1.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Government of New South Wales
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The Government of New South Wales, also referred to as the New South Wales Government or NSW Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of New South Wales, in Australia. The Government of New South Wales, a constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1856 as prescribed in its Constitution. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, New South Wales ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. Section 109 of the Australian Constitution provides that, where a State law is inconsistent with a federal law, initially the Australian states retained significant independence. Over time, however, that independence has been eroded by both the proliferation of Commonwealth Law, and the increasing financial domination of the Commonwealth. New South Wales is governed according to the principles of the Westminster system, Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council, which consists of the Governor and senior ministers. The Governor, as representative of the Crown, is the repository of power, which is exercised by him or her on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales. The Premier and Ministers are appointed by the Governor, and hold office by virtue of their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the Legislative Assembly. In 2006, the Sesquicentenary of Responsible Government in New South Wales, the Act was assented to by the Queen on 3 April 2006. The following individuals serve as government ministers, at the pleasure of the Queen, the government ministers are listed in order of seniority, while their opposition counterparts are listed to correspond with the government ministers. All Opposition counterparts are members of the Parliament of New South Wales
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
Australia national rugby league team
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The Australian national rugby league team have represented Australia in senior mens rugby league football competition since the establishment of the Northern Union game in Australia in 1908. Administered by the Australian Rugby League, the Kangaroos are ranked second in the RLIF World Rankings. The team are the most successful in Rugby League World Cup history, having contested all 14 and winning 10 of them, failing to reach the only once. Only four nations have beaten Australia in test matches, and Australia have a win percentage of 67%. Dating back to 1908, Australia are the fourth oldest national side after England, New Zealand, the team was first assembled in 1908 for a tour of Great Britain. The majority of the Kangaroos games since then have played against Great Britain. In the first half of the 20th century, Australias international competition came from alternating tours to Great Britain and New Zealand, on tours to Great Britain, Australia was known as the Kangaroos. Great Britain dominated in the years, and Australia did not win a Test against the Lions until 11 November 1911 under captain Chris McKivat. Australia did not win a series at home against Great Britain until 1920 or abroad until 1958, since 7 July 1994 the teams official nickname has been the Kangaroos, though they had unofficially been referred to as such since 1908. Previously, the Australian team was referred to as the Kangaroos when on tours of Great Britain or France. In 1997 Australia was also represented by a Super League Australia team, Rugby football has been played in Australia since the 1860s. In 1863 Sydney University became the first rugby club to be formed in Sydney, the Sydney Football Club and the Wallaroos followed, and inter-club competition commenced. By 1880, there were 100 clubs across the country, in 1888 an English team visited Australasia, playing rugby rules in Queensland, New South Wales and New Zealand, and Australian rules football in Victoria and South Australia. In 1899, an Australian team was formed for the first time using players from Queensland and they played a series of Tests against a British team. By 1907, Sydney club rugby games were attracting up to 20,000 people, with all going to the Southern Rugby Football Union. This caused discontent among players, and in 1908 the New South Wales Rugby Football League, an Australian national rugby league team was first formed during the first season of rugby league in Australia, the 1908 NSWRFL Premiership season. Later that year the Australian team arranged to go on a tour of its own, the first Kangaroos arrived in England on 27 September 1908, and played their first ever test against the Northern Union in December in London. It finished 22 all in front of a crowd of 2,000, the second test in Newcastle in January 1909 attracted a crowd of 22,000, and the Northern Union won 15–5
7.
France national rugby league team
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The France national rugby league team represent France in international rugby league tournaments. They are referred to as les Chanticleers or less commonly as les Tricolores, the team is run under the auspices of the Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII and is largely made up of players from Super League and the Elite One Championship. The French rugby league team first played in 1934 on a tour of England and they have taken part in all World Cups, twelve in total, with the first being held in 1954 in France. They have never won the title but finished runners-up in both 1954 and 1968 and these are often considered the glory years of French rugby league as from the 1950s to the 1970s the team were strong and regularly beat Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain. In 2006, the Perpignan based team Catalans Dragons entered Super League Europe, despite improved professionalism, France finished 10th in the 2008 World Cup in Australia. The team reached the quarter-finals of the 2013 World Cup where they were knocked out by England, currently the team is ranked fifth in the world. In Europe alone they are ranked second, ahead of Ireland, Scotland and Lebanon, on New Years Eve 1933, England and Australia played in Paris – the first game of rugby league football in France. The match was one-sided, with Australia winning 63-13 in front of a crowd of about 5,000, French rugby union players, disgruntled that France had been suspended from the Five Nations Championship, formed the Ligue Francaise de Rugby à XIII on 6 April 1934. Jean Galia, a rugby union international and champion boxer, led France on a six-match tour of England in 1934. The national teams first game was in Paris on 15 April 1934, by 1939, the French League had 225 clubs and the national side won the 1938–39 European Rugby League Championship where they became the first French team in any sport to beat England at home. The game of rugby league suffered in France during the Second World War, some players and officials of the sport were punished, whilst the total assets of the rugby league and its clubs were handed over to the union. In 1949, they became the first French sporting team to win at Wembley Stadium, in 1951 France embarked on their first ever tour of Australasia, coached by Bob Samatan and led by the legendary chain-smoking fullback, Puig Aubert. Their flamboyant style of attacking rugby attracted huge crowds. When the two met for the first Test, the match became the first all ticket international to be staged at the Sydney Cricket Ground. On Saturday 30 June 1951, Australia secured a hard-fought second Test victory over France in Brisbane by 23 points to 11, the third Test took place at Sydney Cricket Ground three weeks later before a crowd of 67,009. Late tries from Duncan Hall and Brian Davies could not prevent the Kangaroos from suffering an embarrassing 35-14 defeat, France played 28 matches during the three-month tour, winning 21 matches, drawing twice and losing just five times. In November 1951, France met Other Nationalities in an International Championship match at the Boulevard, Other Nationalities won 17-14 but the match centred on the behaviour of Edouard Ponsinet, who was involved in most of the violence that happened at the game. The Other Nationalities were down to players at one stage, with Arthur Clues being the most serious casualty
8.
Parramatta Eels
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The Parramatta Eels are an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Sydney suburb of Parramatta. The Parramatta District Rugby League Football Club was formed in 1947, owing to the demolition of Pirtek Parramatta will play its home games at ANZ Stadium. It took thirty years for the club to make the grand final, however, this period foreshadowed their most successful period in the early 1980s, when they won four premierships and qualified for five grand finals in six seasons. This was an era for the club and yielded their only premiership titles. In 2016, a salary cap breach saw them stripped of their 2016 Auckland Nines premiership, the club plays in the National Rugby League, the premier rugby league football competition in Australia. Parramatta sides are also fielded in lower grades and junior competitions run by the New South Wales Rugby League where they regularly win premierships in various grades. The roots of the playing of rugby union and rugby league in Parramatta lie in the 19th century with the formation of the Parramatta Rugby Club in 1879. With the advent of a Sydney District competition in 1900, the Parramatta club merged with Western Suburbs, on a local level, rugby league began to be played in 1910 when a district competition was formed. Other clubs in the Parramatta district also emerged, over the ensuing decades, the proposal was rejected by all clubs except Western Suburbs who, despite having the most to lose from the entrance of a Parramatta side, voted for the entrance of the new club. The advent of World War II put the establishment of the club on hold, Parramatta saw very little success in their early years, despite narrowly missing out on finals qualification in 1949 under the guidance of former Western Suburbs and Leeds five-eighth Vic Hey. Between 1952 and 1961, they finished last eight times and won only 35 of 180 matches, in 1962, Parramatta made the finals for the first time, this achievement was repeated for the three following seasons. However, the club slid back down the ladder in the following years, the club’s first major success came in 1975 when they defeated Manly-Warringah in the pre-season cup final. In 1976, the club reached the Grand Final, in their thirtieth season. However, they lost narrowly to a Manly-Warringah side that they had defeated just two weeks earlier, unfortunately for Parramatta, this game is regarded as “the one that got away” with Manly winning 13–10 despite the Eels crossing for two tries to Manly’s one. A dropped pass by winger Neville Glover with the wide open in the dying moments of the game ultimately costing the Eels a chance to win the game. Had Glover scored the score would have been tied at 13-all giving goal kicking Five-eighth John Peard a sideline conversion attempt to win the game, the following year, Parramatta captured their first minor premiership before qualifying for the Grand Final for the second year running. Against St. George, the match was drawn 9–9, forcing a Grand Final replay the following weekend, in this match, Parramatta lost 22–0. The Eels made the finals in both 1978 and 1979, but missed the finals in 1980 for the first time since 1974, the early 1980s was the most successful period for Parramatta, who earned five Grand Final appearances and four premierships from 1981 to 1986
9.
National Rugby League
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The National Rugby League is the top league of professional rugby league clubs in Australasia. It is regarded as the worlds elite rugby league championship and, the National Rugby League is Australias top-level domestic rugby-league club competition. It contains clubs from the original Sydney club Rugby League competition and this partnership was dissolved in February 2012, with control of the NRL going to the independently formed Australian Rugby League Commission. NRL matches are played in Australia and New Zealand from March to October, in addition, the NRL premiers also play in the World Club Challenge, a pre-season match against the champions of the European Super League competition. The reigning premiers are the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks winning their maiden premiership after 50 years, the New South Wales Rugby League ran the major rugby league competition of New South Wales from its inception in 1908 until 1994. Following the 1983 season, Sydney foundation club Newtown Jets were ultimately forced to withdraw from the competition because of financial difficulties, the Brisbane and Newcastle sides proved to be successful and popular and paved the way towards a push for a truly national competition. This was attempted in 1995 with control of the passing from the NSWRFL to the Australian Rugby League. The ARL undertook moves to invite the traditional clubs that had moved to the Super League competition back into a re-unified competition. Following a period of negotiation with News Corporation, on 23 September 1997 the ARL announced that it was forming a new company to conduct the competition in 1998, on 7 October News Manaaki Ranginui announced that he was confident that there would be a single competition in 1998. As a result, in the months the National Rugby League, jointly owned by the ARL. Clubs on both sides of the war were shut down, One condition of the peace agreement between the ARL and News Limited was that there would be a 14 team competition in 2000. The 20 clubs that played in 1998 would be assessed on various items such as sponsorship, crowds, on-field success and it was also announced that clubs that merged would receive a large sum of money, as well as a guaranteed position in the 2000 NRL Competition. The St. George Dragons and the Illawarra Steelers were the first clubs to take up the offer, the 1999 NRL Grand Final brought about a new official world record attendance for a game of rugby league. 107,999 spectators saw the Melbourne Storm defeat the newly created St. George Illawarra Dragons in the decider at Stadium Australia. Balmain and Western Suburbs formed the club, the Wests Tigers at the end of 1999, while North Sydney. As part of another image makeover, a number of teams also released new club logos, the most notable of these was the Sydney Roosters, dropping the City section of their name for the 2000 season and beyond. Souths were controversially axed from the competition at the end of 1999 for failing to meet the criteria and this move was highly controversial and on 12 November 2000 about 80,000 marched in protest at their continued exclusion. South Sydney challenged the decision in the Federal Court claiming that the NRL agreement was exclusionary, intended to unfairly exclude South Sydney, justice Paul Finn ruled that the agreement did not specifically exclude any club and dismissed the Rabbitohs claims for re-instatement into the national competition
10.
Balmain Tigers
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The Balmain Tigers are a rugby league football club based in the inner-western Sydney suburb of Balmain. They were a member of the New South Wales Rugby League and one of the most successful in the history of the premiership. In 1999 they formed a joint venture club with the neighbouring Western Suburbs Magpies club to form the Wests Tigers for competition in the National Rugby League and they no longer field any senior teams in the lower divisions. At the time of the joint venture only South Sydney Rabbitohs, the clubs home grounds are at present Leichhardt Oval, in Lilyfield, and T. G Milner Sportsground, in Marsfield. The distinctive black and gold colours of their 1908 thin striped jerseys lead their fans to nickname them THE TIGERS. Though it is claimed they were known as The Watersiders in the early days. It seemed to be used to not only to most Balmain sporting teams. The following boxing quote is an example, taken from Sydney Sportsman 11 Dec,1901. On Xmas Eve, Cam Brookes and Ike Stewart, heavyweights, meet at the Golden Gate, Brookes is another Balmain boy, as late as the 1930s some journalists were still using both Tigers and Watersiders in the same article. One of the earliest newspaper references to Balmain & Tigers appears in The Arrow 12 August 1911, the journalist Gulliver in his Football Notes column reports, W. G. B. Writes, Who said Balmain werent rough and he is very wild, but not so wild as the Balmain footballers. In 1908 Australias first season of rugby league began in Sydney, one of the clubs founders was future Premier of New South Wales, John Storey. Their home ground was Birchgrove Park, Wallabies game at Souths home ground. Souths were officially awarded the Premiership when they kicked off to an empty half of the field, Tigers dominance continued winning the 1919 and 1920 seasons comfortably. When they won the 1924 premiership this would be the last success for Balmain for over a decade to come and it would not be until 1939 the Tigers won back the Premiership smashing Souths 33-4. The weekend of the Final will also be remembered for the invasion of Poland by Germany which led to England, post-World War II marked a golden era for Balmain with the Tigers reaching five consecutive Grand Finals winning three of them. In the 1944 Grand Final the Tigers beat the strong favourites Newtown 19-16, Balmain reached the Grand Final again in 1945 but fell at the last hurdle against Easts 22-18. The loss was not long remembered as the Tigers went on to take out the two seasons, beating St George 14-12 in 1946, and Canterbury 13-9 in 1947
11.
Australian Rugby League
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The Australian Rugby Football League, more commonly known as the Australian Rugby League, was the governing body for the sport of rugby league football in Australia. The ARL, as an entity, was handed over to the new Australian Rugby League Commission. At 9, 30am on 9 February 2012, since its inception the ARL administered the Australian national team and represented Australia in international rugby league matters. During the mid-1990s Super League war the ARL administered the countrys first-grade premiership until the National Rugby League was formed, the legal hand-over from ARL to ARL Commission ensured that the game has effectively had the same governing body across Australia, since 1924. George Ball was the first secretary of the Board and John La Maro the first chairman, prior to this time, international rugby league was organised by both the NSWRL and the QRL. It was only after this time that the Australian team began to wear the now familiar sporting colours of Green, in 1984 the ARL was duly incorporated, as a separate entity, and Ken Arthurson was the first executive chairman of the new body. With national expansion of the competition implemented for the 1995 season the NSWRL passed control of the Winfield Cup competition to the ARL, Super League successfully attracted eight of the ARL clubs. In the 1995 State of Origin series, the ARL forbade the players of those eight clubs participating in the interstate competition. However, those clubs were allowed to participate in the seasons of 1995 and 1996. However, Super League conducted a competition in 1997. Both the ARL and Super League competitions ran parallel to other that year. As a consequence of the negotiations that followed, the National Rugby League was formed before the 1998 season from the ARL, between 1998 season and the first few months of the 2012 season the ARL had six out of twelve seats on the NRL Partnership board. In 2012 News Limited exited the game and the ARL was fully incorporated into the new, during the Super League war of the mid-1990s the ARL also administered Australias club premiership. ARL Development is a company that was formed by the ARL to develop the sport from an introductory level to the age of 18 years. In achieving this, ARL Development has developed new modified codes that gradually introduce children to rugby league and this is done by restricting the rules and then gradually releasing these restrictions. The two introductory modified codes currently in use are mini footy and mod league, on completion of mod league, players make a move to full international rugby league laws. Ownership of ARL Development was transferred to the Australian Rugby League Commission in 2012, the ARL constitution ARL One Community Australian Rugby League official website
12.
Parramatta Power SC
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Parramatta Power Soccer Club were an professional association football club who were based in the Western Sydney city of Parramatta. They played in the National Soccer League from season 1999-00 until the league folded in 2004, the club was backed by the Parramatta Leagues club which also owns the Parramatta Eels rugby league team. The club played at Parramatta Stadium and played in gold and blue, the club suffered from poor attendances throughout its existence, partly because of its links to the Eels, as well as it being in the already crowded Western Sydney football market. Carlton S. C. folded during the 2000–01 season,2 matches awarded 3–0 to Parramatta on forfeit, National Soccer League 2003-04 Runners-Up Statistics on Parramatta Power in NSL Player Rosters History of Parramatta Power Soccer Kits
13.
Western Sydney Wanderers FC
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Western Sydney Wanderers Football Club is an Australian professional soccer club based in the western region of Sydney, New South Wales. It competes in the premier soccer competition, the A-League. The club has established itself as a force in both Australia and Asia, having won one A-League Premiership and an AFC Champions League title in its short history. Formed in April 2011 by FFA, Wanderers was established with a community focus. A series of community forums across Western Sydney helped choose the name and colours, as well as its culture. The clubs record-breaking inaugural season won them an A-League premiership and saw the club reach the 2013 A-League Grand Final, the club followed that up by contesting the 2014 A-League Grand Final and securing second place in their second season of the league. The club was also crowned Asian Champions in their debut Champions League season, an affiliated youth team competes in the National Youth League and will compete in the National Premier Leagues NSW in 2016. A womens team competes in the W-League, the youth and womens matches are played at various locations across Western Sydney, including Marconi Stadium, Campbelltown Stadium and Cook Park. The club also has a Powerchair Football team which competes in the NSW Western Division Powerchair Football League, the Western Sydney region was regarded as a potential location for one of the founding A-League clubs in 2005, originally intended to be the base for Sydney FC. When Sydney FC put forward their bid to participate in the inaugural A-League season, though after winning the A-League licence, Football Federation Australia Chairman Frank Lowy forced a number of changes to the bid. The main of these were in moving the club to Sydney Football Stadium in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, Frank Lowy’s son, David Lowy, was also installed as a major investor. In response, Football NSW made the decision to pull out its involvement with Sydney FC amid claims the A-League club had become a plaything for Frank Lowy and his family. Football NSW stated its dislike of Lowys autocratic style in establishing the club, an unsuccessful bid named Sydney Blues, which had proposed to play at the Sydney Football Stadium was the only other Sydney-based bid. By 2008, as the five-year deal wound to its conclusion, FFA announced its intention to expand the A-League, FFA received 10 expressions of interest, two of which from potential Western Sydney based teams. Despite the unsuccessful attempt to establish a Western Sydney-based team in the form of Sydney Rovers, the catalyst for the formation of the Western Sydney Wanderers was FFA revoking Gold Coast Uniteds A-League licence on 29 February 2012. After a series of running battles between FFA and Clive Palmer – owner of Gold Coast United, over such as crowd control. The loss of Gold Coast United brought the league down to nine clubs, on 4 April 2012, then FFA CEO Ben Buckley announced the creation of New Sydney Club based in the citys west to play in the A-League. With the October deadline approaching, FFA decided to push through the club by taking on the ownership role themselves and this was helped by securing $4 million from the Australian Government in a grant for the creation and ongoing costs of the club
14.
A-League
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The A-League is a professional mens soccer league run by Football Federation Australia. At the top of the Australian league system, it is the primary competition for the sport. The A-League was established in 2004 as a successor to the National Soccer League, the league is currently contested by ten teams, nine based in Australia and one based in New Zealand. It is known as the Hyundai A-League through an arrangement with the Hyundai Motor Company. Seasons run from October to May and include a 27-round regular season, the winner of the regular season tournament is dubbed premier and the winner of the grand final is champion. This differs from the major football codes in Australia, where premier refers to the winner of the grand final. Successful A-League clubs gain qualification into the competition, the Asian Football Confederation Champions League also known as AFC Champions League. Since the leagues inaugural season, a total of six clubs have been crowned A-League Premiers, the current premier and champion is Adelaide United, who finished first in 2015–16 as well as winning the 2016 A-League Grand Final. A national round-robin tournament existed in various forms prior to the formation of the A-League, few clubs continued to grow with Sydney Olympic, Perth Glory, and the newly established Adelaide United the exception in a dying league. In April 2003, the Australian Federal Government initiated the Independent Soccer Review Committee to investigate the governance and management of the sport in Australia, the A-League was announced in April 2004, as a successor to the NSL. The competition start date was set for August 2005, by June 2004,20 submissions had been received and a month later 12 consortiums sent in their final bids for the eight spots. Three bids were received from Melbourne, two each from Sydney and Brisbane, one each of the remaining preferred cities and a bid from the New South Wales Central Coast city of Gosford. Each club was given a five-year exclusivity deal in its own market as part of the leagues one-city and this was intended to allow clubs to grow and develop an identity in their respective region without local competition. On 26 August 2005,16 months after the demise of the NSL, on 20 March 2007, it was announced that Wellington Phoenix would replace New Zealand Knights from the start of the 2007–08 season. Both Gold Coast United and North Queensland Fury joined the league in the 2009–10 season, on 12 June 2009, Melbourne Heart was awarded a license to join the 2010–11 season. On 1 March 2011 North Queensland Furys A-League license was revoked for financial reasons, on 29 February 2012, Gold Coast United also had its licence revoked. On 4 April 2012 it was announced that a new Western Sydney-based club, Western Sydney Wanderers, in January 2014, Melbourne Heart was acquired by the City Football Group and was renamed Melbourne City ahead of the 2014–15 season. The regular season runs mainly during the Australian summer, from early October to April of the following year, the competition consists of 27 rounds, with each team playing every other team three times
15.
Greater Sydney Rams
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The Western Sydney Rams is an Australian rugby union team that competes in the National Rugby Championship. The team is one of three sides from New South Wales in the competition, the two being the Sydney Rays and New South Wales Country Eagles. The Western Sydney Rams team in the NRC takes its identity from the Rams side that played in the national competition. The ARC was discontinued following the first season in 2007, the revived Rams team for 2014 was backed by a syndicate of private investors in partnership with four Sydney rugby clubs, Parramatta, Penrith, Southern Districts and West Harbour. The Eastwood club was included in the partnership but withdrew prior to the 2014 season. A law firm, People + Culture Strategies, was announced as the Rams naming rights partner for the 2014 to 2016 seasons. The inspiration for the name Rams derives from the pioneering past of Western Sydney, the colours of the Rams are taken from the teams previous incarnation as the Western Sydney Rams, as unveiled at the ARC teams launch in March 2007. Orange and blue mirror the colours of the City of Parramatta, in 2007, an attempt was made to form a third tier of rugby in Australia, similar to New Zealands ITM Cup and South Africas Currie Cup. The new competition, called the Australian Rugby Championship, included eight teams, three of those teams were based in New South Wales, including a Western Sydney team based at Parramatta. The Rams local rivals in the ARC were the Sydney Fleet, the three ARC teams from New South Wales were aligned with existing clubs and regions. The clubs aligned with the Western Sydney Rams were Eastwood, West Harbour, Parramatta, all competed in the Tooheys New Cup and Shute Shield club competitions. Brian Melrose was the coach of the Rams in 2007. Melrose had coaching roles with Manly and the Australian Sevens team and was previously an assistant coach to the Waratahs and he played for Eastwood and Parramatta before taking up coaching. The Western Sydney Rams played at Parramatta Stadium, which then had a capacity of 20,000. The Rams were the premiers of the 2007 ARC season. The team was knocked out of the 2007 finals by the Melbourne Rebels at the semi-final stage, the Western Sydney Rams team was disbanded with the end of the ARC competition. The National Rugby Championship was announced in December 2013 to commence in 2014 with expressions of interest open to any interested parties with accepted bids to be announced early 2014. In late June 2014, Eastwood withdrew financial backing from the Rams, the Rams shareholdings are split, with three quarters being held by the syndicate of investors and the remainder held by the clubs
16.
National Rugby Championship
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The National Rugby Championship, known as the NRC, is Australias national professional rugby union football competition. The NRC is administered by the Australian Rugby Union, and as of the upcoming 2017 season is contested by eight teams from around Australia plus one from Fiji. The NRC is the highest tier of competition below the transnational Super Rugby tournament, the National Rugby Championship is the most important club competition for players in Australia following the Super Rugby season. The National Rugby Championship spans eleven weeks from late August, after the completion of the club rugby competitions in each state. A round-robin tournament is played over nine rounds where each team plays each other once, each team has four home matches and four away matches with one bye. This is followed by the finals rounds consisting of two matches, contested by the top four teams, and a grand final match to determine the seasons champion team. During the round-robin section of the tournament, teams can play for the Horan-Little Shield. Buildcorp has the rights for the NRC competition. Other partners include Intercontinental Hotels, Qantas, and Allianz, with the Allianz group logo appearing on referees jerseys through to end of 2016, ASICS are the official apparel supplier and Gilbert is the official supplier of all rugby balls. The tournament is run by the Australian Rugby Union with the sponsorship of Foxtel which provides coverage on its Fox Sports channels. Two of the NRC matches each weekend are broadcast live via Fox Sports, discussion of the NRC competition is included on Fox Sports Monday night review show NRC Extra Time on Fox Sports HD2, and the Rugby 360 program on Wednesday evenings. In December 2013, the ARU announced that Australia would get another tier of competition under Super Rugby in line with South Africa’s Currie Cup, eleven bids were tendered from teams wanting to participate in the tournament, with nine being accepted. Applicants that were not successfult were advised that they could bid again as the competition matured, the National Rugby Championship follows a previous national competition, the Australian Rugby Championship, that was abandoned after the first season in 2007 due to financial losses. A new broadcasting deal agreed in 2015, secured the funding, Australian national team players are required for Test match rugby during the NRC season, but each player is allocated to one of the NRC teams and is able to play if released from national duty
17.
Stadium
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Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at Olympia, where the word stadium originated. In modern times, a stadium is officially a stadium when at least 50% of the capacity is an actual building. If the majority of the capacity is formed by grasshills, the venue is not officially considered a stadium. Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for football, or soccer. A large amount of sports venues are also used for concerts. Stadium is the Latin form of the Greek word stadion, a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet, as feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion =600 ft, in a historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller. The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length — about 185 m -, the English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals, although etymological purists sometimes apply stadia only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, Greece, initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. The stadion, a measure of length, may be related to the Stadium, Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome. The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic stadium hosted a version of the Olympic Games in 1870,1875,1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, the first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium and Anfield stadium. In the U. S. However, many of these caught fire. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some only a few years. Goodison Park was the first purpose-built football stadium in the world, walton-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators
18.
Parramatta
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Parramatta is a suburb of Sydney, Australia,23 kilometres west of its central business district on the banks of the Parramatta River. Parramatta is the seat of the City of Parramatta, one of four cities within the Sydney metropolitan area. Parramatta, founded by the British in 1788, the year as Sydney, is the oldest inland European settlement in Australia. Since 2000, government agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force, Parramatta is a major business and commercial centre, and home to Westfield Parramatta, the ninth largest shopping centre in Australia. It is colloquially known as Parra, radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in Parramatta from around 30,000 years ago. The Darug people who lived in the area before European settlement regarded the area as rich in food from the river, the Parramatta Eels Rugby League club chose their symbol as a result of this phenomenon. Parramatta was founded in 1788, the year as Sydney. As such, Parramatta is the second oldest city in Australia, during 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip had reconnoitred several places before choosing Parramatta as the most likely place for a successful large farm. Parramatta was the furthest navigable point inland on the Parramatta River and also the point at which the river became freshwater, as a settlement developed, Governor Phillip gave it the name Rose Hill after George Rose, Secretary for the British Treasury. In 1791 he changed the name to Parramatta, approximating the term used by the local Aboriginal people, a neighbouring suburb acquired the name Rose Hill. In an attempt to deal with the crisis, Phillip in 1789 granted a convict named James Ruse the land of Experiment Farm at Parramatta on the condition that he develop a viable agriculture. There, Ruse became the first person to grow grain in Australia. The Parramatta area was also the site of the pioneering of the Australian wool industry by John Macarthurs Elizabeth Farm in the 1790s, Philip Gidley Kings account of his visit to Parramatta on 9 April 1790 is one of the earliest descriptions of the area. Walking four miles with Governor Phillip to Prospect he saw undulating grassland interspersed with magnificent trees, Governor Arthur Phillip built a small house for himself on the hill of The Crescent. It was used as a retreat by Governors until the 1850s, the house, Old Government House, is currently a historic site and museum within Parramatta Park and is Australias oldest surviving public building. In 1803, another incident occurred in Parramatta, involving a convicted criminal named Joseph Samuel. Samuel was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging, in the second attempt, the noose slipped off his neck. In the third attempt, the new rope broke, Governor King was summoned and pardoned Samuel, as the incident appeared to him to be divine intervention
19.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
20.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
21.
Bad World Tour
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Bad was the first solo concert tour by American recording artist Michael Jackson, launched in support of his seventh studio album Bad. Sponsored by Pepsi and spanning 16 months, the tour included 123 concerts to 4.4 million fans across 15 countries making it the second highest grossing tour of the 80s. In April 1989, the tour was nominated for Tour of the Year 1988 at the inaugural International Rock Awards, on June 29,1987, Jacksons manager Frank DiLeo announced the singers plan to embark on his first solo world concert tour. Sponsored by Pepsi, the began in Japan, marking Jacksons first performances in the country since 1973 as part of The Jackson 5. The first nine scheduled concerts that began on September 12 sold out within hours, over 600 journalists, cameramen and fans waited for Jacksons arrival to the country at Tokyos Narita International Airport. His pet chimpanzee Bubbles, who took a flight, was greeted by more than 300 people. A chartered jumbo jet was used to carry 22 truckloads of equipment, the stage set used 700 lights,100 speakers,40 lasers, three mirrors and two 24-by-18 foot screens. Performers wore 70 costumes, four of which were attached with fiber optic lights, while in Tokyo, Australian pop music critic Ian Molly Meldrum conducted an exclusive interview Jackson and DiLeo that was featured on 60 Minutes in the United States. On September 18, Jackson was handed the Key to the City by Yasushi Oshima and he was accompanied by Bubbles, who was the first animal allowed inside the citys town hall. Jackson dedicated his Japanese concerts to Yoshiaki Hagiwara, a boy who was kidnapped and murdered. Attendance figures for the first 14 dates in Japan totalled a record-breaking 450,000, crowds of 200,000 were what past performers could manage to draw for a single tour. Nippon Television was a co-sponsor with Pepsi for the Japanese dates, Jackson performed five concerts in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in Australia in November. While off stage, he spent time visiting sick children at their homes in the Sydney suburbs, rehearsals for the tours 1988 leg took place at the Pensacola Civic Center in Pensacola, Florida from January 22 to February 18,1988. Vincent Paterson, who had worked with Jackson on several videos, was brought in to choreograph, on the last day of preparation, Jackson allowed 420 school pupils to watch him rehearse after the children made him a rap music video in his honour. The first performances were to begin in Atlanta, yet Pepsi officials objected as the city was home to rival drinks company Coca-Cola, for both Atlanta shows, Jackson gave 100 tickets to the Childrens Wish Foundation for terminally ill children. The first of three concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York City in March served as a benefit to raise $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, Jackson presented a check of $600,000 to the fund. On March 2,1988, Jackson performed at the 30th Annual Grammy Awards, receiving a standing ovation after performing The Way You Make Me Feel. Jacksons album, Bad was also nominated for Album of the Year at the ceremony, Jackson began his European tour in Rome at the Flaminio Stadium on May 23,1988
22.
Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
23.
The New World Tour
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In 1993, Paul McCartney and his band embarked upon The New World Tour, spanning almost the entire year and almost the entire globe. This tour featured a controversial film, which was shown before all of the concerts and had graphic animal test footage in the film. This film can be seen on the Paul is Live In Concert on the New World Tour video. This was to be McCartneys last tour for nine years, after his wife and band member, Linda McCartney, was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1995, the tour was intended to promote McCartneys album Off the Ground. Despite having released three albums of material in the space of the previous three years, the tour was followed by Paul Is Live, consisting of material from The New World Tour. The release was not embraced by record-buyers, becoming McCartneys lowest-selling live album, McCartneys touring band consisted of himself, wife Linda McCartney, Hamish Stuart, Robbie McIntosh, Paul Wix Wickens and Blair Cunningham. The final North American stop, in Charlotte, North Carolina, was broadcast live across the United States, with some songs replaced by commercials and this was McCartneys final tour of the 20th century. Several venues on the tour featured McCartneys first concert appearance there since his days with The Beatles. This was the third and last time Paul McCartney toured Australia, a proposed further tour to Australia in 2002 was cancelled after the Bali Bombings. In 1993, before Paul McCartney played the South American leg of the tour, Parlophone/MPL released the album Paul Is Live which had taken from his concerts in North America. In 2002, Paul McCartney released a concert DVD from the tour titled Paul Is Live In Concert on the New World Tour
24.
W. G. Grace
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William Gilbert W. G. Grace, MRCS, LRCP was an English amateur cricketer who was important in the development of the sport and is widely considered one of its greatest-ever players. Universally known as W. G. Right-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career and his technical innovations and enormous influence left a lasting legacy. An outstanding all-rounder, he excelled at all the skills of batting, bowling and fielding. He is held to have invented modern batsmanship, usually opening the innings, he was particularly admired for his mastery of all strokes, and his level of expertise was said by contemporary reviewers to be unique. He generally captained the teams he played for at all levels because of his skill, Grace came from a cricketing family, E. M. Grace was one of his elder brothers and Fred Grace his younger brother. In 1880, they were members of the same England team, Grace took part in other sports also, he was a champion 440-yard hurdler as a young man and played football for the Wanderers. In later life, he developed enthusiasm for golf, lawn bowls and he qualified as a medical practitioner in 1879. Because of his profession, he was nominally an amateur cricketer. He was a competitive player and, although he was one of the most famous men in England, he was also one of the most controversial on account of his gamesmanship. W. G. Grace was born in Downend, near Bristol, on 18 July 1848 at his parents home, Downend House, and was baptised at the local church on 8 August. He was called Gilbert in the circle, except by his mother who called him Willie. His parents were Henry Mills Grace and Martha, who were married in Bristol on Thursday,3 November 1831 and lived out their lives at Downend, where Henry Grace was the local GP. Downend is near Mangotsfield and, although it is now a suburb of Bristol, it was then a village surrounded by countryside. Henry and Martha Grace had nine children in all, the number as Victoria and Albert –. Grace was the child in the family, he had three older brothers, including E. M. and four older sisters. Only Fred, born in 1850, was younger than W. G. Grace began his Cricketing Reminiscences by answering a question he had frequently been asked, i. e. was he born a cricketer. His answer was in the negative because he believed that cricketers are made by coaching and practice, though he adds that if he was not born a cricketer and his father and mother were full of enthusiasm for the game and it was a common theme of conversation at home. All nine children in the Grace family, including the four daughters, were encouraged to play cricket although the girls, Grace claimed that he first handled a cricket bat at the age of two
25.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
26.
Jack Brabham
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Sir John Arthur Jack Brabham, AO, OBE was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959,1960, and 1966. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name, Brabham was a Royal Australian Air Force flight mechanic and ran a small engineering workshop before he started racing midget cars in 1948. His successes with midgets in Australian and New Zealand road racing led to his going to Britain to further his racing career. There he became part of the Cooper Car Companys racing team and he contributed to the design of the mid-engined cars that Cooper introduced to Formula One and the Indianapolis 500, and won the Formula One world championship in 1959 and 1960. In 1962 he established his own Brabham marque with fellow Australian Ron Tauranac, in the 1966 Formula One season Brabham became the first – and still the only – man to win the Formula One world championship driving one of his own cars. He was the last surviving World Champion of the 1950s, John Arthur Jack Brabham was born on 2 April 1926 in Hurstville, New South Wales, then a commuter town outside Sydney. Brabham was involved with cars and mechanics from an early age, at the age of 12, he learned to drive the family car and the trucks of his fathers grocery business. Brabham attended technical college, studying metalwork, carpentry, and technical drawing, Brabhams early career continued the engineering theme. At the age of 15 he left school to work, combining a job at a garage with an evening course in mechanical engineering. Brabham soon branched out into his own business selling motorbikes, which he bought and repaired for sale, One month after his 18th birthday on 19 May 1944 Brabham enlisted into the Royal Australian Air Force. He was based at RAAF Station Williamtown, where he maintained Bristol Beaufighters at No.5 Operational Training Unit, on his 20th birthday,2 April 1946, Brabham was discharged from the RAAF with the rank of leading aircraftman. He then started a service, repair, and machining business in a workshop built by his uncle on a plot of land behind his grandfathers house. Brabham started racing after an American friend, Johnny Schonberg, persuaded him to watch a car race. Midget racing was a category for small open-wheel cars racing on dirt ovals and it was popular in Australia, attracting crowds of up to 40,000. Brabham records that he was not taken with the idea of driving, being convinced that the drivers were all lunatics, at first Schonberg drove the homemade device, powered by a modified JAP motorcycle engine built by Brabham in his workshop. In 1948, Schonbergs wife persuaded him to racing and on his suggestion Brabham took over. He almost immediately found that he had a knack for the sport, Brabham has since said that it was terrific driver training. You had to have quick reflexes, in effect you lived—or possibly died—on them, due to the time required to prepare the car, the sport also became his living
27.
Newtown Jets
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The Newtown Jets are an Australian rugby league football club based in Newtown, a suburb of Sydneys inner west. They currently compete in the New South Wales Cup competition, having left the top grade after the 1983 NSWRFL season, the Jets home ground is Henson Park, and their team colours are blue and white. Established in 1908, Newtown were one of the members of the New South Wales Rugby Football League. They competed continuously in the NSWRFL premiership until their departure in 1983, over this period they won the competition three times. This made Newtown the second rugby league club in Australia. The second club, Glebe, was formed on 9 January 1908, when the Dirty Reds were controversially excluded from the NSWRL Premiership in 1929, Newtown became the oldest Australian club. There is some argument however over whether or not Newtown was actually the first Rugby league club in Australia, the clubs website stands by this claim, however other sources, most notably Terry Williams book Out of the Blue, The History of Newtown RLFC, dispute this claim. Rugby league historian Sean Fagan similarly holds that the date of 14 January 1908 is the foundation day. The minutes of the meeting held by Newtowns Board shows the date as 8 January. Newtown played in the NSWRFL Premiership from 1908–83 and they won the 1910 NSWRFL Premiership after drawing the final was enough to see them win due to being minor premiers. A Newtown winger, Jack Scott, was the first to score a try in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership. Known as the Newtown Bluebags for most of its lifetime, the club adopted the Jets nickname in 1973, or perhaps due to the close proximity of the clubs home ground, Henson Park, to the major east/west flight path for the airport. The club won premierships in 1910,1933 and 1943, and finished second in 1913,1914,1929,1944, Jack Gibson took over as Newtown coach in 1973. Gibson picked his team solely on form, irrespective of seniority, the Wills Cup Final was played under floodlights at the old Sydney Sports Ground on St Patricks day before a crowd of 13,180. At half time St George were up 15-2 and looked certain to win, the 1981 Newtown team, which played in the clubs last NSWRL premiership grand final, included the legends of game Tommy Raudonikis and Phil Gould. It was coached by Warren Ryan, financial pressures forced the team out of the NSWRL Premiership at the end of 1983. The club continued to seek readmission, pursuing various different alternatives and this plan involved a name change for the club, to the Newtown-Campbelltown Jets. The proposal, including a new logo with the new name on the royal blue jersey, was approved by the football club directors
28.
Rugby league
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Rugby league football, usually called rugby league, is a full contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field. One of the two codes of football, it originated in England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue of payments to players. Its rules gradually changed with the aim of producing a faster, in rugby league, points are scored by carrying the ball and touching it to the ground beyond the opposing teams goal line, this is called a try, and is the primary method of scoring. The opposing team attempts to stop the side scoring points by tackling the player carrying the ball. In addition to tries, points can be scored by kicking goals, after each try, the scoring team gains a free kick to try at goal with a conversion for further points. Kicks at goal may also be awarded for penalties, and field goals can be attempted at any time. Rugby league is a sport in Northern England, the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, New Zealand. The European Super League and Australasian National Rugby League are the club competitions. Rugby league is played internationally, predominantly by European, Australasian and Pacific Island countries, the first Rugby League World Cup was held in France in 1954, the current holders are Australia. The first of these, the Northern Rugby Football Union, was established in 1895 as a faction of Englands Rugby Football Union. Similar breakaway factions split from RFU-affiliated unions in Australia and New Zealand in 1907 and 1908, renaming themselves rugby football leagues, in 1922, the Northern Union also changed its name to the Rugby Football League and thus over time the sport itself became known as rugby league football. In 1895, a schism in Rugby football resulted in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union, within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the rugby revolution. In 1897, the line-out was abolished and in 1898 professionalism introduced, in 1906, the Northern Union changed its rules, reducing teams from 15 to 13 a side and replacing the ruck formed after every tackle with the play the ball. A similar schism to that which occurred in England took place in Sydney, There, on 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby Football League was founded at Batemans Hotel in George Street. Rugby league then went on to rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales. On 5 May 1954 over 100,000 spectators watched the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford, England, also in 1954 the Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, was formed at the instigation of the French. In 1966, the International Board introduced a rule that a team in possession was allowed three play-the-balls and on the tackle a scrum was to be formed. This was increased to six tackles in 1972 and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover,1967 saw the first professional Sunday matches of rugby league played
29.
South Sydney Rabbitohs
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The South Sydney Rabbitohs are a professional Australian rugby league team based in Redfern, a suburb of inner-southern Sydney, New South Wales. They participate in the National Rugby League premiership and are one of nine existing teams from the state capital, the club was formed in 1908 as one of the founding members of the New South Wales Rugby Football League, making them one of Australias oldest rugby league teams. They are one of two foundation clubs still present in the NRL, the other being the Sydney Roosters. The Rabbitohs traditional heartland covers the once typically working-class suburbs of inner-south Sydney now generally occupied by factories, the club is based in Redfern, where the clubs administration and training facilities are located, however they have long held a wide supporter base spread all over New South Wales. The teams home ground is currently Stadium Australia in Sydney Olympic Park, the club played in the first round of the newly formed New South Wales Rugby League, defeating North Sydney 11–7 at Birchgrove Oval on 20 April 1908. The team went on to win the inaugural premiership then successfully defended their title in the 1909 season, during these early years Arthur Hennessy was considered the founding father of the South Sydney rugby league club. A hooker and prop forward, Hennessy was Souths first captain and he was also New South Wales first captain and Australias first test captain in 1908. After further premiership success in 1914 and 1918, South Sydney won seven of the eight premierships from 1925–1932, the 1925 side went through the season undefeated and is only one of six Australian premiership sides in history to have achieved this feat. Such was Souths dominance in the years of the rugby league competition that the Rabbitohs were labelled The Pride of the League. South Sydney struggled through most of the 1940s, only making the semifinals on two occasions, South Sydneys longest losing streak of 22 games was during the period 1945–1947. In the 1945 season they managed to win one game while in 1946 they were unable to win a single game. In the 1950s South Sydney again had success, winning five of the six premierships from 1950–1955. Players that were involved in these years included Denis Donoghue, Jack Rayner, Les Chicka Cowie, Johnny Graves, Ian Moir, Greg Hawick, Ernie Hammerton, Bernie Purcell and Clive Churchill. Churchill, nicknamed the Little Master for his brilliant attacking play, is universally regarded as one of the greatest ever Australian rugby league players. In the late 1950s Souths began a run of form failing to make the finals from 1958–1964. However, in 1965 a talented young side made the Grand Final against St. George who were aiming to secure their 10th straight premiership. The young Rabbitohs werent overawed by the Dragons formidable experience and in front of a crowd of 78,056 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Financial problems started to hit Souths in the early 1970s, forcing players to go to other clubs
30.
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles
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The Manly–Warringah Sea Eagles are an Australian professional rugby league club based on the Northern Beaches of Sydney. They compete in the National Rugby Leagues Telstra Premiership, the rugby league competition of Australia. The Manly Warringah Rugby League Football Club competed in the NSWRL, ARL and NRL every season until 1999. At the end of 1999, the club entered into a joint venture with the North Sydney Bears to form the Northern Eagles, which Rugby League statisticians regard as a different club. The Northern Eagles competed in 2000 and 2001, before the joint venture collapsed and they abandoned the Northern Eagles brand at the start of the 2003 season. Since winning their first premiership in 1972, the club has won a total of eight First Grade titles, the clubs eight titles span five consecutive decades. Since their first Grand Final appearance in 1951, the club has appeared in 19 Grand Finals across seven consecutive decades, the club has never won the wooden spoon in its 70 seasons, the longest period of any current club. Cliff Lyons holds the record for most first-grade games for Manly-Warringah with 309, Steve Menzies played 349 games, the record for most points scored is held by Graham Eadie with 1,917 points and Matthew Ridge has the highest total in one season, scoring 257 in 1995. The NSWRL accepted Manlys application and, along with Parramatta, they were granted admission to the 1947 competition, the North Sydney Bears endured an exodus of players to the newly formed team. The Bears lost half of their games in 1947, before spending the four seasons at the bottom of the ladder. For their emblem they chose the sea eagle – the native bird of prey of the Sydney coastline, although a number of media writers referred to Manly as the sea gulls, the club maintains that it has always officially been the Sea Eagles. Manlys first premiership game was against the Western Suburbs Magpies at Brookvale Oval on Saturday 12 April 1947, max Whitehead, who had first played for Norths in 1942 and was a member of their 1943 Grand Final team, was Manlys first captain. Whitehead was a big barrel-chested second rower who was used by Bonds as the model for their iconic Chesty Bond character and their first win was against the Parramatta Eels and the club finished their first season in second last place. Manlys first Grand Final appearance was in the 1951 season, which they lost to South Sydney, Manly-Warringah played in five Grand Finals before winning their first premiership in 1972. They then won the year in 1973 and again in 1976 and 1978. The 1973 final against Cronulla is reputed to be one of the hardest and toughest grand finals, there were several incidents of players being hurt, in particular very tough and hard English import Mal Reilly was taken out early and didnt take any further part in the game. Manly were powerful in the early 80s but were beaten in two consecutive Grand finals by Parramatta, in 1982 and 1983 and their next premiership was won against the Canberra Raiders in the 1987 Grand final. Coached by Bob Fulton, the Sea Eagles returned to the play-offs in 1993 and 1994 but were beaten on each occasions in the first elimination semi-final by the Brisbane Broncos
31.
New South Wales Rugby League
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The New South Wales Rugby League is the governing body of rugby league in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory and is a member of the Australian Rugby League Commission. It was formed in Sydney on 8 August 1907 and was known as the New South Wales Rugby Football League until 1984. From 1908 to 1994, the NSWRL ran Sydneys, then New South Wales, the organisation is responsible for administering the New South Wales rugby league team. The following clubs are the clubs of the NSWRL. The New South Wales Rugby Football League was responsible for the introduction of rugby league into New South Wales in 1907, since that time the NSWRFL has built a rich tradition at all levels of the game. Great names and great games illuminate the Leagues growth since 1907 up to the present day, key figures in the new movement were James Joseph Giltinan, legendary cricketer Victor Trumper, Alex Burdon, Peter Moir, Labor politician Henry Hoyle, George Brackenreg and Jack Feneley. The first rugby game in New South Wales was played on 17 August 1907. The Sydney premiership was started on 20 April 1908, Nine teams contested the initial season. In 1929 Jersey Flegg was appointed to the position of president of the NSWRFL, at the time of his death in 1960, aged 82, he was still serving in these roles. When NSWRFL president Flegg died in 1960, Bill Buckley replaced him and also became boss of the Australian Rugby League, in 1973 Kevin Humphreys was appointed President of New South Wales Rugby League and Chairman of Australian Rugby League. Under him State of Origin was introduced, in 1983 Humphreys was succeeded in these positions by Ken Arthurson. It does so in conjunction with the NSW Country Rugby League, in a similar way, the rival Queensland Rugby League retained responsibility for that states Origin team and lower tier competitions. The Royal Agricultural Society Shield, or RAS Shield was the New South Wales Rugby League s first premiership trophy and it was presented to each years premiership winning rugby league team, the first to win three successive titles would take permanent ownership of the shield. The Eastern Suburbs club achieved this feat winning premierships in 1911,1912 and 1913, the hand crafted silver and oak designed shield was donated to the NSWRL by the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales in its first year of competition. The club has presented the shield to their captain, Dally Messenger, in 1929 Jersey Flegg was appointed to the position of president of the NSWRFL. Midway through the 1909 season, Edward Larkin was appointed secretary of the NSWRFL. In 1951, the NSWRFL originated the J. J, Giltinan Shield, following his death in 1950. This trophy was awarded to the premiers of the NSWRFL competition, being named one of the founding fathers of the NSWRFL
32.
1981 NSWRFL season
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The 1981 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the 74th season of Sydneys professional rugby league football competition, Australias first. NSWRFL clubs also competed in the 1981 Tooth Cup and players from NSWRFL clubs were selected to represent the New South Wales team. In 1981 the sin-bin was introduced to rugby league in Australia, Newtown Jets hooker Barry Jensen became the first player to be sent from the field in this manner. Mid-way through the season, players contracted to NSWRFL clubs were selected to represent the New South Wales team in two games against the Queensland team in 1981. After that the experimental 1981 State of Origin game was played, twenty-two regular season rounds were played from March until August, resulting in a top five of Easts, Newtown, Parramatta, Cronulla and Manly who battled it out in the finals. Eastern Suburbs halfback Kevin Hastings won the 1981 seasons Rothmans Medal as well as Rugby League Weeks Player of the Year award, the Dally M Award went to Cronulla-Sutherland centre, Steve Rogers. Bowden was marched for the incident and was unable to part in the Preliminary Final against Eastern Suburbs or the Grand Final against Parramatta. Newtown had reached their first grand final in twenty-six years, Parramatta led 7-6 at half-time, but the Jets looked set to spring a major upset when tough half back Tommy Raudonikis crashed over to score early in the second-half. Then the Eels brilliant backline exploded into action, the combination of Brett Kenny, Mick Cronin, Peter Sterling, Eric Grothe and Steve Ella dominated and would go on to feature in five grand finals and four premierships by the end of 1986. Steve Edge became the first player to two different sides to premiership victory having captained the St George Dragons to a win over Parramatta in season 1977. Master coach Jack Gibson had just six words for a packed Parramatta Leagues Club auditorium, ding, dong, the witch is dead, he said before the thunderous chants of the success-starved blue and gold army of fans
33.
Sydney Cricket Ground
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The Sydney Cricket Ground is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. It is used for Test cricket, One Day International cricket, Twenty20 cricket and Australian rules football, as well as rugby league football. It is the ground for the New South Wales Blues cricket team, the Sydney Sixers of the Big Bash League. It is owned and operated by the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust that also manages the Sydney Football Stadium located next door, until the 44,000 seat Football Stadium opened in 1988, the Sydney Cricket Ground was the major rugby league venue in Sydney. Part sandhills, part swamp and situated on the fringe of the city, it was used as a rubbish dump in the 1850s. In 1851, part of the Sydney Common south of Victoria Barracks was granted to the British Army for use as a garden and its first user was the 11th North Devonshire Regiment which flattened and graded the southern part of the rifle range adjacent to the Barracks. In the next couple of years, the teams from Victoria Barracks combined themselves into a permanent organisation. The ground therefore became known as the Garrison Ground when it was first opened in February 1854, in the late 1860s another part of the Sydney Common, the area west of the Garrison Ground to the then Dowling Street, was opened for public recreation. It was named Moore Park after the Mayor of Sydney, Charles Moore, as well as the location of Sydneys first zoo, Moore Park was a regular venue for games between Sydney rugby clubs Sydney University and the Wallaroos. Sydney at the time was a small, dense city and best navigated on foot and it was not liked so much by cricketers because it was too far from the city. When the commander of the Sydney garrison, Lieutenant-Colonel John Richardson, aligned his soldiers to the East Sydney Cricket Club, in 1870 British troops left Victoria barracks and the future of the Civil and Military Ground became uncertain. However, with the closure of the Albert Ground in the 1870s, in 1875 the NSW Government began to upgrade the ground. In 1876, the ground was dedicated by Governor Sir Hercules Robinson, Driver himself was a prominent MP and solicitor for the City of Sydney Council. The Minister for Lands, Thomas Garrett, was also supportive, two trustees were appointed by the government and one by the NSWCA. The close relationship between the Trust and the NSWCA is evidenced by the fact that they pooled funds for the six years. The militarys link with the ground was finally severed when John Richardson, One conflict in 1904, over the Trusts plan to hold a cycling event which clashed with a cricket match, ended up in court. The NSWCAs influence was reduced even further over the years due to changes in the way the State Government appointed trustees. On opposite sides of the ground to the stands two spectator mounds were built and they became known as The Hill and the Paddington Hill
34.
1976 NSWRFL season
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The 1976 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the 69th season of Sydneys professional rugby league football competition, Australias first. NSWRFL teams also competed for the 1976 Amco Cup and this season Eastern Suburbs became the first rugby league team, and one of the first in Australian sport, to have a sponsors name appear on their jersey. Twenty-two regular season rounds were played from March till August resulting in a top four of Manly-Warringah, Parramatta, St. George,26,865 turned out to see the Roosters beat the Saints 25 to 2. This season Parramatta front-rower and captain Ray Higgs won both the Rothmans Medal and the Rugby League Week player of the year award, the 1976 season also saw the retirement from the League of future Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame inductee, Graeme Langlands. Parramatta were first into the Grand Final, triumphing 23-17 in a bloody, Manly earned a grand final berth the following week, surviving a Canterbury comeback to win 15-12. In 1976, after 30 years of competition, Parramatta had reached their first grand final since their admission into the NSWRFL premiership in 1947, jim Porter scored first, getting Parramatta to a 5-0 lead. A penalty goal to Graham Eadie closed the score to 5-2 before Alan Thompson sidestepped through to send Phil Lowe in for Manlys first, scores were locked 7-7 at half time. Geoff Gerard scored a try for the Eels early in the second half. Another penalty gave Manly a 13-10 lead, the wedge was somehow stopped by Eadie a foot short of the try line. The Manly defence held and the Sea Eagles secured their third premiership in five seasons and it was Bob Fultons 213th and final match for Manly after a brilliant ten-year career with the club and the grand final victory was largely credited to his experience and brilliance. He was full of emotion as he accepted the J J Giltinan Shield and was able to end his career at Manly on the highest note. He would later return to the club as a coach in the 1980s but first he would finish his playing years. Manlys win was a triumph for the powerful triumvirate of Fulton, coach Frank Stanton, for Stanton, it was his first success in a coaching career which was to bring two premierships and two Ashes-winning Kangaroo tours. Arthurson had brought to the players of a calibre to enable five Grand Final appearances in the 1970s for four victories
35.
1977 NSWRFL season
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The 1977 NSWRFL season was the 70th season of Sydneys professional rugby league football competition, the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership. NSWRFL teams also competed for the 1977 Amco Cup, another stir was created at the start of the season by Newtowns recruitment of professional American football player, Manfred Moore. The clubs first match of the season at Henson Park attracted the likes of Paul Hogan, Jeannie Little and John Laws who witnessed the American score Newtowns first try. Twenty-two regular season rounds were played from March till August, with Parramatta top of the table for much of the season finishing the home. The final five were rounded out by St. George, Eastern Suburbs, Balmain, cronulla-Sutherland had been in contention for a finals spot before fading late in the season. The 1977 seasons Rothmans Medal, as well as Rugby League Weeks player of the award, was awarded to Parramatta centre Mick Cronin. Parramatta boasted an experienced outfit, making their second consecutive Grand Final appearance, the young St. George side dubbed Baths Babes, were able to draw on the experience and wiles of their coach Harry Bath, and as the day of the decider approached the betting market narrowed. A crowd of 66,000 flocked to the Sydney Cricket Ground to see an enthusiastic St. George side come out all guns blazing. Dragons lock forward Rocket Rod Reddy, initially dominated proceedings with his defensive play. In attack, diminutive Dragons halfback Mark Shulman made inroads and they went ahead 4-0 with two penalty goals to Ted Goodwin, just before half time, Lord Ted scored a miraculous try when he burst through and chipped ahead from halfway. Confronting his opposite fullback Phil Mann, Goodwin kicked again, a foot race followed with cover defenders Graeme Atkins and Ed Sulkowicz joining. The ball trickled towards the line but Goodwin got there first, hitting the ground hard. He had run 50 yards and beat every defender to score a breath-taking individual try, John Chapman converted and though Goodwin took no further part in the match, he had given his side a handy 9-0 lead going into the break. The second half began like the first, with uncompromising defence, Reddy was targeting Parramattas champion lock, Ray Price but in the process gave away a number of penalties. Mick Cronin slotted three pressure goals to make it 9-6 and the older Eels were well positioned for a come-back against a tiring Dragons defence. With 10 minutes to run, Parramatta pounced when Cronin drew three defenders and found Price in support who stepped through and gave a pass to Sulkowicz who scored the equaliser out wide. Now Parramatta had the chance to snatch victory through Mick Cronins conversion attempt, a prolific goal-kicker throughout his career, Cronin had an opportunity which young players dream of - to kick his team to premiership glory. But the ball sailed to the right of the uprights and moments later the scoreboard read 9-all
36.
St. George Dragons
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As a stand-alone club, they field teams in the NSWRL underage competitions, Harold Matthews Cup and S. G. Ball. Entering the New South Wales Rugby Football League in 1921, the St George club won 15 premierships, the Dragons thus became second to only the South Sydney Rabbitohs in terms of total premierships won in the NSW Rugby Football League. Following the Super League war and formation of the NRL, the club formed a joint venture with the Illawarra Steelers in 1998, to become the St George Illawarra Dragons. NSWRFL president Henry Hoyle gave an address and a St. George club appeared likely to form. Undeterred, the St George Rugby League Football Club took form in 1910 when a team played in the NSWRL 3rd Grade Competition, the clubs first game took place against Newtown at Sans Souci and St George were victorious 36–0. With the demise of Annandale Rugby League Club, St George was successful in November 1920 in petitioning the NSWRL for promotion, in February 1921 at the Kogarah School of Arts, the St George District Rugby League Club came into being. The first President was Arthur Yager, with Joe McGraw chosen as Secretary, the clubs inaugural captain was Dual-code rugby international, Herb Gilbert who joined the club at aged 33 as captain-coach. The clubs inaugural first grade appearance was on St Georges Day,23 April 1921 against Glebe at the Sydney Sports Ground, St George won only two matches in their first season and finished equal second last in the premiership. Before the start of the 1921 season, trial matches were played at Sans Souci, during the 1921 season games were played at Hurstville Oval. In 1925 the club started using Earl Park at Arncliffe as its headquarters, the club played at Earl Park until the end of the 1939 season. The new club struggled during the 1920s finishing last in 1926, the hiring of another 33-year-old veteran leader in Frank Burge saw a change in the clubs fortunes. In 1927 under Burge, the Dragon Slayers, as they were then known, Harry Kadwell, the former South Sydney player and international half-back took over from Burge as captain-coach in 1931 and had four seasons with the club before his retirement. Justice would play eleven seasons with the club, followed by a long post-playing career with as Football Club secretary, in 1933 St George sneaked into the semi-finals in fourth place and won their way into the final against minor premiers Newtown. That same year won the first night competition conducted by the NSWRL. In 1935 St George, defeated Canterbury-Bankstown 91–6, the biggest win in their history, in 1937 for the fourth time in the clubs short history the Dragon Slayers finished as competition runners-up. Their inaugural premiership had still not been achieved when at the end of the decade, following the 1939 season, former Lord Mayor of Sydney, Jack Mostyn became President of the club in 1937 and retained the role for the next eight years. The long wait finally ended in 1941 when St George defeated Eastern Suburbs 31–14 at the Sydney Cricket Ground to take their inaugural First Grade premiership and they were captain-coached by Neville Smith. Brothers Jack and Herb Gilbert, Jr. the sons of the clubs first captain-coach Herb Gilbert both played in the match, the following year,1942 all three grades reached the Grand final with the 3rd grade side victorious
37.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
38.
Try
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A try is a way of scoring points in rugby union and rugby league football. A try is scored by grounding the ball in the oppositions in-goal area, Rugby union and league differ slightly in defining grounding the ball and the in-goal area. The term try comes from try at goal, signifying that originally, in the laws of both codes of rugby, the term touch down formally refers only to grounding the ball by the defensive team in their in-goal. Although occasionally people refer to a try as a touchdown, the usage for the action is grounding the ball. There are differences in the detail of the laws and their interpretation between the two rugby codes. These are the aspects, while the differences are treated below. The player holding the ball to score a try and the ball itself must not be in touch or touch-in-goal, the touchline, touch-in-goal lines and dead ball lines count as being out. There has to be contact with the ground by a player or the ball for it to be ruled in touch or touch-in-goal, the in-goal area in which the ball must be grounded includes the goal line, but not the touch-in-goal and dead ball lines. A player does not need to be holding the ball to ground it, if the ball is on the ground or just above it, it can be touched to the ground with a hand, arm or front torso. Match officials interpret dropping the ball in-goal as a knock-on, for a try to be awarded, they consider whether the player had the intention to ground the ball and was in control of the ball when he did. Grounding of the ball can be instantaneous, it does not matter if the player lets go. An attacking player who falls to the ground reaching the goal line scores a try if momentum carries the player so that the ball touches the in-goal. For a try to be awarded, a player must ground the ball before a defender does so. If there is doubt about which team first grounded the ball, a player who is in touch or touch-in-goal, but who is not carrying the ball, may score a try by grounding the ball in-goal. The goal-posts and padding at ground level are part of the line and therefore of the in-goal. A player may ground the ball in a scrum as soon as the ball reaches or crosses the goal line, if an attacking player is tackled short of the goal-line but immediately reaches out and places the ball on or over the goal-line, a try is scored. The laws of rugby league still refer to the need for downward pressure to be exerted in grounding the ball with hand or arm, the laws of rugby league specify that a try is scored if an attacker grounds the ball simultaneously with a defender. Players who are in touch-in-goal and not carrying the ball may not score a try by pressing a loose ball still in play to the ground
39.
Paul Mares
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Paul Mares, was an American early dixieland jazz cornet & trumpet player, and leader of the New Orleans Rhythm Kings. Mares was born in New Orleans and his father, Joseph E. Mares, played cornet with the military band at the New Orleans lakefront and ran a fur and hide business. Like many New Orleans cornetists of his generation, Joe Maress main influence was King Joe Oliver, about 1919 cornetist Abbie Brunies was offered a job playing in Chicago, and passed the offer on to Mares. In late 1924 Mares returned to New Orleans and he decided to play music on the side while taking over the running of his family fur & hide business. He ran the well and with his prosperity purchased 3 homes for himself and his relatives in New Orleans new suburb of Metairie. Mares also ran a restaurant in New Orleans called The Chicago Bar-B-Q, in the early 1930s he returned to Chicago where he opened up his New Orleans Bar-B-Q there. New Orleans Bar-B-Q became a place for Chicago jazz musicians and home to numerous jam sessions. The 1935 band included the white New Orleanian and N. O. R. K, veteran Santo Pecora on trombone, the black New Orleanian Omar Simeon on clarinet and the legendary Chicagoan altoist, Boyce Brown. Maress last recording session for Okeh Records show his style had not remained static, paul Mares died at the age of 49 of lung cancer, according to his brother Joe, caused by smoking too many cigarettes
40.
Sydney Olympic FC
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Sydney Olympic Football Club is an Australian semi-professional soccer club, based in Belmore, Sydney, New South Wales, that plays in the National Premier Leagues NSW. The Club was founded as Pan-Hellenic Soccer Club in 1957 by Greek immigrants, Sydney Olympic have won many trophies in Australian football, including two NSL Championships, two NSL Cups, the NSL Minor Premiership and two NSW Premier League Championships. The club has won the Johnny Warren Cup, the Brett Emerton Cup, the National Youth League Championship, the National Youth League Minor Premiership. Sydney Olympic has traditionally one of the most well supported football teams in Australia. The greatest crowd attendance for a Grand Final was recorded during the 2001/02 season when 42,735 people were present at Subiaco Oval to see Sydney Olympic defeat Perth Glory. In the late 40s and 50s there were several small Greek teams for the purposes of socialising and giving a sense of home for the newly arrived migrants and these teams included, Taxiarchis, Atlas, Astro, Panhellenic, Pansamiakos as well as several others. Many people wondered about uniting all of smaller teams to establish 1 strong Greek team in order to participate in the NSW Soccer Federation. The founding date of the Club is set as the 28th of November,1957, the club quickly became competitive in the NSW Second Division, with the club dominating the Division in its first 3 seasons. In 1961 it earned promotion to the New South Wales First Division attracting and producing large crowds, in its first season in the top division, the club finished in the top 4, a fantastic achievement. The club would make the top 4 in 1963 and 1967. The club also reached two State Cup Finals, in 1965 and 1969, after some lean seasons, in 1975 the club again made the top 4, finishing 3rd. In the Finals Series Pan-Hellenic made it through to the Preliminary Final, only to lose 1–0 after extra-time to APIA Leichhardt, in 1977 the club became a founding member of the National Soccer League, and also changed its name to Sydney Olympic. But two years later it was back in the NSW First Division, the league had decided to cut back on teams from NSW and having finished second last on the ladder beating only South Melbourne, Sydney Olympic was controversially relegated. The spell back in the NSW First Division competition did not last long and that victory secured Sydney Olympic a return to top-flight Australian football in 1981 where it remained until the NSL folded in 2004. The 1980s for Sydney Olympic were characterized with great football, large and passionate support, fantastic players, the early 1980s saw a period of stabilisation for the club, as it settled back into the Australian top flight. During this period many players and future legends of the club would be given their opportunity to make their mark for the club. This period also saw three heartbreaking NSL Grand Final losses, against South Melbourne FC in 1984, Adelaide City in 1986, during the years between 1982–92, Olympic finished in the top half on the league ladder every season. The 1990s began on the foot for the club and a year after Sydney Olympics 1989 NSL Grand Final loss against Marconi
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Australia def. 
France 58–0
Tonga def. 
Ireland 22–20
Samoa 34–16
Papua New Guinea 42–0
Fiji 24–22
