1.
Parliament (band)
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Parliament is a funk band most prominent during the 1970s. Both Parliament and its sister act, Funkadelic, are led by George Clinton, Parliament was originally The Parliaments, a doo-wop vocal group based at a Plainfield, New Jersey barbershop. The group was formed in the late 1950s and included George Clinton, Ray Davis, Fuzzy Haskins, Calvin Simon, Clinton was the group leader and manager. The group finally had a hit single in 1967 with Testify on Revilot Records, with Funkadelic as a recording and touring entity in its own right, in 1970 Clinton relaunched the singing group, now known as Parliament, at first featuring the same ten members. Clinton was now the leader of two different acts, Parliament and Funkadelic, which featured the members but were marketed as creating two different types of funk. The Parliament album entitled Osmium was released on Invictus Records in 1970, Osmium featured a mostly psychedelic soul sound that was more similar to the Funkadelic albums of the period than to the later Parliament albums. The song The Breakdown was released separately as a single, due to continuing contractual problems and the fact that Funkadelic releases were more successful at the time, Clinton abandoned the name Parliament until 1974. Dozens of singers and musicians would contribute to future Parliament-Funkadelic releases, Clinton relaunched Parliament in 1974 and signed the act to Casablanca Records. By this point, Parliament and Funkadelic were touring as an entity known as Parliament-Funkadelic or simply P-Funk. The album Up for the Down Stroke was released in 1974, both performed strongly on the Billboard R&B charts and were moderately successful on the Pop charts. Parliament began its period of greatest mainstream success with the concept album Mothership Connection, Parliament scored the #1 R&B singles Flash Light in 1977 and Aqua Boogie in 1978. The rapidly expanding ensemble of musicians and singers in the Parliament-Funkadelic enterprise, as well as Clintons problematic management practices, other important group members like singer/guitarist Glenn Goins and drummer Jerome Brailey left Parliament-Funkadelic in 1978 after disputes over Clintons management. Two further Parliament albums, Gloryhallastoopid and Trombipulation were less successful than the albums from the groups prime 1975-1978 period, however, many of the musicians in later versions of the two groups remained employed by Clinton. Clinton continued to release new albums regularly, sometimes under his own name, the P-Funk All-Stars continued to record and tour into the 1990s and 2000s, and regularly perform classic Parliament songs. Liner notes to Music For Your Mother by Rob Bowman,1992, Parliament discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs
2.
P-Funk
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P-Funk is the repertoire and performers associated with George Clinton and the Parliament-Funkadelic collective and the distinctive style of funk music they performed. The term is known as an abbreviation of Parliament-Funkadelic, psychedelic funk, pure funk. The P-Funk groups had their heyday in the 1970s and continue to attract new fans thanks both to the legacy of samples they bequeathed to hip hop and the shows that the bands continue to perform. Their music was very aspirational, which is symbolized by their Mothership that has since acquired by the Smithsonian. Notable P-Funk albums include Funkadelics Maggot Brain and Parliaments Mothership Connection, the differing styles of these albums showcase the wide range of P-Funks music. Maggot Brain was a record of Jimi Hendrix inspired rock while Mothership Connection was an album of science-fiction funk. While this rock/funk differentiation is what normally separated Funkadelic from Parliament, hence, the two groups are often described under the one moniker Parliament-Funkadelic. The etymology of the term P-Funk is subject to multiple interpretations and it has been identified alternately as an abbreviation of Parliament-Funkadelic, pure funk or Plainfield Funk, referring to Plainfield, New Jersey, the hometown of the bands original line-up. The liner notes of CD versions of the Motor Booty Affair album suggest that the P stands for Pure, the breakout popularity of Parliament-Funkadelic elevated the status of P-Funk to describe what is now considered to be a genre of music in its own right
3.
Plainfield, New Jersey
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Plainfield is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States, known by its nickname as The Queen City. On March 19,1857, Plainfield Township became part of the newly created Union County. Plainfield was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 21,1869, from portions of Plainfield Township, based on the results of a referendum held that same day. The city and township coexisted until March 6,1878, when Plainfield Township was dissolved and parts were absorbed by Plainfield city, the name Plainfield, also used in both North Plainfield and South Plainfield, is derived from a local estate or from its scenic location. Plainfield was settled in 1684 by Quakers, and incorporated as a city in 1869, nearby Washington Rock is a prominent point of the Watchung Mountains and is reputed to be the vantage point from which Washington watched British troop movements. Plainfield is the birthplace of P-Funk, george Clinton founded The Parliaments while working in a barber shop in Plainfield. Parliament-Funkadelic was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, Plainfield has been home to former New Jersey governor James McGreevey. In sports history, Plainfield is the birthplace home of several current and former athletes, including professionals. Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor appointed to oversee prosecutions in the Watergate break-in, there are numerous sites, including homes, parks, and districts in the city that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. While not listed, the Plainfield Armory, a prominent landmark completed in 1932, was sold by the state in 2013 as surplus property, most lots are nicely landscaped and semi or fully private. Sleepy Hollow has remained a place to buy and live despite the decay in other parts of the city. In its heyday, Plainfield was a shopping and entertainment center. Residents of nearby Union, Middlesex and Somerset counties would drive to shop, other than during the holidays, peak shopping times in Plainfield were Thursday nights and Saturday, when Front Street and the areas around it bustled. At the peak, there were four operating movie theaters, the Strand, the Liberty, the Paramount, manufacturers of heavy goods included Chelsea Fan Corp. Mack Truck and National Starch and Chemical Corp. Plainfield Iron and Metal maintained a large scrapyard on the west end of town, Plainfield was affected by the Plainfield riots in July 1967. This civil disturbance occurred in the wake of the larger Newark riots, a Plainfield police officer died, about fifty people were injured, and several hundred thousand dollars of property was damaged by looting and arson. The New Jersey National Guard restored order after three days of unrest and this civil unrest caused a massive white flight, characterized by the percentage of black residents rising from 40% in 1970 to 60% a decade later. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 6.034 square miles
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
6.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
7.
Psychedelic music
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Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the decades, including progressive rock, krautrock. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic funk, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic as an adjective is often misused, with many so-called acts playing in a variety of styles. Dechronicization permits the user to move outside of conventional perceptions of time. Depersonalization allows the user to lose the self and gain an awareness of undifferentiated unity, dynamization, as Leary wrote, makes everything from floors to lamps seem to bends, as familiar forms dissolve into moving, dancing structures. Music that is truly psychedelic mimics these three effects, a number of features are quintessential to psychedelic music. Exotic instrumentation, with a fondness for the sitar and tabla are common. Songs often have disjunctive song structures, key and time signature changes, surreal, whimsical, esoterically or literary-inspired, lyrics are often used. There is often an emphasis on extended instrumental segments or jams. There is a strong presence, in the 1960s this especially using electronic organs, harpsichords, or the Mellotron. In the 1960s there was a use of electronic instruments such as early synthesizers. Later forms of electronic psychedelia also employed repetitive computer-generated beats, R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. The psychedelic lifestyle had already developed in California, particularly in San Francisco, by the mid-1960s, with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley. There was already a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians. One of the first musical uses of the term psychedelic in the scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles, soon musicians began to refer to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music, just as it was reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film. This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the folk, folk rock and rock scenes
8.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
9.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
10.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
11.
Casablanca Records
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Casablanca Records is an American recording label owned by Universal Music Group and operated under Republic Records. The label became most successful as a label in the 1970s. Casablanca was founded in 1973 by former Buddah Records executive Neil Bogart and he partnered with Cecil Holmes, Larry Harris and Buck Reingold in 1973, and was based in Los Angeles. The label was formed after they left Buddah and secured financing by Warner Bros. Records to start the venture. Casablanca became one of the most successful labels of the 1970s, signing and releasing albums by acts as Kiss, Donna Summer, Village People, Cher, Lipps Inc. In 1977, PolyGram acquired a 50 percent stake of Casablanca for $15 million, in 1980, in 1980, one of the labels biggest acts, Donna Summer, departed for another record label as she and Casablanca failed to agree on her musical direction for the future. That same year, PolyGram pushed Bogart out of Casablanca due to what it viewed as the labels overspending and accounting irregularities, the film division was separated from the label and renamed PolyGram Pictures. The label was shut down by PolyGram with some of the artist roster and catalogue absorbed into sister label. In 1999, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and then merged with Seagrams MCA Music Entertainment Group to form the Universal Music Group, in 2000, the Casablanca Records name was revived for a joint venture between Universal Music Group and Tommy Mottola. In a Billboard article, Mottola said that he chose the name as a homage to the original label, Casablanca is currently a dance and electronic label under Republic Records headed by GM, Brett Alperowitz. Bogart was the head of Buddah Records, which was owned by the Viewlex Corporation, also employed at Buddah Records were Holmes, Harris, and Reingold. Bogart had an approach to the music business and he eventually grew tired of answering and conforming to Viewlexs business mode. In 1973, he arranged financing through Warner Bros. Records whereas he could start his own record label, after much back and forth, the green light was eventually given by Warner and Bogart started the new label, bringing Harris, Holmes, and Reingold with him. Bogart called the label Casablanca as it was the name of his favorite film, also, since Warner Bros. owned the rights to the title of the film Casablanca, Bogart knew there would be no lawsuit against him regarding the name Casablanca Records. The labels first signing was the rock group Kiss, however, butter Boy by Fanny and The Hudson Brothers So You Are a Star proved to be Casablancas first Billboard Top 40 hits. Thus, Casablanca experienced lukewarm relations with Warner Bros. its parent company, Warner manufactured and distributed albums for its own acts, as well as for all its sudsidiary labels. Both Casablanca and Warner handled promotion for Casablanca artists, however, a few years later when Warner began experiencing manufacturing problems, it began focusing mainly on manufacturing albums by Warner acts and not so much the sudsidiaries. Thus, Casablanca found itself with only modest success with its releases as it had limited distribution, once Bogart realized this, he took the issue to Warner head Mo Ostin who had not been aware of the lack of attention being given to the sudsidiary labels
12.
George Clinton (musician)
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George Clinton is an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, and record producer. He was the architect of P-Funk and the mastermind of the bands Parliament and Funkadelic during the 1970s. He launched a career in 1981. He has been cited as one of the foremost innovators of funk music along with James Brown and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, alongside 15 other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. Clinton was born in Kannapolis, North Carolina, grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey, during his teen years Clinton formed a doo wop group inspired by Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers called The Parliaments, while straightening hair at a barber salon in Plainfield. For a period in the 1960s Clinton was a songwriter for Motown. These two bands combined the elements of such as Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Cream, and James Brown while exploring various sounds, technology. Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic dominated diverse music during the 1970s with over 40 R&B hit singles, Clintons efforts as a solo artist began in 1982. He is also a music producer who works on almost all the albums he performs on. Beginning in the early 1980s, Clinton recorded several solo albums. In 1982, Clinton signed to Capitol Records under two names, his own and as the P-Funk All-Stars, releasing Computer Games under his own name that same year. The single Loopzilla hit the Top 20 on the R&B charts, followed by Atomic Dog, in 1985, he was recruited by the Red Hot Chili Peppers to produce their album Freaky Styley, because the band members were huge fans of George Clintons and of funk in general. Clinton, in fact, wrote the vocals and lyrics to the track which was originally intended by the band to be left as an instrumental piece. The album was not a success at the time, but has since sold 500,000 copies after the Red Hot Chili Peppers became popular years later. During the mid to late 1980s, many hip-hop and rap artists cited Clintons earlier music as an influence, along with James Brown, Clintons songs with Parliament-Funkadelic were often sampled by rap producers. Sure, sample my stuff… he remarked in 1996, Aint a better time to get paid than when youre my age. You know what to do with money and you dont buy as much pussy or drugs with it – you just buy some. In 1989, Clinton released The Cinderella Theory on Paisley Park and this was followed by Hey Man, Smell My Finger in 1993
13.
Psychedelia
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Psychedelia is a name given to the subculture of people, originating in the 1960s, who often use psychedelic drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. The term is used to describe a style of psychedelic artwork. Psychedelic art and music typically try to recreate or reflect the experience of altered consciousness, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, translating to soul-revealing. Psychedelic states may be elicited by various techniques, such as meditation, sensory stimulation or deprivation, when these psychoactive substances are used for religious, shamanic, or spiritual purposes, they are termed entheogens. The term was first coined as a noun in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. Seeking a name for the experience induced by LSD, Osmond contacted Aldous Huxley, Huxley coined the term phanerothyme, from the Greek terms for manifest and spirit. This mongrel spelling of the word psychedelic was loathed by American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better. In the same period Lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, or acid, began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment, initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness. There had long been a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians, and use of drugs had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians. By the mid-1960s, the psychedelic life-style had already developed in California, and this was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by Owsley Stanley. Leary was a proponent of the use of psychedelics, as was Aldous Huxley. However, both advanced widely different opinions on the use of psychedelics by state and civil society. Leary promulgated the idea of such substances as a panacea, while Huxley suggested that only the cultural and intellectual elite should partake of entheogens systematically, in the mid-1960s the use of psychedelic drugs became widespread in modern Western culture, particularly in the United States and Britain. The movement is credited to Michael Hollingshead who arrived in America from London in 1965 and he was sent to the U. S. by other members of the psychedelic movement to get their ideas exposure. Resurgences of the style are common in the modern era, in science, hallucinogen remains the standard term. Advances in printing and photographic technology in the 1960s saw the traditional lithography printing techniques rapidly superseded by the printing system. Many artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s attempted to illustrate the psychedelic experience in paintings, drawings, illustrations, in the modern era, computer graphics may be used to produce psychedelic effects for artwork. The counterculture music scene frequently used psychedelic designs on posters during the Summer of Love, many of these works are now regarded as classics of the poster genre, and original items by these artists command high prices on the collector market today
14.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
15.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
16.
Post-disco
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Post-disco is a term to describe an aftermath in popular music history c. Developed from the rhythm and blues sound as perfected by Parliament-Funkadelic, the side of disco, dub music techniques. Post-disco was typified by New York City music groups like D Train and Unlimited Touch who followed a more urban approach while others, like Material and ESG, a more experimental one. Post-disco was, like disco, singles-driven market controlled mostly by independent record companies that generated a cross-over chart success all through the early-to-mid 1980s, most creative control was in the hands of record producers and club DJs which was a trend that outlived the dance-pop era. Drum machines, synthesizers, sequencers were either partly or entirely dominant in a composition or mixed up with various acoustic instruments, depending on the artist. The main force in post-disco was mainly the 12 single format, the music that mostly catered to dance and urban audiences later managed to influence more popular and mainstream acts like Madonna, New Order or Pet Shop Boys. The music tended to be technology-centric, keyboard-laden, melodic, with funk-oriented bass lines, synth riffs, dub music aesthetics, and background jazzy or blues-y piano layers. For strings and brass sections, synthesizer sounds were preferred to the orchestration heard on many disco tracks. Soulful female vocals, however, remained an essence of post-disco. Bridging the so-called death of disco and the birth of house, all this early-to-mid-80s music lacks a name beyond drably functional and neutral terms like dance or club music. ”– Simon Reynolds, SPIN magazine The term post-disco was used as early as 1984 by Cadence Magazine when defining post-disco soul as disco without the loud bass-drum thump. AllMusic states that the term denotes a genre in the era between the indistinct end of disco music and the equally indistinct emergence of house music. Since disco music had been on the way of progression, it split itself into subscenes and styles like Hi-NRG, freestyle, Italo disco. The last one is associated with post-disco more than any other offshoots of post-disco. On the West Coast, especially in California, a different approach lead to a different sound, other examples of early American artists drawing from post-disco are Rick James, Change and Teena Marie. Disco in Europe remained relatively untouched by the events in the U. S. Ms 1979 Pop Muzik was a example of this. This section summary shows commercially successful records from the post-disco movement, during the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, electronic and, especially, house musicians were influenced by post-disco. Some of these musicians are, Daft Punk, a French house music group, adopted elements of post-disco, disco, another artist, Les Rythmes Digitales, released a post-disco/electro-influenced album, Darkdancer. Canadian music group Chromeo debuted in 2004 with the album Shes in Control, similar Los Angeles-based musician Dâm-Funk recorded Toeachizown, a boogie- and electro-influenced album released in 2009
17.
Doo-wop
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Built upon vocal harmony, doo-wop was one of the most mainstream, pop-oriented R&B styles of the time. Doo-wop features vocal harmony, nonsense syllables, a simple beat, sometimes little or no instrumentation. The first record to use the syllables doo-wop was the 1955 hit When You Dance by The Turbans, the term doo-wop first appeared in print in 1961. During the late 1950s many Italian-American groups contributed a significant part in the doo-wop scene, the peak of doo-wop was in 1961. Doo-wops influence continued in soul, pop, and rock groups of the 1960s, at various times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the genre has seen revivals. Doo-wop was a precursor to many of the African-American musical styles seen today, an evolution of jazz and blues, doo-wop also influenced many of the major rock and roll groups that defined the later decades of the 20th century. Doo-wop is iconic for its beats and using the off-beat to keep time. Doo-wop laid the foundation for musical innovations, for example. These were generally slow songs in swing time with simple instrumentation, the subject of the lyrics was generally love and relationships. This characteristic harmonic layout was combined with the AABA chorus form typical for Tin Pan Alley pop, a second stream of doo-wop oriented itself to the harmonic, formal and melodic means of jump blues. From the outset, singers gathered on street corners, and in subways, for instance, Count Every Star by The Ravens, includes vocalizations imitating the doomph, doomph plucking of a double bass. This art dates to The Mills Brothers, who first came to fame in the 1930s with their mimicking of instrumental music, radio, gramophone, and cinema inspired imitation in many U. S. cities. The late 1940s and early 1950s brought the bird groups, The Swallows. A number of names are also drawn from cars. The Orioles helped develop the sound with their hits Its Too Soon to Know. The term doo-wop first appeared in print in 1961 in the Chicago Defender, the phrase was attributed to radio disc jockey Gus Gossert but Gossert suggested doo-wop was already in use to categorize the music in California. The first record to use the syllables doo-wop in the refrain was the 1955 hit When You Dance by The Turbans, previously, the scat backing vocal doo-wop is heard in The Clovers 1953 release Good Lovin and in the chorus of Carlyle Dundee & The Dundees 1954 song Never. After some time, the term doo-wop finally caught on as both a description and category for R&B vocal group harmony, the definition expanded backward to include rhythm and blues groups from the mid-1950s, then cascaded even further back to include groups from the 1940s
18.
The Parliaments
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The Parliaments were a doo-wop quintet from Plainfield, New Jersey, formed in the back room of a barbershop in the late 1950s and named after the cigarette brand. After some early personnel changes their lineup solidified with George Clinton, Ray Davis, Fuzzy Haskins, Calvin Simon, Clinton was group leader and manager, and part owner of the barbershop where the group convened to entertain customers. The group later evolved into the funk bands Parliament and Funkadelic, the group struggled for hits during most of the 1960s, recording singles on a variety of small record labels. They switched labels many times, and released several double-sided singles without success, including Poor Willie, Lonely Island and Heart Trouble. Eventually, Clinton gained employment at Motown Records as a songwriter and producer, making trips to Detroit to produce for The Pets, Roy Handy. In 1967 the Parliaments released Testify on Revilot and finally achieved a hit single, with the song reaching #3 R&B and #20 Pop on the Billboard charts. In reality, Clinton was the member of the Parliaments to appear in the song. To capitalize on the success, Clinton put together a backing band for a tour. After the success of Testify, Clinton became embroiled in a dispute surrounding the bankruptcy of Revilot Records. In order to continue recording for labels, Clinton renamed the entire ensemble Funkadelic. Clinton positioned Funkadelic as a band featuring the five backing musicians with the five Parliaments singers as uncredited guests. When Revilot declared bankruptcy the Parliaments were sold to Atlantic Records, even with Funkadelic operating as a recording and touring entity, in 1970 Clinton relaunched the Parliaments as a new R&B-based funk band, now known as Parliament. The lineup still consisted of the five singers plus the five backing musicians. In 1995, many of the original Parliaments tracks were reissued on the Goldmine/Soul label on the album Testifyin
19.
Jimi Hendrix
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James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music, born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division, within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hey Joe, Purple Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues and he favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped to popularize the use of a pedal in mainstream rock. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented, Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as a sound source. Hendrix was the recipient of several awards during his lifetime. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, Jimi Hendrix was of African American descent. Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African Americans and his paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose Moore, was African American and one-quarter Cherokee. On June 10,1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix, in 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter at a dance in Seattle, they married on March 31,1942. Al, who had been drafted by the U. S. Army to serve in World War II, Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27,1942, in Seattle, he was the first of Lucilles five children. In 1946, Johnnys parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and he spent two months locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his sons birth. During Als three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son, when Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received a discharge from the U. S. Army on September 1,1945. After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished and they both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home and his relationship with his brother Leon was close but precarious, with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three siblings, Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela,1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care
20.
Sly Stone
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In 1993, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the group. The Stewart family was a deeply religious middle-class household from Denton, born March 15,1943, before the family had moved from Denton, Texas to Vallejo, California in the North Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area, Sylvester was the second of the familys five children. As part of the doctrines of the Church of God in Christ, to which the Stewart family belonged, the eldest sister, Loretta, was the only Stewart child not to pursue a musical career. All of the other Stewart children would later adopt the surname Stone, Sylvester was identified as a musical prodigy. By the time he was seven, Sylvester had already become proficient on the keyboards, and by the age of eleven, he had mastered the guitar, bass, and drums as well. While still in school, Sylvester had settled primarily on the guitar. One of these was the Viscaynes, a group in which Sylvester. The fact that the group was integrated made the Viscaynes hip in the eyes of their audiences, and would later inspire Sylvesters idea of the multicultural Family Stone. The Viscaynes released a few singles, including Yellow Moon and Stop What You Are, during the same period. With his brother, Fred, he formed several short-lived groups, the nickname Sly was a common one for Sylvester throughout his years in grade school. Early on, a classmate misspelled his name Slyvester, and ever since, adopting the stage name Sly Stone, he then formed The Stoners in 1966 which included Cynthia Robinson on trumpet. With her he started his band, Sly and the Family Stone. Stone, Robinson, and Fred Stewart were joined by Larry Graham, Greg Errico, working around the Bay Area in 1967, this multiracial band made a strong impression. On the first recordings Little Sisters Vet Stone, Mary McCreary, in 1968 sister Rosie Stone joined the band. Stone was influential in guiding KSOL-AM into soul music and started calling the station K-SOUL, the second was a popular soul music station, at 107.7 FM. The current KSOL has a different format and is unrelated to the two stations. Along with James Brown and Parliament-Funkadelic, Sly and the Family Stone were pioneers of late 1960s and their fusion of R&B rhythms, infectious melodies, and psychedelia created a new pop/soul/rock hybrid the impact of which has proven lasting and widespread. Motown producer Norman Whitfield, for example, patterned the labels forays into harder-driving, the pioneering precedent of Stones racial, sexual, and stylistic mix, had a major influence in the 1980s on artists such as Prince and Rick James
21.
Frank Zappa
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Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his generation, as a self-taught composer and performer, Zappas diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical composers such as Edgard Varèse, Igor Stravinsky and he began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands, later switching to electric guitar. His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention, Freak Out, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. He continued this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the format was rock. Zappas output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed Project/Object, with musical phrases, ideas. His lyrics reflected his views of established social and political processes, structures and movements. Unlike many other musicians of his era, he personally disapproved of and seldom used drugs. During Zappas lifetime, he was a productive and prolific artist, earning widespread acclaim from critics. He had some success, particularly in Europe, and worked as an independent artist for most of his career. He remains an influence on musicians and composers. His honors include an induction into the 1995 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the 1997 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number 71 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother, Rosemarie was of Italian and French ancestry, his father, whose name was Anglicized to Francis Vincent Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, with Greek and Arab ancestry. Frank, the eldest of four children, was raised in an Italian-American household where Italian was often spoken by his grandparents, the family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the returned to Maryland. Due to their homes proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in the home in case of an accident and this had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work. Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from asthma, earaches, a doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of radium into each of Zappas nostrils
22.
Psychedelic rock
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Many psychedelic groups differ in style, and the label is often used indiscriminately. Musically, the effects may be represented via novelty studio tricks, electronic or non-Western instrumentation, disjunctive song structures, some of the earlier 1960s psychedelic rock musicians were based in folk, jazz, and the blues, while others showcased an explicit Indian classical influence called raga rock. In the 1960s, there existed two main variants of the genre, the whimsical British pop-psychedelia, and the harder American West Coast acid rock. While acid rock is often deployed interchangeably with the psychedelic rock, it can also refer more specifically to the heavier. The genre bridged the transition from early blues- and folk-based rock to rock and hard rock. Since the late 1970s it has revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia. The term psychedelic was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco, the acid rock. In the popular music of the early 1960s, it was common for producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with form, arrangements, unnatural reverb. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spectors Wall of Sound production formula, there was no transition to be made. You go from things like Flying Purple People Eater to I Am the Walrus, music critic Richie Unterberger says that attempts to pin down the first psychedelic record are therefore nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record. Some of the far-fetched claims include the instrumental Telstar and the Dave Clark Fives massively reverb-laden Any Way You Want It, the first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers 1960 surf instrumental LSD25. American folk singer Bob Dylan was an influence on mid 1960s rock music. He led directly to the creation of rock and the psychedelic rock musicians that followed. Molly Longman of mic. com writes that, in terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens, the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the eras most pivotal acts. The considerable success enjoyed by these two bands allowed them the freedom to experiment with new technology over entire albums. In Unterbergers opinion, the Byrds, emerging from the Californian folk scene, with their ominous minor key melodies, hyperactive instrumental breaks, and use of Gregorian chants. In the songs lyric, the requests, Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship
23.
Maggot Brain
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Maggot Brain is the third studio album by the American funk band Funkadelic. It was recorded at Universal Studios in Detroit during late 1970 and early 1971, shortly after Maggot Brain was recorded, Tawl Ross, Eddie Hazel, Billy Nelson, and Tiki Fulwood left the band for various reasons. He was particularly critical of the second side, panning it as dead-end stuff. And for once, all three tracks are plusses, he wrote regarding its CD reissue. Music historian Bob Gulla hailed it as an iconoclastic funk-rock record, according to The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History, Maggot Brain and Funkadelics previous two albums created a whole new kind of psychedelic rock with a dance groove. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Maggot Brain number 486 on the magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, pitchfork named it the 17th best album of the 1970s. The record was listed in the music reference book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. This song is a departure from the groove-oriented Funkadelic sound and is more of a traditional lyric-based acoustic rock piece and it begins with a descending acoustic guitar line which is joined by piano, bass and drums which support a cast of singers. It is a rewrite of a song by The Parliaments titled, lead vocals, Bernie Worrell This is a very class-conscious song, with the singer pleading for unity among the poor because without doing so, equality could not be achieved. The song has Judie Jones in songwriting credits, which it has claimed was mistakenly for this song instead of Red Hot Mama. He is also referred to as having a maggot brain, the supergroup Audioslave has done several live covers of this song, the studio version was released on their 2005 single Be Yourself. The song was covered by Tackhead on their album Strange Things. Lead vocals, Eddie Hazel This song seems to be about the singer and this song is socially conscious, as the singer demands immediate freedom from oppression, as well as power to the people. This song is a track on the album, originally released as a non-album B-side to the single Hit It. The single was credited to U. S, music with Funkadelic, as Garry Shiders group US was featured on the recording with Funkadelic playing most of the music. Lead Vocal, Garry Shider Credits are adapted from the liner notes. 1081971 Black Albums No.141990 Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums No.92 Maggot Brain at Discogs the Motherpage
24.
Mothership Connection
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Mothership Connection is the fourth album by American funk band Parliament, released on December 15,1975 on Casablanca Records. This concept album of P-Funk mythology is usually rated as one of Parliaments best, Mothership Connection was the first P-Funk album to feature Maceo Parker and Fred Wesley, who had left The J. B. s, James Browns backing band. Mothership Connection became Parliaments first album to be certified gold and later platinum, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry in 2011, declaring he album has had an enormous influence on jazz, rock and dance music. Describing the album, George Clinton said We had put black people in situations nobody ever thought they would be in, I figured another place you wouldnt think black people would be was in outer space. I was a big fan of Star Trek, so we did a thing with a sitting in a spaceship shaped like a Cadillac, and we did all these James Brown-type grooves. Dr. Dre sampled the songs Mothership Connection and P-Funk on his album The Chronic, in 2003 the TV network VH1 named Mothership Connection the 55th greatest album of all time. In 2003, the album was ranked number 276 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Rolling Stone -5 stars out of 5 - The masterpiece, the creator, the icon builder. Vibe - Included in Vibes Essential Black Rock Recordings, the album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. P-Funk -NB852 Tear the Roof Off the Sucker -NB-856 Star Child-NB864 Mothership Connection, Banging hip-hop from worlds away at The Austin Chronicle
25.
One Nation Under a Groove
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One Nation Under a Groove is the tenth studio album by American funk and rock band Funkadelic, released in September 1978 on Warner Bros. Recording sessions took place at United Sound Studio in Detroit, Michigan, with one recorded live on April 15,1978 at the Monroe Civic Center in Monroe. The album was the first album to include keyboardist and frequent songwriter Walter Junie Morrison, One Nation Under a Groove also marked the pinnacle of Michael Hamptons development as a guitarist. One Nation Under a Groove was Funkadelics most commercially successful album and it is also regarded by many as the greatest funk album of all time and ranks at or near the top of many best album lists in disparate genres. The album was featured on Vibe magazines 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century list. In 2003, the album is ranked number 177 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, the album is listed as one of the 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. This is the power of Funk stated in clear terms on previous albums. It was also a top 40 hit, the song refers to dancing as a path to freedom, the dancing can be seen as metaphoric, though. A song with a funky beat, Groovallegiance continues the albums loose concept about forming One Nation Under a Groove. It references the United Funk of Funkadelica, supposedly the one referred to in the title. Groovallegiance is an excellent example of the finesse of the group. In keeping the theme of breaking political, social, and musical barriers. The lyrics are simple, referring to why a band can, contrary to popular belief, play rock, regardless. Promentalshitbackwashpsychosis Enema Squad is a long, scatological song with references to the world being, among other things, a Funk ballad that features bass singer Ray Davis as the primary lead vocalist, a rarity among Funkadelic songs. This song deals with a man interested in classical music who is introduced to funk and phone cords by some friends of his, at first, he is doubtful of it. In the US, the album came with a bonus 7 EP. In Europe, the Bonus-EP was replaced by a bonus 12 45rpm mini-album containing the 3 EP tracks on one side, (note that the UK Charly Groove presents side one of the EP as tracks 7 &8 and side two as track 9
26.
Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)
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Give Up the Funk is a funk song by Parliament. It was released as a single under the name Tear the Roof off the Sucker, with its anthemic sing-along chorus, it is one of the most famous P-Funk songs. It also became Parliaments first certified million-selling single, going Gold in 1976, the bass vocal at the beginning of the song is performed by Ray Davis. The single version begins without the tear the roof off the sucker intro, the song is constructed using a jazz-influenced form. With this exposition complete, Parliament explores each theme with greater interpretive freedom, the A-Theme elaboration takes only 16 bars, after which the B-Theme is elaborated upon for 56 bars. The C-Theme elaboration lasts only 8 bars, and is interpolated with the A-Theme, with this development section complete, the three main themes are recapitulated. A fadeout during this recapitulation ends the song with the B-Theme, aside from the songs form, another jazz-like element is the degree of interactivity among the musicians. The bass frequently responds to vocal gestures, and the bass, likewise, the drums interact with the pitched lines. Two main contrasting vocal timbres are heard in this song, the norm is a throaty, loud timbre with casual enunciation and somewhat microtonal/bent pitches. An alternative timbre uses a mannered exaggerated enunciation, with very clear pitches, as with many of Parliaments songs, a full ensemble sound is obtained using few players, the song relies mainly on bass guitar, one synthesizer, and a drum kit. Many different vocal ensembles are found, most occurring in groups, in the 2006 movie Click, Adam Sandlers character performs the song while dancing. Give Up the Funk also appears in the salon renovation scene of the 2005 film Beauty Shop, the 1998 film Slums of Beverly Hills and it is also performed by Clinton and P-Funk in the 1994 film PCU. The Brazilian comedy group Hermes & Renato started using this song in 1999 for its sketches and this song is parodied by The Mighty Boosh in the 2005 episode The Legend of Old Gregg where Parliament is centric to the episodes plot. The Seattle Mariners play Give Up the Funk at Safeco Field during home games and it is accompanied by flashing Funk Blast on the out-of-town scoreboard. This practice started during the 2006 baseball season, the song is performed in the 2010 episode of the hit television series Glee, Funk, by the entire cast. Give Up The Funk appears throughout the 2012 episode Charlies Mom Has Cancer and it first appears when the Gang go to visit Dr. Jinx. Hes listening to it in his home/garage/doctors office, then plays the melody on a bass guitar when Dennis asks him if he has anything that could cause him to have feelings again. Finally, Dr. Jinxs band, Dr. Jinx, is performing near the end of the episode at the Gangs Beef, Beer
27.
One Nation Under a Groove (song)
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One Nation Under a Groove is a 1978 song by Funkadelic, the title track from their album of the same name, The lyrics refer to dancing as a way to freedom. Compared to Funkadelics earlier output, that was characterized by sound typical for rock music, the 12 single of the song is an extension of the album track. One Nation Under a Groove was released as a single and reached thirty-one on the Billboard Club Play Singles chart and it has endured as a dance funk classic and is probably Funkadelics most widely known song. One Nation Under a Groove became Funkadelics first million selling single, the opening lyrics, So low you cant get under it. So high you cant get over it, may be taken from The Temptationss song Psychedelic Shack, the song is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames list of 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. It is also ranked No.474 on the Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
28.
Flash Light (song)
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Flash Light is a song by funk band Parliament, written by George Clinton, Bernie Worrell and Bootsy Collins and released in January 1978 on the album Funkentelechy Vs. the Placebo Syndrome. It was the first number-one R&B hit by any of the P-Funk groups, pop charts, peaking at number 16. The track became Parliaments second certified million-selling single, following Give Up the Funk, Flash Light also gave Casablanca Records its first number-one R&B hit. In New Zealand, the reached number three and is ranked as the eighth biggest hit of 1978. The songs distinctive bass line is attributed to Bootsy Collins and was originally written for him. However, Collins rejected the part and Bernie Worrell created the line on at least three, possibly four connected Minimoog synthesizers, Worrell also played all the songs keyboard parts. Collins contributed to the track by handling drum duties while his older brother Catfish Collins played rhythm guitar, lead vocals were by bandleader Clinton. Clinton credited Worrell with the idea of composing the song under a motif, starting out as a jam, Clinton recorded multiple tracks, layering up to 50 voices within the theme of an inclusive love song. The Da da da dee da da da chant was based on a chant from a dance at a bar mitzvah party that Clinton had heard from a friend. Flash Light continued the Fake the Funk/Your nose will grow/Sir Nose DVoidoffunk concept that began with Bootsys Rubber Bands The Pinocchio Theory and its success would greatly influence not only funk music, but also new wave and hip-hop. The Houston Press ranked Flash Light as Clintons most sampled song, finding more than 60 uses, including on Aaliyahs Back and Forth and UGKs Protect, Flash Light was rated #75 in Tablet Magazines list of 100 Best Jewish Songs. Rolling Stone ranked Flash Light #202 on its 2011 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, Clinton recorded a duet version of the song called Flashlight for the 1999 film Muppets from Space along with Bill Barretta as Pepe the King Prawn. The original song was featured in the 1996 film Set It Off, however, it is featured both on the soundtrack to and in the 2015 biopic film, Straight Outta Compton. The song was in a scene from the CSI episode Killer Moves as well as a commercial for Grand Theft Auto V in 2014, the song was also used in the 2017 Kids Choice Awards spot of the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.2
29.
Atomic Dog
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Atomic Dog is a song by George Clinton from his 1982 album Computer Games. The track was released as a single in December 1982 and became the P-Funk collectives last to reach #1 on the U. S. R&B Chart. The single failed to reach the Top 100 of the Pop Chart although it has attained a level of stature since then, George Clinton’s P-Funk reached its commercial and conceptual height during the late 1970s after the release of Mothership Connection and a series of spectacular concert tours. Each of these ended with a climactic descent of a giant spaceship from the rafters. However, as the band and their concept of funk grew, the organization became entangled in internal dissension, legal disputes, “Atomic Dog” was the P-Funk collective’s last single to reach #1 on the U. S. R&B chart. According to Clinton, most of the lyrics were ad-libbed during the recording process. Although Atomic Dog is now regarded a classic in black popular music, George Clinton’s bad reputation in the industry, his political consciousness, and a general move towards more youthful-looking acts, kept his songs from being circulated on radio stations. Only after very strong sales was the song finally put on the air, the single “Atomic Dog” was released in December 1982 and reached #1 on the R&B charts, but missed the Hot 100 by just one position. Atomic Dog was the subject of Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. UMG, in its complaint, Bridgeport claimed that D. O. G. A jury found that the defendants had willfully infringed Bridgeports rights, in a November 2009 decision affirming the lower court ruling, Circuit Judge Martha Craig Daughtry of the U. S. Spradley and Garry Shider got on either side of him. We just kind of him in front of the microphone while Clinton recorded the vocal tracks that same night. Also demonstrated that Clinton exercised some degree of control over the panting by instructing the performers to create a certain rhythm. Devil Music, Race, Class, and Rock And Roll, troy, New York, Russell Sage College Press. Making it Funky, The Signifyin Politics of George Clintons Parliafunkadelicment Thang.1993, funk, The Music, The People, and the Rhythm of One. New York, St. Martins Press,1996, song Review at Allmusic Songs That Sample Atomic Dog Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
30.
Bootsy Collins
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William Earl Bootsy Collins is an American musician and singer-songwriter. Rising to prominence with James Brown in the early 1970s, and later with Parliament-Funkadelic, Collinss driving bass guitar and he is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with 15 other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. With his elder brother Phelps Catfish Collins, Frankie Kash Waddy, in March 1970, after most of the members of James Browns band quit over a pay dispute, The Pacemakers were hired as Browns backing band and they became known as The J. B. s. Although they worked for Brown for only 11 months, the original J. B. B. s. The House Guests released What So Never the Dance and another single on the House Guests label, next Collins moved to Detroit, after Philippé Wynne suggested joining The Spinners, for whom Wynne had been singing. However, following the advice of singer and future Parliament member Mallia Franklin, Franklin there introduced both Collins brothers to George Clinton, and 1972 saw both of the Collins brothers, along with Waddy, join Funkadelic. Collins played bass on most of Funkadelic and all of Parliaments albums through the early 1980s, in 1976 Collins, Catfish, Waddy, Joel Johnson, Gary Mudbone Cooper, Robert Johnson and The Horny Horns formed Bootsys Rubber Band, a separate touring unit of Clintons P-Funk collective. The group recorded five albums together, the first three of which are considered to be among the quintessential P-Funk recordings. Player of the Year reached the top of the R&B album chart and he also adopted his trademark space bass around this time. Collins released two 1980 albums, his first solo album Ultra-Wave, and Sweat Band, on George Clintons Uncle Jam label with a group billed as Bootsys Sweat Band and he also was credited for co-producing the debut of P-Funk spinoffs Zapp and Roger. In 1984, he collaborated with Jerry Harrison of Talking Heads to produce Five Minutes, the record was credited to Bonzo goes to Washington. After a nearly five-year hiatus, he had a comeback in 1988, flaunted a new sound that foreshadowed the 1990s, such as the dance floor smash Party on Plastic. Laswell introduced Collins to Herbie Hancock, resulting in Perfect Machine, the techno-funk they recorded featured turnables for scratch appeal, and the smoothly-stylized vocals of Leroy Sugarfoot Bonner of chart-topping Ohio Players. In 1990, Collins collaborated with Deee-Lite on their massive hit Groove Is in the Heart where he contributed additional vocals. Although he also appeared in the video playing the bass. Bootsys Rubber Band became the de facto backing musicians for Deee-Lite during a world tour, the Rubber Band also recorded the EP Jungle Bass, their first recording in 11 years. In 1992, he joined with guitarist Stevie Salas and drummer Buddy Miles to form the fusion group Hardware. The trio released one album, Third Eye Open, before disbanding, in the same year, Collins played bass guitar on the first Praxis album, Transmutation, alongside fellow Parliament-Funkadelic member Bernie Worrell, Bryan Mantia and Buckethead
31.
Bernie Worrell
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George Bernard Bernie Worrell, Jr. was an American keyboardist and composer best known as a founding member of Parliament-Funkadelic and for his work with Talking Heads. He is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Worrell was described by Jon Pareles of The New York Times as the kind of sideman who is as influential as some bandleaders. Worrell was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, and grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey, a musical prodigy, he began formal piano lessons by age three and wrote a concerto at age eight. He went on to study at the Juilliard School and received a degree from the New England Conservatory of Music in 1967, as a college student, Worrell played with a group called Chubby & The Turnpikes, this ensemble eventually evolved into Tavares. During the 1970s the same group of separately recorded under the names Parliament and Funkadelic. Worrell recorded a 1978 solo album, All the Woo in the World and he used the ARP Pro Soloist as well. Worrells experience and feel for different arrangements enhanced the sound of the band. Worrell can be seen in the concert film Stop Making Sense. Notably, Worrell was invited to perform with Talking Heads at their reunion as part of their 2002 induction into the Rock. In 1983, Worrell provided keyboard parts for Mtumes hit song Juicy Fruit, Worrell co-produced Fred Schneiders 1984 solo album Fred Schneider and the Shake Society and played keyboards and synthesizers on some of the albums tracks. From the late 1980s through the 2010s, Worrell recorded extensively with Bill Laswell, including Sly and Robbies Laswell-produced Rhythm Killers and the 1985 Fela Kuti album Army Arrangement. Through the beginning of the 21st century, he became a member of the jam band scene, performing in many large summer music festivals, sometimes billed as Bernie Worrell. He appeared on several Jack Bruce albums, including A Question of Time, Cities of the Heart, Monkjack, in 1994, Worrell appeared on the Red Hot Organizations compilation album, Stolen Moments, Red Hot + Cool. The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in the African-American community, was heralded as Album of the Year by TIME Magazine. Worrell joined the rock group Black Jack Johnson, with Mos Def, Will Calhoun, Doug Wimbish and he appears with the band on Mos Defs 2004 release The New Danger. Worrell joined forces with bass legend Les Claypool, guitarist Buckethead, Worrells project Baby Elephant was a collaboration with Stetsasonic member/De La Soul producer Prince Paul and longtime Paul associate Don Newkirk. Released September 11,2007, Turn My Teeth Up, featured George Clinton, Shock G, Yellowman, Reggie Watts, Nona Hendryx, David Byrne and Gabby La La. In 2009, he joined longtime Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist DeWayne Blackbyrd McKnight, bassist Melvin Gibbs and their album For You/For Us/For All was released on Livewired Music in January 2010
32.
Eddie Hazel
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Edward Earl Eddie Hazel was an American guitarist in early funk music in the United States who played lead guitar with Parliament-Funkadelic. Hazel was an inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Hazel occupied himself from an age by playing a guitar. At age 12, Hazel met Billy Bass Nelson, and the quickly became close friends and began performing. In 1967, The Parliaments, a Plainfield-based doo wop band headed by George Clinton, had a hit record with Testify, Clinton recruited a backing band for a tour, hiring Nelson as bassist, who in turn recommended Hazel as guitarist. Hazel was in Newark, New Jersey, working with George Blackwell, after Nelson returned from the tour, he tried to recruit Hazel. His mother at first vetoed the idea, since Hazel was only seventeen, in late 1967, The Parliaments went on tour with both Nelson and Hazel. In Philadelphia Hazel met and befriended Tiki Fulwood, who quickly replaced The Parliaments drummer, the switch to Funkadelic was complete with the addition of Tawl Ross and Bernie Worrell. And Your Ass Will Follow and Maggot Brain were the first three albums, released two years. All three albums prominently featured Hazels guitar work, the third albums title song, Maggot Brain, consists of a ten-minute guitar solo by Hazel. Clinton reportedly told Hazel during the session to imagine he had been told his mother was dead. Music critic Greg Tate described it as Funkadelics A Love Supreme, in 2008, Rolling Stone cited this as number 60 on its list of 100 greatest guitar songs of all time. Nelson and Hazel officially quit Funkadelic in late 1971 over financial disputes with Clinton, the albums America Eats Its Young and Cosmic Slop featured only marginal input from Hazel. Instead, Hazel began working with The Temptations, appearing on 1990, for the 1974 Funkadelic album Standing on the Verge of Getting It On, Hazel co-wrote all of the albums songs. On six of those songs the songwriting credit was in the name of Grace Cook, Hazel also had a significant presence as arranger and lead guitarist on the same years Parliament album, Up For The Down Stroke. In 1974, Hazel was indicted for assaulting an airline stewardess, while Hazel was in jail, Clinton recruited Michael Hampton as the new lead guitarist for Parliament-Funkadelic. In the next years, Hazel appeared occasionally on Parliament-Funkadelic albums. One song that featured Hazels lead guitar is Comin Round the Mountain on Hardcore Jollies, in 1977, Hazel recorded a solo album, Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs, with support from other members of Parliament-Funkadelic, including vocals from The Brides of Funkenstein
33.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
34.
Parliament (cigarette)
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Parliament is a brand of cigarettes marketed by the company Philip Morris. The brand was introduced in 1931 and is distinctive for its recessed paper filters and it was originally used as an advertising gimmick when cigarettes did not have filters. The first commercial cigarette filters came into use in 1935, cigarette filters became common in most cigarettes in the 1950s. In the 1940s and 1950s, the brand was marketed for its unique filters, with reading, Only the flavor touches your lips. The brand also claimed that the recessed filter prevented tar from making contact with the smokers mouth, unlike standard filters. The Parliament brand holds a market position in Georgia, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Argentina, Armenia, Israel, South Korea, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Russia, Montenegro, Ukraine. Parliaments are one of few brands of cigarettes on the market to feature a recessed paper filter. Actor Charlie Sheen appeared in ads for Parliament in the 1990s, altria Nicotine Tobacco smoking Media related to Parliament at Wikimedia Commons Official website Parliament Cigarettes packs from Encyclopedia of Cigarettes
35.
(I Wanna) Testify
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Testify is the first hit single by the Detroit soul singing group The Parliaments. The single was released at the beginning of the summer of 1967 by Revilot Records, the single went to #3 on Billboard R&B chart and #20 on the Pop chart. It would be the major hit for the group for the entire decade. The recording was rounded off by session singers and musicians, Testify was reissued in 1969 on the Soultown label. It was issued in Canada on the Transworld label and on the Track label in the UK, the first time that the single appeared on an album was the Track Records release Backtrack 6 in 1970. Group leader George Clinton later produced remakes of both Testify and its B-side I Can Feel The Ice Melting, the former appeared on the 1974 Parliament album Up For The Down Stroke under the abbreviated title Testify. I Can Feel The Ice Melting was re-done by Otis Day, another P-Funk spin-off act, the Brides Of Funkenstein recorded a version of I Can Feel The Ice Melting in 1978, but the track wasnt released until the 1993 archival release A Fifth Of Funk. That recording was produced by P-Funk production assistant Ron Dunbar, George Clinton produced a 1978 remake of Testify by the Dells, the track was released as a single from the album New Beginnings but failed to chart. Testify has also covered by Noel Paul Stookey, Roger Taylor. In 2011, Jon Stevens recorded and released a version of the song as the single from his eighth studio album
36.
Motown
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Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12,1958, the name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a record company,79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. The company was sold to MCA Inc. Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records successor, Universal Music Group, Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group, and headquartered in New York City. From 2011 to 2014, Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music. On April 1,2014, Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam and it now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower. For many decades, Motown was the highest-earning African American business in the United States, Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilsons single Lonely Teardrops, written by Gordy, became a huge success and he realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing. In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordys sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records, Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12,1959, he started Tamla Records, with a loan from his family. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy, when he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamlas first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnsons Come to Me in 1959 and its first hit was Barrett Strongs Money, which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts. Gordys first signed act was the Matadors, who changed their name to the Miracles. Their first release, Got a Job, was a record to the Silhouettes Get a Job. The Miracles first, minor hit was their single, 1959s Bad Girl, released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint
