1.
Ping Tom Memorial Park
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Ping Tom Memorial Park is a 17. 24-acre public urban park in Chicagos Chinatown neighborhood, in South Side, Chicago. It is part of the Chicago Park District, located on the south bank of the Chicago River, the park is divided into three sections by a Santa Fe rail track and 18th Street. Currently, only development in the south of 18th Street has been completed. It was designed by Ernest C, Wong of Site Design Group and features a pagoda-style pavilion, bamboo gardens, and a playground. The park is named in honor of prominent Chinatown businessman and civic leader Ping Tom, in 1962, the construction preparations for the Dan Ryan Expressway demolished the only two parks in the Chinatown area. Sun Yat-sen Playlot Park, a small, 1⁄3 acre park, was created in the mid-1970s, however, a private real estate firm formed by Ping Tom, then purchased a former 32-acre rail yard in 1989. The southern-half of the area underwent significant development, as the retaining wall along the river was repaired. Construction then began in 1998 and concluded in fall 1999 at a total cost of $5 million, the park was officially opened on October 2,1999. In 2002, the Chicago Park District acquired 5 acres additional immediately east of the undeveloped northern half. The second development-stage of the parks nearly 11 acres undeveloped north of 18th Street was completed in 2011, in September 2009, a $10 million budget was approved to start development on the 6-acre area along the Chicago River. The boathouse was opened on June 9,2013, while the house was opened later that year on October 14,2013. In 1962, construction preparations for the Dan Ryan Expressway necessitated the demolition of Hardin Square and Stanford Parks, Community efforts to construct a larger park were impeded both a lack of funds and the absence of any suitable site. After fighting for decades for the construction of a new park in Chinatown, civic leader Ping Tom formed the Chinese American Development Corporation, a private real estate firm, in 1984. Five years later, the purchased a former 32-acre Santa Fe rail yard and began construction on Chinatown Square. However, the 6 acres area along the Chicago River was left untouched, the Chinatown community then formed the Chinatown Riverside Park Advisory Council to work with the Chicago Park District to assess the possibility of developing the remaining area into a public park. Tom died of cancer in July 1995—three years before construction of the park began. During a Chinatown Chamber of Commerce meeting held in March 1998, the Riverside Park Advisory Council suggested renaming the park in honor of Ping Tom, the request was approved on August 3,1998, and the park was renamed Ping Tom Memorial Park. The park was dedicated and officially opened by Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley during a ceremony on October 2,1999, in 2005, the CADC and friends of the Tom family commissioned sculptor Liao Huilana to create a bronze bust of Ping Tom
2.
Chicago Park District
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The Chicago Park District is the oldest and one of the largest park districts in the United States. As of 2016, there are over 580 parks included in the Chicago Park District as well as 31 beaches, several boat harbors, the parks also have multiple field houses, public pools, and sports and recreational facilities, and host programs throughout the year. The district is an independent taxing authority as defined by Illinois State Statute and is considered an agency of the City of Chicago. The districts general superintendent and CEO – currently Michael P. Kelly – is appointed by the Mayor of Chicago, the districts headquarters are located in the Time-Life Building in the Streeterville neighborhood. A number of these are tourist destinations, most notably Lincoln Park, Chicagos largest park which has over 20 million visitors each year, second only to Central Park in New York City. Thanks to 10 lakefront harbors located within a number of parks along the lakefront, a number of Chicago Park District parks are located in the vicinity of or even adjacent to a number of Chicago Public Schools. This design was done in order to make it easier for school students. Additionally, a number of Chicago Public Library locations are located within Chicago Park District facilities, in the 1860s, Chicago already had about 40 small parks, but no central plan, and it fell far short when compared to other major cities in the country. Lincoln Park was Chicagos first large park, created in 1860 and his influence was key in setting up Chicagos modern park system. The current Chicago Park District was created in 1934 by the Illinois Legislature under the Park Consolidation Act. The agency was long considered a ground for political appointees, most famously, it was run by Ed Kelly. The size and personnel of the district was dramatically pared down during the reform administration of Mayor Richard M. Daley-appointed CEO Forrest Claypool in the mid-1990s. In 2014, the won the National Gold Medal Award for Excellence in Parks. Park District land hosts 11 museums in locations around the city, in addition, there is the free admission Lincoln Park zoological park. Friends of the Parks Parkways Foundation Chicago Park District
3.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
4.
Lincoln Park
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Lincoln Park is a 1, 208-acre park along the lakefront of Chicago, Illinois North Side, facing Lake Michigan. It is Chicagos largest public park, named after Abraham Lincoln, it stretches for seven miles from Ohio Street on the south to near Ardmore Avenue on the north, just north of the Lake Shore Drive terminus at Hollywood Avenue. Several museums and a zoo are located between North Avenue and Diversey Parkway in the neighborhood takes its name from the park. The park further to the north is characterized by parkland, beaches, recreational areas, nature reserves, to the south, there is a more narrow strip of beaches east of Lake Shore Drive, almost to downtown. With 20 million visitors a year, Lincoln Park is the park in the United States. The park also includes a number of harbors with boating facilities, in 1860, Lake Park, the precursor of todays park, was established by the city on the lands just to the north of the citys burial ground. Five years later, on June 12,1865, the park was renamed to honor the recently assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, part of the oldest section of todays Lincoln Park near North Avenue began its existence as the City Cemetery in 1843. This was subdivided into a Potters Field, Catholic cemetery, Jewish cemetery, and these cemeteries were the only cemeteries in the Chicago area until 1859. In 1852, David Kennison, who is said to have born in 1736. Another notable burial in the cemetery was Chicago Mayor James Curtiss, throughout the late 1850s, there was discussion of closing the cemetery or abandoning it because of health concerns. The idea was dropped during the Civil War, but revived by Dr. Rauch after the war ended, by 1864, the city council had decided to add all the 120-acre cemetery lands north of North Avenue to the park by relocating the graves. The cemetery sections south of North Avenue were also relocated but this land was left for residential development, to this day, the Couch mausoleum can still be seen as the most visible reminder of the history as a cemetery, standing amidst trees, behind the Chicago History Museum. Ira Couch, who is interred in the tomb, was one of Chicagos earliest innkeepers, Couch is believed to not be the only person interred in the old burial ground in Lincoln Park. A plaque placed nearby states that the remains of six Couch family members, partially due to the destruction of the Chicago Fire of burial markers, it was difficult to remove many of the remains. As recently as 1998, construction in the park has revealed more bodies left over from the nineteenth century, another large and notable group of graves relocated from the site of todays Lincoln Park were those of approximately 4,000 Confederate prisoners of war who died at Camp Douglas. Many prisoners perished between 1862 and 1865 as a result of the condition they were in when taken on the battlefield, or of disease. Although the camp was located south of downtown Chicago, near the stockyards, today, their gravesites may be found at Oak Woods Cemetery in the southern part of Chicago
5.
Landscape architect
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A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The title landscape architect was first used by Frederick Law Olmsted and this definition of the profession of landscape architect is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, International Labour Office, Geneva. Some notable Australian landscape architects include William Guilfoyle, Ina Higgins, Edna Walling, after at least two years of recognised professional practice, graduates may submit for further assessment to obtain full professional recognition by the AILA. The Landscape Institute is the recognised body relating to the field of Landscape architecture throughout the UK, to become a recognised landscape architect in the UK takes approximately 7 years. To begin the process, one has to study a course by the Landscape Institute to obtain a bachelors degree in Landscape Architecture or a similar field. Following this one must progress onto a Postgraduate Diploma in the field of Landscape Architecture covering the subject in far greater detail such as urban planning, construction. Following this, the trainee must complete the Pathway to Chartership and those in this field work both to create an aesthetically pleasing setting and also to protect and preserve the environment in an area. The actual activities however are common to most human cultures around the globe for several millennia, in the U. S. a need to formalize the practice and name were resolved in 1899 with the formation of the American Society of Landscape Architects. Developing policies and plans and implementing and monitoring proposals for conservation and recreation such as national parks. Contributing to the planning, aesthetic and functional design, location, management and maintenance of such as roads, dams, wind farms and other energy. Undertaking landscape assessments including environmental and visual impact assessments to prepare policies or inform new developments, monitoring the realisation and inspecting the construction of proposals to ensure compliance with plans, specifications of work, cost estimates and time schedules. Project management of large scale landscape planning and design projects including management of other such as engineers, architects. Acting as a witness in Development and Environment Courts Kerb 15. Launched by Charles Waldheim, April 2007, content includes articles and interviews from Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, Alejandro Zaera-Polo, Kathryn Gustafson, Bart Brands and Richard Weller. Landscape design software List of landscape architects Job Description at the U. S. Department of Labor
6.
Daniel Burnham
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Daniel Hudson Burnham, FAIA was an American architect and urban designer. He was the Director of Works for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Burnham took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago, Manila and downtown Washington, D. C. Burnham was born in Henderson, New York and raised in Chicago and his parents brought him up under the teachings of the Swedenborgian called The New Church, which ingrained in him the strong belief that man should strive to be of service to others. After failing admissions tests for both Harvard and Yale and a stint at politics, Burnham apprenticed as a draftsman under William LeBaron Jenney. At age 26, Burnham moved on to the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake, and Wight, Burnham and Root were the architects of one of the first American skyscrapers, the Masonic Temple Building in Chicago. Measuring 21 stories and 302 feet, the temple held claims as the tallest building of its time, under the design influence of Root, the firm had produced modern buildings as part of the Chicago School. Following Root’s premature death from pneumonia in 1891, the became known as D. H. Burnham & Company. Burnham and Root had accepted responsibility to design and construction of the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago’s then-desolate Jackson Park on the south lakefront. The largest worlds fair to date, it celebrated the 400-year anniversary of Christopher Columbus famous voyage. Under Burnhams direction, the construction of the Fair overcame huge financial and logistical hurdles, including a financial panic. Considered the first example of a planning document in the nation, the fairground was complete with grand boulevards, classical building facades. Often called the White City, it popularized neoclassical architecture in a monumental and rational Beaux-Arts plan, the remaining population of architects in the U. S. were soon asked by clients to incorporate similar elements into their designs. Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward H. Bennett prepared The Plan of Chicago and it was the first comprehensive plan for the controlled growth of an American city, and an outgrowth of the City Beautiful movement. The plan included proposals for the lakefront and river and declared that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park. Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago, Burnham donated his services in hopes of furthering his own cause, plans and conceptual designs of the south lakefront from the Exposition came in handy, as he envisioned Chicago being a Paris on the Prairie. French-inspired public works constructions, fountains, and boulevards radiating from a central, City planning projects did not stop at Chicago though. Burnham had previously contributed to plans for such as Cleveland, San Francisco. The Plan for Manila never fully materialized due to the out of World War II
7.
Frederick Law Olmsted
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Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture, in Washington, D. C. he worked on the landscape surrounding the United States Capitol building. The quality of Olmsteds landscape architecture was recognized by his contemporaries and his work, especially in Central Park in New York City, set a standard of excellence that continues to influence landscape architecture in the United States. Olmsted was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 26,1822 and his father, John Olmsted, was a prosperous merchant who took a lively interest in nature, people, and places, Frederick Law and his younger brother, John Hull, also showed this interest. His mother, Charlotte Law Olmsted, died before his fourth birthday and his father remarried in 1827 to Mary Ann Bull, who shared her husbands strong love of nature and had perhaps a more cultivated taste. When the young Olmsted was almost ready to enter Yale College, after working as an apprentice seaman, merchant, and journalist, Olmsted settled on a 125-acre farm in January 1848 on the south shore of Staten Island NY, which his father helped him acquire. This farm, originally named the Akerly Homestead, was renamed Tosomock Farm by Olmsted and it was later renamed The Woods of Arden by owner Erastus Wiman. On June 13,1859, Olmsted married Mary Cleveland Olmsted, Daniel Fawcett Tiemann, the mayor of New York, officiated the wedding. He adopted her three children, John Charles Olmsted, Charlotte Olmsted and Owen Olmsted, Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy, a daughter, Marion and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13,1860, Olmsted had a significant career in journalism. In 1850 he traveled to England to visit gardens, where he was greatly impressed by Joseph Paxtons Birkenhead Park. He subsequently wrote and published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England in 1852 and this supported his getting additional work. Interested in the economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South. His dispatches to the Times were collected into three volumes which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South. A one-volume abridgment, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom, was published during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of Olmsteds English publisher. To this he wrote a new introduction in which he stated explicitly his views on the effect of slavery on the economy and my own observation of the real condition of the people of our Slave States, gave me. He argued that slavery had made the slave states inefficient and backward both economically and socially, the citizens of the cotton States, as a whole, are poor. They work little, and that little, badly, they earn little, they sell little, they buy little and their destitution is not material only, it is intellectual and it is moral
8.
Jens Jensen (landscape architect)
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Jens Jensen was a Danish-American landscape architect. Jens Jensen was born near Dybbøl, Denmark, on September 13,1860, for the first nineteen years of his life he lived on his familys farm, which cultivated his love for the natural environment. When he was four years old, during the Second War of Schleswig in 1864, Jensen watched the Prussians invade his town and this invasion, which annexed the land into Prussia, left a deep influence on how Jensen viewed the world of man. He attended the Tune Agricultural School outside Copenhagen, afterwards undertaking mandatory service in the Prussian Army, during those three years, he sketched parks in the English and French character in Berlin and other German cities. By 1884, his service over, Jensen was engaged to Anne Marie Hansen. Coupled with his wish to escape the farm, this led to his decision to immigrate to the United States that year. Initially Jensen worked in Florida, and then at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, before moving to Chicago and he was soon promoted to a foreman. During this time he was allowed to design and plant a garden of exotic flowers, when the garden withered and died, he traveled into the surrounding prairie and transplanted native wildflowers. Jensen transplanted the wildflowers into a corner of Union Park, creating what became the American Garden in 1888, working his way through the park system, Jensen was appointed superintendent of the 200 acre Humboldt Park in 1895. By the late 1890s, the West Park Commission was entrenched in corruption, after refusing to participate in political graft, Jensen was ousted by a dishonest park board in 1900. He was eventually reinstated and by 1905 he was superintendent of the entire West Park System in Chicago. His design work for the city can be seen at Garfield Park, Humboldt Park, Douglas Park, in the 1910s, Jensen played a role in building support for the preservation of part of the Indiana Dunes sand dune ecosystem, also near Chicago. Shaw designed Marktown, Clayton Marks planned worker community in Northwest Indiana, in 1920 he retired from the park system and started his own landscape architecture practice. He worked on estates and municipal parks throughout the U. S. He was commissioned by Eleanor and Edsel Ford for four residences, other projects included the Morse Dell Plain House and Garden at Hammond, Indiana and the William Whitaker Landscape and House at Crown Point, Indiana. Jensen did the plan and designed the estates gardens. The Gaukler Point gardens and residence are now a historical landscape and house museum. He also designed the gardens for Edsel and Eleanors summer estate Skylands in Bar Harbor on Mount Desert Island in Maine, Jensen did design work for their two other Michigan residences, one being Haven Hill, between 1922 and 1935
9.
Frank Gehry
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Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions and it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28,1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, a creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husbands store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and he would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. So the creative genes were there, Gehry says, but my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasnt gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things and he was given the Hebrew name Ephraim by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah. In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California, Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern Californias School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi, according to Gehry, I was a truck driver in L. A. going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasnt very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasnt very good at and didnt like and you know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, What do I like. And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings and those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. After graduating from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in other jobs. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge and he left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, in 1957 he was given the chance to design and construct his first private residence at the age of 28, with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita’s family neighbor Melvin David, The David Cabin, completed in 1958, beams protrude from the exterior sides and exposed, unfinished ceiling beams are prominent features. In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira, in 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967 and then Gehry Partners in 2001
10.
Lorado Taft
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Lorado Zadoc Taft was an American sculptor, writer and educator. Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois, in 1860 and died in his studio in Chicago in 1936. Taft was the father of US Representative Emily Taft Douglas, father-in-law to her husband, US Senator Paul Douglas, Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois. His father was a professor of geology at the Illinois Industrial University, after being homeschooled by his parents, Taft earned his bachelors degree and masters degree at Illinois Industrial University. His record there was outstanding, he was cited as top man in his studio, upon returning to the United States in 1886, Taft settled in Chicago. He taught at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago until 1929, in addition to work in clay and plaster, Taft taught his students marble carving, and had them work on group projects. He also lectured at the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois, Taft asked if he could employ some of his female students as assistants for the Horticultural Building. Burnham responded, Hire anyone, even white rabbits if theyll do the work, from that arose a group of talented women sculptors known as the White Rabbits, Enid Yandell, Carol Brooks MacNeil, Bessie Potter Vonnoh, Janet Scudder, Julia Bracken and Ellen Rankin Copp. Later, another student, Frances Loring, noted that Taft used his students talents to further his own career. In general, history has given Taft credit for helping to advance the status of women as sculptors, Tafts frequent lecture tours for the Chautauqua gave him a broad, popular celebrity status. In some settings, Taft is better known for his writings than for his sculpture, in 1903, Taft published The History of American Sculpture, the first survey of the subject. The revised 1925 version was to remain the reference on the subject until Wayne Craven published Sculpture in America in 1968. In 1921, Taft published Modern Tendencies in Sculpture, a compilation of his lectures given at the Art Institute of Chicago, in 1898, Taft was a founding member of the Eagles Nest Art Colony in the small town of Oregon, Illinois. Taft designed the Columbus Fountain at Union Station in Washington, D. C. in collaboration with Daniel Burnham, commission of Fine Arts from 1925 to 1929, and was an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects. His papers reside in collections at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art, the University of Illinois, and he maintained his connections with his alma mater throughout his life. In 1929, he dedicated his sculpture Alma Mater on the University of Illinois campus, two figures behind her on either side represent the university’s motto, Learning and Labor. Taft was active until the end of his life, the week before he died, he attended the Quincy, Illinois, dedication ceremonies for his sculpture celebrating the Lincoln-Douglas debates. He received numerous awards, prizes, and honorary degrees, in 1965, his Chicago workplace at 6016 Ingleside Avenue was designated a National Historic Landmark as Lorado Taft Midway Studios
11.
Land lot
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In real estate, a lot or plot is a tract or parcel of land owned or meant to be owned by some owner. A lot is essentially considered a parcel of property in some countries or immovable property in other countries. Possible owner of a lot can be one or more person or another entity, such as a company/corporation, organization, government. A common form of ownership of a lot is called fee simple in some countries, a lot may also be defined as a small area of land that is empty except for pavement or similar improvement. An example would be a parking lot and this article covers lots as parcels of land meant to be owned as units by an owner. Like most other types of estate, lots owned by private parties are subject to a periodic real estate tax payable by the owners to local governments such as a county or municipality. These real estate taxes are based on the value of the real property, additional taxes usually apply to transfer of ownership. Other fees by government are possible for such as curbs. A lot has defined boundaries which are documented somewhere, but the boundaries need not be shown on the land itself, most lots are small enough to be mapped as if they are flat, in spite of the curvature of the earth. A characteristic of the size of a lot is its area, the area is typically determined as if the land is flat and level, although the terrain of the lot may not be flat, i. e, the lot may be hilly. The contour surface area of the land is changeable and may be too complicated for determining a lots area, lots can come in various sizes and shapes. To be considered a lot, the land described as the lot must be contiguous. Two separate parcels are considered two lots, not one, often a lot is sized for a single house or other building. Many lots are rectangular in shape, although other shapes are possible as long as the boundaries are well-defined, methods of determining or documenting the boundaries of lots include metes and bounds, quadrant method, and use of a plat diagram. Use of the metes and bounds method may be compared to drawing a polygon, metes are points which are like the vertices of a polygon. Bounds are line segments between two adjacent metes, bounds are usually straight lines, but can be curved as long as they are clearly defined. When the boundaries of a lot are not indicated on the lot, formal surveys are done by qualified surveyors, who can make a diagram or map of the lot showing boundaries, dimensions, locations of any structures such as buildings, etc. Such surveys are used to determine if there are any encroachments to the lot
12.
Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
13.
Randolph Street
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Randolph Street is a street in Chicago. It serves as the boundary of Grant Park and the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Metras Millennium Station is located under Randolph Street, Randolph Street was named for Randolph County, Illinois, in turn named after Edmund Randolph, Governor of Virginia, Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General. The street was part of the plot of Chicago in the 1830s. In the 1850s and 1860s, gambling was a pastime at the saloons on Randolph. In 1937, in conjunction with the building of Lake Shore Drive and this viaduct still exists west of Columbus Drive as the upper level, it intersected LSD at the current upper level. The lower level of the viaduct was never used, in 1963 the upper level was built east of Field to serve the new Outer Drive East building. Between 1970 and 1980, the viaduct was demolished east of Columbus, by 1988 the new Randolph had been completed, including a new upper level west of Columbus. East of Columbus, this level was built to slope down to the old upper level, the old viaduct was kept west of Columbus, and it slopes down to a middle level east towards the new Lake Shore Drive. East of Michigan Avenue, Randolph Street is a two-way street taking traffic to Lake Shore Drive, just east of Michigan, Randolph crosses over the Metra Electric/South Shore Line and splits into two levels, an upper level and a middle level. Intersections with the level are provided with Stetson Avenue and Columbus Drive. The middle level, which traffic to Lake Shore Drive. A lower level also exists between Stetson and Columbus, intersecting lower Columbus, the middle level East of Columbus Drive is known as Randolph Drive. East of Columbus, Randolph continues as a triple-decker street, the lower level intersects with a short piece of Field Boulevard, at that point, the upper level narrows to lie only over the north side of the middle level. Field Boulevard was the original Lake Shore Drive, and crossed the level of Randolph. Old Lake Shore Drive south of Randolph is now the Cancer Survivors Plaza, a new Upper Field Boulevard was recently built as part of the Lakeshore East development, it ramps down to ground level. After Field Boulevard, the upper level and service level continue east to the double-decker Harbor Drive. Harbor Drive provides access to buildings and then itself dead ends
14.
Grant Park (Chicago)
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Grant Park is a large urban park in the Loop community area of Chicago. Located in Chicagos central business district, the parks most notable features are Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain, the Art Institute of Chicago, originally known as Lake Park, and dating from the citys founding, it was renamed in 1901 to honor Ulysses S. Grant. The parks area has expanded several times through land reclamation. It is bordered on the north by Randolph Street, on the south by Roosevelt Road and McFetridge Drive, on the west by Michigan Avenue, the park contains performance venues, gardens, art work, sporting, and harbor facilities. It hosts public gatherings, and several annual events. The park is often called Chicagos front yard and it is governed by the Chicago Park District. The original plans for the town of Chicago left the area east of Michigan Avenue unsubdivided and vacant, when the former Fort Dearborn Reserve became part of the townsite in 1839, the plan of the area east of Michigan Avenue south of Randolph was marked Public ground. Forever to remain vacant of buildings, the city officially designated the land as a park on April 29,1844, naming it Lake Park. When the Illinois Central Railroad was built into Chicago in 1852, the resulting lagoon became stagnant, and was largely filled in 1871 with debris from the Great Chicago Fire, increasing the parkland. In 1896, the city began extending the park into the lake with landfill, on October 9,1901, the park was renamed Grant Park in honor of American Civil War commanding General and United States President Ulysses S. Grant. At the 1868 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Grant had been nominated for his first presidential term, the legal restrictions prohibiting any buildings in the park were ignored in the 19th century, as various civic buildings were sited there. At various times, a post office, exposition center, armory, a 1904 plan prepared by the Olmsted Brothers recommended locating the Field Museum as the parks centerpiece, an idea integrated into Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennetts 1909 Plan of Chicago. Chicago businessman Aaron Montgomery Ward ultimately fought four court battles, opposed by nearly every civic leader, the one exception Ward consented to was for the Art Institute of Chicago, constructed in 1892. More landfill in the 1910s and 1920s provided sites for the Adler Planetarium, Field Museum of Natural History, and Shedd Aquarium, in 2004, a section of northern Grant Park, previously occupied by Illinois Central railyards and parking lots, was covered and redeveloped as Millennium Park. The park has been the site of large civic events. It served as the ground for the citys funeral procession for Abraham Lincoln. In 1911, the hosted the major Chicago International Aviation Meet. The park was the scene of clashes between Chicago Police and demonstrators during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, pope John Paul II celebrated an outdoor mass to a large crowd here in 1979
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Washington Square Park (Chicago)
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Washington Square, also known as Washington Square Park, is a park in Chicago, Illinois. It is located across Walton Street from Newberry Library at 901 N. Clark Street in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois and it is Chicagos oldest existing small park. It is one of four Chicago Park District parks named after persons surnamed Washington and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 20,1991. On September 4,1842, the city received a 3-acre parcel that was donated by the members of the American Land Company for use as a public park, the property had once been a cow path with a well for farmers to water their cattle. The donors stipulated the name Washington Square, between 1869 and the 1890s, the city improved Washington Square with lawn, trees, bisecting diagonal walks, limestone coping, picket fencing, and an attractive Victorian fountain. By the time Alderman McCormick became President of Drainage Board in 1906, the fountain had been razed, Alderman McCormick devoted his aldermanic salary to improving the park. He donated a fountain, and the city allocated an additional $10,000 to rehabilitate the park. By the 1910s, the neighborhood surrounding Washington Square had become more diverse, the original purpose of the neighborhood park was as a place of assembly to discuss community issues. Chicago has a storied history of public speeches both for entertainment and educational purposes. The Haymarket Riot first started as an anarchist workers rally, daniel Burnham’s March 27,1897 lecture for the Commercial Club of Chicago inspired the club to provide $80,000 to publish the Burnham Plan. Washington Square Park has been the center of Chicago public speeches. By the 1890s the park acquired its Bughouse Square moniker, soapbox orators waxed on topics ranging from gender relations to Communism. It served as a home for soapbox orators on warm-weather evenings from the 1910s to the mid-1960s, like Speakers Corner in Londons Hyde Park, Washington Square became a popular spot for soap box orators. Artists, writers, political radicals, and hobos pontificated, lectured, recited poetry, ranted, a group of regulars formed The Dill Pickle Club, devoted to free expression. For years Washington Square orators appointed their own honorary king, in its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s, revolutionary left soapboxers were occasionally joined by poets, religionists, and cranks. In 1959, the city transferred Washington Square to the Chicago Park District, in 1964, Life featured an article saying that it was a meeting place for cottaging among homosexuals. Six years later, it played host to Chicagos first Gay Pride March, Washington Square Historic District is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois that includes Washington Square Park, Chicago. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 21,2003, the Washington Square District was declared a Chicago Landmark on May 16,1990
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South Side, Chicago
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The South Side is part of the city of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the three parts of the city, the others being the West Side and the North Side. Much of it evolved from the incorporation of independent townships. The citys sides have historically divided by the Chicago River. The South Side of Chicago was originally defined as all of the city south of the branch of the Chicago River. The South Side has an ethnic composition. It has great disparity in income and other demographic measures, although it has a reputation for being poor or crime-infested, the reality is more varied. The South Side ranges from affluent to middle class to working class to impoverished, the South Side is served by bus and L train via the Chicago Transit Authority and a number of Metra lines. It has several interstate and national highways, there is some debate as to the South Sides boundaries. The citys address numbering system uses a grid demarcating Madison Street as the East-West axis, Madison is in the middle of the Loop. As a result, much of the downtown Loop district is south of Madison Street, One definition has the South Side beginning at Roosevelt Road, at the Loops southern boundary, with the community area known as the Near South Side immediately adjacent. Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line provide eastern boundaries, the southern border changed over time because of Chicagos evolving city limits, the city limits are now at 138th Street. Using the Roosevelt Road boundary, the South Side is larger than the North, the exact boundaries dividing the Southwest, South and Southeast Sides vary by source. The differing interpretations of the boundary between the South and Southwest Sides are due to a lack of a natural or artificial boundary. One source states that the boundary is Western Avenue or the tracks adjacent to Western Avenue. This border extends south to a former railroad right of way paralleling Beverly Avenue. The Southwest Side of Chicago is a subsection of the South Side comprising mainly residential, predominantly white, architecturally, the Southwest Side is distinguished by the tract of Chicagos Bungalow Belt, which runs through it. With its factories, steel mills and meat-packing plants, the South Side saw a period of immigration which began around the 1840s
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John Henry Rauch
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John Henry Rauch was an American sanitarian. He brought attention to health problems posed by cemeteries in large cities. He was the president of the Illinois State Board of Health. Rauch graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania and settled in Burlington, in 1850, on the organization of the Iowa State Medical Society, he was appointed to report on the “Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa, ” and this report was afterward published. In 1857, he was appointed professor of materia medica and medical botany in Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1859, he was one of the organizers of the Chicago College of Pharmacy and filled its chair of materia medica and medical botany. During the Civil War, he served as assistant medical director of the Army of Virginia, at the close of the war he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. On his return to Chicago, Dr. Rauch published a pamphlet on “Intramural Interments in Populous Cities, and Their Influence Upon Health and Epidemics”. He aided in reorganizing the health service of the city, and in 1867 was appointed member of the newly created board of health and sanitary superintendent, which office he filled until 1873. In 1876 he was elected president of the American Public Health Association, in 1877, when the Illinois State Board of Health was created, Rauch was appointed one of its members, and elected its first president. He was elected secretary, to office he had been re-elected annually for years. In 1887 he published the results of his investigations into the character of the water-supplies of Illinois. Rauch was a member of scientific bodies and the author of monographs, chiefly in the domain of sanitary science. His chief work as a writer is embodied in the reports of the Illinois State Board of Health in eight volumes and he was a recognized authority on medical education. Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds, intramural Interments in Populous Cities, and Their Influence Upon Health and Epidemics. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas page=405 date=Aug
18.
Haussmann's renovation of Paris
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Haussmanns renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. Haussmanns work met with opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmanns renovation, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. Paris is a place where plants shrivel and perish. The street plan on the Île de la Cité and in the called the quartier des Arcis. In 1840, a doctor described one building in the Île de la Cité where a single room five meters square on the floor was occupied by twenty-three people. In these conditions, disease spread very quickly, cholera epidemics ravaged the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of two neighborhoods died. Traffic circulation was another major problem, the widest streets in these two neighborhoods were only five meters wide, the narrowest were only one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets, the residents of these neighborhoods had taken up paving stones and blocked the narrow streets with barricades, and had to be dislodged by the army. He wrote that the facade of the Louvre was admirable, but it was hidden behind buildings worthy of the Goths and he protested that the government invested in futilities rather than investing in public works. Moreau, the architect in chief of Paris, suggested paving and developing the embankments of the Seine, building monumental squares, clearing the space around landmarks, Napoleon Bonaparte also had ambitious plans for rebuilding the city. He began work on a canal to bring water to the city and began work on the Rue de Rivoli, beginning at the Place de la Concorde. The medieval core and plan of Paris changed little during the restoration of the monarchy through the reign of King Louis-Philippe and it was the Paris of the narrow and winding streets and foul sewers described in the novels of Balzac and Victor Hugo. In 1833, the new prefect of the Seine under Louis-Philippe, Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau and he constructed new sewers, though they still emptied directly into the Seine, and a better water supply system. He constructed 180 kilometres of sidewalks, a new street, rue Lobau, a new bridge over the Seine, the pont Louis-Philippe, and cleared an open space around the Hôtel de Ville. He built a new street the length of the Île de la Cité, to access the central market at Les Halles, he built a wide new street, and began work on the Boulevard Malesherbes. On the Left Bank, he built a new street, rue Soufflot, which cleared space around the Panthéon, Rambuteau wanted to do more, but his budget and powers were limited
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Central Park
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Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
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William B. Ogden
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William Butler Ogden was the first Mayor of Chicago. Ogden was born on June 15,1805, in Walton, when still a teenager, his father died and Ogden took over the family real estate business. He assisted Charles Butler, his brother-in-law, with matters related to opening a new building for New York University. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1835, in 1837-1838 he became the first mayor of Chicago. Ogden designed the first swing bridge over the Chicago River and donated the land for Rush Medical Center, Ogden was also a founder of the Chicago Board of Trade. Ogden was a promoter and investor in the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Throughout his later life, Ogden was heavily involved in the building of several railroads, in 1847, Ogden announced a plan to build a railway out of Chicago, but no capital was forthcoming. Eastern investors were wary of Chicagos reputation for irrational boosterism, so Ogden and his partner J. Young Scammon solicited subscriptions from the farmers and small businessmen whose land lay adjacent to the proposed rail. Farmers wives used the money earned from selling eggs to buy shares of stock on a monthly payment plan. By 1848, Ogden and Scammon had raised $350, 000—enough to begin laying track, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was profitable from the start and eventually extended out to Wisconsin, bringing grain from the Great Plains into the city. As president of Union Pacific, Ogden extended the reach of Chicagos rail lines to the West coast, the resulting island is now known as Goose Island. Later Ogden served on the board of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and lobbied with many others for congressional approval, after the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act, Ogden was named as the first president of the Union Pacific Railroad. Ogden was a choice for the first president, but his railroad experience was most likely not the primary reason he was chosen, Ogden was a clever man who had many political connections. When Ogden came to lead the Union Pacific, the railroad wasnt fully funded, as part of the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act, Congress named several existing railroad companies to complete portions of the project. Several key areas needed to link the East to the West had none, speculation is as fatal to it as secession is to the Union. Whoever speculates will damn this project, as history now shows, eventually Ogden and many others got their wish. Several railroads later, Ogden Flats, Utah, where the Golden Spike was driven, was named for him, in 1860, Ogden switched his loyalty to the Republican Party, which shared his views regarding slavery, although he left the party over a dispute with Abraham Lincoln. Ogden felt that the Emancipation Proclamation was premature, following his defection from the Republican party, Ogden retired from politics and moved back to his native New York
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Chicago Symphony Orchestra
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The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, based in Chicago, was formed by Theodore Thomas in 1891. The Symphony makes its home at Orchestra Hall in Chicago and plays a season at the Ravinia Festival. The music director is Riccardo Muti, who began his tenure in 2010, the CSO is one of five American orchestras commonly referred to as the Big Five. Since Thomas, the orchestra has had ten music directors, including Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Sir Georg Solti, from 2010 to the present, the incumbent conductor is Riccardo Muti. In 1890 Charles Norman Fay, a Chicago businessman, invited Theodore Thomas to establish an orchestra in Chicago, under the name Chicago Orchestra, the orchestra played its first concert October 16,1891 at the Auditorium Theater. It is one of the oldest orchestras in the United States, along with the New York Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra Hall, now a component of the Symphony Center complex, was designed by Chicago architect Daniel H. Burnham and completed in 1904. Maestro Thomas served as director for thirteen years until his death shortly after the orchestras newly built residence was dedicated December 14,1904. The orchestra was renamed Theodore Thomas Orchestra in 1905 and today, in 1905, Frederick Stock became music director, a post he held until his death in 1942. The orchestra was renamed the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in 1913, subsequent music directors have included Désiré Defauw, Artur Rodziński, Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Jean Martinon, Georg Solti, and Daniel Barenboim. His contract has been renewed for five years, through the 2020 season. Many of these guests have also recorded with the orchestra, carlos Kleiber made his only symphonic guest appearances in America with the CSO, in October 1978 and June 1983. The three principal guest conductors of the orchestra have been Carlo Maria Giulini, Claudio Abbado, the CSO holds an annual fundraiser, originally known as the Chicago Symphony Marathon, more recently as Radiothon and Symphonython, in conjunction with Chicago radio station WFMT. As part of the event, from 1986 through 2008, the released tracks from their broadcast archives on double LP/CD collections. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra maintains a home at Ravinia in Highland Park. The CSO helped to inaugurate the first season of the Ravinia Festival in August 1936 and has been in residence at the Festival every summer since, as of 2005, James Conlon holds the title of Ravinia music director. The Chicago Symphony has amassed an extensive discography, recordings by the CSO have earned 62 Grammy Awards from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. These include several Classical Album of the Year awards, awards in Best Classical Performance in vocal soloist, choral, instrumental, engineering and orchestral categories. On May 1,1916, Frederick Stock and the orchestra recorded the Wedding March from Felix Mendelssohns music to A Midsummer Nights Dream for what was known as the Columbia Graphophone Company
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Parks in Chicago
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Parks in Chicago include open spaces and facilities, developed and managed by the Chicago Park District. The City of Chicago devotes 8. 5% of its total acreage to parkland. Since the 1830s, the motto of Chicago has been Urbs in horto. Notable architects, artists and landscape architects have contributed to the 570 parks, including Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jens Jensen, Frank Gehry, in 1836, a year before Chicago was incorporated, the Board of Canal Commissioners held public auctions for the citys first lots. Foresighted citizens, who wanted the Lake Michigan lakefront kept as open space. The land east of Michigan Avenue between Madison Street and Park Row was designated Public Ground—A Common to Remain Forever Open, Clear and Free of Any Buildings, or Other Obstruction and this lot was soon expanded to Randolph Street, and it was officially named Lake Park in 1847. It was renamed Grant Park in 1901, a second parcel, west of Michigan Avenue between Randolph and Washington Streets, was designated Dearborn Park. As Chicago grew, demand increased for public spaces, but the Chicago Common Council did little to address these requests, instead, real estate investors realized that small public squares could increase the value of their property. In 1842, Washington Square Park became the first of these ventures, similar projects were completed with Goudy Square Park in 1847 and Union Park in 1853. Although the Cook County Court agreed to allocate a major park on the South Side in 1857, Chicagos second large-scale allocation of parkland came in 1860, when a large section of the City Cemetery was re-designated as a park. This was due to concerns led by John Henry Rauch about the public health impact of having a large cemetery on the lake. This new park was also named Lake Park, however, due to confusion over its name, it was renamed to Lincoln Park in 1865, slowly, all of the graves were moved from the cemetery, greatly expanding the park. Haussmanns renovation of Paris and New Yorks Greensward Plan in the 1850s and 1860s turned new attention to the role that parks can play in urban development. William Butler Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago, advocated for a bill to create a large park on the South Side. Although initially rejected when proposed in 1868, the Illinois legislature accepted this plan in 1869, the objective was to create a system of parks and boulevards that would form a circle around Chicago. The Chicago Park District manages 220 facilities in 570 parks covering more than 7,600 acres of land throughout the city, the height of these events are during the summer months at the height of the tourist season while children are out of school for summer recess. The dominant theme in many of Chicagos park fieldhouses are variants of either Georgian or Classical Revival architecture, clarence Hatzfeld, who designed many of the homes in Chicagos landmark Villa District is noted as the most prolific architect of Chicago park fieldhouses. Similar to other areas of Chicagos built environment, a number of structures in Chicagos Parks are of exceptional architectural value
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The Peace Museum
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The Peace Museum in Chicago was founded in 1981 by muralist Mark Rogovin and Marjorie Craig Benton, a former US UNICEF representative. Museum staff included Marianne Philbin, Paul Nebenzahl, Ruth Barrett, John Nawn, Kerry Cochrane, Sharon Queen, Sidney Schoenberger, Charles Thomas, Paul Murphy, LuAnne Lewandowski and Martin Moy. In 1982, The Peace Museum hosted Give Peace A Chance, Ono wrote the dedication to the book for the exhibition, published by Chicago Review Press. Also featured in the show were U2, Bob Marley, Holly Near, Joan Baez, Stevie Wonder, Country Joe McDonald, Harry Chapin, Pete Seeger and Graham Nash, among others. Chicagos Peace Museum opened its doors in 1981 with an exhibition called The Unforgettable Fire which featured drawings from survivors of Hiroshima, the exhibit drew the attention of the Irish rock band U2 who held benefits for the museum and named their next LP record after the exhibition. The Museum also hosted exhibitions of the art of John Heartfield, Daumier. The Peace Museum was one of two museums in the US. The other is the Dayton International Peace Museum and it closed sometime around 2007, and in 2011, a suit was brought by the State of Illinois to protect and distribute its collection
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Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable
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Neoclassicism
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The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, laterally competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th, European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c.1760 in opposition to the then-dominant Baroque and Rococo styles. Each neo-classicism selects some models among the range of classics that are available to it. They ignored both Archaic Greek art and the works of Late Antiquity, the Rococo art of ancient Palmyra came as a revelation, through engravings in Woods The Ruins of Palmyra. While the movement is described as the opposed counterpart of Romanticism. The case of the main champion of late Neoclassicism, Ingres, demonstrates this especially well. The revival can be traced to the establishment of formal archaeology, the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann were important in shaping this movement in both architecture and the visual arts. With the advent of the Grand Tour, a fad of collecting antiquities began that laid the foundations of many great collections spreading a Neoclassical revival throughout Europe, Neoclassicism in each art implies a particular canon of a classical model. In English, the term Neoclassicism is used primarily of the arts, the similar movement in English literature. This, which had been dominant for decades, was beginning to decline by the time Neoclassicism in the visual arts became fashionable. Though terms differ, the situation in French literature was similar, in music, the period saw the rise of classical music, and Neoclassicism is used of 20th-century developments. Ingress coronation portrait of Napoleon even borrowed from Late Antique consular diptychs and their Carolingian revival, much Neoclassical painting is more classicizing in subject matter than in anything else. A fierce, but often very badly informed, dispute raged for decades over the merits of Greek and Roman art, with Winckelmann. The work of artists, who could not easily be described as insipid, combined aspects of Romanticism with a generally Neoclassical style. Unlike Carstens unrealized schemes, the etchings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi were numerous and profitable and his main subject matter was the buildings and ruins of Rome, and he was more stimulated by the ancient than the modern. Neoclassicism in painting gained a new sense of direction with the success of Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the Horatii at the Paris Salon of 1785. Despite its evocation of republican virtues, this was a commission by the royal government, David managed to combine an idealist style with drama and forcefulness. David rapidly became the leader of French art, and after the French Revolution became a politician with control of government patronage in art
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Landmarks of Chicago
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Chicago Landmark is a designation of the Mayor of Chicago and the Chicago City Council for historic buildings and other sites in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Listed sites are selected after meeting a combination of criteria, including historical, economic, architectural, artistic, cultural, Mayor and the City Council appoint a nine-member Commission on Chicago Landmarks to develop landmark recommendations in accordance with a 1968 Chicago city ordinance. In Chicago, the preservation movement initially sought to ensure the survival of individual buildings of special significance. However, the movement has evolved to include districts and neighborhoods, preservation is now an integral element of urban planning and design. In 1957, Chicago City Council 5th ward Alderman Leon Despres began the preservation movement in Chicago. This led to the formation of the City Landmarks Commission, who chose 39 buildings as honorary landmarks, many landmarks have been designated with National Historic Landmark status by the United States Secretary of the Interior for historical significance. All of those and a number of districts, sites, buildings, structures. Not all Chicago Landmarks have been listed on the National Register, no Chicago Landmarks are classified as any other type of National Park System protected area including National Parks, National Monuments, or National Preserves. The charts below detail these designations for the city of Chicago-designated sites, for consistency, the list below uses the name from the Chicago Landmark website. Neighborhood names and boundaries are consistent with the Community areas in Chicago, as noted in the list above, there are many places that are designated as City landmarks but they have not been nationally registered. There are also approximately 200 nationally Registered Historic Places in Chicago that are not also designated Chicago Landmarks, of these,13 are further designated as U. S
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Villa District
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The Villa District, also known as Villa Historic District, is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is located on Chicagos Northwest Side within the community area of Irving Park and its borders are along Pulaski Road to the west, the Union Pacific/Northwest rail line to the north, Hamlin to the east, and Addison Street to the south. Located directly north of the Wacławowo area of Avondale, the Villa District is serviced by the Blue Lines Addison street station, the district was built in 1902 by a number of architects, many of them visibly influenced by Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie Style of architecture. Most notable among these were designed by the architectural firm of Hatzfeld and Knox, whose partner Clarence Hatzfeld would later design the fieldhouse. The area was developed as the Villa addition to Irving Park and showcases many unique Craftsman. The Villa district was the northwest bookend for Chicagos vaunted Polish Corridor along Milwaukee Avenue that extended from Division, journalist Mike Royko famously dubbed the area as the Polish Kenilworth after the posh suburb of Chicagos North Shore. The Villa Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 11,1979 and its area was increased on March 10,1983 by the addition of the Villa Apartments, 3948-3952 and 3949-3953 W. Waveland Ave. The Villa District was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 23,1983, The Villa Improvement League
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Portage Park (Chicago)
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Portage Park is a 36-acre park in the Portage Park community area of Chicago, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places. The park stretches from Irving Park Road on the south to Berteau Avenue between Central and Long Avenues. The park also has an Olympic-size pool featuring a large deck for sunning, misting sprays, as well as a water play area with slide. Plans are currently underway for the development of a new,6, the park came into being in 1913 when area residents formed an independent park board called the Old Portage Park District. The original plan for Portage Park was drawn up by American Park Builders Company who were responsible for the initial construction that took place between 1913 and 1917. The park design included a swimming lagoon, which opened to the public in July,1916. Portage Park quickly became the center of the community, providing athletics and team sports, cultural and club activities, festivities, the park in Portage Park originally had a dirt bottom pond that blended into a cement bottom pool. The hill to the east of the pool that exists now, was the dirt that was removed when the pool was first created when the park was first established, the pond portion of the pool extended to the western edge of this hill. In 1934, the citys 22 independent park commissions were consolidated into the Chicago Park District, WPA improvements at Portage Park included additional plantings, stonework fountains and gateways, and a comfort station. WPA workers also removed the swimming lagoon and constructed a kidney-shaped concrete pool. The WPA was very involved in the creation of the long gone Rock House at the end of Portage Park. This Rock House had another small area that had goldfish and flower basins. There were seats throughout the half circle structure of flagstone, except for the overhead wooden canopy, every where you looked there was white flagstone - walls, seats, floor, support pillars. The Chicago Park District has WPA photos of the structure, the park predates all of the buildings that surround it. In 1959, the district replaced the concrete pool with an Olympic-sized pool in preparation for hosting the Pan American Games. In 1972, Portage Park hosted the U. S. Olympic swimming trials, in 1998, the swimming pools and plaza area were rehabilitated while an interactive water play area was created for children
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Jefferson Park (Chicago)
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Jefferson Park is a 7-acre park in the Jefferson Park community area of Chicago, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places. The park is equipped with two fields, one combination football/soccer field, three tennis courts, one playground and a spray pool and a full outdoor swimming pool with dressing facility. Each summer, hundreds of residents stroll the grounds for “Jeff Fest, ” a Jefferson Park Chamber of Commerce-sponsored outdoor community festival featuring local food, vendors. The all-volunteer Citywide Orchestra practices at Jefferson Park and performs concerts for the community. Thomas Jefferson Memorial Park is named in honor of the drafter of the Declaration of Independence, the park was long referred to as simply Jefferson Park until the park received the memorial park designation in 1999 to distinguish it from a second park of the same name. This Jefferson Park was the creation of the Jefferson Park District, the Jefferson Park District was established in 1920 to provide neighborhood parks for the rapidly developing northwest side of Chicago. Located on the site of the former Esdohr farm, land acquisition for the park began in 1921, official Jefferson Park Historical Society website Chicagoparkdistrict. com, Jefferson Park
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National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
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Pulaski Park (Chicago)
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Pulaski Park is a park on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1912, and was named after American Revolutionary War hero Casimir Pulaski, Pulaski Park derives its name from the historic park and fieldhouse that was designed by Jens Jensen between 1912 and 1914. 1,200 people were displaced, leading to the razing of a number of buildings while others were moved to locations in the neighborhood. The park and fieldhouse were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13,1981 and it became an official Chicago Landmark on July 29,2003. The neighborhood in the parks vicinity within West Town is called Pulaski Park after the park, parks of Chicago Chicago Swordplay Guild Chicago Landmarks site Chicago Park District site
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Forest Preserve District of Cook County
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The Forest Preserve District of Cook County is a governmental commission in Cook County, Illinois, that owns and manages the Cook County Forest Preserves. The preserves are a network of spaces, containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes. Cook County contains Chicago, and is the center of a populated urban metropolitan area in northeastern Illinois. The Forest Preserves encompass approximately 68,000 acres of space within the urban surroundings of Chicago. It contains facilities for recreation, as well as a zoo and they do contain hiking, bicycling, and riding trails, as well as facilities for nature and group activities, and they are heavily used for picnicking. They are administered by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County and their headquarters are located in River Forest near Harlem Avenue and Lake Street. In 1905, at the instigation of the Cook County Board of Commissioners and private groups, Illinois adopted a forest preserve act but because of defects in the law. The Forest Preserve District Association was formed in 1911 and a new law was adopted, however. Finally in 1913, the State adopted a Forest Preserve Act that survived legal challenge, a Cook County referendum required by the 1913 law was passed by voters in 1914, establishing the Forest Preserve District of Cook County and the first Board meeting was held in February 1915. Both the Brookfield Zoo and the Chicago Botanic Gardens are located in the forest preserves, the Forest Preserve District also maintains eleven public golf courses. There are six nature centers used for programming and education, five campgrounds, in 2016, a tree-top zipline course was opened in west Cook Countys Bemis Woods. The Ned Brown Forest Preserve contains Busse Woods, a National Natural Landmark, the District also administers the Chicago Portage National Historic Site. In addition, the Districts Red Gate Woods was the home of the Manhattan Projects first nuclear facility. Biologists with the monitor the health of area wild life, lands. This includes monitoring such populations as the number of fish in rivers. Twenty-two sections of land, which contain high quality conservation resources, have been designated as Illinois Nature Preserves allowing greater management
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Forest
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A forest is a large area dominated by trees. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as density, tree height, land use, legal standing. According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered four billion hectares or approximately 30 percent of the land area in 2006. Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe, Forests account for 75% of the gross primary productivity of the Earths biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earths plant biomass. Forests at different latitudes and elevations form distinctly different ecozones, boreal forests near the poles, tropical forests near the equator, higher elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition. Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways, Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect peoples health, human activities, including harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems. Although forest is a term of common parlance, there is no universally recognised precise definition, there are three broad categories of forest definitions in use, administrative, land use, and land cover. Land use definitions are based upon the purpose that the land serves. For example, a forest may be defined as any land that is used primarily for production of timber, land cover definitions define forests based upon the type and density of vegetation growing on the land. Such definitions typically define a forest as an area growing trees above some threshold and these thresholds are typically the number of trees per area, the area of ground under the tree canopy or the section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks. Under such land cover definitions, and area of land only be defined as forest if it is growing trees, areas that fail to meet the land cover definition may be still included under while immature trees are establishing if they are expected to meet the definition at maturity. Under land use definitions, there is variation on where the cutoff points are between a forest, woodland, and savanna. Under some definitions, forests require high levels of tree canopy cover, from 60% to 100%, excluding savannas. Other definitions consider savannas to be a type of forest, the term was not endemic to Romance languages, and cognates in Romance languages, such as Italian foresta, Spanish and Portuguese floresta, etc. are all ultimately borrowings of the French word. The exact origin of Medieval Latin foresta is obscure, uses of the word forest in English to denote any uninhabited area of non-enclosure are now considered archaic. The word was introduced by the Norman rulers of England as a term denoting an uncultivated area legally set aside for hunting by feudal nobility. These hunting forests were not necessarily wooded much, if at all, however, as hunting forests did often include considerable areas of woodland, the word forest eventually came to mean wooded land more generally
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Prairie
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Temperate grassland regions include the Pampas of Argentina, southern Brazil and Uruguay as well as the steppes of Eurasia. Lands typically referred to as prairie tend to be in North America, the Central Valley of California is also a prairie. The Canadian Prairies occupy vast areas of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Prairie is the French word for meadow, but the ultimate root is the Latin pratum. The formation of the North American Prairies started with the upwelling of the Rocky Mountains near Alberta, the mountains created a rain shadow that resulted in lower precipitation rates downwind, creating an environment in which most tree species will not tolerate. The parent material of most prairie soil was distributed during the last glacial advance that began about 110,000 years ago, the glaciers expanding southward scraped the landscape, picking up geologic material and leveling the terrain. As the glaciers retreated about 10,000 years ago, it deposited this material in the form of till, wind based loess deposits also form an important parent material for prairie soils. Tallgrass Prairie evolved over tens of thousands of years with the disturbances of grazing, native ungulates such as bison, elk, and white-tailed deer, roamed the expansive, diverse, plentiful grassland before European colonization of the Americas. For 10, 000-20,000 years native people used fire annually as a tool to assist in hunting, transportation, evidence of ignition sources of fire in the tallgrass prairie are overwhelmingly human as opposed to lightning. Humans, and grazing animals, were participants in the process of prairie formation. Fire has the effect on prairies of removing trees, clearing dead plant matter, fire kills the vascular tissue of trees, but not prairie, as up to 75% of the total plant biomass is below the soil surface and will re-grow from its deep roots. Without disturbance, trees will encroach on a grassland, cast shade, Prairie and widely spaced oak trees evolved to coexist in the oak savanna ecosystem. In spite of long recurrent droughts and occasional torrential rains, the grasslands of the Great Plains were not subject to soil erosion. The root systems of native prairie grasses firmly held the soil in place to prevent run-off of soil, when the plant died, the fungi, bacteria returned its nutrients to the soil. These deep roots also helped native prairie plants reach water in even the driest conditions, the native grasses suffered much less damage from dry conditions than the farm crops currently grown. Prairie in North America is usually split into three groups, wet, mesic, and dry and they are generally characterized by tallgrass prairie, mixed, or shortgrass prairie, depending on the quality of soil and rainfall. In wet prairies the soil is very moist, including during most of the growing season. The resulting stagnant water is conducive to the formation of bogs, wet prairies have excellent farming soil. The average precipitation amount is 10-30 inches a year, mesic prairie /ˈmiːzɪk/ has good drainage, but good soil during the growing season
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Wetland
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A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants. Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment, principally water purification, flood control, carbon sink, Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Wetlands occur naturally on every continent except Antarctica, the largest including the Amazon River basin, the West Siberian Plain, the water found in wetlands can be freshwater, brackish, or saltwater. The main wetland types include swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens, and sub-types include mangrove, carr, pocosin, the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined that environmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth. International conservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to people about wetland issues. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater as well as stormwater runoff and they may also play a role in water-sensitive urban design. A patch of land that develops pools of water after a storm would not be considered a wetland. Wetlands have unique characteristics, they are distinguished from other water bodies or landforms based on their water level. Specifically, wetlands are characterized as having a table that stands at or near the land surface for a long enough period each year to support aquatic plants. A more concise definition is a community composed of hydric soil, Wetlands have also been described as ecotones, providing a transition between dry land and water bodies. In environmental decision-making, there are subsets of definitions that are agreed upon to make regulatory and policy decisions. A wetland is an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic processes, There are four main kinds of wetlands – marsh, swamp, bog and fen. Some experts also recognize wet meadows and aquatic ecosystems as additional wetland types, the largest wetlands in the world include the swamp forests of the Amazon and the peatlands of Siberia. Under the Ramsar international wetland conservation treaty, wetlands are defined as follows, Article 2.1, may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands. Although the general definition given above applies around the world, each county, Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. This definition has been used in the enforcement of the Clean Water Act, some US states, such as Massachusetts and New York, have separate definitions that may differ from the federal governments. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season, the most important factor producing wetlands is flooding
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Stream
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A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and banks. Streams are important as conduits in the cycle, instruments in groundwater recharge. The biological habitat in the vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats, the study of streams and waterways in general is known as surface hydrology and is a core element of environmental geography. Brook A stream smaller than a creek, especially one that is fed by a spring or seep and it is usually small and easily forded. A brook is characterised by its shallowness and its bed being composed primarily of rocks, creek In North America, Australia and New Zealand, a small to medium-sized natural stream. Sometimes navigable by motor craft and may be intermittent, in parts of Maryland, New England, the UK and India, a tidal inlet, typically in a salt marsh or mangrove swamp, or between enclosed and drained former salt marshes or swamps. In these cases, the stream is the stream, the course of the seawater through the creek channel at low. River A large natural stream, which may be a waterway, runnel the linear channel between the parallel ridges or bars on a shoreline beach or river floodplain, or between a bar and the shore. Tributary A contributory stream, or a stream which does not reach the sea, sometimes also called a branch or fork. There are a number of names for a stream. Allt is used in Highland Scotland, beck is used in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Dumfriesshire, Cumbria, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire. Bourne or winterbourne is used in the chalk downland of southern England, brook is used in the Midlands, Lancashire and Cheshire. Burn is used in Scotland and North East England, gill or ghyll is seen in the north of England and other areas influenced by Old Norse. Rivulet is an term encountered in Victorian era publications, stream is used in Southern England. Syke is used in lowland Scotland and Cumbria for a seasonal stream, branch is used to name streams in Maryland and Virginia. Falls is also used to name streams in Maryland, for streams/rivers which have waterfalls on them, little Gunpowder Falls and The Jones Falls are actually rivers named in this manner, unique to Maryland. Kill in New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey comes from a Dutch language word meaning riverbed or water channel, run in Ohio, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, or West Virginia can be the name of a stream
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Lake
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A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams, natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers, in some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. The word lake comes from Middle English lake, from Old English lacu, from Proto-Germanic *lakō, cognates include Dutch laak, Middle Low German lāke as in, de, Moorlake, de, Wolfslake, de, Butterlake, German Lache, and Icelandic lækur. Also related are the English words leak and leach, none of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are used to separate ponds. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares or more in area, however, others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares and above, or 8 hectares and above. Charles Elton, one of the founders of ecology, regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares or more. The term lake is used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre. In common usage, many bear names ending with the word pond. One textbook illustrates this point with the following, In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, the majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres and an unknown total number of lakes. Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres or larger, most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lakes average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have an outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use. Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds, of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare or less in area
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Buckingham Fountain
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Buckingham Fountain is a Chicago landmark in the center of Grant Park. Dedicated in 1927, it is one of the largest fountains in the world, built in a rococo wedding cake style and inspired by the Latona Fountain at the Palace of Versailles, it is meant to allegorically represent Lake Michigan. It operates from April to October, with regular water shows, during the winter, the fountain is decorated with festival lights. The fountain is considered Chicagos front door, since it resides in Grant Park, the fountain itself represents Lake Michigan, with four sets of sea horses symbolizing the four states—Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and Indiana—that border the lake. The fountain was designed by beaux arts architect Edward H. Bennett, the statues were created by the French sculptor Marcel F. Loyau. The design of the fountain was inspired by the Bassin de Latone, the fountain was donated to the city by Kate Buckingham in memory of her brother, Clarence Buckingham, and was constructed at a cost of $750,000. The fountains official name is the Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain, Kate Buckingham also established the Buckingham Fountain Endowment Fund with an initial investment of $300,000 to pay for maintenance. Buckingham Fountain was dedicated on August 26,1927, many tourists and Chicagoans visit the fountain each year. The fountain operates daily 8,00 a. m. to 11,00 p. m. from mid-April through mid-October, water shows occur every hour on-the-hour and last 20 minutes. During shows, the center jet shoots up vertically to 150 feet, the last show begins at 10,00 p. m. nightly. The fountain is constructed of Georgia pink marble and contains 1,500,000 U. S. gallons of water, during a display, more than 14,000 U. S. gallons per minute are pushed through its 193 jets. The bottom pool of the fountain is 280 ft in diameter, the basin is 103 ft, the middle basin is 60 ft. The lip of the basin is 25 ft above the water in the lower basin. The fountains pumps are controlled by a Honeywell computer which was located in Atlanta. The fountains security system is monitored from Arlington Heights, in 1994, the fountain received a $2.8 million restoration to its three smallest basins which developed leaks due to Chicagos harsh winters. The latest renovation project on Buckingham Fountain began in September 2008 and this three-phase project will modernize aging internal systems in the fountain and restore deteriorated features. Funding is a combination from the Buckingham endowment, city and park district funds, Phase I was dedicated April 3,2009. This phase included permeable pavers to surround the fountain and this replaced the crushed stone that was used since the fountain was constructed
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Kosciuszko Park (Chicago)
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Kosciuszko Park is a park located at 2732 N. Avers Ave. Situated along the boundary of Chicagos Logan Square community area at Diversey. The historic fieldhouse was designed by Albert A. Schwartz in a Tudor Revival style, the park is currently under consideration for status as an officially designated Landmark of the City of Chicago. Kosciuszko Park is named after Tadeusz Kościuszko, a hero in Poland, Lithuania. He led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia as Supreme Commander of the National Armed Force, before commanding the 1794 Uprising, he had fought in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army. In 1783, in recognition of his service, he had been brevetted by the Continental Congress to the rank of brigadier general and had become a naturalized citizen of the United States. Kosciuszko Park has long been a community center for Chicagos Northwest Side, the Polish School still continues to this day, albeit in a different location as it outgrew the fieldhouse facilities. The park is a few blocks from St. Hyacinth Basilica, Chicago Parks District History of Kosciuszko Park
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Beaver
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The beaver is a large, primarily nocturnal, semiaquatic rodent. Castor includes two extant species, the North American beaver and Eurasian beaver, Beavers are known for building dams, canals, and lodges. They are the second-largest rodent in the world and their colonies create one or more dams to provide still, deep water to protect against predators, and to float food and building material. The North American beaver population was more than 60 million. Beavers, along with pocket gophers and kangaroo rats, are castorimorph rodents, Beavers are known for their natural trait of building dams on rivers and streams, and building their homes in the resulting pond. Beavers also build canals to float building materials that are difficult to haul over land and they use powerful front teeth to cut trees and other plants that they use both for building and for food. In the absence of existing ponds, beavers must construct dams before building their lodges, first they place vertical poles, then fill between the poles with a crisscross of horizontally placed branches. They fill in the gaps between the branches with a combination of weeds and mud until the dam impounds sufficient water to surround the lodge and this serves as a warning to beavers in the area. Once a beaver has sounded the alarm, nearby beavers will dive, Beavers are slow on land, but are good swimmers, and can stay under water for as long as 15 minutes. Beavers are herbivores, and prefer the wood of quaking aspen, cottonwood, willow, alder, birch, maple and they also eat sedges, pondweed, and water lilies. Beavers do not hibernate, but store sticks and logs in a pile in their ponds, some of the pile is generally above water and accumulates snow in the winter. This insulation of snow often keeps the water freezing in and around the food pile. Beavers have webbed hind-feet, and a broad, scaly tail and they have poor eyesight, but keen senses of hearing, smell, and touch. A beavers teeth grow continuously so that they not be worn down by chewing on wood. Their four incisors are composed of hard orange enamel on the front, the chisel-like ends of incisors are maintained by their self-sharpening wear pattern. The enamel in a beavers incisors contains iron and is resistant to acid than enamel in the teeth of other mammals. Beavers continue to grow throughout their lives, adult specimens weighing over 25 kg are not uncommon. Females are as large as or larger than males of the same age, Beavers live up to 24 years of age in the wild
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Burnham Park (Chicago)
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Burnham Park is a public park in Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The park, which lies along 6 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline, the 598 acres of parkland is owned and managed by Chicago Park District. It was named for urban planner and architect Daniel Burnham in 1927, Burnham was one of the designers of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. The park is an outgrowth of the 1909 Plan for Chicago developed by the parks namesake Daniel Burnham, land for the park has been acquired by the citys park district by a variety of means such as bequest, landfill, and barter. Now, the park hosts some of the citys most important municipal structures, such as Soldier Field, the park has surrendered the land for the Museum Campus to Grant Park. Recently, the park has become known as the site for Marine One when U. S. President Barack Obama visits his Kenwood home on Chicagos south side. In the early 20th century, Chicago businessman A. McFetridge Drive is the boundary between Grant Park and Burnham Park, the park, from North to South, runs through the communities of Near South, Douglas, Oakland, Kenwood and Hyde Park. The park lies mostly between Lake Shore Drive and Lake Michigan, but crosses the drive and abuts the Illinois Central Railroad tracks in places. There is a beach at 31st Street, a skatepark at 34th Street, a beach at 49th Street. The park ends with a flourish at Promontory Point at 55th Street, footbridges and underpasses provide access to the park over the barriers of the train tracks and Lake Shore Drive. A 6-mile section of the Chicago Lakefront Trail bicycle and jogging path runs the length of the park, ward fought for the poor peoples access to Chicagos lakefront. In 1906, he campaigned to preserve neighboring Grant Park as a public park, Grant Park has been protected since 1836 by forever open, clear and free legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings. In the mid-1890s, architect Daniel Burnham began planning a park and boulevard that would link Jackson Park with Grant Park, as Chief of Construction for the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, Burnham was known for developing the White City. After the fair, Burnham began designing a more functional Chicago, burnhams plan, including a lakefront park with a series of islands, boating harbor, beaches, and playfields was published in his 1909 Plan of Chicago. Burnhams famous 1909 plan eventually preserved Grant Park and the entire Chicago lakefront, paul Cornell, a lawyer and real estate developer, donated and built East End Park between 51st and 53rd Streets in 1856. After much of the land eroded, the property was incorporated into Burnham Park and was eventually renamed Harold Washington Park in 1992, in the years following his donation, expansions were built at the northeast corner of the future Jackson Park, located at the south end of Burnham. The most notable expansions included a seawall and granite paved strolling beach, constructed from 1884 to 1888, Cornell lobbied for the establishment of the South Parks and Boulevard System. In 1869, the bills were passed by the legislature, the future site was primarily under Lake Michigan or abutting the Illinois Central Railroad right of way
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Calumet Park
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Calumet Park is a 198-acre park in Chicago, Illinois. It provides access to Lake Michigan from the East Side neighborhood on the citys Southeast Side, the park contains approximately 0.9 miles of lake frontage from 95th Street to 102nd Street. The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Calumet Park is named after the Calumet River and the Calumet Region of southeast Chicago and northwestern Indiana drained by the river. Planning for Calumet Park began in 1904 with the acquisition of 40 acres of land. The original park opened in 1905, but was later enlarged, in the 1930s, Calumet Park attained its current size of 198 acres. There are lakefront beaches at 96th, 98th, and 99th Streets, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 2003. On October 4,2006, the became a Chicago Landmark. The junction of the Illinois-Indiana border with the shoreline of Lake Michigan stands close to the tip of Calumet Park. Only feet offshore from the beaches, the artificial line separating the jurisdictions of the two states continues northward into the lake
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Columbus Park (Chicago)
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Columbus Park is a 135-acre park on the far West Side of Chicago, Illinois in the Austin neighborhood. It is considered the finest work by landscape architect Jens Jensen and was named a National Historic Landmark in 2003. The concept of Columbus Park was first pitched in 1912 by the West Park Commission as a way to recreational facilities for densely populated neighborhoods. At the time, the West Side of Chicago had a population of nearly 900,000, the commission had acquired the property a year earlier from the Catholic church for $560,000, the church had recently abandoned plans to build a seminary on the site. It was the first large park conceived by the commission since 1869, Jens Jensen was a Danish immigrant who joined the commission in the 1880s as a laborer and rose to the rank of chief landscape artist and general superintendent of the system by 1905. Columbus Park was Jensens first large park, and he began designing it in 1915, the park was largely completed by 1920, when Jensen was removed from his position by Illinois Governor Frank Lowden. The only uncompleted section was the refectory and boathouse, the new West Park Commissioners ignored Jensens plan and instead hired local architectural firm Chatten & Hammond, who completed the structure in 1923. Although a contradiction to the rest of the park, the refectory was well received, works Progress Administration funds in the late 1930s allowed for the conversion of an old stable building into a gymnasium. The funds also allowed for the replanting of the landscape, in 1953, the southern 9 acres of Columbus Park were demolished to make way for the Eisenhower Expressway. The waterfalls and surrounding landscape were restored in 1991, the refectory was restored a few years later, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 20,1991, and designated a National Historic Landmark on July 31,2003. It is considered one of 150 great places in Illinois by the American Institute of Architects, the 135-acre park reflected Jensens Prairie School approach to landscape design. This method emphasized the beauty of the area and was inspired by the horizontality of the prairie landscape. Jensen preferred to use plants in his designs, a technique that was rare at the time. Jensens stonework, inspired by rock outcroppings in the Midwest, is exemplified by his waterfalls, council ring. Buildings in the part constructed prior to 1920 also reflect Jensens Prairie approach, Chicago Park District page Chicagos Columbus Park, The Prairie Idealized, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan
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Douglas Park (Chicago)
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Douglas Park is a large Chicago Park District park that also serves as a cultural and community center on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois. It is named after the U. S, senator Stephen A. Douglas, who died in 1861. Originally named South Park, its 173 acres are in the North Lawndale community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, in 1869, the Illinois state legislature established the West Park Commission, which was responsible for three large parks and interlinking boulevards. Later that year, on November 4,1869 the commissioners named the southernmost park in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, in 1871, designer William Le Baron Jenney completed plans for the entire West Park System which included Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt parks. Jenneys engineering expertise was helpful for transforming Douglas Parks poor natural site into parkland. He had manure from the Union Stock Yards and sand added to the marshy site and this process brought the 173 acres of land to grade level. In the center of the landscape, Jenney created a lake. Inflated construction costs and post Great Chicago Fire tax collection difficulties resulted in phased projects, the first improvements were made to the park by Oscar DuBuis in the 1880s. Between 1886 and 1888 Douglas Park, like the other West Park System parks, by the turn of the century, the West Park Commission was riddled with political graft, and the three parks became dilapidated. As part of an effort in 1905, Jens Jensen was appointed as General Superintendent. Jensen, now recognized as dean of the style of landscape architecture, improved deteriorating sections of the parks. Among Jensens improvements were a semi-circular entryway at Marshall Boulevard, by the time Jensen designed the garden, Ogden Avenue, a diagonal roadway with a major streetcar thoroughfare that would later become part of Route 66, had already been constructed. The road divided the park into two separate landscapes, creating an intersection at the junction of Ogden and Sacramento Avenues. Jensens solution was a long axial garden on the southeast side of the intersection, Jensen demolished the conservatories in each of the West Park System parks in favor of one grand conservatory at Garfield Park. At the entrance to the garden, the area closest to the busy intersection, Jensen placed a monumental garden shelter, known as Flower Hall. The designer of the structure is unknown, however, it was possibly Jensen himself, or his friend, east of the building, the garden becomes more naturalistic. Jensen included perennial beds, a pool, and unique prairie-style benches. In 1928, the West Park Commission constructed a fieldhouse in Douglas Park, in 1934, Douglas Park became part of the Chicago Park District, when the citys 22 independent park commissions merged into a single citywide agency
