1.
Park City, Utah
–
Park City is a city in Summit County, Utah, United States. It is considered to be part of the Wasatch Back, the city is 32 miles southeast of downtown Salt Lake City and 19.88 miles from Salt Lake Citys east edge of Sugar House along Interstate 80. The population was 7,558 at the 2010 census, on average, the tourist population greatly exceeds the number of permanent residents. After a population decline following the shutdown of the mining industry. The city currently brings in an average of $529,800,000 to the Utah Economy as a tourist hot spot. The city has two ski resorts, Deer Valley Resort and Park City Mountain Resort. Both ski resorts were the locations for ski and snowboarding events at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Although they receive less snow and have a ski season than do their counterparts in Salt Lake County, such as Snowbird resort. Some scenes from 1994s Dumb and Dumber were shot in the city, outdoor-oriented businesses such as backcountry. com, Rossignol USA, and Skullcandy have their headquarters in Park City. The city has many retailers, clubs, bars, and restaurants, and has nearby reservoirs, hot springs, forests, in the summertime many valley residents of the Wasatch Front visit the town to escape high temperatures. Park City is usually 20 °F cooler than Salt Lake City, as it lies mostly above 7,000 feet above sea level, in 2008, Park City was named by Forbes Traveler Magazine among one of the 20 prettiest towns in the United States. In 2011, the town was awarded a Gold-level Ride Center designation from the International Mountain Bicycling Association for its mountain trails, amenities. The area was traveled by the early Mormon pioneers on their journey to where they settled, one of their leaders, Parley P. Pratt, explored the canyon in 1848. He was given a charter the following year to build a road through it. The basin at the top of the canyon was good for grazing, early on, the area was deeded to Samuel Snyder, Heber C. The settlers named it Parleys Park City, which was shortened to Park City in the early 1900s, the first known discovery of ore in this area was by Colonel Patrick E. Connor, who instigated his men to search the area in bringing non-Mormons to the Utah region. The finding of silver, gold and lead sparked the first silver mines in Park City in the 1860s, Park City’s large mining boom brought large crowds of prospectors setting up camps around the mountain terrain, marking the first mining settlements. Although it was not the first find, the Ontario mine, discovered by Herman Buden in 1872, by 1892 the Silver King Mine and its owners Thomas Kearns and David Keith took the spotlight as one of the most famous silver mines in the world
2.
Utah
–
Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Ski lift
–
A ski lift is a mechanism for transporting skiers up a hill. Ski lifts are typically a paid service at ski resorts, the first ski lift was built in 1908 by German Robert Winterhalder in Schollach/Eisenbach, Hochschwarzwald. Types of lifts are, Aerial lifts transport skiers while suspended off the ground, cable railways, including funiculars Helicopters are used for heliskiing and snowcats for snowcat skiing. This is backcountry skiing or boarding accessed by a snowcat or helicopter instead of a lift, cat skiing is less than half the cost of heliskiing, more expensive than a lift ticket but is easier than ski touring. Skiing at select, extreme resorts, like Silverton Mountain, is also guided, even when skiing just off the lift
5.
Gondola lift
–
A gondola lift, as opposed to a cable car, is a means of cable transport and type of aerial lift which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of cable that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a bullwheel in a terminal, which is connected to an engine or electric motor. They are often considered continuous systems since they feature a haul rope which moves and circulates around two terminal stations. Depending on the combination of cables used for support and/or haulage and the type of grip, the capacity, cost, because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alpine regions of Europe, the French language name of Télécabine is also used in an English language context. Gondola lifts should not be confused with cable cars or the US aerial tramways as the latter solely operates with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals. In some systems the passenger cabins, which can hold between two and 8 people, are connected to the cable by means of spring-loaded grips. These grips allow the cabin to be detached from the cable and slowed down in the terminals, to allow passengers to board. Doors are almost always automatic and controlled by a lever on the roof or on the undercarriage that is pushed up or down, cabins are driven through the terminals either by rotating tires, or by a chain system. To be accelerated to and decelerated from line speed, cabins are driven along by progressively swifter rotating tires until they reach line or terminal speed, on older installations, gondolas are accelerated manually by an operator. Gondola lifts can have intermediate stops that allow for uploading and downloading on the lift, examples of a lift with three stops instead of the standard two are the Village Gondola and the Excalibur Gondolas at Whistler Blackcomb. In 1986, Doppelmayr built the worlds first eight-passenger gondola at Steamboat Ski Resort, such a system is called Pulse Cabin because usually more than one cabin are loaded at a time before the trip begins. Another type of lift is the bi-cable gondola, which has one other stationary cable, besides the main haul rope. One of the famous examples of this type of lift include the Ngong Ping Cable Car in Hong Kong, the Singapore Cable Car. This system has the advantage that the stationary cables strength and properties can be tailored to each span, there are also tri-cable gondolas that have two stationary cables that support the cabins. They differ from cable cars in that the latter consist only of one or two usually larger cabins, moving up and down, not circulating, bi and tri cable systems provide greater lateral stability allowing the system to operate in higher cross-winds. Open-air gondolas, or cabriolet as commonly called, are uncommon and are quite primitive because they are exposed to the elements. Their cabins are usually hollow cylinder, open from chest height up, with a floor and they are usually used as village gondolas and for short distances
6.
Chairlift
–
They are the primary onhill transport at most ski areas, but are also found at amusement parks, various tourist attractions, and increasingly in urban transport. Depending on carrier size and loading efficiency, a passenger ropeway can move up to 4000 people per hour, and the fastest lifts achieve operating speeds of up to 12 m/s or 43.2 km/h. The two-person double chair, which for years was the workhorse of the ski industry. The four person detachable chairlift can transport 2400 people per hour with an average speed of 5 m/s. Some bi and tri cable elevated ropeways and reversible tramways achieve much greater operating speeds, a chairlift consists of numerous components to provide safe efficient transport. Especially at ski areas, chairlifts are referred to with a ski industry vernacular, a one-person lift is a single, a two-person lift is a double, a three-person lift a “triple”, four-person lifts are “quads”, and a six-person lift is a six pack. If the lift is a chairlift, it is typically referred to as a “high-speed” lift. Because fixed grip lifts move faster than detachables at load and unload, misloads are more frequent on fixed grips, detachable grips allow a greater rope speed to be used, usually twice that of a fixed grip chair, while simultaneously having slower loading and unloading sections. The capacity of a lift is constrained by the power, the rope speed, the carrier spacing, the vertical displacement. Human passengers can load only so quickly until loading efficiency decreases, the rope is the defining characteristic of an elevated passenger ropeway. The rope stretches and contracts as the tension exerted upon it increases and decreases, the fibre core contains a lubricant which protects the rope from corrosion and also allows for smooth flexing operation. The rope must be lubricated to ensure safe operation and long life. Various techniques are used for constructing the rope, dozens of wires are wound into a strand. Several strands are wound around a core, their twist is oriented in the same or opposite direction as the individual wires. Rope is constructed in a fashion, and must be spliced together before carriers are affixed. Splicing involves unwinding long sections of either end of the rope, sections of rope must be removed, as the strands overlap during the splicing process. Every lift involves at least two terminals and may also have intermediate supporting towers, a bullwheel in each terminal redirects the rope, while sheaves on the towers support the rope well above the ground. The number of towers is engineered based on the length and strength of the rope, worst case environmental conditions, the bullwheel with the prime mover is called the drive bullwheel, the other is the return bullwheel
7.
Detachable chairlift
–
They are now commonplace at all but the smallest of ski resorts. Some are installed at tourist attractions as well as for urban transportation, the significance of detachable chairlift technology is primarily the speed and capacity. Detachable chairlifts move far faster than their brethren, averaging 1,000 feet per minute versus a typical fixed-grip speed of 500 ft/min. Some detachables move 900 feet per minute, some other detachables go even slower at 800 feet per minute. Detachable chairlifts can sometimes move at 1,100 feet per minute, usually, the longer the chairlift is, the faster it goes. Another advantage of detaching chairs is the ability to remove chairs during severe weather in order to stress on the rope. Furthermore, operating the unladen rope during extreme weather is effective at preventing—or greatly reducing—ice and snow accumulation on the sheaves and rope. This saves considerable time, expense and hazard when opening the chair for operation, chairlifts are made in a variety of sizes, carrying from 2 to 8 passengers. All chairs on a given chairlift usually have the same capacity, slang terms for the different sizes include doubles, triples, quads, and six packs. Detachable chairlifts may also be described as speed or express. Some detachable chairlifts have so-called bubble chairs, which add a retractable acrylic glass dome to protect passengers from weather, an alternative system for reconciling slow boarding speeds with fast rope speeds is the carpet lift, the chairs move at full speed even through the terminal. Boarding passengers are progressively accelerated on a system of belts of carpet-like material until nearly matching the chair speed. Another advantage about a modern chair is that it can run on an auxiliary diesel motor instead of an electric motor in a power fail. Most detachables have this option, but it makes the drive louder, Von Roll Habegger built the first detachable lift named at Gore Mountain, NY in 1984. Then Poma built the first chairlift that went 1,100 feet per minute named at Sugarbush Resort, VT in 1990. Doppelmayr built the first detachable quad chair in the named in 1981 at Breckenridge, CO which has now been replaced with the. The detachable chairlift didnt start with a chairlift, rather, it started with the Platter lift in 1908, as the left the cable. A detachable two person chairlift called White Lady was installed in Cairngorm Mountain, Scotland in 1961, in 1981, the first ever high speed detachable quad in the world was installed, the Doppelmayr-built Quicksilver SuperChair at Breckenridge Ski Resort in Colorado, in 1981
8.
Surface lift
–
A surface lift is a means of cable transport and is a transportation system used to transport skiers and snowboarders where riders remain on the ground as they are pulled uphill. Once prevalent, they have gradually been overtaken in popularity by higher capacity aerial lifts like chairlifts, today, surface lifts are most often found on beginner slopes and very small ski areas. Surface lifts have many disadvantages compared to aerial lifts, they require more passenger skills, surface must be continuous, they impede skiable terrain, slow speed, with the increase in snowboarding, surface lifts are replaced by chairlifts. They are often utilized at glacier skiing resorts because their supports can be anchored in glacier ice due to the lower forces, the first surface lift was built in 1908 by German Robert Winterhalder in Schollach/Eisenbach, Hochschwarzwald. A steam-powered toboggan tow,950 feet in length, was built in Truckee, California, the first skier-specific tow in North America was apparently installed in 1933 by Alec Foster at Shawbridge in the Laurentians outside Montreal, Quebec. The Shawbridge tow was quickly copied at Woodstock, Vermont in New England in 1934 by Bob and Betty Royce and their tow was driven by the rear wheel of a Ford Model A. Their relative simplicity made tows widespread and contributed to an explosion of the sport in the United States, before tows, only people willing to walk uphill could ski. Suddenly relatively unathletic people could participate, greatly increasing the appeal of the sport, within five years, more than 100 tow ropes were operating in North America. A rope tow consists of a cable or rope running through a bullwheel at the bottom and one at the top, in the simplest case, passengers grab hold of the rope and are pulled along while standing on their skis or snowboards and sliding up the hill. The grade of this style of rope tow is limited by passenger grip strength, metal handles can be attached to the rope to help grip. Steeper, faster and longer rope tows require the use of a nutcracker, the rider wears a harness around the hips. To this is attached a clamp, much like the nutcracker from which it derives its name and this eliminates the need to hold on and allows the rope to be supported at waist height by pulleys. This ssystem was used on many fields worldwide from the 1940s, a T-bar or J-bar lift is employed for low-capacity slopes in large resorts and small local areas. It consists of a cable loop running over a series of wheels. Hanging from the rope are a series of vertical recoiling cables, the horizontal bar is placed behind the skiers buttocks or between the snowboarders legs, and pushes the passengers uphill while they slide across the ground. The first T-bar lift in the United States was installed in 1940 at the Pico Mountain ski area and it was considered a great improvement over the rope tow. An earlier, potentially home-grown, T-bar was installed at Rib Mountain, Wisconsin, in 1937, invented in the 1930s, J-Bars were installed in the 1930s in North America and Australia, with the Ski Hoist at Charlotte Pass in Australia dating from 1938. J-bars have been superseded by T-bars which have twice the capacity, a J-bar closely resembles a T-bar, except that each carrier holds only one passenger
9.
Terrain park
–
A terrain park is an outdoor recreation area containing terrain that allows skiers, snowboarders and snowbikers to perform tricks. Terrain parks have their roots in skateparks and many of the features are common to both, from their inception to as recently as the 1980s, ski areas generally banned jumping and any kind of aerial maneuvers, usually under penalty of revoking the offenders lift ticket. By the 1990s, most areas provided snow features specifically catering to aerial snowsports, one of the first in-bounds terrain parks was the snowboard park built in 1990 at Vails resort. The park was copied soon in other resorts, today most resorts have terrain parks, with many having multiple parks of various difficulty. Some resorts are almost exclusively terrain parks such as Echo Mountain Park in Idaho Springs, Colorado and Snow Park in Wanaka, in Colorado there has been a recent trend for defunct resorts such as Squaw Pass to be reopened, catering to terrain park users. The first known terrain park was built at Bear Valley Ski Area in the 1989-90 season and it was the brainchild of Bear Valleys Marketing Director Sean McMahon and California snowboarder and contest organizer Mike McDaniel. He enlisted the help of McDaniel, who had experience building snowboard-specific terrain features such as halfpipes and jumps, through his work organizing early snowboard events. McDaniel in turn, brought in snowboard pioneers Mike Chantry and Keith Kimmel to consult on the design and construction of the park, to be located on the front side of Bear Valley’s upper mountain. A surface lift was installed to bring snowboarders from the bottom of the back to the top. Kim Krause, who had run lifts in other areas of the resort, was brought on as the parks first lift operator. It became apparent that the park would need ongoing construction, grooming, and maintenance, and McDaniel was hired by Bear Valley in the fall of 1989 to be Snowboard Park Manager. The new mountain attraction was dubbed the “Polar Park. ”Opening day in late November 1989 featured a demonstration by professional snowboarders Damian Sanders, Terry Kidwell, Noah Salasnek, Mike and Tina Basich, the event was covered by Thrasher Magazine, International Snowboard Magazine and local media. Terrain parks have designations with respect to safety similar to standard alpine slopes and they differ in their designation and degrees of difficulty. They are identified with orange ovals to differentiate them from standard slopes, large features include 30-to-90-foot jumps along with complex jibs and large vertical pipes. Progression parks are easier terrain parks, meant for those just starting to ride these features. Jibs are any type of fixture which can be ridden with the board/skis either parallel or perpendicular to the surface, ridden while spinning around on, or ridden. Many jib features resemble outdoor items used when snowboarding in urban areas, such as handrails, benches, tables. In the park these feature consist of, Rail A metal feature, either rounded or with a flat surface, many people confuse rails with wider surfaces with boxes, however these are not, and are just rails with a little UHMWPE on top
10.
Snow
–
Snowstorms organize and develop by feeding on sources of atmospheric moisture and cold air. Snowflakes nucleate around particles in the atmosphere by attracting supercooled water droplets, snowflakes take on a variety of shapes, basic among these are platelets, needles, columns and rime. As snow accumulates into a snowpack, it may blow into drifts, over time, accumulated snow metamorphoses, by sintering, sublimation and freeze-thaw. Where the climate is cold enough for year-to-year accumulation, a glacier may form, otherwise, snow typically melts seasonally, causing runoff into streams and rivers and recharging groundwater. Major snow-prone areas include the regions, the upper half of the Northern Hemisphere and mountainous regions worldwide with sufficient moisture. In the Southern Hemisphere, snow is confined primarily to mountainous areas, Snow affects ecosystems, as well, by providing an insulating layer during winter under which plants and animals are able to survive the cold. Snow develops in clouds that themselves are part of a weather system. The physics of snow crystal development in clouds results from a set of variables that include moisture content. The resulting shapes of the falling and fallen crystals can be classified into a number of shapes and combinations. Occasionally, some plate-like, dendritic and stellar-shaped snowflakes can form under clear sky with a cold temperature inversion present. Two additional and locally productive sources of snow are lake-effect storms and elevation effects, miid-latitude cyclones are low pressure areas which are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild snow storms to heavy blizzards. During a hemispheres fall, winter, and spring, the atmosphere over continents can be cold enough through the depth of the troposphere to cause snowfall, in the Northern Hemisphere, the northern side of the low pressure area produces the most snow. For the southern mid-latitudes, the side of a cyclone that produces the most snow is the southern side, a cold front, the leading edge of a cooler mass of air, can produce frontal snowsqualls—an intense frontal convective line, when temperature is near freezing at the surface. The strong convection that develops has enough moisture to produce whiteout conditions at places which line passes over as the wind causes intense blowing snow. This type of snowsquall generally lasts less than 30 minutes at any point along its path, in cases where there is a large amount of vertical growth and mixing the squall may develop embedded cumulonimbus clouds resulting in lightning and thunder which is dubbed thundersnow. A warm front can produce snow for a period, as warm, moist air overrides below-freezing air, often, snow transitions to rain in the warm sector behind the front. The same effect occurs over bodies of salt water, when it is termed ocean-effect or bay-effect snow. The effect is enhanced when the air mass is uplifted by the orographic influence of higher elevations on the downwind shores
11.
Snowmaking
–
Snowmaking is the production of snow by forcing water and pressurized air through a snow gun, also known as a snow cannon, on ski slopes. Snowmaking is mainly used at ski resorts to supplement natural snow and this allows ski resorts to improve the reliability of their snow cover and to extend their ski seasons from late autumn to early spring. Indoor ski slopes often use snowmaking and they can generally do so year-round as they have a climate-controlled environment. The production of snow requires low temperatures, the threshold temperature for snowmaking increases as humidity decreases. Wet bulb temperature is used as a metric since it takes air temperature, snowmaking is a relatively expensive process in its energy use, thereby limiting its use. Art Hunt, Dave Richey, and Wayne Pierce invented the snow cannon in 1950, in 1952, Grossingers Catskill Resort Hotel became the first in the world to use artificial snow. Snowmaking began to be used extensively in the early 1970s, many ski resorts depend heavily upon snowmaking. Snowmaking has achieved greater efficiency with increasing complexity, traditionally, snowmaking quality depended upon the skill of the equipment operator. Computer control supplements that skill with greater precision, such that a snow gun operates only when snowmaking is optimal, all-weather snowmakers have been developed by IDE. The key considerations in production are increasing water and energy efficiency. Snowmaking plants require water pumps and sometimes air compressors when using lances, the energy required to make artificial snow is about 0.6 -0.7 kW h/m³ for lances and 1 -2 kW h/m³ for fan guns. The density of snow is between 400 and 500 kg/m³ and the water consumption for producing snow is roughly equal to that number. Snowmaking begins with a water supply such as a river or reservoir, water is pushed up a pipeline on the mountain using very large electric pumps in a pump house. This water is distributed through a series of valves and pipes to any trails that require snowmaking. Many resorts also add a nucleating agent to ensure that as much water as possible freezes and these products are organic or inorganic materials that facilitate the water molecules to form the proper shape to freeze into ice crystals. The products are non-toxic and biodegradable, the next step in the snowmaking process is to add air using an air plant. This plant is often a building which contains electric or diesel industrial air compressors the size of a van or truck, however, in some instances air compression is provided using diesel-powered, portable trailer-mounted compressors which can be added to the system. Many fan-type snow guns have on-board electric air compressors, which allows for cheaper, a ski area may have the required high-output water pumps, but not an air pump
12.
Night skiing
–
Night skiing is the sport of skiing or snowboarding after sundown, offered at many ski resorts and mountains. There are usually electric lights – including LED lamps – along the piste which allow for better visibility and it typically begins after a resorts skiing-day ends, and ends between 8,00 and 10,30 p. m. Night skiing offers a few last runs for skiers who dont have time to ski during daylight hours. Trails at night are not as busy as during the day. The trails also tend to be icier than during the day, Night skiing was invented by Webb Moffet who used to own a ski area near Seattle, which is now called Summit West. He bought huge flood lights and aimed them at the hill, after a while, it occurred to him that people would pay to ski at night, and so it became part of the business. Media related to Night skiing at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Ski resort
–
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area – a mountainous area with pistes, ski trails, the ski industry has identified advancing generations of ski resorts, First generation Developed around a well-established summer resort or village. Second generation Created from a non-tourist village or pasture, third generation or integrated Designed from scratch on virgin territory to be a purpose-built ski resort, all the amenities and services nearby. Fourth generation or village resorts Created from virgin territory or around an existing village, the term ski station is also used, particularly in Europe, for a skiing facility which is not located in or near a town or village. A ski resort which is open for summer activities is often referred to as a mountain resort. Ski areas have marked paths for skiing known as runs, trails or pistes, Ski areas typically have one or more chairlifts for moving skiers rapidly to the top of hills, and to interconnect the various trails. Rope tows can also be used on short slopes, larger ski areas may use gondolas or aerial trams for transportation across longer distances within the ski area. Ski areas usually have at least a basic first aid facility, the ski patrol is usually responsible for rule enforcement, marking hazards, closing individual runs, and removing dangerous participants from the area. Some ski resorts offer lodging options on the slopes themselves, with ski-in, après-ski is a term for entertainment, nightlife or social events that occur specifically at ski resorts. These add to the enjoyment of resort-goers and provide something to do besides skiing and snowboarding, the culture originated in the Alps, where it is most popular and where skiers often stop at bars on their last run of the day while still wearing all their ski gear. People that browse ski resort & hotel websites will commonly seek mention of the quality of après-ski in the area and it is therefore seen as an important factor for skiers to consider before booking a holiday. The concept is similar to the hole in golf. The process of development have progressed since the birth of the skiing industry. Amenities and infrastructure such as buildings, ski-lifts, gondolas, access roads, parking lots. In recent years, the use of snow cannons have increased due to the fall in the volume of snow, in order to obtain good quality snow, dust or bacteria is mixed with the water in the process of snow making to form better snowflakes. Not only that the manufacture of artificial snow is costly and uses large amounts of water, snow cannons redistributes a large amount of water unnaturally over the land and freezes the ground vegetation late into spring, preventing growth and leaving pistes bare. With enough amount of water, and the likelihood of landslides and avalanches would be drastically higher. The required space for hotels, flats and secondary residences has increased the amount of space occupied by roads, while a large amount of people requires special water, sewage and electricity systems, a great deal of construction work is needed
14.
Western United States
–
The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U. S. expanded westward after its founding, prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier. Since then, the frontier moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West. The West contains several major biomes, the Western U. S. is the largest region of the country, covering more than half the land area of the United States. Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define, a majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River. The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West, within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States, smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions. Meanwhile, the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest, West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U. S. Fort Worth has long laid claim to be Where the West Begins, the West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile. Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants/sq mi, Washington with 86.0 inhabitants/sq mi. and California with 213.4 inhabitants/sq mi. exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants/sq mi. The entire Western region has also strongly influenced by European, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and Native Americans. African and European Americans, however, continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the rates of citizenship and voting among Asians. The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U. S. particularly in the reservations in the Mountain. The Western United States has a sex ratio than any other region in the United States. Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became an issue, agencies of the federal government own. National parks are reserved for activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and boating, but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching, logging. The largest city in the region is Los Angeles, located on the West Coast, Other West Coast cities include San Diego, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland. Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver, Colorado Springs, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Boise, El Paso, and Cheyenne. Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which and they collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean
15.
Salt Lake City
–
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
16.
United States Ski Team
–
Since 1974 the team and association have been headquartered in Park City, Utah. These athletes represent the best athletes in the country for their sports and compete as a team at the national, world. *The first U. S.1882 - First U. S, Ski Club Founded The first ski club in the United States was founded in 1882. The Nansen Ski Club of Berlin, New Hampshire, was founded by Norwegian immigrants, a meeting was held by the Ishpeming Ski Club in conjunction with a 1904 ski jumping meet in Ishpeming - but the association was not formed at that gathering. Club President Carl Tellefsen proposed holding a meeting after the 1905 jumping meet – a national meet - to found a ski association which, among other duties, would oversee jumping tournaments. In 1905, the association was organized during a meeting attended by officers from the Ishpeming, Minneapolis, Red Wing, Stillwater. On Feb.21,1905, Carl Tellefsen announced the National Ski Association -, in 1910, the International Ski Commission was formed to monitor development of skiing globally. Ski events were only Nordic, including country, ski jumping. Anders Haugen, a Norwegian immigrant to the United States, was listed as fourth in ski jumping because of a calculation error. In 1974, as Norwegians prepared to celebrate the 50th anniversary of those first Winter Games, a medal presentation was arranged in Oslo, where a frail Haugen received the bronze medal from the daughter of Thorleif Haug, who had been dead since the Thirties. Haugens medal remains the only jumping medal won by an American in the Olympics or World Championships, originally, the IOC did not recognize the medal exchange and kept Haug listed as its 1924 bronze medalist for years before recognizing Haugen as the legitimate medal-winner. Although the United States participated in the Winter Olympics of 1924,28 and 32 - where there were only Nordic events, athletes were selected for the various championships. Some 300 athletes from 17 nations competed, skiing was still a Nordic show, top US skier was another jumper, Casper Oimoen, who finished fifth. Six men, seven women were on that first official US squad at Worlds,1936 - Feb. 6-16 - Alpine added to Olympic Winter Games - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Alpine skiing was introduced with to the Olympics with a single event, the combined. While Nordic remained a province, alpine was opened to men and women. For the only time, the FIS authorized a World Championships in addition to the Olympics with alpine championship races held in Innsbruck, Austria. In addition to the combined, which debuted in 1936, alpine added both elements of combined as individual events, meaning alpine was now equal with Nordic, having three events. Fraser led US skiers, collecting the first medals by a US skier - gold in slalom, the US women included a talented young teen – Andrea Mead,15, whose parents owned Pico Peak, near Rutland, VT
17.
Slalom skiing
–
Slalom is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline, involving skiing between poles or gates. These are spaced more closely than those in giant slalom, super giant slalom and downhill, internationally, the sport is contested at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships, and at the Olympic Winter Games. The term may refer to waterskiing on one ski. The word slalom is from the Morgedal/Seljord dialect of Norwegian slalåm, sla, meaning slightly inclining hillside, the inventors of modern skiing classified their trails according to their difficulty. Slalåm was a used in Telemark by boys and girls not yet able to try themselves on the more challenging runs. Ufsilåm was a trail with one obstacle like a jump, a fence, a turn, a gorge. Uvyrdslåm was a trail with several obstacles, a Norwegian military downhill competition in 1767 included racing downhill among trees without falling or breaking skis. Sondre Norheim and other skiers from Telemark practiced uvyrdslåm or disrespectful/reckless downhill where they raced downhill in difficult, the 1866 ski race in Oslo was a combined cross-country, jumping and slalom competition. In the slalom participants were allowed use poles for braking and steering, during the late 1800s Norwegian skiers participated in all branches often with the same pair of skis. Slalom and variants of slalom were often referred to as hill races, around 1900 hill races are abandoned in the Oslo championships at Huseby and Holmenkollen. Mathias Zdarskys development of the Lilienfeld binding helped change hill races into a specialty of the Alps region, the rules for the modern slalom were developed by Arnold Lunn in 1922 for the British National Ski Championships, and adopted for alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics. A course is constructed by laying out a series of gates, formed by alternating pairs of red, the skier must pass between the two poles forming the gate, with the tips of both skis and the skiers feet passing between the poles. A course has 55 to 75 gates for men and 40 to 60 for women, the vertical drop for a mens course is 180 to 220 m and slightly less for women. The gates are arranged in a variety of configurations to challenge the competitor, because the offsets are relatively small in slalom, ski racers take a fairly direct line and often knock the poles out of the way as they pass, which is known as blocking. In modern slalom, a variety of equipment is used such as shin pads, hand guards, helmets. Traditionally, bamboo poles were used for gates, the rigidity of which forced skiers to maneuver their entire body around each gate. The early 1980s, rigid poles were replaced by hard plastic poles, hinged at the base with a universal joint designed and patented by Peter Laehy and Stefan Dag in Aspen, CO. USA. The hinged gates require, according to FIS rules, only that the skis, by 1989 most of the top technical skiers in the world had adopted the cross-block technique
18.
Giant slalom
–
Giant slalom is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline. It involves skiing between sets of poles spaced at a distance to each other than in slalom but less than in Super-G. Giant slalom and slalom make up the events in alpine ski racing. This category separates them from the events of Super-G and downhill. The technical events are composed of two runs, held on different courses on the same ski run. The vertical drop for a GS course must be 250–450 m for men, the number of gates in this event is 56–70 for men and 46–58 for women. The number of changes in a GS course equals 11–15% of the vertical drop of the course in metres. As an example, a course with a drop of 300 m would have 33–45 direction changes for an adult race. Although not the fastest event in skiing, on average a well-trained racer may reach speeds of 40 km/h in the giant slalom. Giant slalom skis are shorter than super-G and downhill skis, a maximum stand height of 55 mm was also established for all disciplines. In May 2006, the FIS announced further changes to the rules governing equipment, beginning with the 2007–08 season, the minimum radius for GS skis was increased to 27 m for men and 23 m for women. Additionally, the minimum ski width at the waist was increased from 60 to 65 mm, the best skiers tended to use a bigger sidecut radius, like Ted Ligety 29 m and Lindsey Vonn 27 m. For the 2012–13 season, the FIS increased the radius to 35 m. Dodge argues that FIS used studies which do not comprise a scientific proof and he states that it is well known that if one tips the ski 7° more the 35 m ski will have the same turning radius as the 28 m ski. He states as well that knee injuries are decreasing since the 1990s, the first giant slalom was set in 1935 on the Mottarone in Italy, over the Lake Maggiore, near Stresa, on January 20. After one month, the giant slalom was set on the Marmolada in Italys Dolomite mountains. The giant slalom was added to the championships in 1950 at Aspen, Colorado. The GS has been run in every world championships and Olympics since, originally a one-run event, a second run was added for men at the world championships in 1966, run on consecutive days, and at the Olympics in 1968
19.
2002 Winter Olympics
–
Approximately 2,400 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines, held throughout 165 sporting sessions. The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee, Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games, and the 2002 Winter Olympics are the most recent games to be held in the United States. These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge, the opening ceremony was held on February 8,2002, and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24,2002. Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters, Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics, although the two subsequent host cities populations were larger. Following a trend, the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games, with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. The Salt Lake Games faced a scandal and some local opposition during the bid. Nevertheless, from sporting and business standpoints, this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history, over 2 billion viewers watched more than 13 billion viewer-hours. The Games were also financially successful raising more money with fewer sponsors than any prior Olympic Games, the surplus was used to create the Utah Athletic Foundation, which maintains and operates many of the remaining Olympic venues. U. S. Federal subsidies amounted to $1.3 billion, Salt Lake City was chosen over Québec City, Canada, Sion, Switzerland, and Östersund, Sweden, on June 16,1995, at the 104th IOC Session in Budapest, Hungary. The 1976 Winter Olympics were ultimately awarded to Innsbruck, Austria, 1Because of the no-commercialization policy of the Olympics, the Delta Center, now the Vivint Smart Home Arena, was labeled as the Salt Lake Ice Center, causing some confusion for visitors. The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics at USD2.5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 24% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, average cost for Winter Games since 1960 is USD3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%. A total 78 National Olympic Committees sent athletes to the Salt Lake City games, cameroon, Hong Kong, Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand participated in their first Winter Olympic Games. There were 78 events contested in 7 sports, in the following calendar for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport are held, the number in each box represents the number of finals that were contested on that day. All dates are in Mountain Standard Time Host country To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, several medals records were set and/or tied. They included, Norway tied the Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics for most gold medals at a Winter Olympics, germany set a record for most total medals at a Winter Olympics, with 36
20.
Vail Resorts
–
They also own luxury resort hotels throughout the world. The company trades on the New York Stock Exchange, symbol MTN, the company is headquartered in Broomfield, Colorado. Vail Resorts was founded as Vail Associates Ltd. by Pete Seibert, Earl and Peter were both ski patrol guides at Aspen when they shared their dream of finding the next great ski mountain. Earl, a long resident and son of pioneer families in the area lead Peter to the area in March 1957. Peter set off to secure financing and Earl engineered the early lifts, on a string and a prayer, the ski resort was founded and it opened in 1962. George N. Gillett, Jr. purchased Vail Associates in 1985, Vail Associates changed its name to Vail Resorts and went public in 1997 after Gillett Holdings went bankrupt. Former Apollo executive, Rob Katz, currently runs the company, the skating rink at Beaver Creek was named the Black Family Skating Rink after Leon Black. In 2001, Vail Resorts acquired the luxury hotel chain Rockresorts. RockResorts was named for its owners, the Rockefeller Family. As of January 2017, the properties include, All of the retail operations are run by a smaller company. The owners of the other 30% are the Gart Brothers, specifically Tom Gart, Ken Gart, the Gart family have been in the sporting goods business for 3 generations and were the former owners of Gart Sports, the large chain of sporting goods stores in the western US. Gart Sports was sold by the Gart family in the 1990s and then sold again to Sports Authority. In 2010, Vail completed the buyout of the Specialty Sports Venture brand and is now the 100% owner of all SSV operations, SSV is reportedly the largest Trek bicycles dealer in the world. Vail Resorts also owns just over 50% of Slifer, Smith and Frampton, Slifer, Smith and Frampton was called Slifer, Smith and Frampton/Vail Associates Real Estate, but they dropped the Vail Associates name in 2003. East West Partners has built most of the building that make up the Beaver Creek Village, including the Marketplace Building, Village Hall. Not to be confused with East West Resorts, a separate property Management Group, VRDC developed Bachelors Gulch, one of the most upscale, ski-in/ski-out resorts in the business with its own Ritz Carlton and just over 100 slopeside mansions. President Gerald Ford kept his ski house in the Strawberry Park section of Beaver Creek, Arrowhead is the third peak in the heavily promoted village to village ski experience in which you can ski from Beaver Creek to Bachelors Gulch to Arrowhead and back again. Arrowhead was a ski area unrelated to Beaver Creek for years before they were finally bought by Vail Associates in the early 1990s
21.
Canyons Resort
–
Canyons Resort was one of three alpine ski resorts located in Park City, Utah. Prior to 2015, there were 19 chairlifts,4,000 acres of skiable terrain and an average of 355 inches of snow each winter, making Canyons the largest ski and snowboard resort in Utah. The base area is located 32 miles from the Salt Lake City International Airport, accessed via Interstate 80, in the summer of 2010, Canyons was significantly upgraded by Talisker Corporation in order to compete with the other nearby resorts. In 2013, Talisker and Vail Resorts signed a 50-year lease for Vail to run the resort operations, one year later Vail Resorts purchased neighboring Park City Mountain Resort and as of 2015, the two resorts are merged via an interconnect gondola and re-branded as Park City. The former Canyons base area is now called Canyons Village at Park City, the ski area opened as Park City West in 1968, a sister resort to the nearby Park City Mountain Resort which opened five years earlier. In 2007, American Skiing Company sold all of its assets, the Canyons sale to Talisker Corporation was finalized in 2008. In 2010, Talisker finished significant upgrades to the resort and officially changed the name to Canyons Resort, on May 29,2013, it was announced that Vail Resorts would operate Canyons under a 50-year lease, with six 50-year renewal options. Vail Resort announced a plan to combine Canyons Resort with Park City Mountain Resort through an interconnect gondola between Iron Mountain at Canyons and the Silverlode lift at PCMR in 2015. The combined areas are operating as Park City Mountain Resort, in addition, Vail has improved snowmaking and the mid-mountain chalet, Red Pine Lodge. Canyons Resort covered nine mountain peaks with elevation of 9,990 ft on Peak 9990. The large amount of terrain had 182 trails, five bowls, six natural halfpipes, side mountain and backcountry skiing on the surrounding National Forest land can be accessed through gates found on some of the peaks. Since 2010 Canyons has hosted a race as part of the Sprint Grand Prix of Skicross and Snowboardcross. In the summer, Canyons Resort has a trail system open for mountain biking or hiking. The resort also operates two zip lines and a golf course. As with most four-season resorts, Canyons Resort has numerous dining, shopping. The village also hosts concerts throughout the year at its outdoor amphitheater. Park City Mountain Resort - official site Utah Hiking and Skiing Information
22.
Powder Mountain
–
Powder Mountain is a ski resort located just east of Eden, Utah, stretching between Weber and Cache counties, and only 55 miles from Salt Lake City International Airport. Powder Mountain consistently tops Ski Magazine’s “Best Value Resort” category, taking home the honor five out of the past six years. With more than 300 inches of snowfall, Powder Mountain was ranked #2 for “Snow”. Powder Mountain had its beginnings as the range for Frederick James Cobabe’s sheep herd. Between 1902 and 1948, Cobabe continually accumulated land around Eden, old timers say that his property was severely overgrazed by previous owners and hardly a blade of grass could be found. The watershed was so poor that Wolf Creek dried up each fall, fred’s soil conservation practices greatly improved the vegetation and Powder Mountain now is known as one of the best watersheds in the Wasatch Mountains. Fred’s son, Dr. Alvin F. Cobabe, bought the company with its 8,000 acres in 1948. While horseback riding with friends along Lightning Ridge in the 1950s, the idea rang true with Dr. Cobabe and he began to amass adjacent property adding to the thousands of acres acquired from his father. When the resort opened on February 19,1972, he owned 14,000 acres, only the Sundown lift was open during Powder Mountain’s first season. The area was lit for night skiing and a ski school was established, food was prepared on an outdoor barbecue. The Main Lodge, the Sundown Lodge and the Timberline lift were added to operations in the 1972–73 season, Dr. Alvin Cobabe, at age 88, sold Powder Mountain, Inc in 2006 to Western American Holdings. The resort remained under the management team, led by Aleta Cobabe, daughter of Alvin. Western American sold Powder Mountain to events company Summit in 2013, Powder Mountain currently has four chair lifts, and an additional three surface tows. Beyond lift accessed terrain, Powder Mountain also offers all-day Snowcat Powder Safaris, single ride cat skiing and inbound and backcountry guided tours through their Adventure Center. The slopes on both sides of the leading up to the resort—known as Powder Country—are served by a bus that will pick riders up at a waiting area halfway down the access road. There is also an $18 per-ride Snowcat service up Lightning Ridge, James Peak is one of the premier powder bowl runs in Utah. Powder Mountain’s terrain within the lift accessible area offers a variety of runs for riders of every skill level, including a large assortment of green, blue. With over 2,500 inbound vertical feet available and over 400 inches of annual snowfall, Powder Mountain also offers ski-in, ski-out condos for rent at the summit, making it a convenient getaway for skiers of all levels
23.
Shaun White Snowboarding
–
Shaun White Snowboarding is a sports video game for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Xbox 360 systems. It was developed by Ubisoft Montreal, published by Ubisoft, there are six mountains in Shaun White Snowboarding, including Alaska, Park City, Europe and Japan. Each mountain features up to three different sections, peak, back country and park, the last mountain is set in British Columbia and is called B. C. The mountain is available in the Mile-High Pack paid downloadable content. While players progress through the game, they will earn abilities that help them throughout the game. Some of the abilities consist of gaining high speeds or the ability to break through obstacles to further in the game. The Wii version of Shaun White Snowboarding was the 20th best-selling game of December 2008 in the United States, the Wii version of the game received more positive reception than any of the other versions. GameSpot gave the game a 5/10 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions, over 3 Million copies of the game had been sold as of May 2009. The following is the soundtrack listing from Shaun White Snowboarding. The soundtrack of the game was released in 2008 and contains 43 songs by MGMT, Bob Dylan, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Kasabian, Shaun White Snowboarding, World Stage Shaun White Skateboarding Steep Official website
24.
Sugarloaf (ski resort)
–
Sugarloaf is a ski area and resort located on Sugarloaf Mountain in Carrabassett Valley, western Maine. It is the second largest ski resort east of the Mississippi in terms of area and snowmaking percentage. Sugarloaf recorded a total of 352,000 skier visits in the 2005–2006 season, ranking it second among Maine resorts and 11th in New England, at 4,237 feet Sugarloaf Mountain is second in elevation to Maines highest peak, Mount Katahdin. The summit of Sugarloaf offers the only lift-serviced above-treeline skiing in the Northeast, the Appalachian Trail crosses within 0.6 miles of Sugarloafs peak and the summit offers 360 degree views of Maines western mountains and New Hampshires White Mountains. As of March 2010, there were 54 miles of marked trails, there were 1,400 acres of skiable area boundary to boundary. The fifteen chairlifts have the capacity to carry 21,180 skiers per hour, there are also 154 marked trails and glades, most of which are named after logging terms in a tribute to Maines logging history. Trails include thirty-four rated as green circle, forty-four blue square, thirty-nine black diamond, there are also twenty glades, and three terrain parks. Lifts include two SuperQuads,3 high-capacity quads, five doubles, one triple, one T-bar, the Sugarloaf season runs from mid-November through early May. The resort is divided several areas. Whiffletree, located on the side of the mountain, and serviced by the Whiffletree SuperQuad. It services beginner to intermediate terrain, such as Whiffletree, Cruiser, King Pine Bowl, located in the eastern bowl and serviced by the King Pine Quad. King Pine aria can also be accessed by the Skyline Chair via Spillway Cross-cut or from Whiffletree and it services intermediate terrain such as Boomauger and Ramdown, and expert terrain such as Haul Back, Widowmaker, Flume, Misery Whip, and Ripsaw. The Cant Dog glade can also be accessed from this lift, Cant Dog is an expert glade with tight trees, cliffs, and waterfalls. The Timberline Quad services the summit of Sugarloaf, formerly located where the current Whiffletree Superquad runs, Timberline services relatively easy runs such as Timberline and Tote Road that start at the top terminal of this lift. The double-black-diamond Snowfields can also be reached from this lift, with trails like White Nitro, Powder Keg and Ignitor, in the Frontside Snowfields, mid-mountain is serviced by the Skyline Quad, and the Bateau #3 T-Bar. Off the top of Skyline, Spillway Cross-cut leads to expert trails, Sugarloaf Superquad is the most popular lift on the mountain that services advanced, intermediate, and a few beginner trails. West Mountain is serviced by the West Mountain Chair, and the Bucksaw Chair, Bullwinkles Grill, an on-mountain restaurant, is located at the top of these two chairlifts, and right off the Tote Road Trail. The lower mountain or beginner area is serviced by a few lifts, Double Runner East & West, Skidway, Sawduster, Snubber, and the Moosecalator
25.
Maine
–
Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
26.
Deer Valley
–
Deer Valley is an alpine ski resort in the Wasatch Range, located 36 miles east of Salt Lake City, in Park City, Utah, United States. The resort, known for its amenities, is consistently ranked among the top ski resorts in North America. Deer Valley was a site during 2002 Winter Olympics, hosting the freestyle moguls, aerial. It also regularly hosts competitions for the International Ski Federation, Stein Eriksen, namesake of the Stein Eriksen Lodge, is host of the mid-mountain lodging property and director of skiing at the resort. Deer Valley uses more grooming equipment than other Wasatch ski areas, and limits access to avoid overcrowding, Deer Valley has 21 chairlifts, including 12 high speed detachable quads and an enclosed 4-passenger gondola. Skiing began at Deer Valley with the Park City Winter Carnivals of the 1930s, the first ski lifts appeared in 1946, when local residents Robert Emmett Burns, Sr. and Otto Carpenter constructed them, largely from nearby lodgepole pines. The ski area was called the Snow Park Ski Area, a name which endured from 1946 to 1969, in 1981 Edgar Stern founded Deer Valley Resort in the same area and above. It has grown to include six mountains with six bowls,930 acres of skiing and 670 acres of snow-making. The resort totals 2,026 acres in size, the Sterling lift was added in 1982, followed by Clipper in 1983. The first major expansion came in 1984 with the addition of the Mayflower lift on Bald Mountain. In 1991, Deer Valleys first high speed quad, Carpenter Express, was installed on Bald Eagle Mountain and that same year, the resort expanded onto Flagstaff Mountain with the Red Cloud and Viking lifts. This area added new intermediate and advanced mogul runs, the Crown Point lift was also built. Further expansion came in 1993 with the addition of the Northside Express lift, the Snowflake beginner double was also built this year. All new Deer Valley lifts built from 1993 on have been built by Salt Lake City-based Doppelmayr CTEC, in 1996, the Carpenter Express and Wasatch lifts were replaced by two new Garaventa CTEC high speed quads. The old Wasatch triple was moved to create the Quincy lift in 1997, also in 1997, the Deer Crest fixed quad was built, though it did not open until the following year. For the 1998-99 season, Deer Valley underwent a major expansion, on Little Baldy Peak, the Deer Crest lift and Jordanelle Express Gondola opened with 8 runs,2 green,3 blue, and 3 black. In Empire Canyon, the expansion included the Empire Express high speed quad. The Empire area added advanced and expert terrain, including 2 blue runs,4 black runs, Deer Valley built many new lifts on its existing terrain in the early 2000s
27.
Alpine slide
–
An alpine slide is a long chute on the side of a hill, usually built by ski resorts to supplement summer income. A wheeled cart is used to navigate the slide, the ride is similar to a bobsled ride, except that it rolls over a smooth track—generally concrete, stainless steel, or fiberglass—rather than sliding on ice. The cart accommodates one or two passengers and is controlled by a hand located between the riders legs. Pulling the hand brake handle causes the cart to stop, pushing or letting go of the causes the brakes to release. The ride is unique among amusement park rides in that the rider has complete control over his or her speed and ride experience. With this control comes responsibility, the rider must ensure the cart is not going too fast, otherwise the cart may overturn around curves, leading to possible injury or death
28.
Zip-line
–
It is designed to enable a user propelled by gravity to travel from the top to the bottom of the inclined cable by holding on to, or attaching to, the freely moving pulley. Zip-lines come in forms, most often used as a means of entertainment. They may be short and low, intended for childs play, longer and higher rides are often used as a means of accessing remote areas, such as a rainforest canopy. Zip line tours are becoming popular vacation activities, found at outdoor adventure camps or upscale resorts, the jungles of Costa Rica, Florida, Puerto Vallarta, and Nicaragua are popular destinations for zip line enthusiasts. The zip-wire has been used as a method in some mountainous countries for many years. Referred to as an strong, one appears in The Invisible Man by H. G. Wells, published in 1897. In 1739, Robert Cadman, a steeplejack and ropeslider, died when descending from Shrewsburys St Mary’s Church when his rope snapped. In the Australian outback, zip-lines were occasionally used for delivering food, Australian troops have used them to deliver food, mail and even ammunition to forward positions in several conflicts. With the flying fox, the pulley, attached to the car, are fixed to the cable, childrens versions are usually not set up with a steep incline, so the speeds are kept relatively low, negating the need for a means of stopping. To be propelled by gravity, the needs to be on a fairly steep slope. Even then the car will not travel completely to the end. It can be returned by means, either by simply pushing the car back to the top of the hill on foot or a line leading from the car to the uphill end. The flying fox is usually made with rope instead of cable to make it easier and cheaper to install, uninstall. The riders on the Flying Fox needs safety harness to get support on the zip line, professional versions of a zip-line are most typically used as an outdoor adventure activity. In contrast to flying foxes professional courses are operated at higher speeds. The users are attached to the cable by a harness that attaches to a removable trolley. A helmet is required on almost all courses of any size, cables can be very high, starting at a height of over 9 m, and traveling well over 460 m. All zip-line cables have some degree of sag, the proper tensioning of a cable is important and allows the ability to tune the ride of a zip line
29.
Powdr Corporation
–
Powdr Corporation is one of the largest ski resort operators in North America, along with Boyne Resorts, Intrawest, and Vail Resorts. Unlike its competitors, Powdr focuses on ski area operations rather than real estate development and it is owned by the Cumming family and headquartered in Park City, Utah. John Cumming, who co-founded the clothing company Mountain Hardwear, is the current CEO of Powdr Corp, Powdr was founded in 1994 by Ian Cumming with the purchase of Park City Mountain Resort. Later that year, the company expanded into California with the purchase of Alpine Meadows near Lake Tahoe, in August 1995, the company continued its expansion in California with the purchase of the Boreal and Soda Springs ski areas. In April 2001, Powdr acquired Mount Bachelor ski area from a group of shareholders, the company bought Las Vegas Ski and Snowboard Resort in November 2003. Killington and Pico were sold to Powdr by American Skiing Company in May 2007, in July 2007, Powdr sold Alpine Meadows to JMA Ventures. Powdr acquired Copper Mountain, Colorado in December 2009 from Intrawest, Powdr acquired World of Adventure Sports Presented by GoPro, an Emmy Award-winning TV series on December 3,2013. Powdr was criticized for its refusal to honor lifetime season passes upon its purchase of Killington Resort, in July 2010, A federal judge dismissed a class action lawsuit against Killington Resort over so-called lifetime ski passes. Judge Christina Reiss found that the owner was under no legal obligation to honor the investor season passes when it purchased Killington Resort in 2007. She also noted that in its agreement with American Skiing Co. SP Land agreed to honor 37 lifetime passes, which did not include the names of the plaintiffs or the names of any class members
30.
Doppelmayr USA
–
Doppelmayr USA is an aerial lift manufacturer based in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, and a subsidiary of the worldwide Doppelmayr Garaventa Group. The North America company was formed in 2002 after the merger of Garaventa of Goldau, Switzerland, between 2002 and 2010, the company was named Doppelmayr CTEC. CTEC, which stands for Cable Transportation Engineering Company, was the successor to Thiokol, by 1977, Thiokol had decided to stop producing ski lifts and sold their designs to two employees, Jan Leonard and Mark Ballantyne. CTECs first lift produced as an independent manufacturer was at Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Pennsylvania, Leonard oversaw engineering at the companys Salt Lake City facility while manufacturing was performed in Sacramento, California, where Ballantyne worked. CTEC slowly grew to one of three major lift manufacturers in North America along with European-owned Doppelmayr USA and Poma of America. In 1989, CTEC partnered with Von Roll to build its first detachable chairlift at Solitude Mountain Resort, from 1990 onwards, CTEC used detachable grips built by the Swiss company Garaventa. In 1992, CTEC and Garaventa merged and the new company was named Garaventa CTEC, prior to the merger, Garaventa had built only a few lifts in North America, including Aerial Trams at Snowbird, Utah, and Squaw Valley Ski Resort, California. The combined company utilized the designs and manufacturing facilities of CTEC since Garaventa never had much of a presence in North America besides supplying parts to CTEC, in 1999, Ballantyne left the company to form a window and door distribution company but Leonard remained president. Doppelmayr was a world-renowned Austrian ropeway manufacturer that began exporting surface lifts to North America in the 1950s under the name Alpine Lift, the first Doppelmayr chairlift in North America was installed at Marmot Basin, Alberta, in 1968. Doppelmayrs first North American manufacturing facility in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, opened in 1978, unlike its competitors, Doppelmayr used exclusively European designs in North America. The company built the worlds first detachable high speed quad chairlift in 1981 at Breckenridge Ski Resort in Colorado, as detachable lifts became increasingly popular, Doppelmayrs market share and reputation increased. In 1996, Doppelmayrs European holding company purchased the department of Von Roll. More importantly, Von Roll owned Hall Ski-Lift, a company that produced more than 400 lifts from 1960 to 1985. Doppelmayr now controlled all the spare parts sales for Doppelmayr, Von Roll, in 2002, Garaventa of Switzerland merged with Doppelmayr of Austria, forming the worlds largest aerial lift manufacturer. The new company would be known as the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in Europe, consolidation resulted in the closure of CTECs Sacramento manufacturing facility and Doppelmayrs Golden, Colorado, office. Functions were consolidated into an expanded Salt Lake City headquarters, starting in 2003, Doppelmayr CTEC produced a new line of products that combined the best designs of Doppelmayr and CTEC. The Uni-GS detachable chairlift terminal design was designed for the North American market and incorporated elements of Garaventa CTECs Stealth line. Many of CTECs fixed grip designs were kept, Jan Leonard, president of Garaventa CTEC became president of the new company, and Doppelmayr USAs Mark Bee became Executive VP
31.
Los Angeles Times
–
The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
32.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
33.
Venues of the 2002 Winter Olympics
–
The 2002 Winter Olympic Games were held in and around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The games ran from February 8 to 24,2002, the sporting events were held in ten competitive venues, while non-competitive events, such as the opening ceremony, were held in six other venues. Three venues were created for training purposes. All Olympic venues were scattered throughout Northern Utah, in November 1989 Utahs voters passed the Olympic referendum, which allowed construction to begin on a few of the future Olympic venues. The construction was to proceed using public funds which would be repaid with profits following the games, two years later Salt Lake City lost its bid to host the 1998 Winter Olympics, but construction continued on the new venues. By the time Salt Lake City bid again, in 1995, on June 16,1995 the International Olympic Committee awarded Salt Lake City the games, and the newly completed venues were cited as one of the key factors in the successful bid. The Utah Sports Authority constructed two of the Olympic venues, the Utah Olympic Park and Utah Olympic Oval, the Deer Valley Resort is located 36 miles east of downtown Salt Lake City, in Park City, Utah. In 1946 local citizens built the first ski lifts, and the became known as Snow Park. In 1981 a private resort officially opened in the area as Deer Valley and has grown to include six mountains with six bowls,930 acres of glade skiing and 560 acres of snow-making. The resort totals 2,026 acres in size, during the 2002 games Deer Valley Resort hosted the freestyle moguls and aerials, and alpine slalom events. Three of the runs were used during the games including Champion, Know You Dont. The spectator stadium located at the end of run was 12-stories tall. The standing areas and stadium combined allowed roughly 13,300 spectators to each event. During the games 95 percent of Deer Valley remained open to the public for seasonal operations. Originally known as the E Center, today it is the Maverik Center, in July 1995, only a month after winning the Olympic bid, SLOC accepted a proposal from West Valley City to build a new ice hockey facility in the city. SLOC loaned $7 million to the city for construction costs, the arena would be funded through a variety of ways, but would be owned the municipality of West Valley City, and used for various events before and after the games. Ground was broken for the E Center on March 22,1996, the arena was designed by Populous, cost $54.1 million to construct, and was dedicated on September 19,1997. The first event held in the new venue was WCWs Monday Nitro Live on September 22,1997, as home to the Utah Grizzlies the E Center served as one of the two venues for Ice Hockey during the 2002 games
34.
Maverik Center
–
The Maverik Center, originally known as the E Center, is a 10,100 seat multi-purpose arena located in West Valley City, Utah, United States. Construction on the arena started in 1996 and was completed in time to hold its first event on September 22,1997, the arena is owned by West Valley City, and managed by Centennial Management Group, Inc. During the 2002 Winter Olympics it served as the venue for the ice hockey events. Today the arena is home to the Utah Grizzlies, and it is also a venue in the area for numerous concerts. In July 1995, only a month after winning the 2002 Winter Olympic bid, SLOC loaned $7 million to the city for construction costs, and would rent the arena from the city during the Olympic Games. The arena would be funded through a variety of ways, but would be owned by the municipality of West Valley City, and used for various events before and after the games. Ground was broken for the arena on March 22,1996, and construction was completed in September 1997, the first event held in the new venue was WCWs Monday Nitro Live on September 22,1997. In 2010, Centennial Management Group and West Valley City, announced that a new partnership had reached with Maverik. Additionally, the venue now features Maveriks proprietary adventure theme, a Maverik concession outlet, the venues primary tenant is the ECHL Utah Grizzlies. However, the Blaze returned to their old home at the EnergySolutions Arena for the 2011 season, the arena used to be home to the Utah Freezz of the World Indoor Soccer League from 1999–2001 and the Utah Warriors of the NIFL from 2003–2004. The PBR hosted a Built Ford Tough Series event at the E Center in 2007, it was the PBRs first stop in the Salt Lake City area since 2000, when they visited the Delta Center. The arena served as one of the venues for ice hockey during the 2002 games, the indoor facility was capable of holding 8,400 spectators, plus press members, during the competitions. 96. 7% of available tickets were sold, for a total of 230,657 spectators witnessing events in the arena, during the 2002 Winter Paralympics the arena hosted the ice sledge hockey events. Depeche Mode performed at the three times, the first one was on July 23,2001 during their Exciter Tour. The second one was on November 12,2005 during their Touring the Angel, the third one was on August 25,2009 during their Tour of the Universe, in front of a crowd of 6,601 people. The 2009 show was recorded for the live albums project Recording the Universe. One Direction and Sam Smith performed in the arena in 2013 and 2015 respectively
35.
Peaks Ice Arena
–
Peaks Ice Arena is an indoor ice hockey arena in Provo, Utah, United States, located 43 miles south of Salt Lake City. It was built, along with the E Center in West Valley City, Utah, to serve as an ice hockey and it currently serves as the home of the BYU Cougar mens ice hockey team, Peaks Youth Hockey Association, and several high school teams. After Salt Lake City won the 2002 Olympic bid in 1995 and it was decided that the city of Provo would host the venue, but that it would only be a practice ice sheet, mostly like to be built in the planned Provo Towne Centre Mall. Eventually plans changed and a larger, yet only a practice ice facility, was planned to be constructed near Provos East Bay Golf Course. Utah County, Provo, and SLOC all okayed the plans, the plan was approved by county officials October 14,1996, with Provo paying $2 million, Utah County $2 million, SLOC $3 million, and Seven Peaks donating land for the arena and parking spaces. Valentiner, Crane, Brunjes, Onyon Architecture was chosen to design the arena, on September 17,1997 ground was broken for construction next to Seven Peaks Waterpark. It was to be 84,000 square feet in size, one ice sheet would have seating for about 2,000 spectators while the other would seat 300. By the time ground was broken the price had increased to $8.5 million, $1.5 million more than originally planned, the extra cost would be paid for by Seven Peaks. The arena opened November 20,1998 in what was considered an opening, and following the completion of minor work. But in December 1998 allegations of a scandal involving SLOC members, the completed arena cost $12.4 million to build, included two ice sheets, had seating for over 2,000 spectators, and was 110,000 square feet in size. During the 2002 games both mens and womens ice hockey games and practices were held in the arena, because of its original size over 6,000 temporary seats had to be installed to boost the ice centers capacity to 8,400, including press members. 93 percent of tickets were sold, for a total 131,067 of spectators witnessing events in the arena, the arena is home to the Peaks Figure Skating Club, where figure skaters can come together and enjoy one another while progressing within their sport. The arena is open to the public for ice skating, skating lessons, the arena is now operated by the Parks and Recreation Department of Provo. Official website Brigham Young University Hockey
36.
Rice-Eccles Stadium
–
Rice-Eccles Stadium is an outdoor college football stadium in Salt Lake City, Utah, on the campus of the University of Utah. It is the field of the Utah Utes of the Pac-12 Conference. It served as the stadium for the 2002 Winter Olympics, the Opening and Closing Ceremonies were held at the stadium. The FieldTurf playing field runs in the traditional configuration. When Salt Lake City was awarded the 2002 Winter Olympics in 1995, it was obvious that Rice Stadium, the concrete, timber, and earth-fill facility had been built in 1927 and was showing its age. In 1996, U of U athletic director Chris Hill announced plans to renovate Rice Stadium into a new facility that would be up to Olympic standards and it was initially expected to take three years to completely overhaul the facility. Before it was called Rice Stadium, it was called Ute Stadium, immediately after the final home game on November 15, fittingly a 31–14 victory over Rice, most of Rice Stadium was demolished for the renovation. All that remained of the old stadium were the stands in the end zone. The stadium did not miss a season, as the project was timed not to disrupt the 1997 home schedule. The new stadium was less than 10 months later for the 1998 home opener. The stadium now seats 45,807 and has a 6-story press box, as in 2014 a row of bleachers has been added in the standing areas on the east, west. 40 ADA seats were added for a total of 790 new seats. There will still be space for standing room behind the new row of bleachers, in June 2010, the U of U accepted an invitation to join the Pacific-10 Conference and began playing in the conference during 2011-2012 season. It is expected that Rice-Eccles Stadium is to be expanded and the locker room facilities upgraded and this claim was furthered when both KSL. Immediately south of the stadium is the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park, the park contains a 2002 Winter Olympic museum, the Olympic cauldron, and other memorabilia from the games. Hoberman Arch was located here until its removal in October 2014, since 2002, the playing field at Rice-Eccles Stadium has been FieldTurf, a next-generation infilled synthetic turf, which was most recently replaced in 2009. When the stadium reopened in 1998, its surface was SportGrass, earlier, Rice Stadium had been among the first facilities to use SportGrass. A full natural grass was installed in 2000 for two seasons, then was covered by asphalt blacktop for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics in February
37.
Vivint Smart Home Arena
–
Vivint Smart Home Arena is an indoor arena located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The building is owned by Jazz Basketball Investors, Inc. the estate of Larry H. Miller and it seats 19,911 for basketball, has 56 luxury suites, and 668 club seats. Opened in 1991, the arena was known as the Delta Center, under a naming deal with Delta Air Lines which has a hub at Salt Lake City International Airport. Salt Lake City-based EnergySolutions purchased the rights in November 2006. From 2006 to 2015 it was known as EnergySolutions Arena, on October 26,2015, the arena was renamed as part of a 10-year naming rights contract with the Provo, Utah-based home security system provider Vivint. On September 21,2016, the Utah Jazz announced plans to renovate, the arena was also home to the figure skating and short track speed skating competitions of the 2002 Winter Olympics, where it was referred to as the Salt Lake Ice Center. The arena was originally imagined as 20, 000-seat home for the Utah Jazz and Salt Lake Golden Eagles to replace the arena of the Salt Palace. Under the leadership and private financing of Utah businessman Larry H, the Eagles had also played the inaugural game in the Salt Palace arena when it opened on October 10,1969. The Eagles, which were purchased by Miller in 1990, lost nearly a million dollars annually, the first basketball game played in the arena was a Jazz pre-season loss against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks, 101–95. In addition to sports, the arena was intended to host large music concerts, on October 24,1991, Oingo Boingo became the first headlining act to rock the Delta Center. The 1993–95 Western Athletic Conference mens basketball tournaments were held at the facility, the Delta Center also hosted games of the 1997 and 1998 NBA Finals between the Jazz and Chicago Bulls. The arenas roof was damaged by severe winds associated with the Salt Lake City Tornado of August 11,1999, the facility played host to the 1999 US Figure Skating Championships. The arena was home to the figure skating and short track speed skating competitions of the 2002 Winter Olympics. Notably, on June 8,1996, the Delta Center hosted what was then the largest crowd in the history of American minor league hockey,17,381 fans attended Game 4 of the 1996 Turner Cup Finals. The Grizzlies won 3–2 in overtime, completing a sweep of the Orlando Solar Bears. In 2002, the arena upgraded its system with ribbon display technology and auxiliary scoreboards from Brookings. The movie Legally Blonde 2 was partially filmed in the arena, dan Roberts serves as the official Vivint Smart Home Arena public address voice for the Jazz. He has been the Jazzs home game announcer since before the arena was built, Vivint Smart Home Arena is well known for being one of the hardest places to play for visiting teams in the NBA
38.
Snowbasin
–
Snowbasin Resort is a ski resort in the western United States, located in Weber County, Utah,33 miles northeast of Salt Lake City, on the back side of the Wasatch Range. Opened 78 years ago in 1939, as part of an effort by the city of Ogden to restore the Wheeler Creek watershed, one of the owners in the early days was Aaron Ross. The movie Frozen was filmed there in 2009, Snowbasin is located on Mount Ogden at the west end of State Route 226, which is connected to I-84 and SR-39 via SR-167. Snowbasin is one of the oldest continuously operating ski areas in the United States, following the end of World War I and the Great Depression numerous small ski resorts were developed in Utahs snow-packed mountains, and Weber County wanted one of their own. They decided to redevelop the area in and around Wheeler Basin, Lands were restored and turned over to the U. S. Forest Service, and by 1938 the Forest Service and Alf Engen had committed to turning the area into a recreational site. In 1939 the first ski tow was built and in service at the new Snow Basin ski park, in 1940, the Civilian Conservation Corps crew built the first access road to the new resort, allowing easy access for the general public. Since that time, Snowbasin has continually grown to its present size, pete Seibert, founder of Vail, led a partnership which bought Snow Basin in 1978, but ran into financial difficulty in 1984. The area was sold that October to Earl Holding, owner of Sun Valley in Idaho, because it was to serve as an Olympic venue site, the U. S. Congress passed the Snowbasin Land Exchange Act in 1996 as part of the Omnibus Lands Bill. During the 2002 games Snowbasin hosted the downhill, combined, the spectator viewing areas consisted of a stadium at the foot of the run, with two sections of snow terraces for standing along both sides of the run. The spectator capacity was 22,500 per event,99.1 percent of tickets were sold, during the 2002 Winter Paralympics, Snowbasin hosted the Alpine Skiing events, including downhill, super-G, slalom, and giant slalom. Superpipe, none Total lifts, 11Chairlifts,91 15-Person Tram Mt. S. Q. m. to 4,00 p. m. daily Grizzly Center Retail and Rentals,8,00 a. m. to 5,00 p. m
39.
Soldier Hollow
–
Soldier Hollow is a cross-country ski resort located 53 miles southeast of Salt Lake City in Wasatch Mountain State Park, Utah, United States. The resort was created for the 2002 Winter Olympics, and during the games it hosted the biathlon, cross-country skiing, since hosting the Olympics, it has been developed as a cross-country skiing, tubing, and snowshoeing resort, while featuring mountain biking and golfing in the summer. Soldier Hollow is located in the southeastern-most part of Wasatch Mountain State Park, a 21,592 acres nature preserve created in 1961, Soldier Hollows location within the state park did not carry a name until Olympic organizers coined it Soldier Hollow. This name was chosen because of its proximity to Soldier Springs, troops originally sent to Utah to quell a supposed Mormon uprising, in an incident known as the Utah War. Prior to becoming a state park certain locations within the park were used for farming and grazing activities, the Soldier Hollow location was chosen by SLOC as an Olympic venue in October 1997, over several other possible locations including Sherwood Hills near Logan, Utah. Preliminary work began soon after the site was chosen. Work at the venue had been completed enough to host its first major event, U. S. Cross Country Championships, construction on the venues day lodge began with a groundbreaking ceremony on July 5,2000. The lodge was completed in December 2000 and dedicated on January 5,2001, the venue cost SLOC $22 million USD to construct. During the 2002 games Soldier Hollow hosted the biathlon, cross-country skiing, the venue itself hosted 64,160 biathlon spectators,99,320 cross-country spectators, and 1,794 Nordic combined spectators during these events. During the 2002 Winter Paralympics the venue hosted the biathlon and cross-country events, Soldier Hollow was the furthest venue from Salt Lake City with an estimated drive time of 2-2.5 hours from downtown during the games. Because of this distance from any population centers, a special Western Experience was created at the venues spectator plaza to give visitors activities to do between competitions. The Western Experience included music and entertainment, a rendezvous, pioneer reenactments, cowboy camps, wild mustang exhibit and American Indian displays. A special station was constructed along the tracks near the venue which would allow for two to four trains, carrying 200 passengers each, per day. The resort has developed as a cross-country skiing, tubing. It is owned by the State of Utah and part of Wasatch Mountain State Park, the Division of State Parks and Recreation contracted management of the venue to a non-profit foundation. The Wasatch Mountain Music Festival will be held at Soldier Hollow on July 14 -16,2017, the large grassy staging area has two stages for non-stop music with a talented and diverse lineup of national recording artists and favorite local performers. There are overnight camping spaces, vendor booths, family hiking or biking trails, the Heber Valley Railroad has scheduled a special music train to bring patrons to the event. The site is home to the Soldier Hollow Classic Sheepdog Championship and Festival
40.
The Ice Sheet at Ogden
–
The Ice Sheet at Ogden, also known as the Weber County Ice Sheet, is located 35 miles north of Salt Lake City on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden. The Ice Sheet opened in 1994 as a training center for curling, ice hockey. During the 2002 Winter Olympics the Ice Sheet hosted the curling events, the property for the venue would be leased from Weber State University for 50 years at a cost of $1. A groundbreaking ceremony at the start of construction was held December 17,1992, the facility was to cost $5.9 million, with $3 million coming from the State of Utah, $2 million from Weber County, and the remainder from private donations. Following the venues completion, a grand opening was held on April 2–3,1994, which included performances by Olympian Scott Hamilton. Champions Todd Sands and Jennifer Moreno, by the time it was completed the price had gone up to $6.2 million, it had seating for 2,000 spectators, and was 52,500 square feet in size. It was originally designed to be used for practice and preliminary competitions among ice skaters and hockey teams for the 2002 Winter Olympics. It was later decided that the ice sheet would be used for curling events, the sand-based flooring allowed freezing tubes to shift, causing uneven ridges in the ice. The new concrete floor was finished July 1999, and the ice sheet reopened for use within weeks. During the 2002 games The Ice Sheet at Ogden hosted the curling events, the venue held about 2,000 spectators, and 96. 7% of tickets were sold, with a total of 40,572 spectators witnessing events at the Ice Sheet. The facility, owned by Weber County, has hosted several World Curling Federation-sanctioned events, in addition, prior to the Olympics, the Ice Sheet hosted curling, hockey and figure skating competitions for Northern Utahns, averaging 20 hours per day of activity. It continues, well after the Olympics, to be a facility for winter sports. It can also be reserved for private parties, the Ice Sheet at Ogden is also home to the Ogden Mustangs, a junior ice hockey team in the Western States Hockey League. The Ice Sheet at Ogden - Official website Utah. com - Facility profile
41.
Utah Olympic Oval
–
The Utah Olympic Oval, an indoor speed skating oval built for the 2002 Winter Olympics, is located 14 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, in Kearns, Utah. The Oval hosted the track speed skating events for the 2002 games. Inside the facility the 400-meter skating track surrounds two international sized ice sheets, and is surrounded by a 442-meter running track. Following the 2002 Olympics the oval temporarily held the title of Fastest Ice on Earth, along with Soldier Hollow and the Utah Olympic Park, the Utah Olympic Oval was built specifically for the 2002 Winter Olympics. Funds from the 1989 Olympic referendum would be used to construct the oval, the plans called for using $3.7 million of tax payer money to construct the oval, which would be an outdoor facility. If Salt Lake City won its 1995 bid for the 2002 games, Olympic funds would be used to cover the oval, and build an ice sheet in the center of the track. By the time the ceremony was held in May 1994. Because of cold temperatures and a wet spring, cement for the oval could not be poured, the oval was formally dedicated in a ceremony, attended by Olympian Cathy Turner, on January 12,1996. Prior to it being covered and used during the Olympic games, after Salt Lake City won the 2002 Olympic bid on June 16,1995, Salt Lake Organizing Committee began the design process for a permanent cover for the oval. During the covers design process it was decided to pull up, the new oval was designed by Gilles Stransky Brems Smith of Salt Lake City, and constructed by Layton Construction. Work on the new oval began in June 1999 at an estimated cost of $27 million, to keep those costs down, and give an unobstructed view of the ice, the roof would be constructed similar to a suspension bridge. Between twenty-four masts, twelve on each side of the building, on April 19,2000, as construction was progressing on the oval, some of the bolts holding the roofs cables sheared, causing part of the roof to collapse. Following an investigation into the cause of the accident and repairs and it was determined that entire floor was going to have to be torn up and replaced, or else the ice might not freeze evenly. The first event held in the new oval was the World Single Distance Championships, on March 9,2001, the first day of competitions, a press briefing to introduce the facility was held. Members of SLOC with the design and construction teams were present to introduce the oval to the public, the completed facility contained the 400-meter oval skating track, which surrounded two international size hockey ice sheets. Under the ice sheets and track are 33 miles of tubes which keep the concrete base at 18 °F year-round. During the 2002 games the oval hosted the speed skating events, for the competitions temporary seating was installed and the oval had a capacity for about 5,200 spectators, plus press members. 100 percent of tickets for the venues events were sold
7% easiest
49% more difficult
44% most difficult
