The back-pass rule has been followed in international football and in most professional and amateur leagues since the early 1990s, the back pass rule is listed in Law 12 of the Laws of the Game. As the goalkeeper is usually the only player who can see the entire field, they often act as the organizer of the team when it is defending. This means the goalkeeper needs to be loud, with a voice that can project over the area of the pitch
23.
Five-a-side football
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Five-a-side football is a variation of association football in which each team fields five players. Other differences from football include a pitch, smaller goals. The penalty area is different from football, it is semi-circular in shape, only the goalkeeper is allowed to touch the ball within it. Goalkeepers are only allowed to give the ball out to another player through hands, the goalkeeper may only kick the ball if it is in the course of making a save. Yellow cards may result in the player being sent to the sin bin for a pre-determined length of time. Red cards work in the way as the 11-a-side game. Charging/sliding tackles are awarded a yellow card, additionally, metal studded boots or blades cannot be worn, as it damages the playing surface. Players are also required to wear shin guards but this is usually at the discretion of the referee, futsal is a version of indoor five-a-side football developed by the Asociación Mundial de Fútbol de Salón. It currently has two governing bodies, Asociación Mundial de Fútbol de Salón, and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association, indoor soccer is an indoor variant played primarily in North America, typically with six-a-side teams on a ice hockey sized pitch. Beach Soccer is a variation on football in that it is played on a sandy surface. Rules do not greatly differ from those found in regular five-a-side football, a variation with increased pitch size and number of players on a team. In this variation there are five players and one goalkeeper on the pitch for each team at any one time. Rules do not greatly differ from those found in five-a-side football and this is another variation with increased pitch and team size, in this case with six outfield players and a goalkeeper on each side. The rules generally do not differ from those from five-a-side, there are many operators of five-a-side football in the UK, who run and organise small-sided football leagues at outdoor and indoor venues across the United Kingdom. The F5WC is the worlds largest amateur football tournament in the world with over 48 participating nations. The popularity of five-a-side youth football has grown tremendously within the US, many organisations have chosen this format and modified it slightly to promote an environment where children can excel early in youth sports. In recent years a few teams have found themselves with sponsorship deals amounting up to thousand of pounds contracts. Masters football Street football Rugby sevens 3v3 Soccer Paralympic association football
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Special Olympics World Games
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The Special Olympics World Games are an international sporting competition for athletes with intellectual disabilities, organized by Special Olympics. Although local Special Olympics events and competitions are held around the world every day, the goal is to showcase the skills and accomplishments of people with intellectual disabilities on a global stage. The World Games feature more than a week of competitions involving thousands of athletes, through media coverage of the Games, the stories and achievements of children and adults with intellectual disabilities are made known to millions of people worldwide. Special Olympics World Games take place two years and alternate between Summer and Winter Games, a schedule similar to the Olympics and Paralympics. Attracting as many as 350,000 volunteers and coaches, plus thousands of athletes. Special Olympics athletes can compete in 32 Olympic-style summer or winter sports, the athletes are adults and children with intellectual disabilities who can range from gifted, world-class competitors to average athletes to those with limited physical ability. Its a fundamental rule of Special Olympics competitions that athletes are matched up according to their ability and this “divisioning” process is an effort to make every competition fair, competitive and exciting for athletes as well as fans. In 1991, the name was changed from International Special Olympics Summer/Winter Games to Special Olympics World Summer/Winter Games. In 2011, Special Olympics World Summer Games were held on June 25 – July 4 in Athens, Greece, the most recent 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games were held in Los Angeles, California from July 25 – Aug.2,2015. These games were the first Special Olympics World Summer Games held in the United States in 16 years since the 1999 Summer Games held in Raleigh, the next World Winter Games will be the 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games in Graz and Schladming in Styria, Austria. This marks a return, Salzburg and Schladming, Austria hosted the fifth Special Olympics World Winter Games in 1993 and these were the first Special Olympics World Games held outside the United States. The 2017 World Winter Games will be held March 14-March 25,2017
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