1.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Fairplay, Colorado
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Fairplay is the statutory town that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Park County, Colorado, United States. Fairplay is located in South Park at an elevation of 9,953 feet, the town is the fifth-highest incorporated place in the State of Colorado. The population was 679 at the U. S. Census 2010, a historic gold mining settlement, the town was founded in 1859 during the early days of the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. The town was named by settlers who were upset by the mining claims given to the earliest prospectors. The town of Fairplay was incorporated in 1872 and it is the largest community in the grassland basin of Colorado known as South Park, sitting on the west edge of the basin at the junction of U. S. Highway 285 and State Highway 9. It is on a hillside just east of the Middle Fork South Platte River, near where Highway 9 ascends the river northward to Alma. It is a town, and the roads surrounding it have a low volume of traffic. Although it was founded during the initial mining boom, the mines in the area continued to produce gold. The town consists of retail businesses along the highway, as well as a historic town on the bluff above the river along Front Street. Most of the residences in town are located on the hillside west of US Highway 285 and east of State Highway 9, in the vicinity of the schools, the majority of the streets in town were finally paved in 2005. The Town of Fairplay, Colorado, is the basis for the Town of South Park, Colorado. The people in the show are influenced by Boulder, Colorado, from 1966 to 1984, the asbestos-ridden McNamara Building in Fairplay, now demolished, had been the community hospital. It was named for Dr. Edward Bradley McNamara, a former U. S. Army doctor in World War II and he died working in the emergency room of his namesake hospital in August 1973. The hospital, built with Hill-Burton Act funds, had financial woes from the start, before it was condemned and vacated in 2009, it had been used by several successive clinics and by Park County for office space. A previous eight-bed Park County Hospital had operated in Fairplay as early as 1892, both facilities had been mainly for emergencies, obstetrics, and minor surgery, and later for nursing home care. Fairplay is located at 39°13′28″N 105°59′53″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.1 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 610 people,259 households, the population density was 576.3 people per square mile. There were 337 housing units at a density of 318.4 per square mile
5.
Bailey, Colorado
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Bailey is an unincorporated community and U. S. Post Office in northeastern Park County, Colorado, United States, Baileys Post Office ZIP Code is 80421. The town community consists of small businesses, restaurants and churches. The North Fork South Platte River flows through Bailey, william Bailey settled a ranch and built a stage station known as Baileys Ranch in 1864. Bailey also built a hotel at the station, and the town became known as Bailey. The Denver & South Park Railroad reached Bailey in 1878, on March 18,2006, the Coney Island Hot Dog Stand, a landmark building shaped like a giant hot dog was moved from Aspen Park to Bailey. One hostage was killed, while the six escaped uninjured. The hostage-taker then committed suicide after being shot by police, on February 24,2016, three Park County Sheriffs were shot, one fatally. The rustic Glen-Isle Resort in Bailey, as well as the Estabrook Historic District northeast of Bailey, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Bailey is located in the foothills of the Front Range, approximately 30 miles southwest of Denver along U. S. Highway 285 and it is located on the east side of Kenosha Pass and is one of the largest communities in the Platte Canyon region. Bailey Day street festival is a summer event in the city, featuring bands, vendors. The Bailey HUNDO is a 100-mile endurance mountain bike race that begins and it has been an annual event since 2009, and money raised is invested in the construction of new bike trails and in youth biking initiatives in Colorado. Both the Buffalo Creek Trail System and the Colorado Trail are easily accessible from Bailey, tomahawk Ranch, a residential camp operated by the Girl Scouts of Colorado, is located near Bailey. In 2004, Bailey was the location for Apogaea, an outdoor arts. Bailey is served by the Platte Canyon School District #1, Platte Canyon High School has approximately 300 students. In sports, they are a 1A school in the Metro League, the Girls Cross Country Team was the Colorado State 3A Champion in 1986, and the Girls Track Team was the Colorado State 3A Champion in 1996 and 1A in 2005. The Speech and Debate team holds the record for the most State Champions at the Festival Level, erwin Jay Boydston, recipient of the Medal of Honor, Americas highest military award. Bailey was referenced three times in South Park, in a season 6 episode parodying The Lord of the Rings, season 9 in Bloody Mary, and in a season 12 episode entitled Britneys New Look
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Colorado's 2nd congressional district
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Colorados 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Colorado. The district is located in the part of the state and encompasses the northwestern suburbs of Denver including Boulder, Northglenn, Thornton. The district also includes the towns of Vail, Grand Lake. Redistricting in 2011 has moved Larimer County, including the cities of Fort Collins and Loveland, the district is currently represented by Democrat Jared Polis, who is one of seven openly gay members of the House of Representatives. Polis succeeded fellow Democrat Mark Udall who subsequently served in the U. S. Senate from 2009 to 2015. While there are towns in the rural parts of the district that tilt Republican. Following the census, the 2nd district stretched further north to the Wyoming border while losing the western portion of Eagle County and this district is anchored in Boulder and Adams counties which have the bulk of population in the district. A liberal base around the city of Boulder, coupled with a sizable Latino population in the Adams County portion of district, usually bodes well for Democrats. As of April 2015, there are three members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Colorados 2nd congressional district who are currently living at this time. Colorados congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Colorado's 5th congressional district
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Colorados 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Colorado. The district lies in the center of the state and mostly comprises Colorado Springs and its suburbs including Cimarron Hills, the district is currently represented by Republican Doug Lamborn. The Republican Party has held control of the seat since the districts creation, with a Cook PVI of R+16, the 5th Congressional District of Colorado is the most conservative district in the state. Colorado Springs, the population center within the district, is home to many conservative-leaning organizations. Among these groups are Focus on the Family, its founder Dr. James Dobson, New Life Church, Compassion International, HCJB, throughout the districts history, Republicans have won by comfortable margins. From 1996 through 2004, Republican Joel Hefley usually won reelections with about 70% of the vote, george W. Bush received 66% of the vote in this district in 2004. Because of the military presence, Colorado Springss economy is usually very stable. The western portions of the district are mostly small towns whose economy depends on ranching, farming, mining. Millions of tourists visit the Colorado Springs region every year, primarily to visit Garden of the Gods, Pikes Peak, Colorado Springs, located within the district, is home to multiple military installations. Fort Carson, the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, Schriever Air Force Base, the most recent representative to die was William L. Armstrong on July 5,2016. Colorados congressional districts List of United States congressional districts
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
Colorado counties
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The U. S. state of Colorado is divided into 64 counties. Counties are important units of government in Colorado since the state has no secondary civil subdivisions, two of these counties, the City and County of Denver and the City and County of Broomfield, have consolidated city and county governments. Colorados ISO 3166-2, US state code is CO and its ANSI INCITS38,2009 state code is 08, when the Colorado Territory first began creating counties in 1861,17 counties and a Cheyenne Reserve were formed. In February 1866, the first new county, Las Animas, was created, followed by Saguache in December of that year, Bent County was created in February 1870, followed by Greenwood the following month. On February 2,1874, Grand County and Elbert County were formed, and on February 10, La Plata, Hinsdale, Greenwood was absorbed into Bent on February 5. The last county to be created under the Colorado Territory name was San Juan County, by the time Colorado became a state on August 1,1876, it had only 26 counties. In January 1877, Routt and Ouray were formed, which was followed by Gunnison, in February 1879, Chaffee County was created. From February 8–10,1879, Lake county was renamed Carbonate County, in 1881, Dolores County and Pitkin County were created. In 1883, Montrose, Mesa, Garfield, Eagle, Delta, the number rose to 40 in 1885 with the creation of Archuleta County on April 14. Washington County and Logan County were both created in 1887, by 1900, Mineral County and Teller County had been added. On November 15,1902, Arapahoe County split into Adams in the north, by 1912, Jackson County, Moffat County, and Crowley County had been created. Alamosa was created in 1913, and in 2001, Broomfield was recognized as a city-county, costilla County was the first area within the present State of Colorado to be settled by Europeans in 1851. Taos County, created by the Territory of New Mexico in 1852, was the first organized county to extend into the area of the present State of Colorado. Arapahoe County, created by the Territory of Kansas in 1855, was the first county created exclusively within the area of the present State of Colorado, on November 28,1859, the extralegal Territory of Jefferson created 12 counties,5. On November 1,1861, the Territory of Colorado created the 17 original Colorado counties,6, of the 17 original Colorado counties created in 1861, only Gilpin County and Clear Creek County have retained their original boundaries with only minor survey changes. Guadalupe County was the first Colorado county to be renamed in 1861, Las Animas County was the first new Colorado county to be created after the original 17 counties. Greenwood County was the longest lived former Colorado county, existing four years from 1870 to 1874, in 1876, San Juan County became the last county created by the Territory of Colorado. In 1877, Ouray County became the first county created by the new State of Colorado, Carbonate County was the shortest lived former Colorado county, existing only two days in 1879 before being dissolved
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
15.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
16.
South Park (Park County, Colorado)
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South Park is a grassland flat within the basin formed by the Rocky Mountains Mosquito and Park Mountain Ranges at approximately 10,000 ft in elevation within central Colorado. It encompasses approximately 1,000 square miles around the headwaters of the South Platte River in Park County approximately 60 mi southwest of Denver. It is the largest and southernmost of three similarly named high altitude basins in the Front Range of Colorado, the others being North Park, the largest town in the basin is Fairplay, with a population of 681. The Mosquito Range forms a barrier along the western side of the valley. The long-extinct Thirty-Nine Mile volcanic field is located just to the southeast, the valley is mostly underlain by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks concealed by a thin layer of gravel laid down by glaciation during Pleistocene time. The underlying rocks are dipping slightly to the east, the eastern side of the valley is underlain primarily by Pierre Shale laid down during Cretaceous time. The western side of the valley, on the west side of Red Hill, is primarily by Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks. Red Hill runs through the center of the valley as a ridge of tilted Cretaceous. Gold mining in South Park began in 1859, extensive placer deposits were mined along the west side of the park, and lode deposits were mined in the Mosquito Range. The extensive gravel ridges east of Fairplay are the result of dredging for gold, a minor amount of uranium has been mined from sandstone in South Park. The valley is traversed by several highways, including U. S. Highway 285, the highway crosses Red Hill at Red Hill Pass. On its northern side, the valley is connected by high mountain passes to the valley of the North Fork of the South Platte River. It is also connected by CO Route 9 via Hoosier Pass to the valley to the Blue River near Breckenridge, to the west, the extremely high Mosquito Pass crosses the Mosquito Range to Leadville. On its southwestern side, at the end of the Mosquito Range. U. S. Highway 24 enters South Park from the east at Wilkerson Pass, to the very south, CO Route 9 crosses Currant Creek Pass, which marks the southern edge of the South Park region. Like much of the areas of Colorado, the valley was inhabited by Utes before the arrival of white settlers in the middle 19th century. It was explored by John C, fremont during his second expedition in 1844, at which time it was referred to as Bayou Salade, a corruption of Spanish Valle Salado, meaning salty valley. In 1859 the discovery of gold in the streams of the valley during the Colorado Gold Rush led to an influx of prospectors and miners
17.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
18.
Aurora, Colorado
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Aurora is a Home Rule Municipality in the U. S. state of Colorado, spanning Arapahoe and Adams counties, with the extreme southeastern portion of the city extending into Douglas County. Aurora is one of the cities of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The citys population was 325,078 in the 2010 census, which made it the third most populous city in the state of Colorado, the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 2,645,209 on July 1,2012. However, Denver and Aurora combined make up less than half of the Denver Metro Areas population, the estimated population of Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area was 3,214,218 on July 1,2012. Aurora originated in the 1880s as the town of Fletcher, taking its name from Denver businessman Donald Fletcher who saw it as a real estate opportunity. He and his partners staked out four miles east of Denver. At that point Fletcher skipped town, leaving the community with a huge water debt, Aurora is composed of hundreds of subdivisions thus carries the name of one of the original development plats from which it sprang. Former mayor Dennis Champine once expressed the somewhat whimsical notion that eventually the area would be called the Aurora/Denver Metropolitan Area, indeed, since the 2000 Census Aurora has surpassed Denver in land area, and much of Aurora is undeveloped, while Denver is more fully built-out. However, such efforts are hampered by the lack of a large. Aurora is largely suburban in character, as evidenced by the citys modest collection of tall buildings, a large military presence has existed in Aurora since the early 20th century. In 1918, Army General Hospital #21 opened, with the U. S. government expanding and upgrading the facilities in 1941 just in time to care for the wounded servicemen of World War II. Lowry Air Force Base was opened in 1938, straddling the border of Aurora and it eventually closed in 1994, and was redeveloped into a master-planned community featuring residential, commercial, business and educational facilities. In 1942, the Army Air Corps built Buckley Field, which over the course of history has been renamed Naval Air Station, Buckley Air National Guard Base and finally Buckley Air Force Base. The base, home of the 460th Space Wing and the 140th Wing Colorado Air National Guard, is Auroras largest employer, President Warren G. Harding visited Fitzsimons Army Hospital in 1923, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited in 1936. In 1943 the hospital was the birthplace of 2004 Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry, President Dwight D. Eisenhower recovered from a heart attack at Fitzsimons for seven weeks during the fall of 1955. Decommissioned in 1999, the facility is part of the Anschutz Medical Campus of the University of Colorado Denver, the Anschutz Medical Campus also includes the University of Colorado Hospital, which moved to Aurora from Denver in 2007, and the Childrens Hospital. The first carbon-ion radiotherapy research and treatment facility in the U. S. has been proposed at the site and these facilities will employ a workforce of 32,000 at build-out. In 1965, mayor Norma O. Walker became the first woman to head a U. S. city with a population over 60,000
19.
Lakewood, Colorado
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The City of Lakewood is a Home Rule Municipality which is the most populous municipality in Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. Lakewood is the fifth most populous city in the State of Colorado, the city population was 142,980 at the 2010 United States Census. Lakewood is west of Denver and is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, the urban/suburban development of the community known as Lakewood was begun in 1889 by Charles Welch and W. A. H. Loveland, who platted a 13-block area along Colfax Avenue west of Denver in eastern Jefferson County, loveland, the former president of the Colorado Central Railroad, retired to the new community of Lakewood after many years of living in Golden. Until 1969, the known as Lakewood had no municipal government, relying instead on several water districts, several fire districts. Lakewood was a community with policing provided by the Jefferson County Sheriff, several volunteer staffed fire districts, however, the community had already existed for about 80 years. The City of Lakewood was incorporated in 1969 as Jefferson City, soon after, an election was held and the citys name was changed to Lakewood. This was due to a dislike of Jefferson City and the perceived notion it would be confused with existing communities in Colorado. At the time of incorporation the city population was already over 90,000, Lakewood never had a traditional downtown area. West Colfax Avenue served the area as U. S. Route 40. As such, Colfax from Harlan west to Kipling and beyond had mostly commercial establishment, several multi-business shopping centers developed followed by much larger centers at JCRS and Westland. The Villa Italia Mall on West Alameda Avenue, twenty blocks south of Colfax, reflected the southward expansion of Lakewood settlement and housed a larger concentration of retail space. As the mall went into decline, the Lakewood City Council developed a plan to demolish the Villa Italia Mall, in 2011, Lakewood was named an All-America City for the first time. Lakewood is located at 39°42′17″N 105°04′53″W at an elevation of 5,518 feet, located at the junction of U. S. Route 6 and Colorado State Highway 121 in central Colorado, the city lies immediately west of Denver and 62 miles north-northwest of Colorado Springs. Lakewood lies in the Colorado Piedmont on the edge of the Great Plains just east of the Front Range of the Southern Rocky Mountains. Green Mountain, a mesa 6,854 feet tall, is located in the far part of the city. The city is located in the watershed of the South Platte River, from north to south, these include Lakewood Gulch, Weir Gulch, Sanderson Gulch, and Bear Creek. Two tributaries of Lakewood Gulch, Dry Gulch and McIntyre Gulch, Turkey Creek, a tributary of Bear Creek, flows northeast through the far southwestern part of the city
20.
Denver metropolitan area
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Denver is the central city of a conurbation region in the U. S. state of Colorado. The conurbation includes one continuous region consisting of the six counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas. The Denver region is part of the Front Range Urban Corridor, the continuously urbanized area extends northwest into the City and County of Broomfield, bordering Jefferson and Adams counties, and south into Douglas County, adjoining Arapahoe County. Also included in the federally defined MSA are four counties, Elbert County on the southeastern prairie and Clear Creek, Gilpin. The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises ten counties, in 2005 the RTD developed a twelve-year comprehensive plan, called FasTracks, to build and operate rail transit lines and expand and improve bus service throughout the region. Electricity is provided by Xcel Energy, cable television is provided by Comcast. Severity of pollution in this area has varied enormously over the years, in the late 1980s the area was frequently in violation of multiple National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Regional Air Quality Council was formed in 1989 to create plans to address the problem, through a variety of measures the areas air quality was improved and in 2002 the EPA designated the area in compliance with all federal health-based air quality standards. Denver was the first major city in the United States to reach compliance with all six of these standards after previously violating five of them, since then the EPA introduced a new standard for small particulates and made the existing ozone standard stricter. In 2003 the new standard was frequently exceeded in the area and was occasionally exceeded as far away as Rocky Mountain National Park. The RAQC hopes to implement plans enabling the area to comply with the new standards by 2007. S
21.
Alma, Colorado
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Alma is a Statutory Town located in Park County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 270 at the 2010 United States Census, at an elevation of approximately 10,578 feet, it is the highest incorporated municipality in the United States with permanent residents. Its United States Post Office is located at the highest elevation of any in the country, Alma, which is a town, did not take the title as highest incorporated city from Leadville, Colorado, as is commonly believed. Leadville is still the highest incorporated city in North America, using administrative boundaries as a measure, not settled areas, in 2006 Winter Park, Colorado became the highest incorporated town due to its annexation of a ski area. Alma, however, has a residential area extending to 11,680 feet above sea level, while any such area in or near Winter Park reaches only 9,550 feet. The town was named by a merchant named Mr. James, another tradition states the town was named for the daughter of a resident. Alma is located at 39°17′03″N 106°03′48″W, along State Highway 9, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.362 square miles, almost all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 179 people,94 households, the population density was 523.6 people per square mile. There were 147 housing units at a density of 430.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 74% White,2. 23% Native American,0. 56% Asian,3. 35% from other races, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3. 35% of the population. 39. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 1. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.90 and the average family size was 2.63. The age distribution was 12. 8% under the age of 18,5. 6% from 18 to 24,53. 1% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 132.5 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 140.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $41,563, males had a median income of $28,750 versus $26,563 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,165, none of the families and 4. 3% of the population were living below the poverty line. Almas climate is subarctic and closely borders on a climate with July average of 10.9 C. Approximately two miles from Alma are the remains of the defunct Orphan Boy mine, which produced gold, silver, lead, and zinc over a number of decades. The historic Sweet Home Mine near Alma, formerly a mine, now produces spectacular rhodochrosite mineral specimens. com - Alma
22.
Gold
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Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly yellow, dense, soft, malleable. Chemically, gold is a metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions, Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the element silver and also naturally alloyed with copper. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium, golds atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher numbered, naturally occurring elements. It is thought to have produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of acid and hydrochloric acid. Gold also dissolves in solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction, as a precious metal, gold has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout recorded history. A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold is in existence above ground, the world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. As of 2014, the worlds largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes, Gold is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-. The symbol Au is from the Latin, aurum, the Latin word for gold, the Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning glow. This word is derived from the root as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora. This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant shining dawn, Gold is the most malleable of all metals, a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be thin enough to become semi-transparent
23.
Silver
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Silver is a metallic element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47. The symbol Ag stems from Latin argentum, derived from the Greek ὰργὀς, a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earths crust in the pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, Silver is more abundant than gold, but it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is measured on a per mille basis, a 94%-pure alloy is described as 0.940 fine. As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had a role in most human cultures. Silver has long valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many premodern monetary systems in bullion coins, Silver is used in numerous applications other than currency, such as solar panels, water filtration, jewelry, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils, and as an investment medium. Silver is used industrially in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, Silver compounds are used in photographic film and X-rays. Dilute silver nitrate solutions and other compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides, added to bandages and wound-dressings, catheters. Silver is similar in its physical and chemical properties to its two neighbours in group 11 of the periodic table, copper and gold. This distinctive electron configuration, with an electron in the highest occupied s subshell over a filled d subshell. Silver is a soft, ductile and malleable transition metal. Silver crystallizes in a cubic lattice with bulk coordination number 12. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in silver are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak and this observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of silver. Silver has a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a polish. Protected silver has greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm, at wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, silvers reflectivity is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310 nm. The electrical conductivity of silver is the greatest of all metals, greater even than copper, during World War II in the US,13540 tons of silver were used in electromagnets for enriching uranium, mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper
24.
Lead
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Lead is a chemical element with atomic number 82 and symbol Pb. When freshly cut, it is bluish-white, it tarnishes to a dull gray upon exposure to air and it is a soft, malleable, and heavy metal with a density exceeding that of most common materials. Lead has the second-highest atomic number of the stable elements. Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal and its weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature and tendency to form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are found in the +2 oxidation state. Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds, like the lighter members of the group, lead exhibits a tendency to bond to itself, it can form chains, rings, and polyhedral structures. Lead is easily extracted from its ores and was known to people in Western Asia. A principal ore of lead, galena, often bears silver, Lead production declined after the fall of Rome and did not reach comparable levels again until the Industrial Revolution. Nowadays, global production of lead is about ten million tonnes annually, Lead has several properties that make it useful, high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness to oxidation. In the late 19th century, lead was recognized as poisonous, Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones, damaging the nervous system and causing brain disorders and, in mammals, blood disorders. A lead atom has 82 electrons, arranged in a configuration of 4f145d106s26p2. The combined first and second ionization energies—the total energy required to remove the two 6p electrons—is close to that of tin, leads upper neighbor in group 14. This is unusual since ionization energies generally fall going down a group as an elements outer electrons become more distant from the nucleus, the similarity is caused by the lanthanide contraction—the decrease in element radii from lanthanum to lutetium, and the relatively small radii of the elements after hafnium. The contraction is due to shielding of the nucleus by the lanthanide 4f electrons. The combined first four ionization energies of lead exceed those of tin, for this reason lead, unlike tin, mostly forms compounds in which it has an oxidation state of +2, rather than +4. Relativistic effects, which become particularly prominent at the bottom of the periodic table, as a result, the 6s electrons of lead become reluctant to participate in bonding, a phenomenon called the inert pair effect. A related outcome is that the distance between nearest atoms in crystalline lead is unusually long, the lighter group 14 elements form stable or metastable allotropes having the tetrahedrally coordinated and covalently bonded diamond cubic structure. The energy levels of their outer s- and p-orbitals are close enough to allow mixing into four hybrid sp3 orbitals
25.
Zinc
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Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table, in some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium, both elements exhibit only one normal oxidation state, and the Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions are of similar size. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earths crust and has five stable isotopes, the most common zinc ore is sphalerite, a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States, Zinc is refined by froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century, the mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called philosophers wool or white snow. The element was named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke. German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746, work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron is the application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings. A variety of compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate, zinc chloride, zinc pyrithione, zinc sulfide. Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of exceptional biologic and public health importance, Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children, deficiency causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency, Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C, above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting and boiling points, the melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium. Many alloys contain zinc, including brass, Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and sodium
26.
Sweet Home Mine
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Sweet Home Mine is a mine near Alma, Colorado, United States. It was founded in 1873 as a silver mine, orphan Boy mine Media related to Sweet Home Mine at Wikimedia Commons Sweet Home Mine, Mount Bross, Alma District, Park Co. A geochemical study of the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA, hydrothermal fluid evolution above a hypothesized granite cupola, from The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System
27.
Rhodochrosite
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Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate mineral with chemical composition MnCO3. In its pure form, it is typically a rose-red color and it streaks white, and its Mohs hardness varies between 3.5 and 4. Its specific gravity is between 3.5 and 3.7 and it crystallizes in the trigonal system, and cleaves with rhombohedral carbonate cleavage in three directions. It is transparent to translucent with indices of nω=1.814 to 1.816. It is often confused with the silicate, rhodonite, but is distinctly softer. Rhodochrosite forms a solid solution series with iron carbonate. Calcium, frequently substitutes for manganese in the structure, leading to lighter shades of red and pink and it is for this reason that the most common color encountered is pink. Rhodochrosite occurs as a vein mineral along with other manganese minerals in low temperature ore deposits as in the silver mines of Romania where it was first found. Banded rhodochrosite is mined in Capillitas, Argentina and it was first described in 1813 in reference to a sample from Cavnic, Maramureş, present-day Romania. According to Dimitrescu and Radulescu,1966 and to Papp,1997, the name is derived from the Greek word ῥοδόχρως meaning rose-colored. Its main use is as an ore of manganese which is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations, quality banded specimens are often used for decorative stones and jewelry. Due to its relatively soft, and having perfect cleavage, it is very difficult to cut. Colorado officially named rhodochrosite as its state mineral in 2002, large specimens have been found in the Sweet Home Mine near Alma, Colorado. It is sometimes called Rosa del Inca, Inca Rose or Rosinca, manganoan Calcite Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Klein, Cornelis,1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed. ISBN 0-471-80580-7
28.
South Platte River
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The South Platte River is one of the two principal tributaries of the Platte River. Flowing through the U. S. states of Colorado and Nebraska, it is itself a major river of the American Midwest and it joins the North Platte River in western Nebraska to form the Platte, which then flows across Nebraska to the Missouri. The river serves as the source of water for eastern Colorado. In its valley along the foothills in Colorado, it has permitted agriculture in an area of the Colorado Piedmont and Great Plains that is otherwise arid. The river is formed in Park County, Colorado, southwest of Denver in the South Park grassland basin by the confluence of the South Fork and Middle Fork, approximately 15 miles southeast of Fairplay. Both forks rise along the flank of the Mosquito Range, on the western side of South Park. From South Park, it passes through 50 miles of the Platte Canyon, here, it is joined by the North Fork before emerging from the foothills southwest of the Denver suburb of Littleton. At Littleton, the river is impounded to form Chatfield Reservoir, the river flows north through central Denver, which was founded along its banks at its confluence with Cherry Creek. The valley through Denver is highly industrialized, serving generally as the route for both the lines, as well as Interstate 25. On the north side of Denver it is joined somewhat inconspicuously by Clear Creek, North of Denver it flows through the agricultural heartland of the Piedmont. East of Greeley it turns eastward, flowing across the Colorado Eastern Plains, past Fort Morgan and Brush and it continues past Sterling, and runs into Nebraska between Julesburg, Colorado and Big Springs, Nebraska. In Nebraska, it passes south of Ogallala and joins the North Platte River near the city of North Platte. The South Platte River through Denver is on the U. S. EPAs list of impaired waterbodies for pathogen impairment, other water issues involve the appearance of the New Zealand Mud Snail and of the Zebra Mussel. The South Platte was originally called Niinéniiniicíihéhe by the native Arapaho people who lived on its banks, the early Spanish explorers called it the Rio Chato. The South Platte River also served as a water source in Colorado. Long before the city of Denver was created many travelers came to the South Platte River to escape the arid Great Plains and these people could survive the heat but not without the vital water source that the South Platte River gave them. Buckets and wells sufficed as a system for a while. In an arid region of the United States, the South Platte is marked with several dams, the first notable water impoundment on the South Platte is Antero Reservoir
29.
Clear Creek County, Colorado
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Clear Creek County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,088, Clear Creek County is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was named after Clear Creek, which runs down from the divide through the county. Idaho Springs was originally designated the county seat, but the county government was moved to Georgetown in 1867. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 396 square miles. In the 2012 election Barack Obama won over Mitt Romney 54% to 42%, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,322 people,4,019 households, and 2,608 families residing in the county. The population density was 24 people per square mile, there were 5,128 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 37% White,0. 28% Black or African American,0. 73% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 02% from other races, and 1. 20% from two or more races. 3. 87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 2.81. In the county, the population was out with 22. 60% under the age of 18,5. 60% from 18 to 24,32. 60% from 25 to 44,32. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 108.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $50,997, and the median income for a family was $61,400. Males had an income of $41,667 versus $30,757 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,160, about 3. 00% of families and 5. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 80% of those under age 18 and 5. 60% of those age 65 or over. Idaho Springs Empire Georgetown Silver Plume Downieville-Lawson-Dumont Floyd Hill St
30.
Jefferson County, Colorado
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Jefferson County /ˈdʒɛfərsən/ is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 534,543, the county seat is Golden, and the most populous city is Lakewood. Jefferson County is included in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, located along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, Jefferson County is adjacent to the state capital of Denver. In 2010, the center of population of Colorado was located in Jefferson County, the countys slogan is the Gateway to the Rocky Mountains, and it is commonly nicknamed Jeffco. The name Jeffco is incorporated in the name of the Jeffco School District,1, and several businesses located in Jefferson County. Jeffco is also incorporated in the unofficial monikers of many Jefferson County agencies, the Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport operated by Jefferson County was previously known as the Jeffco Airport. A major employer in Jefferson County is the large Coors Brewing Company in Golden, also, the state-supported Colorado School of Mines is located in Jefferson County, offering programs in STEM topics such as mining, geology, chemistry, and engineering. On August 25,1855, the Kansas Territorial Legislature created Arapahoe County to govern the western portion of the territory. The county was named for the Arapaho Nation of Native Americans that lived in the region, in June 22,1850, gold was discovered along the South Platte River in Arapahoe County. This discovery precipitated the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, many residents of the mining region felt disconnected from the remote territorial governments of Kansas and Nebraska, so they voted to form their own Territory of Jefferson on October 24,1859. The following month, the Jefferson Territorial Legislature organized 12 counties for the new territory, Jefferson County was named for the namesake of the Jefferson Territory, Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and the nations third president. Golden City served as the county seat of Jefferson County, robert Williamson Steele, Governor of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson from 1859 to 1861, built his home in the county at Mount Vernon and later at Apex. The Jefferson Territory never received federal sanction, but during his last week in office and that November 1, the new Colorado General Assembly organized the 17 original counties of Colorado, including a new Jefferson County. In 1908, the tip of Jefferson County was transferred to Park County. Several annexations by the City & County of Denver and the 2001 consolidation of the City & County of Broomfield removed the east and extreme northwestern portion of the county, respectively. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 774 square miles. Jefferson County is one of the few counties in the United States to border as many as ten counties, the population density was 683 people per square mile. There were 212,488 housing units at a density of 275 per square mile
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Teller County, Colorado
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Teller County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,350, the county seat is Cripple Creek, and the most populous city is Woodland Park. Teller County is included in the Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, a few years after gold was discovered in Cripple Creek, political differences between area miners and mine owners, many of whom lived in Colorado Springs, resulted in the division of El Paso County. Created in 1899, Teller County was carved from the slope of Pikes Peak. Within five years of its formation, Teller County became the scene of a dramatic labor struggle called the Colorado Labor Wars. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 559 square miles. The population density was 37 people per square mile, there were 10,362 housing units at an average density of 19 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 92% White,0. 55% Black or African American,0. 97% Native American,0. 58% Asian,0. 08% Pacific Islander,0. 90% from other races, and 2. 00% from two or more races. 3. 49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 25. 90% under the age of 18,5. 60% from 18 to 24,31. 20% from 25 to 44,29. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 102.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $50,165, and the median income for a family was $57,071. Males had an income of $37,194 versus $26,934 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,412, about 3. 40% of families and 5. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 90% of those under age 18 and 4. 20% of those age 65 or over
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Fremont County, Colorado
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Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,824, the county seat is Cañon City. The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C, Fremont County comprises the Cañon City, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City, CO Combined Statistical Area. Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons, ADX Supermax, the only federal Supermax prison in the United States, is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County, south of Florence. As of March 2015, Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated, Fremont County was founded in 1861. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,534 square miles. Highway 50 State Highway 9 State Highway 67 State Highway 115 State Highway 120 As of the census of 2000, there were 46,145 people,15,232 households, the population density was 30 people per square mile. There were 17,145 housing units at a density of 11 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 52% White,5. 34% Black or African American,1. 53% Native American,0. 50% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,1. 22% from other races, and 1. 82% from two or more races. 10. 35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 20. 60% under the age of 18,7. 50% from 18 to 24,33. 40% from 25 to 44,24. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 133.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 143.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,150, and the median income for a family was $42,303. Males had an income of $30,428 versus $23,112 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,420, about 8. 30% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 80% of those under age 18 and 7. 40% of those age 65 or over. The department operates the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility in Cañon City, in addition several correctional facilities near Cañon City are located in unincorporated areas in the county. Colorado State Penitentiary, the location of the death row
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Chaffee County, Colorado
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Chaffee County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,809, Chaffee County has a confusing origin. Between February 8 and February 10,1879, Carbonate County was created by the Colorado legislature out of northern Lake County, on February 10 the two counties were renamed, with the southern part of Lake County becoming Chaffee County, and Carbonate County becoming Lake County. Chaffee County is known as the “Heart of the Rockies” and it was named for Jerome B. Chaffee, Colorados first United States Senator, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,015 square miles, of which 1,013 square miles is land and 1.6 square miles is water. The population density was 16 people per square mile, there were 8,392 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 94% White,1. 58% Black or African American,1. 09% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,4. 21% from other races, and 1. 69% from two or more races. 8. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the family size was 2.77. In the county, the population was out with 19. 70% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,28. 00% from 25 to 44,27. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 113.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,368, and the median income for a family was $42,043. Males had an income of $30,770 versus $22,219 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,430, about 7. 40% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 30% of those under age 18 and 10. 20% of those age 65 or over. Chaffee County is also home to a source of water that Arrowhead water uses for water bottles. The source is Ruby Mountain Springs, salida Buena Vista Poncha Springs Garfield Johnson Village Maysville Smeltertown Nathrop St. 5ʹ Quadrangle, Park and Chaffee Counties, Colorado United States Geological Survey
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Lake County, Colorado
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Lake County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,310, the county seat and the only municipality in the county is Leadville. The highest natural point in Colorado and the entire Rocky Mountains is the summit of Mount Elbert in Lake County at 14,440 feet elevation, Lake County was one of the original 17 counties created by the Colorado legislature on November 1,1861. As originally defined, Lake County included a portion of western Colorado to the south. The county was named for Twin Lakes, placer gold was found at Colorado Gulch in 1863 as part of the Colorado Gold Rush. With its many reductions in size, Lake Countys designated county seat also changed multiple times within just a few years, residing successively in Oro City, Lourette, Dayton, by 1878, Lake County had been reduced to an area including only present-day Lake and Chaffee counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 384 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in Colorado by area, outlast is set in a fictional asylum in Lake County. The population density was 21 people per square mile, there were 3,913 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. 36. 14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.15. In the county, the population was out with 26. 90% under the age of 18,12. 80% from 18 to 24,33. 10% from 25 to 44,20. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 115.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $37,691, and the median income for a family was $41,652. Males had an income of $30,977 versus $24,415 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,524, about 9. 50% of families and 12. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 60% of those under age 18 and 6. 30% of those age 65 or over
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Summit County, Colorado
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Summit County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 27,994, Summit County comprises the Breckenridge, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. Summit County was organized as one of the seventeen original Colorado counties by the First Territorial Legislature on November 1,1861 and it was named for the many mountain summits in the county. Until February 2,1874, its boundaries included the area now comprising Summit County, Grand County, Routt County, Moffat County, Garfield County, Eagle County, and Rio Blanco County. In 1874, the half of the original Summit County was split off to form Grand County, with the creation of Garfield and Eagle counties in 1883. In addition, Summit County has seen two major boom eras, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 619 square miles, of which 608 square miles is land and 11 square miles is water. The population density was 39 people per square mile, there were 24,201 housing units at an average density of 40 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 84% White,0. 68% Black or African American,0. 48% Native American,0. 87% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,3. 96% from other races, and 2. 10% from two or more races. 9. 79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 1. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the family size was 2.86. In the county, the population was out with 17. 40% under the age of 18,15. 70% from 18 to 24,44. 30% from 25 to 44,19. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 139.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 144.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $56,587, and the median income for a family was $66,914. Males had an income of $33,741 versus $27,017 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,676, about 3. 10% of families and 9. 00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 30% of those under age 18 and 3. 40% of those age 65 or over. The 2012 average real estate prices in Summit County were $708,660 for a family home, $359,536 for a condo, townhome or duplex
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Lost Creek Wilderness
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The Lost Creek Wilderness is a 119, 790-acre wilderness area located in central Colorado in Jefferson and Park counties south of the town of Bailey. The area is situated entirely within the boundaries of the Pike National Forest, the Lost Creek Scenic Area in the Wilderness is a 16,798 National Natural Landmark designated site. The entire water system of the forms a watershed for the Platte River Basin. The area is notable for its rock formations, natural arches. These are contained in two ranges of low alpine foothills of the Rocky Mountains, the Kenosha Mountains and the Tarryall Mountains,12, 431-foot Bison Peak is the highest peak in the wilderness. Because of its proximity to Denver, the area is popular for outdoor recreation in both summer and winter months. Typical activities in the area include hiking, backpacking, rock-climbing, as well as skiing, snowshoeing. There are 130 miles of trails in the wilderness, including a section of the Colorado Trail that crosses Lost Creek then parallels the northeast boundary toward Kenosha Pass. Lost Park, as the area is called, was one of the last refuges of the American Bison in the United States. The Lost Creek Scenic Area is a 16, 798-acre site in the Lost Creek Wilderness created in 1963, under the 1939 U-Regulations and it was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1966. It is located in the Pike National Forest and is in both Park and Jefferson counties, rock formations with pinnacles and spires are located in narrow gorges and on ridges. An underground stream disappears and reappears nine times or more at the site, in the TV series Supernatural, Episode 2 of Season 1 takes place within the Lost Creek Wilderness area, specifically at the fictitious Blackwater Ridge
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Pike National Forest
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The Pike National Forest is located in the Front Range of Colorado, United States, west of Colorado Springs and including Pikes Peak. The forest encompasses 1,106,604 acres within Clear Creek, Teller, Park, Jefferson, Douglas, the major rivers draining the forest are the South Platte and Fountain Creek. Rampart Reservoir, an artificial body of water, is located within the forest. The forest is named after American explorer Zebulon Pike, much of the bedrock within Pike National Forest is made up of the coarse, pink to orange Pikes Peak granite. There are local district offices located in Colorado Springs, Fairplay. The dry climate of Pike National Forest makes it prime wildfire territory, the first recorded fires occurred in the 19th century, and the forest was recently the location of the Hayman Fire of 2002 and the Waldo Canyon Fire of 2012. The former burned 138, 114-acre and 133 homes while the latter burned 18, the Pike and San Isabel National Forest was recently awarded a major reclamation project to fix the damage from the Hayman wildfire. The project was sponsored by The National Arbor Day Foundation, in conjunction with several university bookstores, Pike and San Isabel was voted the winner from a group of three separate forests. The vote took place at www. buildaforest. com, there are three officially designated wilderness areas lying within Pike National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two of them extend into neighboring National Forests, even in the summer, nights are cool due to the forests high elevation. Temperatures and precipitation vary widely throughout the forest, depending on elevation, most of the forest receives more than 100 inches of snow a year. United States Army Pike’s Peak Research Laboratory Devils Head Lookout Culturally modified trees Pike and San Isabel National Forests and Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands
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San Isabel National Forest
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San Isabel National Forest is located in central Colorado. The forest contains 19 of the states 53 fourteeners, peaks over 14,000 feet high, including Mount Elbert and it is one of eleven national forests in the state of Colorado and contains the Sawatch Range, the Collegiate Peaks, and Sangre de Cristo Range. It has an area of 1,120,233 acres spread out over parts of eleven counties in central Colorado. In descending order of area it is located in Chaffee, Custer, Lake, Huerfano, Fremont, Pueblo, Saguache, Las Animas, Park, Costilla. San Isabel National Forest is co-managed by the Forest Service together with Pike National Forest, Cimarron National Grassland, there are local ranger district offices located in Cañon City, Leadville, and Salida. There are seven designated wilderness areas lying within San Isabel National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Four of them extend into neighboring National Forests, and of these, another one extends onto land of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
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Eleven Mile State Park
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Eleven Mile State Park is a Colorado State Park located in Park County,11 miles south of Lake George, Colorado, United States. Established in 1970, the 7, 662-acre park surrounds 3, facilities include a marina, a visitors center and over 300 campsites. There are 5 miles of available for hikers and bicyclists. Fish species include cutthroat, rainbow, brown trout and northern pike, Eleven Mile Reservoir is famous for the thriving Kokanee salmon population found in the river current along the north side of the reservoir known as the Dream Stream. This reservoir is known for being very windy in the afternoon. A required daily vehicle park pass can be obtained at the entrance of the park, daily species possession limits are as follows, trout,4 total, two over 16 and two under 16, or four under 16, salmon,10, pike and crawdads, unlimited. Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed jackrabbit, coyote, muskrat and ground squirrels are seen in the park. Mule deer, pronghorn, porcupine, badger, black bear, under the reservoir in the state park lie three former communities, which had flourished prior to 1933, Howbert, Idlewild, and Freshwater Station, Colorado. The towns were submerged to provide for the needs of the city and county of Denver. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25
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American Discovery Trail
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The American Discovery Trail is a system of recreational trails and roads which collectively form a coast-to-coast hiking and biking trail across the mid-tier of the United States. Horses can also be ridden on most of this trail and it starts on the Delmarva Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and ends on the northern California coast on the Pacific Ocean. The trail has northern and southern alternates for part of its distance, passing through Chicago, the total length of the trail including both the north and south routes is 6,800 miles. The northern route covers 4,834 miles with the southern route covering 5,057 miles and it is the only non-motorized coast-to-coast trail. The trail passes through 14 national parks and 16 national forests and uses sections of or connects to five National Scenic Trails,10 National Historic Trails, for part of its distance, it is coincident with the North Country Trail and the Buckeye Trail. They hiked the segments out of sequence over two years, finishing in 2003. The first hikers to complete the trail in one continuous walk were Marcia and Ken Powers and their trailwalk lasted from February 27 to October 15,2005. They started out from Cape Henlopen State Park in Delaware and ended at Point Reyes and they trailed 5,058 miles by foot, averaging 22 miles a day. The first person to backpack the entire 6,800 miles in one continuous hike was Mike Lion King Daniel and he started from Cape Henlopen State Park on June 17,2007, and ended at Point Reyes, California on November 5,2008. The following notable locations are found along or adjacent to the route of the American Discovery Trail and they are listed from east to west to correspond with the itinerary typically followed by thru-hikers to take advantage of the best seasonal weather conditions. Cape Henlopen State Park, the terminus of the trail in Delaware. Argentine Pass, Colorado, the highest point in the trail where it crosses the Rockies, limantour Beach, Point Reyes, the western terminus of the trail in California
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Colorado Trail
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The Colorado Trail is a long-distance trail running for 486 miles from the mouth of Waterton Canyon southwest of Denver to Durango in Colorado, United States. Its highest point is 13,271 feet above sea level, despite its high elevation, the trail often dips below the alpine timberline to provide refuge from the exposed, storm-prone regions above. The Colorado Trail was built and is maintained by the non-profit Colorado Trail Foundation and the United States Forest Service. The Colorado Trail is an established, marked, and mostly non-motorized trail open to hikers, horse riders, along the way, it passes through eight mountain ranges, six National Forests, and six wilderness areas. Trail elevations range from a low of about 5,500 feet at the Denver end of the trail to a high of 13,271 feet on the slopes of Coney in the San Juan Mountains, the trail rises and falls dramatically. A hiker traversing the length of the trail will gain about 89,000 vertical feet. The trail passes through what is considered to be some of the states most beautiful country, wildlife abounds and wildflowers, in season, are abundant. While much of the passes through forests, a good portion of it reaches above timberline. The trail passes through historic mining towns, along ancient Indian trails, other sections appear much as they would have 500 years ago. The western half of The Colorado Trail, between Monarch Pass and Durango, has less influence, greater vistas and a display of spectacular wildflowers. For 235 miles, The Colorado Trail runs concurrent with the Continental Divide Trail along the Collegiate East route, on the Collegiate West route, the Colorado Trail follows the Continental Divide Trail for 80 miles more. Summer days are warm with cool nights, but unpredictable mountain weather can threaten snow any month of the year, violent thunder and lightning storms may ravage the afternoon sky, then quickly give way to warm sunshine and cloudless skies. The practical season for the entire Colorado Trail is roughly July, August and September, in the winter, large parts of it are prohibitively difficult because of deep snow. The majority of thru-hikers hike from east to west and this choice of direction is preferred partly because snow typically melts earlier in the year on the eastern portion of the trail than on the higher western portion. The time required for a thru-hiker to complete the Colorado Trail varies greatly, the Colorado Trail is one of the few major long trails that allow mountain biking. Mountain bikes are permitted along most of the trail, but there are six wilderness areas where it is against federal regulations even to possess a bicycle, as a whole, the trail is of interest to bicyclists from beginners on up. Top cyclists consider it to be a world-class long-distance trail, Colorado Trail Foundation Home Page Journals and Photographs from people hiking The Colorado Trail
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Continental Divide National Scenic Trail
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The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail is a United States National Scenic Trail running 3,100 miles between Mexico and Canada. It follows the Continental Divide of the Americas along the Rocky Mountains and traverses five U. S. states — Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, in Montana it crosses Triple Divide Peak which separates the Hudson Bay, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean drainages. The trail is a combination of dedicated trails and small roads, portions designated as uncompleted must be traveled by roadwalking on dirt or paved roads. The Continental Divide Trail along with the Appalachian Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail form what thru-hiker enthusiasts have termed the Triple Crown of long-distance hiking in the United States. Only about two hundred people a year attempt to hike the trail, taking about six months to complete it. Dave Odell thru-hiked in 1977 and in the same year Dan Torpey hiked from the NM/CO border to Mt Robson, german long-distance rider Günter Wamser, and Austrian Sonja Endlweber managed to complete the tour with four Bureau of Land Management mustangs in three summers 2007–09. This seven-month journey spanned over 5,600 miles, tapon took the most circuitous, scenic, high, difficult route north and while returning south, took the more expedient route. Andrew Skurka completed the trail as part of the 6, 875-mile Great Western Loop in 2007. The youngest person to hike the trail is Reed Gjonnes, who hiked the trail with her father Eric Gjonnes from April 15 to September 6,2013, the CDT in New Mexico is about 700 miles long and some portions have very limited water. Local volunteer groups place water caches at strategic points along the trail, all three are located within New Mexicos boot heel. The terminus near Columbus is not on the Continental Divide but rather in the vicinity of Columbus, Columbus is listed as a National Historic Landmark due to the invasion in 1916 by Pancho Villa and his Villistas. From the Crazy Cook Monument, the trail begins as a desire path. From Columbus, the route is a roadwalk to Lordsburg, in most areas the trail is well marked. It is concurrent with the Colorado Trail for approximately 200 miles, the CDT itself meanders in Colorado some 650 miles at higher altitudes. Depending on any given year’s snow-pack and an individual schedule. The Creede Cut-off in the San Juan Mountains to avoid persistent snow or unfavorable weather is such an example and this should be balanced with Colorados monsoon season with afternoon thunderstorms that usually occur in late July and August. The routes location makes short trips to many of Colorados 14. A few stretches of the CDT in Colorado have no marked or named trail
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Guanella Pass
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Guanella Pass is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado, US. The pass is located in southwestern Clear Creek County, in the Front Range west of Denver, the pass was named for Byron Guanella in 1953. Guanella was a supervisor and commissioner in Clear Creek County for nearly 50 years. The pass provides a route between Georgetown in the valley of Clear Creek to the north and Grant in the valley of Geneva Creek, the pass is traversed by the Guanella Pass Scenic Byway. As of 09/03/2011 the Georgetown access to the pass is open through the pass, the entire route from Georgetown to U. S. Highway 285 is paved. The road is no longer maintained in the winter and expect closure after the first heavy snow in the winter, there is a parking area at the closure gate on the Georgetown side of the pass to allow access to the pass by foot or snowmobile during the winter. At the summit of the pass, hiking trails lead east to Mount Bierstadt among other places, the Geneva Basin Ski Area which existed from 1963-1984 was located just a few miles south of the pass
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Bikecentennial
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The route crossed ten states,22 national forests, two national parks, and 112 counties between Astoria, OR, and Yorktown, VA, a distance of about 4,250 miles. The route was chosen to take cyclists through small towns on mostly rural, about 4,100 riders participated in the event, representing all 50 states and many foreign countries. Several route options were available to the participants, ranging from an 82-day,4, roughly 1,750 cyclists were signed up to ride the entire length of the trail. Most of the participants rode in prearranged groups of 10 to 12 with a group leader, the riders were essentially self-contained, they carried camping gear, food, and other necessities in panniers on their bicycles. Bikecentennial had been a 501 nonprofit since 1974, and after the 1976 event the organization lived on to serve the needs of traveling cyclists, developing more routes, Bikecentennial changed its name in 1993 to Adventure Cycling Association. June Siple coined the name Bikecentennial a few months later as Hemistour progressed through Mexico, Siple had founded an annual bicycle tour called the Tour of the Scioto River Valley in Ohio with his father in 1962. During a break from Hemistour, Dan Burden became severely ill and had to drop out and he and his wife, Lys, focused on building the Bikecentennial event while the Siples continued their tour of the Western Hemisphere. Bikecentennial’s route, called the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail, was developed by Lys Burden with the help of Bikecentennial staff, the route crosses the Continental Divide nine times in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. The TransAmerica Bicycle Trail was inaugurated on May 14,1976, the TransAm groups, those riding coast to coast, set off from trailheads at either Astoria, OR, or Yorktown, VA, while other groups riding shorter tours set off from trailheads inland. Bikecentennial received support from the Wally Byam Foundation, Huffy bikes, Shimano, the Bicycle Institute of America, the success of the 1976 event led Adventure Cycling to map several additional bicycle routes across the United States and Canada. The Adventure Cycling Route Network now consists of over 44,000 miles and is the largest bicycle route network in North America, since 2014, the annual Trans Am Bike Race has used basically the same route as that used for the Bikecentennial. Stephanie Ager Kirz, Bicycling the TransAm Trail, Virginia to Oregon/Washington, 2nd Edition, jay Martin Anderson, Two Wheels to America, J. M. Anderson/iTunes,2012. Author Anderson led a Bikecentennial group of 12 cyclists west to east, Dan DAmbrosio, Our History, Adventure Cycling Association,1997. Derek L. Jensen, Mad Dogs and an Englishman, Pivo Publishing Corp, author Jensen was one of the ~2000 who rode the entire Bikecentennial Trail in 1976. MD&E includes an account of the event from west to east. Ruthie Knox, Ride With Me, Loveswept,2012, ASIN B0061C1OQ0, a romance novel of bicycle touring on the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail
Geographic data related to Park County, Colorado at OpenStreetMap
Geographic data related to 
Park County, Colorado
