1.
Freguesia (Portugal)
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Freguesia, usually translated as parish or civil parish, is the third-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution. It is also an administrative unit in the former Portuguese overseas territories of Cape Verde. In the past, was also a division of the other Portuguese overseas territories. The parroquia in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia and Asturias is similar to a freguesia, a freguesia is a subdivision of a município. In cases where the seat is divided into more than one parish. Be it a city district or village, the parish is often based on an ecclesiastical parish. Since the creation of a local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese parishes have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body. The members of the assembleia de freguesia are publicly elected every four years, the presidents of the parish boards are also members of the municipal assembly. Freguesia, the traditional Portuguese word for parish, had its beginning in the filius ecclesiae and filius gregis, but, the power of the clergy built theses areas, accumulating immense wealth and power. The liberal government of Mouzinho da Silveira abolished the parishes in 1832, the freguesia began to refer to the civil/administrative entity, while the paróquia became affiliated with the religious entity. Before the 2013 local government reforms, the 308 municipalities were subdivided into 4,259 civil parishes, the government of Pedro Passos Coelho introduced a plan to reform the administrative divisions, in order to create efficiencies and save money. The plan envisioned the reform of the management, territorial geography and political form of how Portugal functioned at the level, including specifically at the freguesia. It was determined that these changes would then be formalized before the 2013 local government elections, as part of a process to reduce expenditures, a condition of the $110 Billion accord. In addition to the reduction of the number of representatives in the local boards, the plan also established criteria for the reduction, amalgamation or extinction of various civil parishes. The reform was implemented according to Law 11-A/2013 of 28 January 2013, which defined the reorganization of the parishes, This way. Barcelos is the municipality with the most civil parishes, list of parishes of Portugal Bairro Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau - replaced the former municipal councils during Portuguese rule of Macau, but retain the Freguesias model
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
4.
Administrative divisions of Portugal
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Administratively, Portugal is a unitary and decentralized State. Nonetheless, operationally, it is highly centralized system with administrative divisions organized into three tiers, the State is organized under the principles of subsidiarity, local government autonomy, and democratic decentralization of the public service. The government structure is based on the 1976 Constitution, adopted after the 1975 Carnation Revolution, in law 75/2013 of September 2013 the two types of administrative regions were defined, metropolitan areas and intermunicipal communities. Also, the powers and duties of the parishes, municipalities, metropolitan areas. In addition, the Portuguese territory was redefined during European integration and these NUTS definitions, used for collecting statistical information, follow many of the countries border definitions. Although utilized by the Portuguese government, they do not have a status in law. Since 1978, Portugal conceded political autonomy to its North Atlantic archipelagos due to their distance, isolation, geographical context, the Azores is an archipelago of nine islands and several islets that were discovered and settled by the Portuguese in the late 15th century. The Azores lies a third of the distance between Europe and North America, along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Madeira is an archipelago that includes two principal islands, Madeira and Porto Santo, plus two uninhabited natural group of islands, the Desertas and Savage Islands. The archipelago is located closer to Africa than Europe, is commercial and urbanized. A plan to divide mainland Portugal in eight regions was defeated in a referendum in 1998, the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto were created in 1991. Finally in law 75/2013 of September 2013 the current two types of regions were defined, metropolitan areas and intermunicipal communities. The Metropolitan Areas are territorial units formed by grouping municipalities, in order to economize on municipal investments, the territories of the intermunicipal communities are based on the NUTS III statistical regions. Preceding the nations independence, the oldest of the municipalities still in existence Coimbra and Santarém were founded in 1085 e 1095. São João da Pesqueira is the oldest Portuguese municipality, founded in 1055, since the creation of a democratic local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese municipalities have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body and a deliberative body. The municipal chamber is the body, and is composed of a president of the municipality. There are 308 municipalities in Portugal and they are usually named for their biggest city, or at least, their historically most important city or town. However, the municipality is usually larger than the city or town after which it is named. The largest in area is Odemira with 1720.60 km², nearly all municipalities are subdivided into civil parishes
5.
Lisboa Region
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Lisboa Region is one of the seven NUTS II designated regions of Portugal, which includes two NUTS III subregions, Greater Lisbon and Peninsula of Setúbal. The region covers an area of 3001.95 km2 and includes a population of 2,815,851 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, considered as representing the Lisboa Metropolitan Region. It is a region of significant importance in industry, services, prior to 2002, the area was included within the NUTS II region of Lisbon and Tagus Valley. The 18 municipalities, Alcochete Almada Amadora Barreiro Cascais Lisboa Loures Mafra Moita Montijo Odivelas Oeiras Palmela Seixal Sesimbra Setúbal Sintra Vila Franca de Xira Notes Sources CCDR-LVT, Lisbon, Portugal, Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional. CCDR-LVT Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo
6.
NUTS statistical regions of Portugal
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The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics is developed by Eurostat, and employed in Portugal for statistical purposes. The NUTS branch extends from NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions, with the complementary LAU sub-categorization being used to differentiate the local areas, until 4 November 2002, the Sistema Estatístico Nacional used a NUTS codification system that was distinct from the Eurostat system. With the enactment of Decree Law 244/2002, published in the Diário da República, the NUTS system subdivides the nation into three levels, NUTS I, NUTS II and NUTS III. In some European partners, as is the case with Portugal, the LAU, or Local Administrative Units, in the Portuguese context pertains to the 308 municipalities and 3092 civil parishes respectively. In the broadest sense, the NUTS hierarchy, while they may follow some of the borders diverge in their delineation, the first and broadest subdivision of Portugal is between mainland Portugal and the two autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira. Although the districts are still the most socially relevant subdivision, their function is being phased in favour of locally oriented regional units, and regions are growing in importance. The seven regions of Portugal are likewise subdivided into 25 subregions that, from 2015, represent the 2 metropolitan areas, the 21 intermunicipal communities, therefore, since the 2013 revision, the Portuguese subregions have a statutory and administrative relevance. The two autonomous regions in the Atlantic, correspond to their own NUTS I, II and III categories. com Municipalities of Portugal, Statoids. com Regiões de Portugal, LOCAL. PT
7.
Grande Lisboa
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Grande Lisboa is a Portuguese NUTS III subregion integrated in the Lisboa Region. It includes the capital and prime city of Portugal - Lisbon and it is the main economical subregion of the country. It covers 1,376 km² and it is the most populous, the area is bordered in the North by the Centro Region, in the West by the Atlantic Ocean, in the East by the Ribatejo region and in the South by the Tagus River estuary. This subregion is the leading center for the entire country. It is served by the busiest Portuguese airport, a harbor and an extensive network of highways. It has 9 municipalities, Amadora Cascais Lisboa Loures Mafra Odivelas Oeiras Sintra Vila Franca de Xira It is part of the historical Estremadura Province, the main urban centers are Lisboa, Amadora, Algueirão-Mem Martins, Agualva-Cacém, Queluz and Odivelas. Media related to Grande Lisboa at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Lisbon Metropolitan Area
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Lisbon Metropolitan Area is an administrative division that includes 18 municipalities in Portugal and is a designated Level II and Level III Portuguese NUTS region. The Lisbon Metropolitan Area, centered in the Portuguese capital city of Lisbon, is the largest population concentration in Portugal, the population in 2011 was 2,821,876, of which 547,733 lives in the city of Lisbon. 26. 7% of the population of Portugal lives in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The area of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area is 3,015.24 km², the Lisbon Metropolitan Area has an active population of about 1.3 million people. With 32. 7% of the employment being located in its territory. Today, Lisbon Metropolitan Area territory is almost the same as Lisbon Region territory, being AML a union of metropolitan municipalities, the municipalities north of the Tagus River are from Lisbon District, those south of the river are from Setubal District. The Metropolitan Area of Lisbon was a semi-official structure, recently, Portugal has been incrementing the powers held by these territorial organization organs. The Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa was constituted, by scripture, in 2004 and published on 5 July 2004. It is composed by three organs, · Junta Metropolitana, executive organ, composed by the 18 Presidents of the City Halls that it integrates and they elect among themselves, a President and two Vice Presidents. Conselho Metropolitano, consultative organ, composed by representatives of the State, Portugal has been through a period of administrative changes since the 1974 revolution. More recently, new standards of territorial administration have been implemented to match European Union criteria, after some years of indefinitions, municipalities are now associated in metropolitan areas or intermunicipal communities. These new regional divisions are colliding with the traditional Portuguese regional structures, for instance, the District of Lisbon and the District of Setubal collide and interfere with the Lisbon Metropolitan Area authority. Each District is ruled by a Governador Civil, Cultural Regions in Portugal have symbolic importance and no kind of authority. Once again there is no exact geographical conformity between Cultural Regions, Districts or between any of those and the Metropolitan Areas, tourism in Lisbon Greater London Silesian Metropolis AML website AML website
9.
Districts of Portugal
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The Districts of Portugal, are the most important first-level administrative subdivisions of mainland Portugal. Currently, mainland Portugal is divided into 18 districts, the Portuguese autonomous regions of Açores and Madeira are no longer divided into districts. As an administrative division, each district served mainly as the area of jurisdiction of a civil governor, the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 specifies that Portugal has only, as first level divisions, the autonomous regions and the administrative regions. According to the Constitution, the districts shall be disestablished in the territories where an autonomous or administrative region has been created, so, the districts were abolished in Azores and Madeira when these autonomous regions were created, in 1976. In 1998, a proposal was submitted to referendum to create eight administrative regions in mainland Portugal and this proposal was rejected in the ballot and so the districts continued to exist in mainland Portugal. However, the importance of the districts has been decreasing, in recent years, some administrative, financial and political competencies have been delivered to the CCDRs and to the municipalities, to the detriment of the districts. In 2003, the Portuguese municipalities were allowed to organize themselves into communities and metropolitan areas. Besides, the abolition of the districts is a subject that came back for discussion in Portuguese society, other personalities support the creation of administrative regions and therefore the abolition of districts. In September 8,2011, a decree from the Portuguese Government de facto extinguished all the offices of civil governor, as the existence of the civil governors is still included in the Portuguese Constitution, its de jure extinction can only be done after a constitutional amendment. In mainland Portugal, for administrative purposes, the districts are used as the areas of jurisdiction of the local branches. In these territories, each district was headed by a district governor, in Angola and Mozambique, the former district areas mostly coincide with the modern province areas. In the former Portuguese India, the Damão and Diu districts are still divisions of the present union territory of Daman and Diu, constituição da República Portuguesa, VII Revisão Constitucionl
10.
Municipalities of Portugal
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The municipality is the second-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution. As a general rule, each municipality is subdivided into parishes. Six municipalities are composed of one parish, and Barcelos is the municipality with most parishes. Corvo is, by law, the municipality with no parishes. Since the creation of a local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese municipalities have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body. The municipal chamber is the body and is composed of the president of the municipality. Both bodies are elected for four years, Portugal has an entirely separate system of cities and towns. Cities and towns are located in municipalities but often do not have the same boundaries, there are around twice as many cities and towns as there are municipalities. The municipality has been the most stable subdivision of Portugal since the foundation of the country in the 12th century and they have their origin in the foral, a legal document, issued by the King of Portugal, which assigned privileges to a town or a region. The present subdivisions have their origins in the 19th century after the administrative reforms conducted by the middle of 19th century by the governments of the constitutional monarchy, the concelhos probably formed after the expulsion of the Visigothic rulers by the Moors during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. Towns were thus free to govern themselves, and the population started to organize in councils in order to govern the town. These were also a reminder of Roman municipalities, there are 308 municipalities in Portugal,278 in mainland Portugal and 30 in the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira. They are usually named for their biggest city, or at least, however, the municipality is not synonymous with the city, and can include various towns or cities. In Portugal, cities/towns are a distinction based on population size and associated services. Before the 2013 local government reforms, Portugal was divided into 18 continental districts, the municipalities with the lowest population densities are also found in these inland regions, with smaller populations distributed over a greater area. This chart gives the number of inhabitants in the municipality area, municipality List of municipalities of Portugal Subdivisions of Portugal
11.
Lisbon
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Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km². Its urban area extends beyond the administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people. About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and it is continental Europes westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean, the westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe. Lisbon is recognised as a city because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education. It is one of the economic centres on the continent, with a growing financial sector. Humberto Delgado Airport serves over 20 million passengers annually, as of 2015, and the motorway network, the city is the 7th-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Athens and Milan, with 1,740,000 tourists in 2009. The Lisbon region contributes with a higher GDP PPP per capita than any region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to 96.3 billion USD and thus $32,434 per capita, the city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world. Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area and it is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of Government and residence of the Head of State. Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world, julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, in 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbons status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe, the typical summer season lasts about four months, from June to September, although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 25 °C. Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC, another conjecture based on ancient hydronymy suggests that the name of the settlement derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio. Lisbons name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela and it was later referred to as Olisippo by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo or Olissipona. The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population and this indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects
12.
Patron saint
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Catholics believe that patron saints, having already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges. Historically, a practice has also occurred in many Islamic lands. With regard to the omnipresence of this belief, the late Martin Lings wrote. Traditionally, it has been understood that the saint of a particular place prays for that places wellbeing and for the health. Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active, professions sometimes have a patron saint owing to that individual being involved somewhat with it, although some of the connections were tenuous. Lacking such a saint, an occupation would have a patron whose acts or miracles in some way recall the profession and it is, however, generally discouraged in some Protestant branches such as Calvinism, where the practice is considered a form of idolatry. In Islam, the veneration or commemoration and recognition of saints is found in many branches of traditional Sunnism
13.
Our Lady of Navigators
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Our Lady of Navigators also known as Our Lady of Seafarers is a devotional title given to the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholics. It is a devotion in South America, specially Brazil. Religious procession where the image of the Virgin Mary is carried take place in most coastal cities that have harbors, several churches in Brazil are dedicated to Our Lady of Navigators. The devotion started in the century by Europeans, especially the Portuguese navigators. They saw the Virgin Mary as their protector during storms and other hazards, the first statue in South America was brought from Portugal to Brazil. The theme of the Virgin Mary as the protector was used in The Virgin of the Navigators, 1531–36
14.
Freguesia
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Freguesia, usually translated as parish or civil parish, is the third-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution. It is also an administrative unit in the former Portuguese overseas territories of Cape Verde. In the past, was also a division of the other Portuguese overseas territories. The parroquia in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia and Asturias is similar to a freguesia, a freguesia is a subdivision of a município. In cases where the seat is divided into more than one parish. Be it a city district or village, the parish is often based on an ecclesiastical parish. Since the creation of a local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese parishes have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body. The members of the assembleia de freguesia are publicly elected every four years, the presidents of the parish boards are also members of the municipal assembly. Freguesia, the traditional Portuguese word for parish, had its beginning in the filius ecclesiae and filius gregis, but, the power of the clergy built theses areas, accumulating immense wealth and power. The liberal government of Mouzinho da Silveira abolished the parishes in 1832, the freguesia began to refer to the civil/administrative entity, while the paróquia became affiliated with the religious entity. Before the 2013 local government reforms, the 308 municipalities were subdivided into 4,259 civil parishes, the government of Pedro Passos Coelho introduced a plan to reform the administrative divisions, in order to create efficiencies and save money. The plan envisioned the reform of the management, territorial geography and political form of how Portugal functioned at the level, including specifically at the freguesia. It was determined that these changes would then be formalized before the 2013 local government elections, as part of a process to reduce expenditures, a condition of the $110 Billion accord. In addition to the reduction of the number of representatives in the local boards, the plan also established criteria for the reduction, amalgamation or extinction of various civil parishes. The reform was implemented according to Law 11-A/2013 of 28 January 2013, which defined the reorganization of the parishes, This way. Barcelos is the municipality with the most civil parishes, list of parishes of Portugal Bairro Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau - replaced the former municipal councils during Portuguese rule of Macau, but retain the Freguesias model
15.
Olivais (Lisbon)
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Olivais is an urban civil parish in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 33,788, in an area of 8.09 km², in 2012 part of the parish was joined to the new parish Parque das Nações. Local landmarks include the Palácio do Contador-Mor, a farm, Casa da Fonte do Anjo, Quinta da Bica, Quinta da Fonte do Anjo. The parish was created in 1397, probably resulting in the division of a part of Beato, between 1852 and 1886 Santa Maria dos Olivais formed a large municipality, predominantly rural, including 22 civil parishes. In 1864 it occupied a surface of approximately 223 km2 and had a population of 25,495, companies with head offices in Santa Maria dos Olivais and Portela Airport include TAP Portugal. With the 2012 administrative reform, the name was reduced from Santa Maria dos Olivais to Olivais
16.
Loures
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Loures is a city and a municipality in the central Portuguese Grande Lisboa Subregion. It is situated to the north of Lisbon and it was created on 26 July 1886 by a royal decree. The population in 2011 was 199,494, in an area of 167.24 km² and it borders the municipalities of Odivelas, Sintra, Mafra, Arruda dos Vinhos, Vila Franca de Xira and Lisbon. The city itself had a population of 15,967 in 2001, the municipality is basically divided in three areas, the rustic one, to the north, the urban one, to the south and the urban-industrial, to the east. In this eastern area, the ten local parishes claim to be independent from Loures and this struggle dates from the beginnings of the Portuguese Republic, and has a very strong support among the local population. Loures was a Roman settlement back at the beginning of the 1st millennium, after the Romans, the Visigoths began occupying the territory, followed by the Moors. The parish of Loures was first mentioned in 1118, and again in 1191, along with the parishes of Unhose, at the time the region was mainly agricultural, and involved in small export trade, that included the cultivation of lettuce. The first written document appeared in 1170, written by Afonso Henriques, in 1178, King Sancho I of Portugal having discovered that the Moors of Lisbon were allied to groups in Loures, and came to the territory with a Templar force to confront those peoples. Following the defeat of the Moors, the King transferred the region to the Knights Templar, the extinction of Templars in 1311, opened the way for the expropriation of lands and property by the Pope. King Denis of Portugal, on the hand, proposed the creation in Portugal of a new Order to replace the Templars that would be the recipient of these assets. In addition to the settlement, the village of Montemor. The Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Saúde was built during this era, in 1598, the Plague devastated the capital, fleeing the contagion, many of urban residents escaped into the country to the elevated villages, which they assumed protected them from the disease. A myth developed for successive generations of the influence of the patron. By the 19th century, between 1832 and 1834, cholera spread throughout the region, and the people of Loures, once again, owing to their fears, the image of the saint was removed from Montemor, and paraded through Loures in procession. It remained in the altar of the Church of Loures until the threat had passed, Loures was elevated to the status of town on 26 October 1926, under decree 12/543, and later city on 9 August 1990, under decree 35/90. In 1997 Odivelas and six parishes were separated to form Odivelas Municipality
17.
Marina
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A marina is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats. A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large ships or cargo from freighters. The word marina is also used for inland wharves on rivers, marinas may be located along the banks of rivers connecting to lakes or seas and may be inland. They are also located on coastal harbors or coastal lagoons, either as stand alone facilities or within a port complex, a marina may have refueling, washing and repair facilities, marine and boat chandlers, stores and restaurants. A marina may include facilities such as parking lots for vehicles. Slipways transfer a trailered boat into the water, a marina may have a boat hoist well operated by service personnel. A marina may provide in- or out-of-water boat storage, fee-based services such as parking, use of picnic areas, pubs, and clubhouses for showers are usually included in long-term rental agreements. Visiting yachtsmen usually have the option of buying each amenity from a fixed schedule of fees, arrangements can be as wide as a use, such as a shower. The right to use the facilities is frequently extended at overnight or period rates to visiting yachtsmen, since marinas are often limited by available space, it may take years on a waiting list to get a permanent berth. Boats are moored on buoys, on fixed or floating walkways tied to an anchoring piling by a roller or ring mechanism, buoys are cheaper to rent but less convenient than being able to walk from land to boat. Harbor shuttles, may transfer people between the shore and boats moored on buoys, the alternative is a tender such as an inflatable boat. Facilities offering fuel, boat ramps and stores will normally have a common-use dock set aside for such short term parking needs, where the tidal range is large, marinas may use locks to maintain the water level for several hours before and after low water. Marinas may be owned and operated by a club, especially yacht clubs —. Marinas may be private businesses, components of a resort. List of marinas MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority
18.
Expresso (newspaper)
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Expresso is the flagship publication of the Group Impresa and is published weekly in Lisbon, Portugal. Expresso was first published on 6 January 1973, the founder was Francisco Pinto Balsemão. The paper is based in Lisbon and is published on a weekly basis, the newspaper is part of the Portuguese company Impresa, which also controls various magazines, including Caras and Visão, among the others. Expresso was published in broadsheet format until September 2006 when it switched to Berliner format and it is the first Portuguese paper to be published in Berliner format. It is particularly known for its independence and its probing political reporting, making it a newspaper of reference. The Prémio Pessoa is a notable Portuguese award instituted in 1987 by Expresso and it is one of the most reputed prizes awarded in Portugal, named after the poet Fernando Pessoa. In 1980 Expresso, in partnership with SDG – Simuladores e Modelos de Gestão – created the Global Management Challenge, in 2014 Expresso was the recipient of the Meios and Publicidade award in the category of weekly generalist publication. The paper received the European Newspaper Award in 2006 and in 2015 in the category of weekly newspaper, the circulation of Expresso was 138,000 copies during the period between January and September 2000. Between January and March 2003 its circulation was 142,000 copies, Expresso was again the best-selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 118,000 copies in 2007. Its circulation was 117,507 copies in 2008, the 2011 circulation of the paper was 108,923 copies. It was 93,707 copies between September and October 2013 and it dropped to 71,465 copies between January and August 2015
19.
History of Lisbon
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The history of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal, revolves around its strategic geographical position at the mouth of the Tagus, the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. Its spacious and sheltered natural harbour made the city historically an important seaport for trade between the Mediterranean Sea and northern Europe, during the Neolithic period, pre-Celtic peoples inhabited the region, remains of their stone monuments still exist today in the periphery of the city. Roman armies first entered the Iberian peninsula in 219 BC, and occupied the Lusitanian city of Olissipo in 205 BC, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, waves of Germanic tribes invaded the peninsula, and by 500 AD, the Visigothic Kingdom controlled most of Hispania. In 711, Islamic Moors, who were mostly Berbers and Arabs from the Maghreb, invaded the Christian Iberian Peninsula, what is now Portugal first became part of the Emirate of Córdoba and then of its successor state, the Caliphate of Córdoba. Despite attempts to seize it by the Normans in 844 and by Alfonso VI in 1093, in 1147, after a four-month siege, Christian crusaders under the command of Afonso I captured the city and Christian rule returned. In 1256, Afonso III moved his capital from Coimbra to Lisbon, taking advantage of the excellent port. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, in combination with subsequent fires and a tsunami, almost totally destroyed Lisbon, during the Peninsular War, Napoleon’s forces began a four-year occupation of the city in December 1807, and Lisbon descended with the rest of the country into anarchy. After the war ended in 1814, a new constitution was proclaimed, the 20th century brought political upheaval to Lisbon and the nation as a whole. In 1908, at the height of the turbulent period of the Republican movement, King Carlos, on 5 October 1910, the Republicans organised a coup détat that overthrew the constitutional monarchy and established the Portuguese Republic. There were 45 changes of government from 1910 through 1926, the right-wing Estado Novo regime, which ruled the country from 1926 to 1974, suppressed civil liberties and political freedom in the longest-lived dictatorship in Western Europe. It was finally deposed by the Carnation Revolution, launched in Lisbon with a coup on 25 April 1974. Following the revolution, there was a huge influx into Lisbon of refugees from the former African colonies in 1974 and 1975, Portugal joined the European Community in 1986, and subsequently received massive funding to spur redevelopment. Lisbons local infrastructure was improved with new investment and its port became the largest on the Atlantic coast. The city was in the limelight as the 1994 European City of Culture, as well as host of Expo 98, there are traces of human occupation for many thousands of years in the area of what is now Lisbon. Its terrain was made attractive by the advantages of dwelling near the River Tagus, the first human inhabitants were probably the Neanderthals, who gradually became extinct about 30,000 years ago when modern humans entered the Iberian Peninsula. During the Neolithic period, the region was inhabited by a people who lived in farming communities near the coast. Some of the burial chambers in the region around Lisbon appear to have been built by Mesolithic pastoral-hunting peoples. They built religious monuments called megaliths, dolmens and menhirs that still survive in the periphery of the city, permanent settlements are not shown in the archaeological record until c.2500 BC
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Ajuda
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Ajuda is a Portuguese civil parish in the municipality of Lisbon. The population in 2011 was 15,617, in an area of 2.88 km², the parish of Ajuda, situated between the beach area of Belém and the foothills of the Monsanto was a place that was not conditioned for agriculture. A legend tells of a shepherd experienced an apparition of the Virgin Mary while passing the area, news of the event spread rapidly, and the area was visited by the faithful, many of whom settled there around a chapel built at the site of the vision. The small sanctuary was replaced by a church, and the number of pilgrims grew to include members of the upper class and high nobility. Queen Catherine of Austria, the consort of King John III of Portugal, eventually visited and prayed at the church, Ajuda became an ecclesiastical parish in 1551. During the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Ajuda did not escape the destruction and this included the Convento de Nossa Senhora da Boa Hora, which was later reconstructed by the Augustine monks in 1756. The Royal Family too had to abandon the Palácio da Ribeira, the level of insecurity after the earthquake and tsunami forced many to install themselves in Ajuda, the population grew from 1059 inhabitants to 4748 residents. The village consisted of five separate agglomerations clustered around the roadways, Calçada da Ajuda, Travessa da Estopa, Calçada de Nossa Senhora da Ajuda, Rua das Mercês, in 1762, Ajuda became a part of the municipality of Lisbon, and dropped pretenses of a suburban locality. The parish was an agglomeration of houses, manors, quarries, earthen stoves, in 1768, the Marquis of Pombal, as part of his reconstruction initiatives, built the Botanical Gardens in the area of Horta da Quinta de Cima. It was also around that time, between 1766 and 1787, that Pina Manique had constructed the Ajuda Cemetery, where many of the Royal servants were buried and it would become the official residence of King Carlos I. Between 1852 and 1885 Ajuda became integrated into the municipality of Belém, since the late part of the 20th century, the population has decreased, due to the exodus to the suburbs and periphery of the city. Until 1910 it was the residence of the King of Portugal. Jardim Botânico da Ajuda located in Calçada da Ajuda opposite to the Palácio Nacional da Ajuda and it was built in 1768, during the time of King Joseph I, with the aim to his grandchildren learning about the various collection of plants from Africa, Asia, and America. It is the first and the oldest Botanical Garden in Portugal and it is open everyday from 9, 00am to 6, 00pm and 8, 00pm, closed on December 25 and January 1
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Lumiar
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Lumiar is a freguesia in the northern area of the Portuguese capital of Lisbon, bordering to the immediate south-west of the airport of Lisbon. Located now within the municipality of Lisbon, it was established in the 13th century, the population in 2011 was 45,605, in an area of 6.57 km². There are 5 major neighbourhoods in Lumiar, Quinta das Conchas, Calçada de Carriche, Alto do Lumiar, Paço do Lumiar, several old palaces are also scattered throughout the neighbourhood. The Freguesia is home to Academia do Lumiar, a team of the Proliga. Media related to Lumiar at Wikimedia Commons Lumiar heraldry
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Media related to Parque das Nações at Wikimedia Commons
